UMUTWE WA 7 GUKUNDA UMURIMO
UBUSHOBOZI BW’INGENZI BUGAMIJWE
– Gusesengura indirimbo ivuga ku gukunda umurimo hagaragazwa uturango tw’indirimbo n’ikeshamvugo rigaragaramo.
– Guhanga indirimbo zitandukanye zivuga ku gukunda umurimo.
Gusoma no kwandika mu nyandiko nyejwi na nyemvugo amagambo n’interuro.IGIKORWA CY’UMWINJIZO
Ushingiye ku mwandiko ukurikira, sobanura impamvu gukunda umurimo ari ingirakamaro mu mibereho y’abantu muri rusange.
VII.1. Umwandiko: Umurunga w’iminsi
1. Burya gusaza ni ugusahurwa
Kuko iyo tujya ni habi
Nariye iminsi ndayiyongeza
Nsigara nyitera inyoni ziguruka
None iranze iranyigabije
Iranyiganzuye yo gapfusha
Cyo rero kibondo cyange
Igira hino nkurage intwaro
Nitwaje iki gihe cyose
Ibihe bibi byose nkabyirenza
Uyitwaje azira kuneshwa
Utayitunze azira kuramba
Iyo ntwaro ishumika iminsi
Nta yindi shahu ni umurimo.
2. Iyo isi imaze kukurambirwa
Kuko ntacyo uba ukiyimariye
Imikaka y’iminsi irarindwa aaa.
Mbese ye, wakwizera ute ubuzima bw’ejo
Udakoze ngo wiyuhe akuya
Kura ishati witege iminsi.
Aho wenda, aho wenda,
Aho wenda kibondo cyange
Aho wenda ntuzibuka y’uko
Umurunga w’iminsi ari umurimo.
Aho wenda, aho wenda,
Aho wenda bibondo cyange
Aho wenda buto bwange
Aho wenda ntuzabyibuka
Ni yo mpamvu itumye
Mbikubwiye nkwihanangirije.
3. Ntugahaburwe n’ibyo hanze aha
Ibi bizanwa n’abagenzi
Ngo bigutware umutima wawe
Bikwibagize umurimo
Burya ga ni uko utabizi
Guteka umutwe ni umwanda
Ntibitinda, nta nubwo byizerwa
Ubundi kandi bihira bake.
Aho wenda aho wenda
Aho wenda Kibondo cyange
Aho wenda ntuzibuka yuko
Umurunga w’iminsi ari umurimo.
Aho wenda, aho wenda
Aho wenda kibondo cyange,
Aho wenda buto bwange
Aho wenda ntuzabyibuka
Ni yo mpamvu itumye
Mbikubwiye nkwihanangirije.
4. Uramenye, uramenye, uramenye,
Utazazira iyo mikaka
Irindwa abagifite ubukaka
Cyane abo mu kigero cyawe. (x2)
Aho wenda, aho wenda
Aho wenda kibondo cyange,
Aho wenda ntuzibuka yuko
Umurunga w’iminsi ari umurimo.
Aho wenda, aho wenda,
Aho wenda kibondo cyange
Aho wenda buto bwange
Aho wenda ntuzabyibuka
Ni yo mpamvu itumye
Mbikubwiye nkwihanangirije.
Ni yo mpamvu itumye
Mbikubwiye nkwihanangirije
(KAGAME Alegisi)
7.1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandikoIGIKORWA
Soma umwandiko “Umurunga w’iminsi”, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko wifashije inkoranyamagambo.
IMYITOZO
1. Kora interuro wifashishije amagambo akurikira:
a) Umurunga
b) Ikibondo
c) Gusahurwa
d) Kwiyuha akuya
e) Intwaro
2. Tahura muri iki kinyatuzu amagambo yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko.
7.1.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko “Umurunga w’iminsi”, hanyuma usubize ibibazo byawubajijweho.
1. Ni nde uvuga muri uyu mwandiko? Erekana imikarago isobanura igisubizo cyawe.
2. Ni nde ubwirwa muri uyu mwandiko? Erekana imikarago isobanura igisubizo cyawe.
3. Muri uyu mwandiko, hari aho umuhanzi atukana? Ni iki atuka? Sobanura impamvu atukana?
4. Umuhanzi aradushishikariza iki mu mwandiko?
5. Mu mwandiko umuhanzi arasobanura ko ikibeshaho umuntu ari iki?
6. Umusaza arigisha iki umwana mu gitero cya gatatu?
7.1.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko “Umurunga w’iminsi”, hanyuma usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
1. N
- Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru no mu rusenge rw’inyuma;
- Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu rusenge rw’imbere n’urw’inyuma;
- Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru, mu rusenge rw’imbere no mu rusenge rw’inyuma;
- Ikiciro kihariye.
i izihe ngingo z’ingenzi dusanga mu mwandiko?
2. Ni iyihe mpamvu ituma uyu musaza agira inama umwana we?
3. Izina ikibondo rihagarariye nde ubwirwa mu mwandiko?
4. Uyu mwandiko urakwigisha iki?
VII.2. Indirimbo
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko“Umurunga w’iminsi” witegereza imiterere yawo. Uhereye ku miterere yawo kora ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza n’uturango by’indirimbo n’akamaro k’indirimbo mu buzima bwa buri munsi.
7.2.1. Inshoza y’indirimbo
Indirimbo ni imwe mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo bwo muri rubanda. Ni amajwi afite injyana yungikana n’amagambo. Indirimbo zivuga ku ngingo zitandukanye zigusha ku buzima bwa buri munsi; hari indirimbo z’urukundo, indirimbo zisingiza umuntu cyangwa ikintu, hari izigisha, izibara inkuru n’izindi.7.2.2. Uturango
Indirimbo irangwa n’imiterere yayo ndetse n’ikeshamvugo.
a) Imiterere y’indirimbo
Ahanini indirimbo irangwa n’ibice bibiri by’ingenzi: ibitero n’inyikirizo. Uko igitero kirangiye, umuririmbyi ashyiraho inyikirizo ariko hari indirimbo zitagira inyikirizo.
Urugero rw’indirimbo ifite inyikirizo:
Umurunga w’iminsi.
Urugero rw’indirimbo itagira inyikirizo:
Indirimbo yubahiriza Igihugu.
Uburyo ibi bice bihimbwa usanga ari nk’umuvugo ariko byo bigashyirwa mu majwi aryoheye amatwi no mu njyana runaka yatoranyijwe. Indirimbo ishobora
kuba iy’amajwi y’umuntu cyangwa urusobe rw’amajwi y’abantu.
b) Ikeshamvugo mu ndirimbo
Ikeshamvugo rikoreshwa mu ndirimbo ni rimwe n’iryo mu mivugo: uzasangamo isubirajwi, isubirajambo, imizimizo y’ubwoko bunyuranye bitewe n’urwego rw’ihanikarurimi umuhanzi yashatse gushyiramo indirimbo ye.
7.2.3. Akamaro k’indirimbo
Indirimbo zifite uruhare rukomeye mu mibereho y’umuntu muri rusange. Ubushakashatsi bunyuranye bwemeza ko indirimbo zongerera ubushobozi ubwonko bwo gutekereza neza mu buryo bwiza kandi bworoshye.
Indirimbo zorohereza abana bakiri bato bafite ikibazo cyo kuvuga no kwandika. Birumvikana ko bituma umwana agerageza gusubiramo ibyo yagiye yumva ndetse no kubisobanukirwa mu buryo bworoshye . ( Bifatiye ku nkuru yatangajwe n’imirasire ku rubuga rwa: www.imiraire.com)
Bitewe n’ikivugwa mu ndirimbo , uzasanga indirimbo zigira uruhare rukomeye mu guhindura imyumvire y’abantu ndetse no kubakangurira gukora ibikorwa runaka.
Ingero:
– Indirimbo zivuga kuri Sida ndetse n’ibindi byorezo, uburyo byandura n’uko byakwirindwa, zituma abantu birinda kwandura virusi itera Sida.
– Indirimbo zivuga ku butwari zituma abazumva bagira ubutwari bakagira ishyaka n’umurava wo gukunda Igihugu...
– Indirimbo zivuga ku murimo zituma abazumva bitabira umurimo.
IMYITOZO
1. Tanga inshoza y’indirimbo.
2. Indirinbo irangwa n’utuhe turango? Twerekane.
3. Sobanura akamaro k’indirimbo mu mibereho y’abantu.
4. Sesengura indirimbo imirunga y’iminsi ugaragaza uturango twayo.
5. Ririmba indirimbo “Umurunga w’iminsi” wubahiriza injyana yayo.
VII.3. Inyandiko nyejwi
7.3.1. Imyandikire y’amajwi y’ibihekane mu nyandiko nyejwi
IGIKORWA
Mwitegereze ibihekane biri mu mwandiko “Umurunga w’ iminsi” maze mwandike amajwi yose mwumva yabonetse habayeho gusobekeranya ingombajwi. Mukore ubushakashatsi mutahure inshoza y’igihekane, uburyo amajwi y’Ikinyarwanda ahekana n’uburyo amajwi y’ibihekane yandikwa mu nyandiko nyejwi.1. Inshoza y’igihekane
Igihekane ni ijwi ry’inyunge ryandikishwa ingombajwi zirenze imwe: ingombajwi n’ingombajwi cyangwa ingombajwi n’inyerera. Niba G ari ingombajwi na N ikaba inyerera, mu Kinyarwanda amajwi y’ibihekane ashobora guhekana muri ubu buryo:
G: ingombajwi imwe ariko igizwe n’amajwi abiri mu nyandiko nyejwi G+G: ingombajwi + ingombajwi
G+N: ingombajwi + inyerera
G+G+N: ingombajwi + ingombajwi + inyerera G+N+N: ingombajwi + inyerera + inyerera
G+G+N+N: ingombajwi + ingombajwi + inyerera + inyerera
G+G+G+N+N: ingombajwi + ingombajwi + ingombajwi + inyerera + inyerera
2. Ibihekane by’Ikinyarwanda n’uburyo byandikwa mu nyandiko nyejwi
Mu Kinyarwanda, igihekane kigizwe n’ingombajwi ihindurirwa urwego rw’imivugire igafata urundi bitewe n’ikiciro irimo (Ingombajwi ihindurirwa urwego bitewe n’inyerera cyangwa inyamazuru bihekanye). Ihekana ry’amajwi y’ingombajwi n’inyerera rikubiye mu byiciro bikurikira bitewe n’aho zivugirwa:
- Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu rusenge rw’imbere;
- Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu rusenge rw’inyuma;
- Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru;
- Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru no mu rusenge rw’imbere;
- Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru no mu rusenge rw’inyuma;
- Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu rusenge rw’imbere n’urw’inyuma;
- Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru, mu rusenge rw’imbere no mu rusenge rw’inyuma;
- Ikiciro kihariye.
a) Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu rusenge rw’imbere
Iki kiciro dusangamo ingombajwi zose zishobora kujyana n’inyerera y’imbere [j/y]. Ibyo bihekane ni: inturike z’inyaminwa [pkj] [bgj], inturike y’inyamenyo [tkj], inturike y’inyenkanka [kj]. Harimo kandi inkubyi y’inyamwinyo [vgj], inkubyi y’inyesongashinya [skj], inkubyi z’inyarusenge [gj], inkarage y’inyamenyo [rgj], inturike nkubyi y’inyamwinyo [pfkj], inyamazuru y’inyaminwa [mɲ], inyamazuru y’inyamenyo [nɲ]
Ingero z’amagambo:
- [rgj]: [àràrgjààrgjà]
- [gj]: [àmàgjààmbèèrè]
- [kj]: [îkjûùmà]
- [tkj]: [îtkjâàzò]
- [skj]: [gùskjà]
- [pkj]: [gùpkjòòndà]
- [bgj]: [îbgjâàgwò]
- [vgj]: [zààrâhòòvgjè]
- [mɲ]: [ìmɲààndà]
- [ nɲ]: [ùmùkì nɲì]
b) Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu rusenge rw’inyuma
Iki kiciro dusangamo ingombajwi zose zishobora kujyana n’inyerera y’inyuma [w]. Ibyo bihekane ni: inturike z’inyaminwa [pk][bg], inturike z’inyamenyo [tkw][dgw], inturike z’inyenkanka [kw][gw], inkubyi z’inyamwinyo [fk][vg], inkubyi z’inyesongashinya [skw][zgw], inkubyi z’inyarusenge [∫kw][ Ʒgw], inkubyi y’inyenkanka [hw], inkarage y’inyamenyo [rgw], inturike nkubyi y’inyamwinyo [pfkh] inturike nkubyi y’inyesongashinya [tskw], inturike nkubyi y’inyarusenge [t∫kw], inyamazuru y’inyaminwa [mŋ], inyamazuru y’inyamenyo [nŋw], inyamazuru y’inyenkanka [ŋw]/ ɲŋw.
Ingero z’amagambo:
- [dgw]: [rùràmùdgwììŋgà]
- [zgw]: [àzààhààzgwà]
- [rgw]: [kùrgwàànà]
- [Ʒgw]: [ìkjîƷgwâàŋgâƷgwâàŋgà]
- [gw]: [àzààgwà]
-[kw]: [kwèèndèrèzà]
- [∫kw]: [kùrù∫kwà]
-[tkw]: [gûtkwâàrà]
- [hw]: [àmâhwâ].
- [pk]: [ìt∫àpkà]
- [fkh]: [îgwûfkhà].
- [bg]: [ûbgâàtò]
- [vg]: [gùhôòvgà].
- [mŋ]: [ûmŋâànzì]
- [nŋw]: [ùmùnŋwà]
- [pfk]: [gwûkhâàpfàkhààpfkhà]
- [ŋw]/[ɲŋw]: [àrâŋwâ]/[àrâɲŋwâ]
- [tskw]: [kwòòtskwà]
- [t∫kw]: [ gût∫kwêèkèèrà]
- [skw]: [gwùsàskwà]
c) Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru
Iki kiciro dusangamo ingombajwi zose zishobora kubanzirizwa n’inyamazuru [n/m]. Ibyo bihekane ni: inturike z’inyaminwa [mph][mb], inturike z’inyamenyo [nth][nd], inturike z’inyenkanka [ŋkh][ ŋg], inkubyi z’inyamwinyo [mf][mv], inkubyi z’inyesongashinya [ns] [nz], inkubyi z’inyarusenge [n∫] [nƷ].
Ingero z’amagambo:
- [ŋkh]: [îŋkhôôrî]
- [mf]: [ ìmfûrà]
- [nth]: [ìnthòôrè]
- [ns]: [însînà]
- [n∫]: [în∫ûrò]
- [mph]: [împhû]/[ ìmphààmbà]
- [mb]: [îmbââhô]
- [mv]: [îmvî]
- [nd]: [îndî]
- [nz]: [ìnzù]
- [nƷ]: [ì nƷìƷì] - [ŋg]: [îŋgô].
d) Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru no mu rusenge rw’imbere
Iki kiciro dusangamo ingombajwi zishobora kubanzirizwa n’inyamazuru [n/m], zikajyana icyarimwe n’inyerera y’imbere [j/y]. Ibyo bihekane ni: inturike z’inyaminwa [mpkj/mp∫<] [mbgj], inturike z’inyamenyo [nthŋkhj] [nrgj], inturike y’inyenkanka [ŋkhj], inkubyi y’inyamwinyo [mvgj], inkubyi y’inyesongashinya [nskj], inkubyi z’inyarusenge [n∫<] [ngj].
Ingero z’amagambo:
-[nrgj]: [ìnrgjààrgjà]
- [mbgj]: [îmbgjînò]
- [ ŋkhj ]: [îŋkhjûùrò]
- [nthŋkhj ]: [ìnthŋkhjòôzà]
- [mpkj/mp∫<]: [ìmp∫<îsî]
- [ngj]: [ìngjàànà]
- [nskj]: [ìnskjò]
- [n∫<]: [în∫<ûû∫<û]
- [mvgj]: [jàâhôòmvòòmvgjè]
e) Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru no mu rusenge rw’inyuma
Iki kiciro dusangamo ingombajwi zishobora kubanzirizwa n’inyamazuru [n/m], zikajyana icyarimwe n’inyerera y’inyuma [w]. Ibyo bihekane ni: inturike z’inyaminwa [mphŋkhw] [mbg], inturike z’inyamenyo [nthŋkhw][ndgw], inturike z’inyenkanka [ŋkhw] [ŋgw], inkubyi z’inyamwinyo [mfk] [mvg], inkubyi z’inyesongashonya [nskw] [nzgw], inkubyi z’inyarusenge [n∫kw] [nƷgw].
Ingero z’amagambo:
- [mbg]: [ìmbgèêbgè]
- [nzgw]: [jàâhêènzgwè]
- [nƷgw]: [înƷgwîìrì]
- [ndgw]: [rgwààndgwììnzè]
- [n∫kw]: [n∫kwèêkêèrè]/[wìîn∫kwârààtùrà]
- [ŋkhw]: [îŋkhwâànò]
- [nthŋkhw]: [înthŋkhw âàrò]
- [nskw]: [kôònskwà]
- [ndgw]: [îndgwâàrà]
- [ŋgw]: [ìŋgwè]
- [mphŋkhw]: [ìmphŋkhwèèmphŋkhwè]
- [mvg]: [àzùùmvgà]
- [mfk]: [ìmfkààtì]
f) Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu rusenge rw’imbere n’urw’inyuma
Iki kiciro dusangamo ingombajwi zishobora kujyana icyarimwe n’inyerera y’imbere n’iy’inyuma [j/y na w]. Ibyo bihekane ni: inturike y’inyaminwa [bgjgw], inkubyi y’inyamwinyo [vgjgw], inkubyi z’inyarusenge [∫<kw] [gjgw], inkarage y’inyamenyo [rgjgw], inyamazuru y’inyamunwa [mɲŋw].
Ingero z’amagambo:
- [∫<kw]: [kùrù∫<kwà]- [kubgjgw]: [gùtùùbgjgwà].
- [vgjgw]: [bwàâhôòvgjgwè]
- [gjgw]: [kùgjòògjgwà]
- [rgjgw]: [àràrgjààrgjgwà]
- [mɲŋw]: [kùràmɲŋwà]
g) Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru, mu rusenge rw’imbere no mu
rusenge rw’inyuma
Iki kiciro dusangamo ingombajwi zishobora kubanzirizwa n’inyamazuru [n/m] kujyana icyarimwe n’inyerera y’imbere n’iy’inyuma [j/y na w]. Ibyo bihekane ni: inturike y’inyaminwa [mbgjgw], inkubyi y’inyamwinyo [mvgjgw], inkubyi z’inyarusenge [n∫<kw]
[ ngjgw].
Ingero z’amagambo:
- [mvgjw]: [ùrâhôòmvòò mvgjwà] n’îîk î?
- [mbgjgw]: [gùhòòmbgjgwà]
- [n∫<kw]: [ în∫<kwâ]
- [ngjgw]: [kûgjôòngjgwà]
h) Ikiciro kihariye
Muri iki kiciro habonekamo ibihekane bituruka ku ihura ry’indagi y’inyamunwa [p] ihura n’indagi y’inyamwinyo [f] bigatanga igihekane [pf], indagi y’inyamenyo [t] ihura n’indagi y’inyesongashinya [s] bikabyara igihekane [ts], indagi y’inyamenyo [t] ihura n’indagi y’inyarusenge [∫] bikabyara igihekane [t∫].
Ingero z’amagambo:
[pf]: [ùmûpfâàkàzì].
- [ts] : [umûtsîma],
- [t∫] : [ùmùt∫àât∫à].
Imbonerahamwe rusange y’ibihekane byose mu nyandiko nyejwi
Ibisobanuro ku misomere y’imbonerahamwe
1. Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu rusenge rw’imbere.
2. Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu rusenge rw’inyuma.
3. Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru.
4. Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru no mu rusenge rw’imbere.
5. Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru no mu rusenge rw’inyuma.
6. Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu rusenge rw’imbere n’urw’inyuma.
7. Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru, mu rusenge rw’imbere no mu rusenge rw’inyuma.
8. Ikiciro kihariye.
IMYITOZO
1. Igihekane gitandukaniye he n’ingombajwi?
2. Andika amagambo akurikira mu nyandiko nyejwi:
a) Winshwaratura:
b) Impyisi
c) Intwaro
d) Inshushyu
e) Inkori
f) Nshwekure
7.3.2. Imyandikire y’interuro mu nyandiko nyejwiIGIKORWA
Kora umwitozo wo gusoma amagambo agize interuro zinyuranye
ziri mu mwandiko “Umurunga w’iminsi” n’andi magambo cyangwa
interuro bigaragaramo ibihekane byose by’Ikinyarwanda maze ukore
ubushakashatsi ugaragaze uko interuro zandikwa mu nyandiko nyejwi.
Kwandika interuro mu nyandiko nyejwi.
Iyo bandika interuro mu nyandiko nyejwi ntibapfa kubikora uko babonye. Hari ibyitabwaho mu kwandika interuro mu nyandiko nyejwi. Ni byiza gukurikiza uburyo bukurikira kugira ngo ubashe kwandika interuro mu nyandiko nyejwi.
Bisaba ko umuntu yandika ijwi ryose ryumvikana iyo avuga ijambo cyangwa interuro runaka. Ni ngombwa ko umuntu yandika agaragaza ibimenyetso byose byumvikana. Bityo rero, amasaku yose agomba kugaragazwa ni ukuvuga ko
yaba amasaku y’integuza, amasaku nyejuru n’amasaku nyesi yose arandikwa. Ni ngombwa kwita ku migemo igize amagambo kuko umugemo waba utinda cyangwa ubanguka yandikwa yose. Ni ngombwa kwandika ibimenyetso byose byihariye nk’uko byagiye bigaragazwa mu myandikire y’amagambo mu nyandiko nyejwi.
Burya iyo umuntu avuga, amajwi asohoka mu kamwa afatanye ni yo mpamvu iyo bandika interuro mu nyandiko nyejwi bafatanya amagambo yose uko yakabaye. Interuro yose ishyirwa hagati y’udusodeko [ ].
Urugero:
Uko amajyambere agenda yiyongera ni ko ikitwa umutungo kamere twasigiwe n’abakurambere bacu ugenda ukoreshwa rimwe na rimwe neza cyangwa nabi hirengagijwe abavuka uko bwije n’uko bukeye.
[ûkwȃmàgjààmbèràgjèêndȃjȋìjòŋgjèèrànȋkwȋkjìȋtkwùmûtûùŋgòkhàmêrê tkwàȃs igjìwênȃßȃkûrààmbèrèßat∫ùgjèèndûkȏrèè∫kwàrȋmŋênȃrȋmŋènêêzȃkjȃȃŋgwȃnà ȃßȋhȋìrèèŋgàgjìƷgwàßȃvûùkwûkwȏbgìȋƷênûûkwôßùkjèêjè]IMYITOZO
1. Vuga muri make icyo wagenderaho wandika interuro mu nyandiko nyejwi.
2. Iyo witegereje usanga imyandikire y’amagambo arimo ibihekane mu nyandiko nyejwi ihuriye he n’imyandikire y’interuro mu nyandiko nyejwi? Sobanura igisubizo cyawe.
3. Andika izi nteruro mu nyandiko nyejwi:
a) Voma vuba uze tuzamuke burije, ejo iwacu batazabura amazi yo kubobeza imigozi kuko bafite abakozi bazabubakira urugo.
b) Umunyeshuri usoma ibitabo ajijuka vuba.
c) Yewe waranasaze!
VII.4. Inyandiko nyemvugo
IGIKORWA
Itegereze amagambo akurikira yanditswe mu mpushya ebyiri maze witegereze amajwi yanditse atsindagiye. Kora ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza y’inyandiko nyemvugo n’uko bandika ibihekane mu nyandiko nyemvugo kandi utandukaye uko bandika ibihekane mu nyandiko nyejwi no mu nyandiko nyemvugo.
a) Inshoza y’inyandiko nyemvugoInyandiko nyemvugo ni inyandiko ishyira mu bikorwa amategeko yo kugabanya ibimenyetso byandika ibihekane mu nyandiko nyejwi. Ibimenyetso bisigaye biba byihagije ku buryo bidatera kwitiranya amagambo no kujijinganya ku bisobanuro by’ijambo ryanditse. Ibimenyetso bisigaye bibarirwa mu rwego rw’iyigamvugo, bibarirwa gutyo mu nyandiko nyemvugo.
Iyo umaze kugabanya utyo ibimenyetso by’inyandiko nyejwi uba uvuye mu rwego rw’iyigamajwi ugiye mu rwego rw’iyigamvugo. Icyo gihe, ibimenyetso bisigaye bikurwa mu dusodeko bigashyirwa mu hagati mu dukoni tubiri tuberamye, ari na two turanga inyandiko nyemvugo.
b) Imbonerahamwe rusange y’ibihekane byose mu nyandiko nyemvugoIbisobanuro ku misomere y’imbonerahamwe
1. Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu rusenge rw’imbere.
2. Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu rusenge rw’inyuma.
3. Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru.
4. Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru no mu rusenge rw’imbere.
5. Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru no mu rusenge rw’inyuma.
6. Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu rusenge rw’imbere n’urw’inyuma.
7. Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru, mu rusenge rw’imbere no mu rusenge rw’inyuma.
8. Ikiciro kihariye.
IMYITOZO
1. Igihekane gitandukaniye he n’ingombajwi?
2. Andika amagambo akurikira mu nyandiko nyejwi:
a) Winshwaratura:
b) Impyisi
c) Intwaro
d) Inshushyu
e) Inkori
f) Nshwekure
7.3.2. Imyandikire y’interuro mu nyandiko nyejwiIGIKORWA
Kora umwitozo wo gusoma amagambo agize interuro zinyuranye
ziri mu mwandiko “Umurunga w’iminsi” n’andi magambo cyangwa
interuro bigaragaramo ibihekane byose by’Ikinyarwanda maze ukore
ubushakashatsi ugaragaze uko interuro zandikwa mu nyandiko nyejwi.
Kwandika interuro mu nyandiko nyejwi.
Iyo bandika interuro mu nyandiko nyejwi ntibapfa kubikora uko babonye. Hari ibyitabwaho mu kwandika interuro mu nyandiko nyejwi. Ni byiza gukurikiza uburyo bukurikira kugira ngo ubashe kwandika interuro mu nyandiko nyejwi.
Bisaba ko umuntu yandika ijwi ryose ryumvikana iyo avuga ijambo cyangwa interuro runaka. Ni ngombwa ko umuntu yandika agaragaza ibimenyetso byose byumvikana. Bityo rero, amasaku yose agomba kugaragazwa ni ukuvuga ko
yaba amasaku y’integuza, amasaku nyejuru n’amasaku nyesi yose arandikwa. Ni ngombwa kwita ku migemo igize amagambo kuko umugemo waba utinda cyangwa ubanguka yandikwa yose. Ni ngombwa kwandika ibimenyetso byose byihariye nk’uko byagiye bigaragazwa mu myandikire y’amagambo mu nyandiko nyejwi.
Burya iyo umuntu avuga, amajwi asohoka mu kamwa afatanye ni yo mpamvu iyo bandika interuro mu nyandiko nyejwi bafatanya amagambo yose uko yakabaye. Interuro yose ishyirwa hagati y’udusodeko [ ].
Urugero:
Uko amajyambere agenda yiyongera ni ko ikitwa umutungo kamere twasigiwe n’abakurambere bacu ugenda ukoreshwa rimwe na rimwe neza cyangwa nabi hirengagijwe abavuka uko bwije n’uko bukeye.
[ûkwȃmàgjààmbèràgjèêndȃjȋìjòŋgjèèrànȋkwȋkjìȋtkwùmûtûùŋgòkhàmêrê tkwàȃs igjìwênȃßȃkûrààmbèrèßat∫ùgjèèndûkȏrèè∫kwàrȋmŋênȃrȋmŋènêêzȃkjȃȃŋgwȃnà ȃßȋhȋìrèèŋgàgjìƷgwàßȃvûùkwûkwȏbgìȋƷênûûkwôßùkjèêjè]
IMYITOZO
1. Vuga muri make icyo wagenderaho wandika interuro mu nyandiko nyejwi.
2. Iyo witegereje usanga imyandikire y’amagambo arimo ibihekane mu nyandiko nyejwi ihuriye he n’imyandikire y’interuro mu nyandiko nyejwi? Sobanura igisubizo cyawe.
3. Andika izi nteruro mu nyandiko nyejwi:
a) Voma vuba uze tuzamuke burije, ejo iwacu batazabura amazi yo kubobeza imigozi kuko bafite abakozi bazabubakira urugo.
b) Umunyeshuri usoma ibitabo ajijuka vuba.
c) Yewe waranasaze!
VII.4. Inyandiko nyemvugo
IGIKORWA
Itegereze amagambo akurikira yanditswe mu mpushya ebyiri maze witegereze amajwi yanditse atsindagiye. Kora ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza y’inyandiko nyemvugo n’uko bandika ibihekane mu nyandiko nyemvugo kandi utandukaye uko bandika ibihekane mu nyandiko nyejwi no mu nyandiko nyemvugo.
a) Inshoza y’inyandiko nyemvugo
Inyandiko nyemvugo ni inyandiko ishyira mu bikorwa amategeko yo kugabanya ibimenyetso byandika ibihekane mu nyandiko nyejwi. Ibimenyetso bisigaye biba byihagije ku buryo bidatera kwitiranya amagambo no kujijinganya ku bisobanuro by’ijambo ryanditse. Ibimenyetso bisigaye bibarirwa mu rwego rw’iyigamvugo, bibarirwa gutyo mu nyandiko nyemvugo.
Iyo umaze kugabanya utyo ibimenyetso by’inyandiko nyejwi uba uvuye mu rwego rw’iyigamajwi ugiye mu rwego rw’iyigamvugo. Icyo gihe, ibimenyetso bisigaye bikurwa mu dusodeko bigashyirwa mu hagati mu dukoni tubiri tuberamye, ari na two turanga inyandiko nyemvugo.
b) Imbonerahamwe rusange y’ibihekane byose mu nyandiko nyemvugo
Ibisobanuro ku misomere y’imbonerahamwe
1. Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu rusenge rw’imbere.
2. Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu rusenge rw’inyuma.
3. Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru.
4. Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru no mu rusenge rw’imbere.
5. Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru no mu rusenge rw’inyuma.
6. Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu rusenge rw’imbere n’urw’inyuma.
7. Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru, mu rusenge rw’imbere no mu rusenge rw’inyuma.
8. Ikiciro kihariye.
C) Gutandukanya inyandiko nyejwi n’inyandiko nyemvugoInyandiko nyejwi
– Mu nyandiko nyejwi bandika amajwi yose yumvikana batagabanya ibimenyetso.
– Ibyo banditse bishyirwa mu dusodeko [ ]
– Mu nyandiko nyejwi iyo bandika interuro bandika bafatanije amagambo yose ayigize.
– Bandika bashyiraho amasaku nyesi n’amasaku nyejuru ndetse n’amasaku y’integuza.
Inyandiko nyemvugo
– Bandika bagabanya ibimenyetso ntibandika amajwi yose yumvikana.
– Ibyo bandika bishyirwa hagati y’uturongo tubiri / /.
– No mu nyandiko nyemvugo bandika bafatanije interuro.
– Amasaku y’integuza ntiyandikwa n’amasaku nyesi ntiyandikwa.
Ingero:
Ikitonderwa:
Iyo ugenzuye neza usanga inyandiko nyemvugo y’ibihekane by’Ikinyarwanda ijya gusa n’inyandiko isanzwe ariko inyandiko isanzwe yo ikoresha ibimenyetso bike cyane kugira ngo bidatera urujijo.
Mu rwego rwo kuvanaho urujijo abantu bashobora kugira kuri izi nyandiko zose, ni ngombwa kugaragaza imbonerahamwe igereranya izo nyadiko zombi.
Kugereranyaamajwiy’ibihekane mu nyandikoisanzwe, nyejwinanyemvugo
IMYITOZO
1. Vuga muri make icyo wagenderaho wandika amagambo cyangwa interuro mu nyandiko nyemvugo.
2. Andika amagambo akurikira mu nyandiko nyemvugo:
a) Ubwato
b) Ukwaha
c) Igihwagari
d) Guhovwa
e) Umwana
3. Andika interuro zikurikira mu nyandiko yemvugo.
a) Umunyeshuri usoma ibitabo ajijuka vuba.
b) Yewe waranasaze!
4. Interuro ikurikira iri mu nyandiko nyejwi. Yandike mu nyandiko nyemvugo.
[VòòmàvûβûzêthùzàâmûùkhèβûrîìƷeƷîwàâtʃùβàthàzààβûrâmâàzîjô kùβòβèèzìmìgôzîkûkôβàfî thàβâkôzìβâzââβûùβàkjìrùrûgô]VII.5. Umwitozo w’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
Hanga indirimbo ku nsanganyamatsiko wihitiyemo wubahiriza uturango tw’indirimbo, uzayiririmbire bagenzi bawe.
VII.6. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa karindwi
Soma umwandiko ukurikira usubize ibibazo byawubajijweho.
Mu gihe cyange ngihumeka
Mu gihe cyange ngihumeka
Mu gihe Rurema akimpagaritse Umurimo nshinzwe nzawukunda Nkore umuganda mu bo tubana
5. Nta kuganda mbasiganya. Mu gihe cyange ngihumeka Ntabwo nzakorera ku jisho Nzaba ku isi mfite gahunda
Nzave ku isi nta gahinda
10. Nzaritahe mpundwa impundu. Mu gihe cyange ngihumeka
Ndi umuhinzi mutiganda
Nta masinde ndima ngo ndaze Ntirozonga mu kazi kange
15. Na ya fumbire nyikoresha, Igihe cyose kitanshika
Za ndobanure nkazitera Imyaka yera ngasarura Maze ngasagurira n’abandi
20. Nkaba Mirenge wo ku Ntenyo. Mu gihe cyange ngihumeka
Ndi wa mworozi uva mu bworo N’izo ndagiye ntazirumanza
Nkamenya gitare kinoza umukamo
25. Nkajya nyigondera ntiganda Bwakintize mu bo tubana Amata n’amavuta bahembuke Mfite ubukungu n’amafaranga
Amashyo agwira nkaba umutunzi
30. Ari na ko noroza abadatunze. Mu gihe cyange ngihumeka Ndi mu ishuri hamwe n’abandi
Nzajya ntanga ibitekerezo Mbikora kandi ntarangaye
35. He kuzagira ikinshika Impamyabushobozi nzazikukane Nzikoreshe mu kazi nshinzwe Niga imishinga mu bushishozi N’ubwo bukungu mbuzamura
40. Amafaranga agasesekara. Mu gihe cyange ngihumeka
Ndi mu bashinzwe umutekano Ntabwo nzaha urugomo umwanya Nta karengane mu bo nshinzwe
45. Abanyemari babe uruhuri Umutekano bawizeye Inganda nyinshi n’amafaranga
Bisakare igihugu cyose Nange kandi nge nishimira
50. Ko narinze Igihugu cyange. Mu gihe cyange ngihumeka Ndi umuganga mvura abantu Ntawe mpeza mu bansanga N’uwahumanye muhumuriza
55. Abaje bose bazavurwa.
Bwa burwayi bwo kwigungaBumwe bugusha mu kwiyahura Buzacike mu Banyarwanda Amaboko yabo akorere u Rwanda
60. Maze dutere imbere ubutitsa. Mu gihe cyange ngihumeka, Nzaba umwarimu w’umurava
Ireme ry’uburezi ndigire integoIgihugu cyange ngihe inzobere,
65. Ikoranabuhanga risakare. Mu gihe nk’iki duhumeka Ngewe nawe intoki mu zindi
Dukore neza bimwe bishimwa Ikintu cyose mu gihe cyacyo.
70. Ni wo musingi w’iterambere.
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko1. Ushingiye ku mwandiko sobanura uburyo gukoresha neza igihe bigira uruhare mu iterambere.
2. Aho umuhanzi avuga ngo nzaritahe mpundwa impundu yashakaga kuvuga iki? Ni iriki azataha? Kubera iki?
3. Rondora ibyiciro by’abantu umuhanzi yavuze werekane uburyo ibyo bakora babikorera ku gihe no ku iterambere muri rusange.
4. Uyu mwandiko uri mu yihe ngeri? Kora isesengura ry’uyu mwandiko wasomye kandi unagaragaze tumwe mu turango tw’imyandiko nk’iyi.
II. Ibibazo by’inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura amagambo akurikira dusanga mu mwandiko “Mu gihe cyange ngihumeka”.
a) Kuganda
b) Gukorera ijisho
c) Kwirozonga
d) Ubworo
2. Koresha mu nteruro ayo magambo umaze gusobanura
III. Ibibazo ku nyandiko nyejwi no ku nyandiko nyemvugo
1. Tanga inshoza y’igihekane kandi utange n’ingero ebyiri.
2. Wifashishije ingero ebyiri, sobanura uko amajwi shingiro y’Ikinyarwanda ahekana.
3. Tandukanya inyandiko nyejwi n’inyandiko nyemvugo.
4. Andika interuro zikurikira mu nyandiko nyejwi:
a) Amakimbirane ni imvano y’intambara.
b) Nta mpamvu yo gupyonda iyo mashini.
IV. Ihangamwandiko
Hitamo umwuga wishakiye maze uwuhimbeho indirimbo ngufi itarengeje ibitero bitatu n’inyikirizo yabyo. Ntiwibagirwe gushyiramo ikeshamvugo rigomba kuboneka mu ndirimbo.