UMUTWE WA 2: UBURINGANIRE N’UBWUZUZANYE
Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
- Gusesengura umwandiko ku buringanire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muryango atahura ingingo z’ingenzi ziwukubiyemo.
- Guhina umwandiko yasomye ahereye ku ngingo z’ingenzi ziwugize.- Kwandika yubahiriza amabwiriza y’imyandikire y’Ikinyarwanda.
II.1 Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko: Umuryango wa
Migambi
Igikorwa 2.1
Soma umwandiko ukurikira, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranyamagambo kandi usubize n’ibibazo byawubajijweho.
II. 1.1 Gusoma umwandikoSoma umwandiko ukurikira:
Umugabo Migambi yari atuye mu Kagari ka Rutare.Yabanaga n’umugore we Mukarwego ndetse n’umukobwa wabo Kankindi. Yakundaga gufatanya n’umugore we imirimo ndetse bakajya inama. Ubwo bufatanye bwatumye batera imbere. Nyuma yaje kugira umurengwe, yishora mu ngeso mbi z’ubusinzi, gukubita umugore no kumuharira imirimo yose. Iterambere ryabo ritangira kuyoyoka.
Umunsi umwe, Migambi yavuye mu kabari hakiri kare, asanga Mukarwego yoza amasahani. Icyo gihe umwana muto yarariraga, intama yona amasaka yari arunze mu rugo. Migambi abonye ibintu byinshi byandagaye ku mbuga, abaza umugore we impamvu y’ako kajagari. Ubwo umugore atangira kumusobanurira ko byatewe n’imirimo myinshi. Migambi na we aho kumwumva, uburakari
bubabwinshi, nuko akuramo ishati, atangira gufunga amakofe ngo amukubite nk’uko yari asanzwe abigenza. Muri ako kanya, abona umukobwa we Kankindi ahingutse mu bikingi by’amarembo, ari kumwe n’umuhungu biganaga mu mwaka wa kane w’amashuri yisumbuye, avuye ku ishuri.
Ubwo Migambi isoni ziramukora,ahita yambara ishati ye yinjira mu nzu. Mukarwego we ariruhutsa ati: “Bana ba, ni Imana y’i Rwanda ibangoboreye, Migambi yari agiye kunyica!”
Kankindi yinjira mu nzu, asanga se yicaye mu ruganiriro aramusuhuza. Amwereka Karangwa umunyeshuri bigana, bagiye gufatanya umukoro. Se aramubwira ati: “Nta kibazo mwana wa! Ni byiza”. Migambi akomerezaho abwira Kankindi ati: “Ko mbona utishimye?” Kankindi ati: “Ikimbabaje ni uko nsanze mwongeye kurwana nanone. Dawe, ibi bizakomeza gutya kugeza ryari? Birambabaza kuba muhora murwana kandi mupfa ubusa. Bintera ikimwaro mu maso y’abo twigana”.
Ubwo ako kanya nyina arinjira na we yicara mu ruganiriro, maze Migambi asubiza umukobwa we ati: “Erega ntabwo dupfa ubusa ibi byose bituruka ku mafuti ya nyoko.” Mukarwego we yakurikiranaga ikiganiro yinumiye. Kankindi asubiza se ati: “Umva dawe, ibyo ushaka ko mama akora, ntiyabishobora wenyine. Icyakemura ibibazo biri muri uru rugo ni uko mwamenya ibijyanye n’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muryango”. Se amusamira hejuru ati: “Ibyo se kandi uzanye wabikuye he? Bishatse kuvuga iki?”
Karangwa wari wateze amatwi yumiwe, asaba ijambo ngo agire icyo abivugaho. Aravuga ati: “Iyo bavuze kuringanira, ntabwo baba bashaka kuvuga kureshya, cyangwa kugira imbaraga z’umubiri zingana. Nta n’ubwo baba bashaka kuvuga kunganya amafaranga cyangwa imitungo, ndetse si n’umubare w’amashuri abantu bize. Iyo bavuze uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye, baba bavuze gufashanya,
kunganirana no kugira uburenganzira bungana imbere y’amategeko. Abagore n’abagabo bakagira uburenganzira bumwe, bagafatwa kimwe, ntihabeho kubuzwa ibintu ibi n’ibi kubera ko umwe ari umugore cyangwa ari umugabo.”Migambi aramusubiza ati: “Ese ibyo bihuriye he n’ibiri iwange aha, aho umugore wange nishakiye ansuzugura,ntakore ibyo mba namutegetse, bigatuma duhora mu
nduru?”
Kankindi na we amubwira ko igisubizo k’icyo kibazo kiri mu bwuzuzanye. Niko gutangira agira ati: “Mu by’ukuri, umugabo n’umugore baremewe kuzuzanya, ari na cyo gituma batandukanye. Ni ngombwa ko umugabo ashakana n’umugore. Mu rugo barunganirana mu gutekereza icyateza imbere umuryango.
Umugabo n’umugore bagafatanya imirimo bakaba magirirane. Umwe yita ku wundi, akamurengera, akanamurinda. Ni inshingano baba bariyemeje igihe basezeranaga. Ubufatanye bwabo n’ubwumvikane ni byo bituma batera imbere. Iyo bitabaye ibyo, urugo rusubira inyuma, rugahora mu nduru, rugakena.
Amagambo ya Kankindi yibukije Migambi ibintu byinshi. Nuko yifata mu gahanga, azunguza umutwe.
Niko kugira ati: “Bana ba, ibyo muvuze byose ndabyumvise kandi ni ukuri. Kuva ubu ngiye guhinduka, nongere mere nka kera, niteze imbere, mfatanye na Mukarwego wange.” Akimara kuvuga ibyo, akanyamuneza kaza mu maso ya Mukarwego. Niko kureba umugabo we ati: “Ibyo uvuze ni ukuri cyangwa uragira ngo unezeze aba bana bawe gusa, ejo uzabe wasubiye ku kawe?” Migambi arahaguruka ati: “Reka wenda mbivuge mpagaze ndetse ngusabe imbabazi. Mbivugiye aha sinzongera kugukubita no kugutererana mu mirimo yose. Ikindi kandi nzabwira na bagenzi bange bahinduke bamere nkange”.
Nuko Mukarwego, n’ibyishimo byinshi ahobera umugabo we. Kankindi na Karangwa na bo babibonye bakoma mu mashyi. Kankindi ibyishimo bimurenga amarira ashoka mu maso.
II.1.2 Gusobanura amagambo
Shaka mu mwandiko amagambo udasobanukiwe maze uyasobanure wifashishije
inkoranya.
II.1.3 Kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
Subiza ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Vuga impamvu y’ingenzi yatumaga Migambi atera amahane, akarwana ageze mu rugo rwe.
2. Ni iki cyateraga Mukarwego kutubahiriza ibyo Migambi yifuzaga byose?
3. Sobanura akamaro k’umuco wo kuzigama n’ingaruka zo kutazigama zivugwa mu mwandiko.
4. Tanga ingingo z’ingenzi zigaragara mu mwandiko.
5. Ni ibihe bikorwa bibangamiye uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muryango nyarwanda? Hakorwa iki kugira ngo izo mbogamizi zicike burundu?
6. Wakemura ute ibibazo by’amakimbirane mu muryango nyarwanda biterwa no kutubahiriza ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye?
2. Ni uruhe ruhare rw’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu iterambere ry’umuryango n’iry’igihugu muri rusange?II. 2. Ihinamwandiko
Igikorwa 2.2
Uhereye kubumenyi ufite sobanura inshoza y’ihinamwandiko, usobanure uburyo rikorwa, amabwiriza arigenga n’akamaro karyo.
II.2.1. Inshoza y’ihinamwandiko
Ihinamwandiko ni igikorwa cyo kuvuga mu magambo make igitekerezo cyangwa ingingo ziboneka mu mwandiko wasomye ariko wibanda ku z’ingenzi.
Ihinamwandiko kandi ni uburyo bwo gukora mu nyandiko inshamake y’umwandiko wasomwe uhereye ku ngingo z’ingenzi ziwugize.
II.2.2. Uburyo bwo gukora ihinamwandiko
Hari uburyo bubiri bukoreshwa mu guhina umwandiko:
1) Ihina ry’igika ku gika: ni uburyo bwo gufata igitekerezo kiri muri buri gika ukakivuga mu mirongo mike ishoboka, ukurikije uko ibika bikurikirana kuva ku ntangiriro kugera ku musozo.
2) Ihina rusange: ni uburyo bwo gufata igitekerezo nyamukuru kivugwa mu mwandiko, ukakivuga uhereye ku ngingo z’ingenzi zigishamikiyeho mu magambo makeya.
II.2.3. Amabwiriza y’ihinamwandiko
Uhina umwandiko agomba kubahiriza ingingo zikurikira:
- Kumva neza insanganyamatsiko iri mu mwandiko;
- Kuvuga ku bitekerezo biri mu mwandiko nta bindi yongeramo avanye hanze yawo;
- Kumvikanisha igitekerezo muri make;
- Kutandukura ibiri mu mwandiko uko byakabaye;
- Gukoresha imvugo yabugenewe yirinda imvugo nyandagazi;
- Gukoresha imvugo yoroheje yumvwa na buri wese.
II.2.4. Akamaro k’ihinamwandiko
Ihinamwandiko rikorwa kubera impamvu zikurikira:
- Gusuzuma niba umuntu yumvise insanganyamatsiko ikubiye mu mwandiko.
- Kumenyereza umuntu kuvuga mu nshamake ibitekerezo bikubiye mu mwandiko mu magambo ye kandi atarondogoye.
- Gutoza umuntu umuco wo kurobanura iby’ingenzi mu byo yumvise cyangwa yasomye akabivuga arasa ku ntego.
Imyitozo
Subiza ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Uhereye ku byo umaze kwiga mu ihinamwandiko, urabona ari ryari ushobora gukenera gukora inshamake?
2. Vuga muri make umwandiko “Umuryango wa Migambi”, uhereye ku ngingo zawo z’igenzi.
II. 3 Amabwiriza y’imyandikire y’ikinyarwanda:
Imyandikire y’amazina bwite, imikoreshereze y’utwatuzon’inyuguti nkuru
a) Kankindi na Karangwa basobanuriye Migambi ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye.
b) Kankindi ati: “Mu by’ukuri, umugabo n’umugore baremewe kuzuzanya.”
c) Banki Nkuru y’Igihugu ni yo igenga andi banki n’ibigo by’imari.
d) Umugabo Migambi yari atuye mu Kagari ka Rutare.
e) Perezida Bayideni (Biden) aba i Washingitoni (Washington).
II. 3.1 Amazina bwite
1) Amazina bwite y’ahantu afite indomo
Amazina bwite y’ibihugu n’ay’uturere afite indomo, yandikwa atandukanye n’iyo ndomo; iyo ndomo ikandikwa mu nyuguti nto, keretse iyo itangira interuro.
Ingero:
- A Marangara n’i Gisaka ni tumwe mu turere twa kera tuvugwa mu mateka y’u Rwanda.
- U Rwanda rurigenga.
- U Mutara wera ibigori, ibitoki n’ibishyimbo.
- U Bubirigi buri mu majyaruguru y’uburasirazuba bw’u Bufaransa.2) Amazina bwite y’abantu arenze rimwe
Amazina bwite y’abantu arenze rimwe akurikirana muri ubu buryo: habanza izina yahawe akivuka, hagakurikiraho andi mazina y’inyongera.
Ingero:
- UWASE Ikuzo Laurette
- VUBI Pierre
- KARIMA Biraboneye
- MUNEZERO Salima
3. Amazina bwite y’abantu n’ahantu y’amavamahanga
Amazina bwite y’abantu n’ahantu y’amavamahanga atari ay’idini n’amazina bwite y’ibihugu n’ay’uturere y’amahanga yandikwa uko avugwa mu Kinyarwanda, nyuma bagashyira mu dukubo uko asanzwe yandikwa mu rurimi akomokamo.
Ingero:
- Enshiteni (Einstein)
- Kameruni (Cameroun Cameroon)
- Shumakeri (Schumacher)
- Wagadugu (Ouagadougou)
- Ferepo (Fraipont)
- Ositaraliya (Australie / Australia)
- Cadi (Tchad)
4. Amazina y’idini
Amazina y’idini yandikwa nk’uko yanditswe mu gitabo k’irangamimerere akaza akurikira izina umuntu yahawe akivuka cyangwa izina rindi rifatwa nka ryo. Izina rya mbere ryandikwa mu nyuguti nkuru naho izina ry’idini rikandikwa mu nyuguti ntoya, ritangijwe inyuguti nkuru.
Ingero:
- KARERA John
- KEZA Jane
- KAMARIZA Jeanne
- RUTERANA Abdul
- MFIZI Yohana
5. Amazina bwite yari asanzweho
Amazina bwite yatanzwe kandi yakoreshejwe mbere y’aya mabwiriza akomeza kwandikwa uko yari asanzwe yandikwa.
Ingero:
- Intara y’Amajyepfo
- Umujyi wa Kigali
- Akarere ka Rulindo
- Akagari ka Cyimana
- Umurenge wa Cyeru
II. 3 2. Imikoreshereze y’utwatuzo
1. Akabago/akadomo (.)
Akabago cyangwa akadomo gasoza interuro ihamya ndetse n’interuro iri mu ntegeko/itegeka.
Ingero:
- Migambi yabanaga n’umugore we Mukarwego.
- Kankindi yigaga mu mwaka wa kane w’amashuri yisumbuye.
2. Akabazo (?)
Akabazo gasoza interuro ibaza.
Ingero:
- Ibi bizakomeza gutya kugeza ryari?
- Ese abashakanye bagomba gufatanya imirimo?
3. Agatangaro (!)
Agatangaro gasoza interuro itangara. Agatangaro gashyirwa kandi inyuma y’amarangamutima.
Ingero:
- Mbega ukuntu Mukarwego yari yaragowe!
- Kankindi yakemuye amakimbirane neza pe!
- Yooo! Mbega byiza!
- Nawe ngo uri za makobwa!
4. Akitso (,)
Akitso gakoreshwa mu nteruro kugira ngo baruhuke akanya gato. Gakoreshwa kandi barondora
Ingero:
-Umunyeshuri ushaka kujijuka, yirinda gusiba, ntakubagane mu ishuri kandi agakurikiza inama z’ umwarimu.
- Abagiye inama, Imana irabasanga.
- Mukarwego yakoraga imirimo yose yo mu rugo: gukubura, guhinga, kwahirira amatungo, guteka, kuhagira abana n’ibindi.
5. Uturegeka (…)
Uturegeka dukoreshwa iyo berekana irondora ritarangiye. Dukoreshwa kandi mu nteruro barogoye cyangwa iyo mu nteruro hari ijambo bacikije.
Ingero:
- Mu rugo rwa Kinyarwanda habaga ibikoresho byinshi: ibibindi, ibyansi, ishoka,
ibitebo, isekuru…
- Baragenda ngo bagere ku Ruyenzi bahahurira na mwene... simuvuze
nzamuvumba!
- Nyamara mu menyeko uwanze kumvira … Mwacecetse ariko.
6. Utubago tubiri (
Utubago tubiri dukoreshwa mu nteruro iyo hari ibigiye kurondorwa cyangwa gusobanurwa. Dukoreshwa kandi inyuma y’ingirwanshinga “-ti”, “-tya” n’ijambo “ngo” iyo bagiye gusubira mu magambo y’undi uko yakabaye.
Ingero:
- Mukarwego yakoraga imirimo yose yo mu rugo: gukubura, guhinga, kwahirira amatungo, guteka, kuhagira abana n’ibindi.
- Kankindi asubiza se ati: “Umva dawe, ibyo ushaka ko mama akora,
ntiyabishobora wenyine.”
- Kankindi arakomeza ngo: “Icyakemura ibibazo biri muri uru rugo ni uko mwamenya ibijyanye n’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muryango.”
- Inka yabira itya: “Mbaaa”.
7. Akabago n’akitso (;)
Akabago n’akitso dukoreshwa mu nteruro kugira ngo batandukanye inyangingo ebyiri ziremye kimwe kandi zuzuzanya.
Urugero:
- Gusoma neza si ugusukiranya amagambo; gusoma neza ni no kumva ibyo usoma.
- Migambi yirirwaga mu kabari; yatahaga nijoro.
- Kuba umugabo si kunywa inzoga; kuba umugabo ni ukwita ku rugo rwawe.
8. Utwuguruzo n’utwugarizo (“ ”/« »)
Utwuguruzo n’utwugarizo dukikiza amagambo y’undi asubirwamo uko yakabaye, ashobora kuba ateruwe n’ingirwanshinga “-ti”, “-tya” n’ijambo“ngo”.
Utwuguruzo n’utwugarizo dukikiza imvugo itandukanye n’imvugo isanzwe, cyangwa ingingo igomba kwitabwaho.
Dukikiza inyito ikemangwa, amazina nteruro n’amazina y’inyunge agizwe n’amagambo arenze ane.
Dukikiza kandi amagambo y’amatirano atamenyerewe mu Kinyarwanda.
Ingero:
- Karangwa yungani Kankindi ati: « Iyo bavuze kuringanira ntibaba bavuze kureshya; baba bavuze gufashanya no kugira uburenganzira bungana imbere y’amategeko. »
- Nuko ya “nyamaswa” iravumbuka maze havamo umusore mwiza.
- Ubwo “Inshyikanya ku mubiri ya rugema ahica” aba arahashinze.
- Ibyo nabisomye kuri “interineti”.
- “Izi mpaka numva ari urujeje
Nkaho mbyaye ijana ry’abantu
Aho ntizishaka kunjisha
Ngo zinjandike mu matiku
Umutima uteshwe icyo nawutoje.”
Ijoro ry’urujijo, Rugamba Sipiriyani.
9. Akuguruzo n’akugarizo kamwekamwe (‘’)
Akuguruzo n’akugarizo kamwekamwe dukoreshwa iyo utwuguruzo n’utwugarizo twinjira mu tundi mu nteruro.
Urugero:
Umugaba w’ingabo ati: “Ndashaka ko ‘Inshyikanya ku mubiri ya rugema ahica’ aza
hano”.
10. Udukubo
Udukubo dukikiza amagambo cyangwa ibimenyetso bifite icyo bisobanura cyangwa icyo byuzuza mu nteruro. Banadukoresha iyo bashaka kwerekana uko amazina bwite y’amanyamahanga yanditswe mu Kinyarwanda bayandika mu ndimi akomokamo. Dukikiza kandi umubare wanditse mu mibarwa mu nteruro iyo uwo
mubare wabanje kwandikwa mu nyuguti.
Ingero:
- Umuyobozi w’Akarere yabwiye abaturage ko kugira ngo barwanye inzara, bagomba gushoka ibishanga (impeshyi yari yabaye ndende) kandi kwirirwa
banywa bakabifasha hasi.
- Bisimariki (Bismarck)
- Koreya (Korea)
- Kamboje (Cambodge)
- Igihembo twumvikanyeho ni amafaranga y’amanyarwanda ibihumbi magana atanu (500 000 Frw).
11. Akanyerezo (-)
Akanyerezo gakoreshwa mu kiganiro kugira ngo berekane ihererekanywa cyangwa iyakuranwa ry’amagambo.
Urugero:
- Wari waragiye he?
- Kwa Migabo.
Akanyerezo gakoreshwa kandi bakata ijambo ritarangiranye n’impera y’umurongo, bikurikije imiterere y’umugemo.
Urugero:
- Semarinyota yansabye ko tuzajyana
i Rukoma, ariko sinzamwemerera.
- Kanakoreshwa imbere n’inyuma y’interuro ihagitse.
Urugero:
Ejo nzajya mu misa - sinzi niba wari uzi ko nsigaye njyayo - ntuzantegereze mbere ya saa sita.
12. Udusodeko ([ ])
Udusodeko dukikiza intekerezo cyangwa igibanuro bongeye mu mvugo isubira mu
magambo y’undi.
Urugero:
Yaravuze ati: “Sinshobora kurara ntariye inkoko [ayo yari amirariro], keretse narwaye”.
Dukoreshwa kandi berekana ibyo banenga mu magambo y’undi.
Urugero:
Yaranditse ati: “Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi ruvugwa n’abatu [ikosa] benshi muri Afurika yo hagati”.
Tunakoreshwa mu magambo y’undi mu kugaragaraza ko hari ayavanywemo cyangwa yasimbutswe.
Urugero:
Aravuga ati: “Nimureke abana bansange [...] ntimubabuze”.
13. Agakoni kaberamye (/)
Agakoni kaberamye gakoreshwa mu kwandika amatariki, inomero z’amategeko. Gashobora kandi gukoreshwamu mwanya w’ijambo cyangwa.
Ingero:
- Kigali, ku wa 15/10/2012.
- Itegeko N° 01/2010 ryo ku wa 29/01/2010.
- Koresha yego/ oya mu gusubiza ibibazo bikurikira.
II. 3. 3 Imikoreshereze y’inyuguti nkuru
Inyuguti nkuru zikoreshwa aha hakurikira:
1. Ku nyuguti itangira interuro.
Urugero:
Ifuni ibagara ubucuti ni akarenge.
2. Nyuma y’akabago, akabazo n’agatangaro.
Ingero:
- Twese duhagurukire kujijuka. Wabigeraho ute utazi gusoma? Ntibishoboka.
- Ntoye isaro ryiza shenge wee! Reka nge kuryereka nyogokuru.
3. Nyuma y’ingirwanshinga “-ti”, “-tya”, n’ijambo “ngo” batangira amagambo
y’undi asubiwemo uko yakabaye. Ariko inyuguti nkuru ntitangira amagambo asubirwamo iyo uwandika yayatangiriye hagati mu nteruro yakuwemo.
Ingero:
- Kankindi aravuga ati: “Mu by’ukuri, umugabo n’umugore baremewe kuzuzanya.”
- Igihe Kankindi yavuga ati: “umugabo n’umugore baremewe kuzuzanya”, Migambi yararakaye.
4. Ku nyuguti itangira imibare iranga iminsi, amazina y’amezi n’ay’ibihe by’umwaka.
Ingero:
- Ku wa Gatanu, ku wa Gatandatu.
- Ugushyingo gushyira Ukuboza
- Mu Rwanda haba ibihe bine by’ingenzi: Urugaryi, Itumba, Iki (Impeshyi) n’Umuhindo.
5. Ku nyuguti itangira amazina bwite y’abantu, ay’inzuzi n’ay’ahantu, kabone nubwo indomo itangira izina ry’ahantu yaba yatakaye.
Ingero:
- Rutayisire atuye i Huye hafi ya Cyarwa.
- Mu Mutara hera ibigori.
- I Washingitoni (Washington) ni ho hari ikicaro cya Banki y’Isi.
- Uwitwa Enshiteni (Einstein) yari umuhanga cyane.
6. Ku nyuguti itangira amazina y’imirimo, ay’inzego z’imirimo n’ay’amashyirahamwe.
Ingero:
- Minisiteri y’Ubuhinzi n’Ubworozi;
- Umuryango w’Abibumbye;
- Koperative Dufatanye;
- Banki Nkuru y’Igihugu yakoze inoti nshya ya magana atanu;
- Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Akarere.
7. Ku nyuguti itangira amazina y’impamyabushobozi, ay’icyubahiro, ay’inzego z’ubutegetsi, ay’ubwenegihugu n’amoko, ay’indimi, ku mazina y’ibikorwa byamamaye mu mateka no ku nyuguti itangira ijambo “Igihugu” iyo rivuga u Rwanda.
Ingero:
- Dogiteri Karimanzira
- Nyakubahwa Perezida wa Repubulika
- Umurenge wa Nyarugenge
- Abanyarwanda barimo Abasinga n’Abagesera
- Dukwiye guteza imbere Ikinyarwanda.
- Mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y’Isi Yose hapfuye abantu benshi.
- Bwana Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikora w’Umurenge wa Busasamana.
8. Ku nyuguti itangira umutwe w’inyandiko, igitabo cyangwa ikinyamakuru.
Ingero:
- Nujya mu mugi ungurire Imvaho Nshya.
- Musenyeri Kagame Alegisi ni we wanditse Indyoheshabirayi.
9. Izina bwite ry’umuryango cyangwa irindi rifatwa nka ryo riri ku ntangiriro no ku mpera y’inyandiko (nk’ibaruwa, nk’itegeko, nk’inyandiko mvugo, nk’umwirondoro, nka raporo...) no mu rutonde rw’amazina y’abantu, ryandikwa ryose mu nyuguti nkuru. Nyamara rikandikwa mu nyuguti nto uretse inyuguti iritangira yandikishwa inyuguti nkuru mu mwandiko.
Ingero:
- GAHIRE Rose
- UMURISA Keza
- BUTERA Simoni
- Nagiye kwa Gahire Rose anyakira neza.- Rutayisire atuye i Huye hafi ya Cyarwa.
Imyitozo
Subiza neza ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Amazina bwite y’ahantu afite indomo yandikwa ate? Tanga ingero eshatu. Shyira utwatuzo dukwiye mu nteruro zikurikira:
a) Yagiye ku isoko agura amashu ibirayi ibishyimbo n’ibitoki
b) Twatanze amafaranga igihumbi na magana abiri 1200
3. Kosora interuro zikurikira:
a) Yababwiye ati, nzarya duke ndyame kare!
b) Yageze muri Cameroni,
c) Umubarankuru yavaga inda imwe nabahungu batatu
d) Abana babahungu nabo bari barakurikije se ntibafashe mushiki wa bo.
e) Mbega ukuntu cyuzuzo yahiye agakongoka.
4. Ni ryari izina bwite ry’umuryango ryandikwa n’inyuguti nto uretse inyuguti iritangira? Tanga urugero.II. 4 Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa kabiri
Soma umwandiko ukurikira usubize ibibazo byawubajijweho.
Umwandiko: Akanyoni katagurutsentikamenya iyo bweze
Mu mpera z’icyumweru gishize, iwacu haje abantu batari basanzwe bahagenda maze ngira amatsiko yo kumenya ikibagenza mu rugo rwacu. Ndabegera, ndabasuhuza, mbabaza ikibagenza. Bambwira ko bashaka ababyeyi bange, ko bifuza kuganira na bo uburyo bagaze ku iterambere.
Narabakiriye mbereka aho bicara mu ruganiriro, mpamagara ababyeyi, barasuhuzanya, abaranibwirana. Umushyitsi w’umugabo ati: “Nge nitwa Mutake naho uyu turi kumwe ni umugore wange, yitwa Mugeni.” Data ababwira ko yitwa Majyambere, mama na we ababwira ko yitwa Munezero.
Bamaze kwibwirana, Mutake yateruye ikiganiro avuga ikibagenza. Ati: “Tumaze igihe twumva abantu benshi bavuga ko urugo rwanyu rwiteje imbere. Ngo mwarahinduye imibereho yanyu n’iy’imiryango muturanye, mugira n’uruhare rukomeye mu iterambere ry’akarere kanyu. Ni byo kandi koko n’ugeze aha amaso aramwihera.” Umugore we na we yungamo ati: “Ni byo pe! Ntubeshya mugabo wange. Aka gace twagezemo, biragaragara ko kateye imbere rwose!
Tuje kubagisha inama kugira ngo natwe tubigireho.”
Data amaze kumva ikibagenza mu rugo rwacu, arahaguruka ajya kubereka ibikorwa umuryango wacu wagezeho. Data abereka urutoki rwacu rwa kijyambere, ikawa, ibiraro by’inka za kijyambere n’ikimoteri kinini kijyamo imyanda yose yo mu rugo. Mama yagize ati: “Ibi tubikesha ubwumvikane dufitanye kuko dutahiriza
umugozi umwe, tukajya inama, tukungurana ibitekerezo, tugafatanya imirimo yose, tukiha intego n’imihigo tugenderaho ndetse tugakurikiza inama abayobozi batugira kandi umwe akabera undi imboni. Muri make urugo rwacu rurangwa n’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye.”
Data akomeza ikiganiro agira ati: “Muzi ko Leta yacu idahwema kudushishikariza gukora cyane, gukorera mu mashyirahamwe no gukorana n’amabanki. Tugenda dukora imishinga tukayimurikira amabanki cyangwa ibigo by’imari iciriritse, tukaka inguzanyo, bityo tugakora ibikorwa byacu. Ikindi, amafaranga tubonye yose,
yaba make cyangwa menshi, tuyakoresha ibidufitiye inyungu, andi tukayabitsa muri banki, kugira ngo twirinde kwaya.”
Umugore wa Mutake akimara kumva ibyo, arahindukira areba umugabo we, aramubwira ati: “Ntiwumva abandi icyo baturusha? Na ho wowe utwo ubonye twose utujyana mu kabari, ukagaruka ubyina, nyamara bugacya wicira isazi mu jisho. Ntiwemera ko tujya inama, ahubwo iyo utagiye mu kabari nta karimo na kamwe udufasha.” Data yumvise amagambo y’uwo mugore yuje agahinda,
abwira Mutake ko akabari gasenya katubaka, cyanecyane iyo ukagiyemo utakemuye ibibazo byose byo mu rugo kandi ko iyo nta bufatanye, nta kujya inama, mu rugo nta terambere rishobora kuhaba.
Mutake yumvaga ibyo ateze amatwi, asa n’uwibaza cyane. Nibwo asabye ijambo bararimuha, araterura ati: “Nimundeke numvise. Ni byo koko ubwenge buza ubujiji buhise. Kuva ubu sinzasubira mu kabari, ngiye gukora ntikoresheje, nirinde inshuti z’akabari zisenya. Sinzongera gusuzugura inama z’umugore wange. Uwagira inshuti yagira nkamwe. Munyunguye inama yo gukorana na banki. Ndava aha njya gufunguza konti, nzage mbitsa amafaranga make nzajya
mbona aho kuyajyana mu kabari.”
Mutake n’umugore we Mugeni badusezeraho barataha, natwe dusigara tunejejwe n’uko abantu basigaye baza kutwigiraho.
i) Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
Uru rugendo abashyitsi bakoreye kwa Majyambere, rwari rugamije iki? Rwaba rwarabagiriye akamaro? Sobanura.
Urugo rwa Majyambere rurangwa n’ubufatanye hagati y’umugabo n’umugore. Mbese aho wiga ubona hari ubufatanye hagati y’abakobwa n’abahungu mu ishuri? Sobanura.
Gukora imirimo yose ku bagore n’abagabo byakwihutisha bite iterambere ry’Igihugu?
Nyuma yo kwiga ibijyanye n’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muryango, ni uwuhe musanzu watanga mu kwimakaza ihame ryabwo?
ii) Inyunguramagambo
1. Simbuza amagambo atsindagiye ari muri izi nteruro andi bihuje inyito yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko ukora isanisha riboneye.
a) Urugo rutarimo ubwumvikane hagati y’umugabo n’umugore rupfusha ubusa umutungo warwo.
b) Buri rugo rukwiye kugira aho rushyira imyanda mu rwego rwo kurengera ibidukikije.
2. Kora interuro ziboneye ukoresheje amagambo akurikira:
a) Umutungo
b) Igihombo
c) Gutahiriza umugozi umwe
iii) Ibibazo ku myandikire y’IkinyarwandaKosora igika gikurikira, wubahiriza imyandikire yemewe y’Ikinyarwanda.
Umubyeyi KANAKUZE akimara gutangiza ishuri umwana we UWASE SHIMWA yibwiragako atazongera kuvunika aha uburezi n’uburere umwana we ahubwo ko bizajya bikorwa n’umwarimu kw’ishuri. Uwo mubyeyi yitaga cyanecyane ku gushaka aho akura amafaranga yo kugura ibikoresho n’imyambaro by’ishuri n’ayo kumwishyurira ishuri. ukwiye kwirengagiza inshingano afite ku mwana. Ababyeyi
bafite inshingano zo gutoza abana ba bo imico itandukanye irimo kubaha abakuru n’abato, kugira isuku y’umubiri n’iyaho baba. Kanakuze akimara kumva impanuro bahawe yarumiwe maze ati mbega ukuntu narangaye. Uburezi n’uburere ni inshingano za buri wese pe.
Kuva ubu ngiye kujya nita ku burezi n’uburere bw’umwana wange kugirango nawe azavemo umwana ubereye igihugu.