UMUTWE WA 1: KUBUNGABUNGA UBUZIMA
Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
- Gusesengura umwandiko agaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi ziwukubiyemo.
- Gutegura no kuvuga ikiganiro mbwirwaruhame.- Kwandika neza inyuguti n’ibihekane by’Ikinyarwanda.
I.1. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko: Kwirinda
biruta kwivuza
Igikorwa 1.1
Soma umwandiko ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranya cyangwa inyito afite mu mwandiko kandi usubize n’ibibazo byawubajijweho.
I.1.1 Gusoma umwandikoSoma umwandiko ukurikira:
Ku wa gatandatu wa nyuma w’ukwezi kwa Nyakanga, abaturage bo mu Mudugudu wa Bukunzi bazindukiye mu muganda, basibura imiyoboro y’amazi iri mu mudugudu wabo. Umuganda urangiye umuyobozi w’umudugudu abasaba kwicara hamwe ngo umuyobozi ushinzwe imibereho myiza mu kagari kabo abagezeho ikiganiro yari yabateguriye.
Bakimara kwicara, ushinzwe imibereho myiza mu murenge wabo yarahagurutse, abaturage bose bamwakira nk’intore bishimye. Yatangiye agira ati: “Baturage mutuye mu Mudugudu wa Bukunzi, nongeye kubasuhuza, nimugire amahoro! Niba nibuka neza maze kubasura inshuro eshatu cyangwa enye muri iki gikorwa
cy’umuganda, tukaganira ku nsanganyamatsiko zinyuranye. N’uyu munsi rero ndagira ngo mbamenyeshe ko nateguye kubaganiriza ku nsanganyamatsiko igira iti: “Dusobanukirwe zimwe mu ndwara ziterwa n’umwanda, dufatanye kuzirwanya.”Ndifuza ko ntakwiharira ijambo ahubwo ko twakungurana ibitekerezo
kuri izo ndwara ndetse n’ingamba twafata ngo tuzikumire mu mudugudu wacu.
Nyuma yo kuvuga insanganyamatsiko y’ikiganiro, yakomeje abaza abaturage umwe ku wundi icyo indwara ziterwa n’umwanda ari cyo. Abaturage bamwe bavuze ko ari indwara ziterwa no kurya ibiribwa cyangwa kunywa ibinyobwa bitujuje ubuziranenge, abandi bavuga ko ari indwara ziterwa n’isuku nke. Yakomeje avuga ko nk’impiswi, macinya n’inzoka zo mu nda zishobora guterwa ku kutayasukura uko bikwiye, ndetse ko na tirikomonasi ishobora guterwa no
kudasukura neza imyanya ndangagitsitsina. Nanone kandi ngo kutoga buri munsi, kwambara imyenda itameshe, kuryama mu bintu bitameshe, kudasukura aho tuba bishobora gutera indwara nk’ubuheri, ise, indâ n’amavunja aterwa n’imbaragasa.
Ushinzwe imibereho myiza y’abaturage mu murenge yabwiye abaturage ko indwara ziterwa n’umwanda zigira ingaruka kuko zitera imfu nyinshi kandi zikadindiza iterambere ry’igihugu. Izo ndwara ziravurwa zigakira ariko ibyiza ni ukuzirinda aka wa mugani ugira uti: “Kwirinda biruta kwivuza” kandi ngo: “Amagara arasesekara ntayorwa”. Yasabye abaturage gusenyera umugozi
umwe,bakarwanya bivuye inyuma indwara ziterwa n’umwanda, bagira isuku muri byose, ntihabeho ba ntibindeba. Abasaba kandi ko uwo zagaragayeho yajya yihutira kujya kwa muganga kugira ngo avurwe.
Mu gusoza,ushinzwe imibereho myiza y’abaturage mu mu rengeyashimiye abaturage, anabasaba kurushaho kubungabunga ubuzima bwabo bahashya icyo ari cyo cyose cyaba intandaro y’indwara ziterwa n’umwanda kugira ngo bahorane ubuzima buzira umuze.
I.1.2 Gusobanura amagambo
Shaka mu mwandiko amagambo udasobanukiwe, uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranya.
I.1.3 Kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
Subiza ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Ni izihe ndwara ziterwa n’umwanda zavuzwe mu mwandiko?
2. Ni iki cyakorwa ngo hakumirwe indwara ziterwa n’umwanda?
3. Ukurikije ibivugwa mu mwandikoko, garagaza uburyo butandukanye dushobora kwanduramo indwara ziterwa n’umwanda.
4. Garagaza ingingo z’ ingenzi ziri mu mwandiko.
5. Huza ibivugwa mu mwandiko n’ubuzima busanzwe.
6. Ni izihe indwara ziterwa n’umwanda zitavuzwe mu mwandiko? Ni gute twazirinda?
2. Gira icyo uvuga ku ndwara ziterwa n’umuwanda n’uburyo zakwirindwa.
I.2. Amabwiriza y’imyandikire y’ikinyarwanda: Inyajwi,ingombajwi, inyerera n’ibihekane
I.2.1 Imyandikire y’inyajwi
Haseguriwe imyandikire y’ubutinde n’amasaku, inyajwi z’Ikinyarwanda zandikishwa inyuguti zikurikira: a, e, i, o, u.
Gukurikiranya inyajwi mu myandikire isanzwe mu Kinyarwanda birabujijwe, uretse mu nyandiko ya gihanga yubahiriza ubutinde n’amasaku, mu ijambo (i) saa ry’iritirano ribanziriza amasaha, mu marangamutima, mu migereka n’inyigana birimo isesekaza, na bwo handikwa inyajwi zitarenze eshatu.
Ingero:
- Saa kenda ndaba ngeze iwawe.
- Irangamutima “yooo”!
- Umugereka: Ndagukunda “cyaneee”!
- Inyigana “pooo”! ; “mbaaa”!
I.2.2 Imyandikire y’inyerera
Inyerera ni ijwi ritari inyajwi ntiribe n’ingombajwi, ariko rifite uturango rihuriraho n’inyajwi n’utundi rihuriraho n’ingombajwi. Ayo majwi ajya kuvugika nk’inyajwi, nyamara kandi ugasanga yitabaza inyajwi nk’ingombajwi kugira ngo avugike neza.
Iki ni cyo gituma yitwa inyerera. Inyerera z’Ikinyarwanda zandikishwa inyuguti w na y.
Ingero
- Uwiga aruta uwanga.
- Iyange yatakaye.
I.2.3 Imyandikire y’ingombajwi
Ingombajwi z’Ikinyarwanda zandikishwa inyuguti imwe. Ni izi zikurikira: b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, m, n, p, r, l, s, t, v, z.
Ikitonderwa
- Inyuguti “l” ikoreshwa gusa mu izina bwite “Kigali”, umurwa mukuru wa Repubulika y’u Rwanda, mu ijambo “Repubulika”, mu ijambo “Leta”no mu mazina bwite y’amanyamahanga y’abantu n’ay’ahantu, urugero nka Angola, Londoni, Lome, Lusaka, Buruseli, Aluberi...
- Inyuguti “l” izaguma gukoreshwa mu mazina bwite y’amanyarwanda y’abantu n’ahantu yari isanzwe ikoreshwamo kandi bayiswe mbere y’aya mabwiriza.
I.2.4 Imyandikire y’ibihekane
Ibihekane by’Ikinyarwanda byandikishwa ibimenyetso bikurikira:
bw (bg): ubwanwa, Kabgayi
cw: icwende, imicwira
dw: kudwinga, kudagadwa
fw: igufwa, igifwera
gw: kugwa, umugwaneza
by: kubyibuha, kubyuka
cy: gucyocyora, gucyaha
jy: urujyo, kujyana
ny: inyana, inyungu
my: umurimyi, imyugariro
hw: amahwa, umuhwituzi
jw: kujijwa, ijwi
kw: gukwa, umukwabu
mw: umwana, umwuga
nw: umunwa, akananwa
pfw: gukapfakapfwa
pfyw: byakapfakapfywe
pw: gukopwa, icapwa
rw: umurwi, urwuri
shw: umushwi, gushwana
shyw: ishywa, umwishywa
sw: umuswa, Igiswayire
tsw: kotswa, kwatswa
tw: ugutwi, umutware
vw: bwahovwe
zw: gusozwa, guhazwa
nsy: insyo, insya
nty: intyoza, ntyariza
mbw: imbwa, imbwebwe
mfw: imfwati
mpw: impwempwe
mvw: kumvwa
ndw: kurindwa, gukundwa
ngw: ingwate, ingweba
njw: injwiri, nyanjwenge
njyw: kubonjywa
nny: kunnyega, umukinnyi
pfy: bakapfakapfye
py: gupyipyinyura, gupyinagara
ry: kuryama, uburyarya
sy: gusya, urusyo
ty: gutyara, ityazo
vy: zahovye
byw: gutubywa
myw: kuramywa, kurumywa
ryw: kuryarywa
vyw: guhovywa
mb: imbuto, imbabura
mf: imfashanyo, imfura
mp: impamvu, impapuro
mv: imvura, kumva
nd: inda, indodo
ng: ingoma, ingona
nj : injishi, injereri
nk: inkoko, inka
ns : konsa, insina
sh: ishu pf: ipfundo
ts: itsinda
nsh: inshuti, inshishi
shy: ishyamba
nshy: nshyira, inshyimbo
nkw: inkware, inkweto
nshw: nshwanyaguje, nshwekure
nshyw: inshywa
nsw: inswa, konswa
ntw: intwari, intwererano
nzw: kuganzwa, kugenzwa
mvyw: arahomvomvywa (n’iki?)
mbyw: guhombywa, kuvumbywa
nt: intama, intore
nz : inzu, inzuki
ncy : incyamuro, incyuro
nyw: kunywa, kunywana
mby: imbyino, imbyaro
mpy: impyisi, impyiko
mvy: barahomvye
ndy: indyi, indyarya
njy: injyana, injyo
Ikitonderwa
a) Usibye “bg” mu ijambo “Kabgayi” ingombajwi z’ibihekane zitari muri uru rutonde zirabujijwe.
b) Ibihekane “kw”, “gw”, “hw”, bikurikiwe n’inyajwi “o” cyangwa “u”ntibyandikwa; mu mwanya wabyo handikwa “ko”, “ku”, “ go”, “ gu”, “ho”, “hu”.
Ingero:
- Kwanga koga ni bibi.
- Kubaka ni ukugereka ibuye ku rindi.
- Pariki ya Nyungwe ibamo inguge nyinshi.
- Ngwije na Ngoboka bava inda imwe.
- Korora inkwavu n’inkoko bifite akamaro.
- Iyo ngiye kwinjira mu nzu nkuramo inkweto.
- Mariya ahwituye Hoho kugira ngo yihute.
- Mahwane aragesa amahundo.
c. Ibihekane “jy” na “cy” byandikwa gusa imbere y’inyajwi “a”, “o” na “u”.
Imbere y’inyajwi “i” cyangwa “e” handikwa “gi”, “ge”, “ ki”, “ke”.
Ingero:
- Umugi ntuyemo ufite isuku.
- Gewe / ngewe ntuye mu magepfo y’u Rwanda.
- Njyanira ibitabo mu ishuri, ngewe ngiye gukina.
- Njyana kwa masenge.
- Iki ni ikibabi k’igiti.
- Ikibo cyuzuye ibishyimbo.
d) Ibihekane bigizwe n’ingombajwi “ts”, “pf” na “c” zibanjirijwe n’inyamazuru byandikwa mu buryo bukurikira: “ns”, “mf”, “nsh”.
Ingero:
- Iyi nsinzi turayishimiye.- Imfizi y’inshuti yange.
I.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko: Indwara
z’ibyorezo
Igikorwa 1.3
Soma umwandiko ukurikira, ushake ibisobanuro by’amagambo yatanzwe wifashishije inkoranyamagambo hanyuma usubize n’ibibazo byawubajijweho.
I.3.1 Gusoma umwandikoSoma umwandiko ukurikira:
Muyobozi w’Ikigo Nderabuzima cya Bwiza
Bayobozi b’utugari,
Bayobozi b’imidugudu,
Baturage mutuye mu Murenge wa Bwiza,
Nongeye kubasuhuza, nimugire amahoro.
Nyuma y’iki gikorwa cy’umuganda cyari cyaduteranyirije hano, nk’uko mubimenyerereye haba ikiganiro ku nsanganyamatsiko runaka. Uyu munsi icyo kiganiro turakigezwaho n’Umuyobozi w’Ikigo Nderabuzima cya Bwiza. Madamu Muyobozi w’Ikigo Nderabuzima cya Bwiza, uyu mwanya ni uwawe kugira ngo
ugeze ku baturage ikiganiro wabateguriye.
Urakoze kumpa umwanya.
Bwana Muyobozi w’Umurenge,
Bayobozi b’utugari,
Bayobozi b’imidugudu,
Baturage b’Umurenge wa Bwiza, nimugire amahoro.
Nyuma y’iki igikorwa cy’umuganda, tugiye kuganira ku ndwara z’ibyorezo n’ingamba zo kuzirinda. Sintwara umwanya munini, ngiye kubaganiriza iminota mike ishoboka. Ndabanza nsobanure indwara z’ibyorezo icyo ari cyo, mvuge kuri zimwe mu ndwara z’ibyorezo, uko zikwirakwira, nsoreze ku ngamba zo kuzirwanya no kuzirinda.
Bayobozi,
mugenzi we amukozeho, basomanye, bakoranye imibonano mpuzabitsina, igihe cyo konsa, igihe cyo kubyara, mu gutanga amaraso, kongera ingingo mu mubiri w’umuntu n’ibindi. Mu buryo buziguye, indwara yinjira mu mubiri w’umuntu inyuze mu biryo yariye, mu mazi yanyoye mu bikoresho binyuranye byanduye,
mu mwuka yahumetse, ikindi kandi agakoko gatera indwara gashobora kunyura mu dusimba no mu zindi nyamaswa, mu ivumbi cyangwa mu bitonyanga by’imvura. Ngira ngo murumva ko hari inzira zitandukanye twakwanduriramo indwara z’ibyorezo.
Bayobozi,
tugiye guharanira kubungabunga ubuzima bwacu duhashya indwara z’ibyorezo.
Baturage b’Umurenge wa Bwiza,
Indwara z’ibyorezo ni indwara zishobora guhitana umubare munini w’abantu mu gihe gito; zibasira imbaga ku buryo haboneka umubare udasanzwe w’abagaragaza izo ndwara mu gace runaka ndetse no mu gihe runaka. Indwara bayita icyorezo igihe yakwiriye mu gace runaka, mu gihugu cyangwa ku isi yose.
Zimwe mu ndwara zibasiye abantu zikitwa ibyorezo twavuga nka korera, marariya, macinya, igituntu, sida, ebora na kovidi-19 yakwirakwiye ku isi yose mu gihe gito. Indwara z’ibyorezo zishobora kwandura ku buryo butaziguye no ku buryo buziguye. Ku buryo buziguye, indwara ikwirakwira iyo agakoko kayitera kinjiye mu muntu gaturutse mu ndiri yako bityo kagahita gakwira mu mubiri.
Umuntu rero ashobora kuba imwe mu ndiri y’agakoko bityo akaba ashobora kwanduza
Baturage b’Umurenge wa Bwiza,
Aha mushobora kumbaza muti: “Ni izihe ngamba twafata kugira ngo turwanye indwara z’ibyorezo cyangwa se tuzirinde?” Iyo hamaze kumenyekana imvano y’indwara n’uburyo bwayo bwo gukwirakwira, hafatwa ingamba zihamye zo kuyirwanya. Niba indwara iterwa n’umwanda kuyirinda ni ukugira isuku, niba
yanduzwa n’udukokoko bisaba kutwirinda no gusenya indiri zatwo, niba indwara ifite urukingo kuyirinda bisaba kwikingiza kugira ngo igihe yakugezeho itakuzahaza cyangwa ngo iguhitane. Nitwimakaze umuco w’ubuziranenge twirinda ibiribwa cyangwa ibinyobwa byahumanye cyangwa ibyarengeje igihe. Tugirire isuku
umubiri wacu n’ahodutuye. Twirinde udukoko nk’imibu itera marariya, dutema ibihuru, dusiba ibizenga by’amazi ishobora kororokeramo, turara mu nzitiramibu, dutera imiti n’ibindi. Ku ndwara zandurira mu mibonano mupuzabitsina, abantu
bagomba kwirinda imibonano mpuzabitsina idakingiye. Ikindi kandi ni uko abantu bagomba kwitabira gahunda y’inkingo uko yateganyijwe. Zaba inkingo zihabwa abana bato ndetse n’izitangwa ku bantu bose mu bihe bidasanzwe by’ibyorezo.
Bayobozi,
Baturage bo mu Murenge wa Bwiza,
Nababwiye ko ntari bwizimbe mu magambo. Indwara z’ibyorezo zitwara
ubuzima bw’imbaga nyamwinshi, zigateza urusobe rw’ibibazo. Nimucyo dusenyere umugozi umwe, tuzirwanye twivuye inyuma. Nihagira ugaragaza ibimenyetso runaka by’imwe mu ndwara z’ibyorezo, dutangire amakuru ku gihe kugira ngo abashinzwe gufata ingamba bazifate mu maguru mashya. Niba kandi
wagaragaweho ibimenyetso by’indwara y’icyorezo, ihutire kujya kwa muganga kugira ngo ukurikiranwe amazi atararenga inkombe. Bityo urokore ubuzima bwawe n’ubw’abo washoboraga kwanduza.Murakoze mbashimiye uburyo mwanteze amatwi nkaba nizera ko twese hamwe
I.3.2 Gusobanura amagambo
Sobanura amagambo cyangwa amatsinda y’amagambo akurikira:
- Kwibasira imbaga
- Gufata ingamba
- Indiri
- Intandaro
- Gucurwa inkumbi n’indwara
I.3.3 Kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
Subiza ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Ni ryari tuvuga ko indwara ari icyorezo?
2. Ni uruhe ruhare ibidukikije bishobora kugira mu kwanduza indwara z’ibyorezo?
3. Ni iyihe nama wagira umuntu wagaragaraweho n’indwara y’icyorezo?
4. Uhereye ku bumenyi rusange usanzwe ufite, tanga urugero rw’indwara y’icyorezo
umuntu ashobora kwanduza undi:
a) Amukozeho
b) Amusomye
c) Bakoranye imibonano mpuzabitsina
a) Mu gihe cyo konsa
e) Mu gihe cyo kubyara
5. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi ziri mu mwandiko.
6. Garagaza ingamba Leta y’u Rwanda yafashe mu kurwanya icyorezo cya kovidi-19.
I.4. Imbwirwaruhame
Igikorwa 1.4
Ifashishe umwandiko “Indwara z’ibyorezo”, ukore ubushakashatsi maze usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Tahura ubwoko bw’umwandiko “Indwara z’ibyorezo”.
2.Tahura inshoza, uturango n’imbata byawo.
3. Ni ayahe mabwiriza agenga ubu bwoko bw’umwandiko.I.4.1 Inshoza y’imbwirwaruhame
Imbwirwaruhame ni ijambo umuntu ategura akarigeza ku bantu benshi, bakirinda kumurogoya, ahubwo bakamutega amatwi. Imbwirwaruhame ishobora kuba ndende cyangwa ngufi bitewe n’intego yayo. Imbwirwaruhame zivuga ku nsanganyamatsiko
zinyuranye: izibwiriza iby’idini, izivuga ibya poritiki, izo kwizihiza iminsi mikuru, izikangurira abantu igikorwa runaka n’ibindi. Ni yo mpamvu imbwirwaruhame zishobora kuvugirwa ahantu hanyuranye nko mu nsengero, mu ishuri, mu nama
n’ahandi.
I.5.2 Uturango tw’imbwirwaruhame
Imbwirwaruhame irangwa n’amagambo y’icyubahiro ahamagara ababwirwa kugira ngo bitabire gutega amatwi. Ayo magambo atangira imbwirwaruhame kandi akagenda agaruka nyuma y’ingingo runaka.
Amagambo y’icyubahiro akunze gukoreshwa agaragara mu mbonerahamwe ikurikira ni:
Imbwirwaruhame ishobora kubanzirizwa n’ijambo rivunyishiriza ugiye kuyivuga.
Urugero:
Umwandiko w’imbwirwaruhame “Indwara z’ibyorezo”.
I.5.3 Imbata y’imbwirwaruhame
Imbwirwaruhame igizwe n’ibice bine: intangiriro, igihimba n’umwanzuro.
1. Intangiriro
Mu ntangiriro uvuga imbwirwaruhame abanza kuvuga abanyacyubahiro bari aho n’abo ubutumwa bugenewe ahereye ku w’imena muri bo akurikije ibyubahiro byabo, gusa akirinda kubavuga mu mazina yabo bwite. Uvuga imbwirwaruhame
kandi ageza indamukanyo ku bo abwira.
Mu ntangiriro kandi ni ho utanga ikiganiro agaragaza insanganyamatsiko ari buze kuvugaho, ndetse akamurika n’ingingo ariburambure, asa n’utera amatsiko abamuteze amatwi. Iki gice ntikigomba kuba kirekire.
2. Igihimba
Iki gice ni cyo gice fatizo k’imbwirwaruhame. Ni muri iki gice utanga ikiganiro arambura ingingo yateguye kuvugaho, akazikurikiranya neza ashingiye ku buremere bwazo. Ibi bituma abamutega amatwi batarambirwa kuko aba yahereye ku ngingo zibafitiye akamaro cyane. Iyo bibaye ngombwa ko hari ingero zitangwa, uvuga
imbwirwaruhame akoresha ingero zijyanye n’abo abwira cyangwa aho avugira. Kubera ko iki gice gishobora kuba kirekire, utanga ikiganiro mbere yo kujya ku yindi ngingo ashobora kugenda akoresha amagambo yo gukangura abo abwira yo ngera kubavuga mu byubahiro byabo.
3. Umwanzuro/ Umusozo
I.5.4 Amabwiriza agenga imbwirwaruhame
1. Uko imbwirwaruhame itegurwa n’uko isomwa
Mbere yo gutanga ikiganiro mbwirwaruhame, ugitegura agomba kumenya ibi bikurikira:
- Ni ngombwa kumenya abo agiye kubwira imbwirwaruhame abo ari bo n’aho ababwirira.
- Ni iki bashobora kumva? Bari mu kihe kigero k’imyaka? Bakora iki? Ni iki bahuriyeho?
- Gutegura imbwirwaruhame.
- Kumva neza insanganyamatsiko y’imbwirwaruhame byaba ngombwa akanasoma ibitabo binyuranye bivuga kuri iyo nsanganyamatsiko.
- Gukusanya ibyo azavuga mu ngingo zinyuranye z’imbwirwaruhame ashingiye ku byo yasomye cyangwa yabajije abandi.
- Gushaka intego z’ikiganiro ke akanakora imbata y’ikiganiro ke.
2. Imyifatire n’imyitwarire y’uvuga imbwirwaruhame
Utanga ikiganiro mbwirwaruhame agomba kuba:
a) Yambaye imyambaro idakojeje isoni.
b) Kumenya guhagarara neza imbere y’abandi nta mususu.
c) Kuvuga imbwirwaruhame ye adategwa.
d) Kuraranganya amaso mu bo abwira, kirazira kubatera umugongo no kuba imbata y’urupapuro.
e) Kurangurura ijwi kugira ngo imbwirwaruhame yumvikane.
f) Kuvuga atarandaga cyane kugira ngo abamuteze amatwi batarambirwa kandi ntiyihute cyane mu mvugo kugira ngo ibyo avuze birusheho kumvikana.
g) Kwirinda imvugo nyandagazi.
h) Kugenda atanga ingero zihuye n’ikigero cy’abo abwira cyangwa se icyo bakora.
Ikitonderwa:
Utegura imbwirwaruhame ayitegura yandika, akazayivuga asoma ibyo yanditse, mu rwego rwo kwirinda kuvuga ibiterekeranye no kwisubiramo bya hato na hato. Hashobora kuvugwa imbwirwaruhame ihanitse cyangwa idahanitse, umuntu
akayivuga atayiteguye. Ibyo ni iby’abafite iyo mpano si ibya buri wese kuko bigira abahanga babyo. Ibyo bigaragarira cyanecyane nko mu misango y’ubukwe, ku minsi mikuru, mu birori runaka.
I.5. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa mbereSoma umwandiko hanyuma usubize ibibazo biwukurikira.
Umwandiko: Inkingo n’akamaro kazo
Kuva muntu yabaho, ubuzima bwe bwagiye bwugarizwa n’indwara
nyinshi zirimo n’iz’ibyorezo. Ngizo za mugiga, iseru, akaniga, imbasa, kovidi-19 n’izindi. Kera ubuvuzi butaratera imbere, indwara z’ibyorezo zibasiraga abantu, zikabica umusubizo. Icyakora, impuguke n’abashakashatsi mu by’ubuzima ntibahwemye gushakisha icyatuma izo ndwara zidakomeza kwibasira abantu. Ni muri urwo rwego havumbuwe imitin’inkingo binyuranye.
Hari inkingo zihabwa abagore batwite n’izihabwa abana mu bihe bitandukanye.Zimwe mu nkingo zihabwa abana ni izikingira igituntu, imbasa, kokorishi, agakwega (tetanosi), akaniga, impiswi, iseru n’izindi. Hari kandi inkingo zihabwa abantu mu gihe bibaye ngombwa. Nk’iyo hadutse icyorezo (kovidi-19, ebora, mugiga, epatite B...) cyangwa abantu bagiye mu ngendo zitandukanye aho bashobora guhuriramo n’indwara z’ibikatu. Abana b’abakobwa bujuje imyaka cumi n’ibiri na bo bahabwa urukingo rwa kanseri y’inkondo y’umura. Mu rwego mpuzamahanga haracyashakishwa n’izindi nkingo z’indwara z’ibyorezo nka sida, kanseri, diyabete n’izindi.
Buri mubyeyi w’Umunyarwanda agomba gukingiza abana be inkingo zose nk’uko ziteganywa na Minisiteri y’Ubuzima. Gukingira abana bikorwa kuri gahunda. Iyo umwana akivuka ahabwa urukingo rw’igituntu n’urw’imbasa. Yamara ukwezi n’igice, agahabwa urw’imbasa, kokorishi, agakwega bamwe bita tetanosi, akaniga, umwijima wo mu bwoko bwa epatite B, pinemokoke hamwe n’urw’impiswi. Ku mezi abiri n’igice akingirwa nanone imbasa, kokorishi, agakwega, akaniga, umwijima, umusonga n’impiswi. Iyo umwana yujuje amezi atatu n’igice ahabwa urukingo rw’imbasa, kokorishi, agakwega, akaniga, umwijima, umusonga n’impiswi. Yongera gukingirwa agize amezi ikenda aho ahabwa urukingo
rw’iseru na rubeyore. Iyo agejeje ku mezi cumi n’atanu, ni ukuvuga umwaka n’amezi atatu ahabwa urukingo rw’iseru ari na rwo ruheruka izindi muri uru ruhererekane rwazo.Izo nkingo zose rero zifite akamaro gakomeye ko kurinda no gukumira indwara zitarinjira mu mubiri w’umuntu. Zifite akamaro kandi ko kubaka ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri ku buryo n’iyo indwa yinjiyemo itazahaza umuntu.Gahunda y’inkingo ikwiye gufatwa nk’amata y’abashyitsi, ikitabirwa,
abantu bakareka kuyikerensa, kuko kwirengagiza gufata inkingo byabakururira akaga gakomeye nk’ubumuga cyangwa se urupfu. Ikindi abantu bagomba kumenya, ni uko inkingo zose z’ibanze zitangwa ku buntu, nta kiguzi bisaba.
Abashinzwe kubika inkingo, bagomba kuzibika neza mu buryo bwujuje ubuziranenge kugira ngo zitangirika, zikaba zagira ingaruka ku buzima bw’abantu. Abashinzwe gukingira na bo bagomba kubikorana ubwitonzi n’ubushishozi kugira ngo hatagira uwo biviramo kurwara cyangwa kumugara.Muri make, inkingo zifitiye abantu akamaro kanini kuko zibarinda
kwandura no kuzahazwa n’indwara zinyuranye. Bityo rero, abantu bakwiye kwitabira gukingirwa no gukingiza abana kuko urukingo ari ingabo y’ubuzima, kandi “kwirinda biruta kwivuza.”
i. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesenguraumwandiko
1. Sobanura uburyo indwara z’ibyorezo zishobora kwirindwa uhereye ku bivugwa mu mwandiko.
2. Sobanura akamaro k’inkingo ku buzima bw’umuntu.
3. Erekana indwara zavuzwe mu mwandiko zitarabonerwa urukingo n’ibivugwa ko biri kuzikorwaho.
4. Wavuga iki ku buryo bwo kubika no gutanga inkingo ubihuza n’umuco w’ubuziranenge?
5. Erekana ingingo z’ingenzi ziri muri uyu mwandiko.
ii. Inyunguramagambo
1. Koresha aya magambo dusanga mu mwandiko mu nteruro wihimbiye:
a) Ibyorezo
b) Impuguke
c) Kubungabunga
d) Kugosorera mu rucaca
iii) Imyandikire
1. Kosora imyandikire mu nteruro zikurikira
a) Mukabgizayaguzetelefoninyinci.
b) Yoooooo! Ese mwaragwaye.
2. Andika ijamboririmo igihekane
a) vy
b) nsy
c) mfw
d) mpw
iii. Imbwirwaruhame
a) Ni akahekarangok’ingenzik’imbwirwaruhame?
b) Vugaibyitabwahombereyogutangaimbwirwaruhame.c) Vugaine mu myifatire irangaumuntu utanga ikiganirombwirwaruhame.