General
- Kinyarwanda LE Y2 TG File Uploaded 1/11/21, 17:37
- Kinyarwanda LE Y2 SB File Uploaded 1/11/21, 17:37
UMUTWE WA 3 UBUZIMA BW’IMYOROROKERE
UBUSHOBOZI BW’INGENZI BUGAMIJWE
– Gusesengura inkuru ndende agaragaza imiterere, ibarankuru n’ishushanyabikorwa byayo.
– Kugaragaza uburyo, indango, ijyana n’irebero by’inshinga.
IGIKORWA CY’UMWINJIZO
Ni ibihe bimenyetso bigaragarira buri wese ko umuntu yageze mu kigero cyo kuba ingimbi cyangwa umwangavu? Ese hari ibindi muzi bidapfa kugaragara inyuma?
Ukurikije uko ubona imyitwarire y’ingimbi n’abangavu, sobanura byibura ibintu bitatu bigaragaza ko umuhungu cyangwa umukobwa wo muri iki kigero asobanukiwe n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere.
Wakora iki kugira ngo ushishikarize abasore n’inkumi kutishora mu mibonano mpuzabitsina bakiri bato?IOngera usome umwandiko “Amatsiko y’abato” witegereza imiterere yawo, uko abakinankuru bateye n’uko ibarankuru riteye maze ukore ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza n’uturango by’inkuru ndende. Uhereye ku turango tw’inkuru ndende, tahura uko wasesengura inkuru ndende
II.1. Umwandiko: Amatsiko y’abato
[...] Kanyana yakomeje kurererwa kwa nyirasenge Mariya. Amaze kugira imyaka cumi n’ibiri yabonye umubiri we uhindutse. Nibwo yatangiye kujya azana ibishishi mu maso ndetse n’ibice bimwe by’umubiri bitangira gukura. Mariya yamusabaga kwiyitaho birushijeho cyanecyane akajya yita ku isuku y’umubiri n’ iy’imyambaro. Amusobanurira ko ageze mu gihe cy’ubwangavu. Nyamukobwa na we kwiyitaho ntiyabibwirizwaga, yari nyirasuku; yagendanaga indorewamo mu mufuka agahora yireba. Yababazwaga n’ibiheri yari afite mu maso. Rimwe Muneza, umuhungu w’ingimbi w’imyaka cumi n’itanu, amusanga mu nzira ahagaze, ashavuye, arimo kwireba, aramusuhuza amubaza impamvu atishimye. Kanyana amusubiza ko abangamiwe n’ibiheri afite mu maso. Muneza yarasetse aratembagara.
Hashize akanya aramubwira ati: “Kora aha mwana wakuze! Ubu wamaze kuba umwangavu kwivuruguta mu ivu wabisezeyeho”. Kanyana yamubajije impamvu abandi bakobwa bamuruta batagira ibyo biheri. Muneza yamusobanuriye ko ubwangavu budatangirira rimwe ku bakobwa bose. Akomeza agira ati: “Hari abashobora kuzana ibimenyetso byabwo mbere gato y’imyaka cumi n’ibiri, hakaba n’abashobora gutinda kubizana, bakaba bageza no ku myaka cumi.
n’umunani”. Yamubwiye ko umwarimu wabo Twahirwa yabasobanuriye ko umwana urya neza, akabaho mu buzima bwiza, azana ibimenyetso by’ubwangavu hakiri kare.
Kanyana yahise yibuka ko na we nyirasenge yabimubwiye. Kanyana yabajije Muneza uko bigenda ku bahungu. Muneza yamusobanuriye ko n’abahungu badakurira rimwe; hari abazana ibimenyetso by’ubugimbi hakiri kare hakaba n’abakura, bagera mu myaka cumi n’itanu bakaba ari ho bazana ibyo bimenyetso. Muneza yabwiye Kanyana ko yabonye ibimenyetso by’ubugimbi afite imyaka cumi n’ine. Ati: “ Natangiye kuniga ijwi no kumera ubwanwa nujuje iyo myaka”. Kanyana yahise amureba ku kananwa asekana udusoni areba hasi.
Abo bana ntibakomeje kuganira ku mihindagurikire y’imibiri yabo. Basezeranyeho buri wese akomeza inzira ye. Kubera uburyo Kanyana yari yakunze Muneza, yagendaga akebuka amukurikiza amaso ari na ko kugenda bimugora. Ku rundi ruhande, Muneza na we byaramugoye gutandukana n’uwo mwana w’umukobwa.
Kanyana asubiye imuhira asanga nyirasenge yamuguriye agakariso keza cyane. Akamuhereje arishima cyane maze ajya ku ishuri anezerewe. Mu gihe Kanyana yaganaga ku ishuri yageze mu nzira yumva mu nda haramuriye yicara hasi, ahagurutse abona amaraso ku myenda ye. Yagize agahinda kenshi asubira mu rugo abitekerereza nyirasenge, na we amusobanurira ko ari imihango yazanye, ko ibyo bitagombye kumutera ipfunwe ahubwo ko bigomba kumutera ishema ko yakuze kandi ari umukobwa muzima. Ariko ibyo byose Kanyana ntiyari abyitayeho, kuko yari yibabarijwe n’agakariso ke gashya kari kanduye. Mariya yamusabye guhita yoga akanamesa neza ako gakariso, akakanika ku zuba. Amaze kwiyuhagira, Mariya yamuhereje “kotegisi” anamwereka uko bayambara. Ati: “Iki bakita umugati w’abantu bakuru. Ibikoresho bifitanye isano n’imyanya y’ibanga kirazira kubivugira mu ruhame. Uwakumva ubivuga yakwita umupfu.”
Ubwo Kanyana yabyibajijeho, ashaka kumenya impamvu abantu bafata ibijyana n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere nk’ibintu bizira kuvugirwa mu ruhame. Yahise ajya kubitekerereza Muneza biganiriraga byose ngo amusobanuze abura agashweshwe ke. Ni ko gutekereza gushakishiriza kuri murandasi, ashyiraho ikibazo agira ati: “Kuki abantu bafata ibijyana n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere nk’ibintu bizira kuvugirwa mu ruhame?”. Abakibonye kuri murandasi bamuhaye ibitekerezo bikurikira: icya mbere igitsina ni ryo tandukaniro ry’ibanze ritandukanya umugore n’umugabo, ni cyo gituma abantu benshi bagira isoni zo kuba bavuga ibijyana na cyo byose mu ruhame. Ikindi kandi iyo uvuze igitsina, nk’umugabo ahita yumva ubushobozi bwe bwo kubyara no gushimisha uwo bashakanye. Hari abahita bumva rero bakojejwe isoni. Impamvu yindi ibintu byerekeza ku gitsina bitavugwa, ni uko ari urugingo rw’umubiri abantu bose banyuramo kugira ngo bagere ku isi”. Nyamara, ntibirubuza kuba urugingo mu zindi ngingo nyinshi zigize umubiri. Impamvu ya nyuma ngo ni uko ibintu byose birebana n’igitsina bidakwiriye kuvugwa kugira ngo nibigirwa ibanga bifashe abantu kwitwara neza. Ibyo rero ni bimwe mu bindi bisubizo byinshi cyane byatanzwe.
Nyuma y’imyaka itanu, Kanyana ageze mu mwaka wa gatanu w’amashuri yisumbuye, ari mu kiruhuko yagiye i Kigali gusura mubyara we Kayitesi. Bwari ubwa mbere akandagiye mu murwa mukuru w’ u Rwanda. Akigera Nyabugogo yavuye mu modoka, atangazwa n’ibimodoka byinshi kandi binini yabonaga mu kigo abagenzi bategeramo imodoka, amazu menshi kandi agerekeranye, ndetse n’uruvunganzoka rw’abantu. Mu gihe yari agitangirira ubwo budasa bwa Kigali, yagiye kumva, yumva umuntu amukozeho. Akebutse abona ni Muneza. Amukubise amaso amarira y’ibyishimo amutemba ku matama. Kumuhobera biramugora. Muneza na we abura uko agenza, ahugira mu kumuhoza. Kanyana amaze gucururuka ahobera Muneza n’urukumbuzi rwinshi.
Muneza we yari yararangije amashuri yisumbuye, afite akazi. Yahise ajya kumugurira fanta. Baricara baraganira biyibutsa ikiganiro bagiranye ku buzima bw’imyororokere. Kanyana amutekerereza uburyo imihindagurikire y’umubiriwe yamubereye ikigeragezo ko hari abamubwiraga ko ibyo bimubaho byose ari uko adakora imibonano mpuzabitsina. Muneza yamubwiye ko abo ari abashakaga kumushuka. Amusobaurira ko ibyo ari ibihe umukobwa wese agomba gucamo, bikaba ari na cyo kimenyetso cy’uko ubuzima bwe bw’imyororokere ari nta makemwa. Bamaze gusangira fanta, Kanyana yashimiye Muneza uburyo amwakiriye n’uburyo atahwemye kumufasha gusobanukirwa n’ibyo yibazaga ku buzima bw’imyororokere. Muneza na we yafashe umwanya amushimira ubutwari yagize bwo guhangana no kwitwara neza mu rugamba rw’imihindagurikire y’umubiri n’uburyo yimye amatwi abashakaga kumushuka bitwaje iyo mihindagurikire y’umubiri. Bahise bahaguruka, barahoberana nuko basezeranaho, Muneza asubira mu kazi ke, Kanyana asubira mu kigo abagenzi bategeramo imodoka gutegereza mubyara we ngo aze amufate.
Mu kanya gato, Kayitesi yahise amusesekaraho ari kumwe n’undi mukobwa babana. Barahoberanye cyane maze bafata imodoka yerekeza Kimironko. Mu nzira Kanyana yagendaga abaza utubazo twinshi tw’amatsiko:
– Iriya nzu nini yizengurutsa itatse amabara, bayita ngo iki?
– Iriya ni inyubako izwi cyane mu Rwanda no ku isi hose, yitwa inzu mberabyombi ya Kigali (Kigali Convention Center).
Kanyana byaramutangaje cyane kuko yahise yibuka ko n’iwabo mu cyaro iryo jambo barikoreshaga bashaka kuvuga ikintu gishya gifite ishusho yiburungushuye.
Bageze ku Kimironko Kayitesi yamuteguriye amazi aroga, hanyuma bajya ku meza bafata amafunguro. Iryo joro Kayitesi yararanye na Kanyana arara amubaza amakuru yo mu cyaro. Yaboneyeho kumuhanura ko i Kigali hadasanzwe, abakobwa bahaba bagomba kwitonda kandi bakagira amakenga.
– Muri iyi minsi mike tugiye kumarana uzitwararike, Kigali ni amahanga, haba ibishuko n’ibigusha byinshi.
– Rwose nzitwararirika sinzajya mva mu rugo.
Bwarakeye Kayitesi ajya kukazi, Kanyana asigarana na Teta umukobwa wabanaga na Kayitesi. Teta yitegereje Kanyana abona uburyo ari umukobwa mwiza uteye neza ariko amubwira ko hari akantu gato abura ngo abe umukobwa w’ihoho. Kanyana yagize amatsiko yo kumenya ako kantu abura. Teta yamubwiye ko agenda agaruka. Kanyana ayoberwa ibyo avuze. Teta amusobanurira ko ariko nta matako n’ikibuno kinini afite. Ibyo byateye ipfunwe ryinshi Kanyana, bituma ahora yireba ageraho abona ko ari byo koko. Nyuma yaje kubaza Teta uko we yabigenje ngo agire amatako n’ikibuno kinini. Teta yaramusetse aratembagara ati: “Nta musore w’inshuti ugira?” Kanyana amubwira ko amufite. Undi ati: “Ubwo se akumariye iki ko umuti ari we uwufite?”
Kanyana yakomeje kubitekerezaho ntiyumva icyo Teta ashaka kuvuga. Yaramusobanuje undi ageraho aramwerurira amubwira ko ikibuno kizanwa no gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina kandi kenshi! Yahise atekereza kuzajya kubibwira Muneza kugira ngo azamuhe kuri uwo muti. Ategura uko azagenda Kayitesi atabimenye. Yinjiye mu modoka, akubitana na Kayitesi asohoka mu modoka. Kayitesi amubajije aho agiye, amubeshya ko yasomye mu gitabo ahantu bavuga ko gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina bituma umukobwa agira ikibuno giteye neza. None akaba agiye kubibaza inshuti ye ikunda kumusobanurira ibijyanye n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere. Mubyara we yahise yamaganira kure iyo mitekerereze mibi aboneraho kumwumvisha ko imiterere ye nta ho imwaye. Ahubwo ko abantu bose babwira Kayitesi ko Kanyana ateye neza. Yakomeje amusaba kutishinga amabwire n’ibitekerezo byose asoma kandi akihutira kujya amubaza ibyo adasobanukiwe.
Teta yakomeje kujya amushuka ngo amushore mu busambanyi, Kanyana aramunanira. Yabonye ko amaherezo yazagwa mu mutego w’umushukanyi ahitamo gusezerera ngo yisubirire iwabo mu cyaro. Yabwiye mubyara we ko atashobokana na Teta kuko amutesha umutwe ashaka ku mushora mu ngeso z’ubusambanyi. Kayitesi yicaza Teta amubwira ko izo ngeso ari mbi. Amwereka ko zishobora no kumuzanira ingaruka mbi nko kurwara Sida n’izindi ndwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina idakingiye ndetse no gusama inda zitateganyijwe.
Kayitesi yahise afata umwanzuro wo kubaganiriza abashishikariza kujya kwipimisha ngo bamenye uko bahagaze ku bijyanye n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere. Bagezeyo basanze, Teta atwite na ho Kanyana ari mutaraga.
Teta yatangiye kugenda agira ubuzima bukomeye, burimo kurwaragurika no gucika intege. Muri ubwo buzima bwose bukomeye Teta yari arimo Kayitesi ntiyigeze amutererana, yakomeje kumwitaho agira ngo arengere umwana atwite, abagenera indyo yuzuye n’ibindi byangombwa bifasha umubyeyi utwite kugira ubuzima buzira umuze.
Nyuma y’ukwezi Kanyana yasubiye iwabo, anyura ku kazi kwa Muneza. Yongeye kumwakirana ubwuzu, anamusaba ko narangiza kwiga azamubera inshuti bazabana ubuzima bwose. Kanyana yafashe imodoka yerekeza iwabo mu cyaro agenda atekereza kuri icyo kifuzo cya Muneza.
3.1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Soma umwandiko “Amatsiko y’abato” ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko wifashishije inkoranyamagambo.
IMYITOZO
Uzurisha izi nteruro amagambo ukuye mu mwandiko.
a) Bimwe mu bimenyetso biranga umukobwa winjiye mu bwangavu ni ukugira mu maso.
b) Iyo abahungu babaye .................. batangira.................... ijwi.
c) Abantu bagenda buzuye umuhanda baba ari ..........................
d) Musoni giye i Kigali none iwabo babuze................................ ke bararize barihanagura.
2. Shaka impuzanyito z’amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko.
a) Ibishishi
b) Ashavuye
3.1.1. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko “Amatsiko y’abato” maze usubize ibibazo byawubajijweho.
1. Abakinankuru bavugwa mu mwandiko ni bande?
2. Abantu ntibakunda kuvugira mu ruhame ubuzima bw’imyororokere. Tanga impamvu eshatu ziri mu mwandiko zibihamya.3. Mu mwandiko baratubwiramo umukobwa wari ufite amatsiko yo kumenya ubuzima bwe bw’imyorororkere.
a) Ni bande bamufashije kuyashira. Ubibwirwa ni iki?
b) Ni bande bamurohaga aho kumugira inama? Sobanura uko yamushukaga.
4. Ni izihe mpamvu zavuzwe mu mwandiko zishobora gutuma abakobwa bagera mu gihe cy’ubwangavu imburagihe?
5. Abangavu bafite ibintu by’ingenzi biranga ko bageze mu kindi kiciro cy’ubukure. Ibyo bintu ni ibihe byavuzwe mu mwandiko?
6. Ingaruka zagera ku ngimbi n’abangavu badasobanukiwe neza n’ubuzima bw’imyorororkere ni izihe. Sobanura izo ngaruka wifashishije urugero rw’uwo byabayeho wavuzwe mu mwandiko.
3.1.3. Gusoma no sesengura umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko “Amatsiko y’abato” maze usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Tanga ingingo z’ingenzi zibanzweho muri uyu mwandiko.
2. Ni ngombwa kubwira abantu ibijyane n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere bakiri bato. Sobanura byimbitse.
3. Ni izihe gamba abangavu n’ingimbi bagomba gufata kugira ngo hakomeze kurinda ubuzima bwabo kwandura indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina?
4. Gereranya imyitwarire ya bamwe mu abakinankuru n’ubuzima busanzwe bw’aho utuye.
III.2. Inkuru ndende
3.2.1. Inshoza n’uturango by’inkuru n’uko basesengura inkuru ndende
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko “Amatsiko y’abato” witegereza imiterere yawo, uko abakinankuru bateye n’uko ibarankuru riteye maze ukore ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza n’uturango by’inkuru ndende. Uhereye ku turango tw’inkuru ndende, tahura uko wasesengura inkuru ndende
1. Inshoza y’inkuru ndende
Inkuru ndende nk’uko iryo zina ribivuga ni inkuru iba ari ndende, ibarwa n’umubarankuru uvuga uko yagenze. Bamwe mu basesenguzi b’inkuru ndende bayivuga berekana ko igomba kuvuga ibyabayeho ndetse umwanditsi akavuga ubuzima bwe; ibyamubayeho. Abandi bati: “Igomba kuba ari inkuru y’impimbano n’ubwo ibyo ivuga byashobora kubaho.” Igihurirwaho na benshi ni uko inkuru ndende igomba kuba ifite inkuru ibara, uruhererekane rw’ibikorwa. Ibi, babishimangira bagira bati: “Inkuru ndende ni uruhererekane rw’ibikorwa mpimbano bishobora kubaho cyangwa byabayeho, ikaba ifite imisusire ya gihanga kandi nyabugeni igaragaza ko umwanditsi ari intyoza mu kubara inkuru, mu kuyiha imiterere myiza y’ibikorwa no kubikurikiranya.”
2. Uturango tw’inkuru ndende
Inkuru ndende irangwa n’imiterere ndetse n’imyubakire byayo. Inkuru ndende irangwa kandi no kuba ishobora gukorerwa ishushanyabikorwa.
a) Imiterere y’inkuru ndende
Inkuru ndende iba ifite ibi bikurikira: ikivugwa mu nkuru, abanyarubuga, ibarankuru, akabugankuru, ibikorwa, umugendo w’inkuru, uburebure n’ahantu.
– Ikivugwa mu nkuru ndende
Ingingo abanditsi b’inkuru ndende bavugaho ni nyinshi kandi ziratandukanye kimwe n’izo dusanga mu zindi ngeri z’ubuvanganzo. Mu nkuru ndende dusangamo urukundo rudasibangana, urukundo rwa bugigi, uburere n’umuco wa kera bitajya imbizi n’uburere n’umuco by’ubu, poritiki n’ubutegetsi, ubwenge bw’indushyi, uburaya n’ubwomanzi, iyimukacyaro, ubuhemu, ubugome, ishyari, inzangano, amoko, urupfu rutunamura icumu, ubusabane mu bantu, ubukene n’ubujiji, inkuru ndende zivuga ku bukoroni...
– Abakinankuru (abanyarubuga)
Mu nkuru ndende haba umukinankuru mukuru ushobora kuba umwe cyangwa babiri. Umukinankuru mukuru ni we uba ari ipfundo ry’inkuru. Ni we ikigamijwe cyangwa intego y’inkuru iba ishingiyeho.
Hari kandi n’abakinankuru bungirije. Aba ni bo usanga mu nkuru bamufasha kugera ku kigamijwe cyangwa bakamubera imbogamizi. Aba bakinankuru kandi ni na bo usanga insanganyamatsiko nto cyangwa zungirije zishingiyeho. Mu nkuru ndende kandi dusangamo cyangwa dushobora gusangamo abakinankuru ntagombwa, aba bakinankuru iyo urebye usanga kuba mu nkuru kwabo cyangwa kutagaragaramo nta cyo byahindura ku kivugwa mu nkuru. Nta nsanganyamatsiko iba ibashingiyeho. Mu yandi magambo twabita indorerezi.
– Ibarankuru
Hari ubwoko bubiri bw’ibarankuru: ibarankuru ribwira n’ibarankuru ryerekana. Mu nkuru ndende dushobora gusangamo ubwo bwoko bwombi bw’ibarankuru.
Ibarankuru ribwira: ni igihe umubarankuru agaragara mu nkuru, maze uyisoma akamenya ko inkuru ifite uyibara. Ibarankuru ribwira ryibanda ku gukoresha inshamake maze ibyamaze igihe kirekiere bikavugwa mu gihe gito.
Ibarankuru ryerekana: ryo rikoreshwa mu gihe inkuru yigaragaza ubwayo mu buryo butaziguye, nta mubarankuru ubyivanzemo. Turisanga mu makinamico, aho ibikorwa bigaragazwa n’abanyarubuga ubwabo.
Mu ibarankuru dusangamo kandi indebero. Indebero ni uburyo bugaragaza uko umubarankuru abona ibyo inkuru imenyekanisha. Hari indebero mbonabyose, indebero mbonankubone n’indebero mbonabihita.
Indebero mbonabyose: ni iy’umubarankuru ubona byose, ibyigaragaza n’ibitigaragaza, ibintu ndengakamere hamwe n’ibibera ahantu umuntu adashobora kugera. Usanga avuga ibibera henshi icyarimwe nk’aho biba ahibereye hose ku isaha imwe. Nta na kimwe kimwisoba. Asa n’ufite ububasha nk’ubw’Imana. Aba azi byose: ari ibyo abanyarubuga batekereza, ari ibyo bahishe, imbamutima zabo, mbese aba abazi kurusha uko biyizi. Iyi ndebero ni yo ikunze gukoreshwa. Ikunze kugaragara mu nkuru ibaze muri ngenga ya gatatu.
Indebero y’imbonankubone: ni imenyekanisha gusa ibyo umunyarubuga runaka areba cyangwa yiyumvisha. Iyo ndebero imenyekanisha ibiri aho umunyarubuga ageza ibyumviro. Umubarankuru aba azi ibingana n’ibyo abanyarubuga cyangwa abakinankuru bazi, akitwa ko arebera imbere mu nkuru. Iyi ndebero tuyisanga ahanini mu nkuru zibaze muri ngenga ya mbere, aho umubarankuru aba ari n’umunyarubuga.
Indebero mbonabihita: ni imenyekanisha gusa ibigaragara n’ibivugwa nta guca hirya, isura y’ibintu, y’abanyarubuga, uko bitwara mu mvugo no mu ngiro. Muri iyi ndebero, bisa n’aho ibyinshi abanyarubuga ari bo babyivugira, umubarankuru agasa n’ugenda yuzuriza binyuze mu bisa n’intekerezo ku bivuzwe n’abanyarubuga. Ikunze kuboneka mu nkuru za giporisi.
Mu myandikire y’inkuru, umwanditsi ahuza umwanya w’umubarankuru mu nkuru n’indebero kugira ngo abibyaze ikintu gifite icyo kivuze ku musomyi. Ibyo bituma ababarankuru bashyirwa mu byiciro by’ingenzi bikurikira:
Umubarankuru ashobora kubara inkuru na we ubwe akinamo. Ni muri urwo rwego usanga akoresha ngenga ya mbere, akitwa umubarankuru wo mu mbere.Umubarankuru ashobora kubara inkuru ari hanze yayo. Aha usanga akoresha ngenga ya gatatu asa n’uvuga ibintu yareberaga iruhande mu gihe byabaga, akitwa umubarankuru wo hanze.
Umubarankuru ashobora kubara inkuru ye ubwe akaba n’umunyarubuga mukuru. Ni muri urwo rwego usanga akoresha ngenga ya mbere kuko ibyo avuga aba abivuga kuri we. Uyu mubarankuru yitwa umumenyabanga.
Ikitonderwa:
Umubarankuru atandukanye n’umwanditsi w’inkuru. Umwanditsi w’inkuru ni umuhanzi wanditse inkuru ibarwa mu gitabo ke. Muri uko kwandika inkuru ye agena uburyo ibarwa. Muri ubwo buryo ibarwamo haba hari umuntu ugenda uyibara, uwo akaba ari we mubarankuru. Cyakora hari igihe umwanditsi ashobora kuba ari na we mubarankuru igihe abara inkuru y’ubuzima bwe.
– Ibikorwa
Ibikorwa mu nkuru ndende bishingira ku bakinankuru cyane cyane ku mukinankuru mukuru. We n’abakinankuru bungirije bashinzwe kuyobora imigendekere y’ibikorwa byo mu nkuru kugeza ku ndunduro y’inkuru. Bamwe barema imbaraga zimufasha kugera ku ntego umwanditsi w’inkuru aba yamuhaye.
Nk’uko abasesenguzi b’inkuru ndende babyemeza, inkuru ndende iyo ari yo yose irangwa no kuba ishobora gukorerwa ishushanyabikorwa.
– Umugendo w’inkuru
Ushingiye ku migaragarire n’ikurikirana ry’ibikorwa bivugwa mu nkuru, hashobora kubaho inkuru yubakiye ku bikorwa by’umujyo umwe, ibikorwa by’urusobe n’ibikorwa bihagitse mu bindi.
Ibikorwa by’umujyo umwe
Iyo inkuru igaragaza ibikorwa by’umukinankuru umwe kuva mu ntangiriro kugeza ku iherezo. Ikurikiza umurongo mbonera w’ibarankuru. Iyi nsobeko itsitse ikunze gukoreshwa mu nkuru ngufi.
Ibikorwa by’urusobe
Ni igihe mu nkuru harimo ikwikira. Iri kwikira riba rigizwe n’ibikorwa byinshi bisobekeranye ariko bifitanye isano. Umusomyi aba ashobora gukurikirana inkuru z’abakinankuru benshi ariko zifite aho zihurira cyangwa usanga amaherezo yabo aba amwe. Inkuru ifite abakinankuru benshi ikunze no kugira umugendo ugizwe n’ibikorwa by’urusobe. Urugero ni nko mu ikinamico y’urudaca Urunana.Ibikorwa bihagitse
Ni ukwinjiza ibindi bikorwa bitari iby’ingenzi mu bikorwa by’ibanze, urugero nk’aho umukinankuru agera aho akabara inkuru y’ibyamubayeho cyangwa agatanga ubuhamya. Ibyo binatuma uburyo n’urwego rw’ibarankuru bihinduka, inkuru y’ibanze ikabarwa n’umubarankuru mukuru, naho inkuru zihagitse mu nkuru y’ibanze zikabarwa n’abandi babarankuru bashobora kuba bamwe mu bakinankuru.
– Uburebure
Inkuru ndende nk’uko izina ryayo ribigaragaza, irangwa no kuba ari ndende koko (akenshi hagati y’impapuro ijana na magana abiri mirongo itanu). Kuba hari uburyo ibikorwa bikurikirana kandi bigenda bitera amatsiko usoma ku buryo atarambirwa n’uburebure bwayo. Uburebure bw’inkuru ndende kandi bugaragarira mu inyuranamo ry’inkuru nyinshi zitadukanye kandi ritarambirana.
– Akabugankuru (Ahantu)
Inkuru ndende kandi irangwa no kuba ifite aho ibarirwa; ni ukuvuga akabugankuru.
Mu nkuru ndende akabugankuru gashobora kuba kazwi cyangwa ari agahimbano.
Iyo uwandika inkuru avuga ibyabaye ashobora no kuvuga mu by’ukuri aho byabereye hazwi. Iyo abara inkuru y’ibitarabayeho, cyakora bishobora kubaho mu buzima rusange, ashobora gukoresha akabugankuru mpimbano; akavuga ibintu byabereye ahantu runaka ariko hatazwi ku ikarita y’isi.
b) Imyubakire y’inkuru ndende
Inkuru ndende irangwa no kuba hari ikivugwa, kuba ari ndende no kuba hari uburyo ibikorwa bikurikirana kandi bigenda bitera amatsiko usoma ku buryo atarambirwa gusoma inkuru ibarwa. Ibikorwa mu kubara inkuru mu nkuru ndende biba bishingiye ku bakinankuru, cyanecyane ku mukinankuru mukuru. Umukinankuru mukuru n’abakinankuru bungirije bashinzwe kuyobora imigendekere y’ibikorwa byo mu nkuru kugeza ku mpera yayo.
C) Ishushanyabikorwa mu nkuru ndende
Inkuru ndende iyo ari yo yose irangwa no kuba ishobora gukorerwa ishushanyabikorwa.
Abakinnyi b’imena bafatanyije n’abungirije bayobora imigendekere y’ibikorwa mu nkuru ndende kugeza ku ndunduro y’inkuru. Bityo mu nkuru ndende umusesenguzi ashobora gushushanya ibikorwa yifashishije igishushanyo giteye gitya:
Nyiri ubwite: uyu ni we mukinankuru mukuru inkuru iba ishingiyeho, ni we uba ufite intego agamije kugeraho muri iyo nkuru. Aba ashobora kuyigeraho cyangwa ntayigereho.
Ikigamijwe: ni icyo umukinankuru mukuru aba agamije kugeraho mu nkuru. Ni intego aba yahawe n’umwanditsi w’inkuru.
Ugenera:
1. Tandukanya inkuru ndende n’inkuru ngufi ushingiye ku turango
twazo.
Jya mu isomero, ushakemo igitabo kirimo inkuru ndende, uyisome kandi uyisesengure ukurikije uko inkuru isesengurwa ni igituma umukinankuru mukuru agira intego afite muri iyo nkuru. Ashobora kuba undi mukinankuru cyangwa ikindi kintu gishobora gutuma agera ku ntego runaka.Ugenerwa: mu yandi magambo ni nyiri inyungu; ni uwo ari we wese mu nkuru wagira icyo yunguka mu gihe umukinankuru mukuru a
3.3.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
geze ku cyo yari agamije mu nkuru.Abafasha: ni abakinankuru cyangwa ikindi kintu gishobora, mu nkuru, gutuma umukinankuru mukuru agera ku cyo yari agamije, cyangwa ikigerageza kumushyigikira mu rugendo rwe rwose kimufasha, kabone n’iyo atakigeraho mu irangira ry’inkuru.
Imbogamizi: ni abakinankuru cyangwa ikindi kintu gishobora, mu nkuru, gutuma umukinankuru mukuru atagera ku cyo yari agamije, cyangwa ikigerageza kumubangamira mu rugendo rwe rwose kimubuza amahirwe kabone n’iyo yagera ku cyo yari agamije mu irangira ry’inkuru, ariko kikaba cyamubangamiraga.
3. Imisesengurire y’inkuru ndende
Muri rusange abasesengura inkuru ndende bibanda kuri ibi bikurikira: ikivugwa mu nkuru, abanyarubuga, ibarankuru, akabugankuru, ibikorwa, umugendo w’inkuru, uburebure n’ahantu. Ibi bigakorwa hakurikijwe amahange n’amahame y’ingenzi akoreshwa mu gusesengura umwandiko w’ubuvanganzo muri rusange.
Usesenngura inkuru agomba kugaragaza ishushanyabikorwa ry’inkuru.
Usesengura inkuru agomba kandi:
– gutahura inyigisho irimo n’indangagaciro zigaragara mu nkuru kuko buri nkuru cyangwa buri gihangano cy’ubuvanganzo kiba gikubiyemo inyigisho n’indangagaciro runaka, ni ngombwa ko usesengura inkuru abigaragaza;
– gukora inshamake yayo, igaragazamo iby’ingenzi bivugwamo;
– kugaragaza ubuzima bw’umwanditsi w’inkuru ndetse n’ibindi bihangano bye.
IMYITOZO
1. Tandukanya inkuru ndende n’inkuru ngufi ushingiye ku turango twazo.
2. Jya mu isomero, ushakemo igitabo kirimo inkuru ndende, uyisome kandi uyisesengure ukurikije uko inkuru isesengurwa3.2.2. Amateka n’ubwoko by’inkuru ndende
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko “Amatsiko y’abato” maze utahure ubwoko bw’iyo nkuru. Kora ubushakashatsi utahure amateka n’ubwoko by’inkuru ndende.
1. Amateka y’inkuru ndende
Hari abavuga ko inkuru ndende mu Rwanda yaba yaratangiye mu mwaka wa
1938 kuko ari bwo Musenyeri Alexis Kagame yatangiye gusohora inyandiko ze
«Inkuru ya Matabaro» mu Kinyamateka k’abana Hobe. Abashakashatsi bemeza ariko ko inkuru ndende nyayo yasohotse mu wa 1950 yanditse mu rurimi rw’Igifaransa na Saveriyo Nayigiziki yise «Escapade rwandaise» ifite ibice bibiri byaje guhurizwa mu nkuru imwe ikitwa «Mes trances à trente ans». Hashize imyaka ibiri ni bwo inkuru ndende yanditse mu Kinyarwanda yasohotse yitwa «Ntabajyana» ya Simoni Munyakazi. Uyu mugabo yahawe igihembo cya kabiri mu irushanwa ryiswe «Amitiés Belgo-Rwandaise». Kuva ubwo haciye imyaka igera kuri 20 kugira ngo haboneke izindi nkuru ndende mu irushanwa ryabaye mu wa 1971.
Zimwe mu nkuru ndende zanditswe mu Kinyarwanda:
– Munyakazi, S., Ntabajyana, 1952
– Rukebesha, A., Nyirabirahunga, 1970
– Nsanzubuhoro, V., Ntabyera, 1971
– Kamugunga, C., Umusiramu, 1973
– Karege F., Mwanankundi, 1975
– Niyonteze, P., Imari ya shuni, 1981-1982
– Uwamungu, J., Nyirabayazana, 1981
– Nkurikiyumukiza, F., Yatashye atagomba, 1987
– Niyitegeka, M.Y., Giramata, 1988
– Rugema, A., Rwemerikije, 1988
– Furere, R.M., Mariya Kantarama, 1998
– Karenzi, F., Ishavu ry’abato, 2000
2. Ubwoko bw’inkuru ndende
Iyo bagena ingeri z’inkuru ndende bazishyira mu matsinda, hari uburyo bwinshi bukurikizwa. Ibihurirwaho na benshi bagena amoko y’inkuru ndende ni ibi bikurikira: aho yandikiwe, igihe yandikiwe cyangwa se ikivugwamo, ibarankuru ryayo (imiterere y’ibikorwa, abakinnyi) n’ibindi. Izi zikurikira ni zimwe mu ngeri z’inkuru ndende nk’uko Nkejabahizi Jean Chrisostome azigena mu gitabo ke “Ubuvanganzo nyarwanda. Inkuru ndende n’Ikinamico, Butare UNR, 2005”.
a) Inkuru ndende z’inkundo
Zikunda kuvuga cyane ku nkundo hagati y’abasore n’inkumi, ingorane zishobora kubatandukanya cyangwa se kubabuza kubana, kwitsinda no kudahemukirana mu bigeragezo, amayeri yose akoreshwa kugira ngo bahure cyangwa basubirane mu gihe ababyeyi babo batabishaka, amaherezo bakazagera ku ntego yabo yo kubana. Mu Kinyarwanda, aha hakunze gutangwa ingero za Ntabajyana ya Simoni Munyakazi na Giramata ya Niyitegeka Mukarugira Yuliyana.
b) Inkuru ndende nsuhuzamutima
Bene izi nkuru zamamaye cyane mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya cumi na gatandatu no mu ntangiriro z’icya cumi na karindwi. Inkuru iba ishingiye ahanini ku bwihare; bahera ku gashashi cyangwa akanyotwe k’urukundo gasanzwe, kagashyigikirwa n’ibikorwa bibiri by’ingenzi: ingendo n’imirwano. Urukundo ruvugwamo ruriyubashye, ni isugi kandi ntiruhemuka. Umukundwa cyangwa uwihebewe usanga ari agakumi. Ibizazane bahura na byo usanga ari ibishobora kubaho mu buzima cyanecyane nk’igihe k’imidugararo. Kudahuza idini bituma ababyeyi bivayo n’imizi n’imiganda ngo babuze umusore n’inkumi kubana. Ikemezo cya se w’umukobwa cyo kumushyingira uwo ashatse kubera inyungu ze bwite, ubukire, gutandukanywa n’intambara cyangwa se gufungwa. Mu Kinyarwanda urugero twatanga hano ni Ntabajyana ya Munyakazi Simoni kubera ko ababyeyi ba Karasankima batifuzaga ko arongora Zaninka, ahubwo bafite undi bamuhitiyemo wo mu rwego rwabo, ariko umusore Karasankima akababera ibamba.
c) Inkuru ndende z’imyifatire
Izi ni inkuru zishingiye ku busongarere n’ubugome mu maraso. Imibereho
ya buri munsi n’imiterere y’isi muri icyo gihe, ntibishyigikirwa n’umuco muzima wo kwiyubaha n’ubuhanga byaranze abanditsi bakomeye. Mu nkuru ndende nk’izi usanga higanjemo gushimisha irari ry’umubiri, kuba ikigenge (ubwomanzi), gutinyuka gukabije, ibiterasoni; mbese usanga isi yaracuramye ku buryo ikibi kiganje, akaba ari cyo kiyobora isi. Muri ubu bwoko bw’inkuru, usanga imico myiza n’ubupfura byitwa ubugwari, ubucucu n’amakosa. Muri izo nkuru usangamo amagambo atameshe, umwanditsi akihatira gushushanya mu mvugo ibifitanye isano n’ibitsina, aho bibera n’uburyo atanga ingingo ze byerekana ko ari indwara imaze igihe. Mu Kinyarwanda nta rugero rwa bene izi nkuru ruraboneka kugeza ubu.
d) Inkuru ndende za sarigoma
Inkuru nk’izi zifite amavu n’amavuko yazo mu gihugu cya Esipanye (Espagne) mu kinyejana cya cumi na karindwi. Uruhare runini ruhabwa imibereho mu by’ubukungu: kugira icumbi, kubona ifunguro, umwambaro ni byo bihora bihangayikishije abanyarubuga muri ubu bwoko bw’inkuru. Iyo nkuru bayitiriye uburyo ibazemo, kuko ari inkuru y’umuntu uvuga ubuzima bwe. Byabaho bitabaho, umubarankuru mukuru avuga ubuzima n’imibereho ye.
Imyandikire y’iyi nkuru bayihuza n’imibereho y’umwana ubaho ari mbonabucya, nta cyo yimirije imbere, nta gashinga k’ubuzima afite. Mu buzima bw’umubarankuru nyuma y’igihe runaka k’imibabaro n’ibibazo, hakurikiraho igihe cyo kwiyuburura no gutwarwa agakundwa, ubukire yifuzaga bukaza mu bitekerezo ariko atabwizera, ugasanga aritiranya inzozi n’ukuri. Inkuru ndende nyarwanda ifite aho ihuriye na bene ubu bwoko ni iya Nayigiziki Saveriyo yitwa «Mes trances à trente ans»
e) Inkuru ndende y’ubuzima busanzwe
Bene iyi nkuru ntiba igamije gukosora ngo wenda ibintu byarushaho kuba byiza, abantu bagire imyifatire iboneye, babane neza, mbese ngo ubone ko umwanditsi afite inzozi z’umunezero. Iyi nkuru irangwa n’urusobe cyangwa uruvangitirane rw’imyifatire, kuticara hamwe, gusetsa, gusesereza, uburara n’ubwomanzi no kwifatira abantu. Iritegereza, igakabya mu gusetsa, igakabya inkuru n’ubucakura, hagaragaramo ibitangaza no kwimaringa. Uzasanga iyi nkuru ivuga ukuntu runaka yakoze kugira ngo yirwaneho, kugira ngo akomere abone amaboko n’amafaranga; uko yagiriye nabi abanzi be, uko yatsinzwe cyangwa se yatsinze mu nkiko, uko yaje guteseka agashakisha uburyo yagana imigi itandukanye; uko yaje guhinduka umugiranabi agakora n’andi makosa bigatuma bamufunga; ibikorwa bibi yagizemo uruhare, kwiyoberanya, ingendo, abo bahura n’ibindi. Inkuru y’Ikinyarwanda y’ubu bwoko ni Mureranyana.
f) Inkuru ndende za mutemberezi/ naragenze ndabona
Bakunze kuvugamo ubwiza bw’abantu, ibidukikije. Babivuga ari nk’umutako w’aho abakinankuru baba bari ku buryo bishushanya uko bamerewe imbere muri bo. Ari abantu, ari inyamaswa, usanga ari mahwi, biberanye n’aho biri bisa
n’aho ari ho byaremewe na ho hakabiremerwa. Ahantu ni ho hatuma abakinnyi batekereza gutya na gutya, ni ho hababeshejeho ku buryo ubuzima bwabo bwajyanaga n’uko isi ibakikije iteye. Mu Kinyarwanda urugero dutanga ni Imali ya SHUNI ya Niyonteze Pascal.
g) Inkuru ndende barwa
Ubwoko bw’iyi nkuru bwaje kwemerwa mu kinyejana cya cumi n’umunani. Havugwamo agahinda no kubona ko ibyo wibeshyaga mu nzozi, wibwira ko ari ko bizamera nyamara ko bitagishobotse. Umuntu uvugwamo arashaka ariko ntashobore. Ubushobozi iyo bumubanye buke bituma abeshya cyangwa se akiyerekana uko bitari ubundi yiyerekanaga nk’umunyakuri, maze uwari yararahiye kudasa na rubanda rusanzwe akagenda akajya inyuma y’abandi mu ngeso mbi z’urukozasoni. Mu Kinyarwanda urugero ni “Iyo mbimenya” ya Niyitegeka Mukarugira Yuliyana.
h) Inkuru za nanzubukoroni
Iyi nkuru igaragaza umujinya no kuzinukwa kw’abantu bahinduwe abacakara, bakoronijwe n’abazungu, maze kwivumbura kwabo kukagira ingaruka kuri bose ndetse n’umuntu ku giti ke. Izi nkuru zakunze kugaragara mu myaka ya za mirongo itandatu, ubwo ibihugu bya Afurika byahagurukiraga rimwe bigamije kwipakurura ubutegetsi bwa gikoroni. Izi nkuru zigaragaza akarengane, gusuzugurwa no guteshwa agaciro Abanyafurika bagirirwaga. Urugero twatanga mu Kinyarwanda ni Mureranyana n’ubwo yo itavuga gusa ikibazo cy’ubukoroni na “Matabaro” ya Kagame Alegisi.
i) Inkuru ndende ya subiza amerwe mu isaho
Abanyafurika bamaze kwigobotora ingoma ya gikoronize bari bazi ko bagiye kwigenga no kumererwa neza, ibyo bari barabuze bakabibona ntibongere gusuzugurwa no gufatwa nabi, kwicishwa imirimo n’ibindi. Bagize batya babona ntacyahindutse. Abashyizwe ku ngoma y’ubutegetsi nta ho bigeze batandukanira n’abakoroni, ndetse bamwe mu bategetsi b’Abanyafurika barushije ubugome abitwaga abakoroni. Abaturage barumiwe amerwe bayasubiza mu isaho. Abategetsi banyunyuje abaturage, barabakandagira karahava: akarengane, gufungirwa ubusa, kwigira mu migi rubanda igasigara iririra mu myotsi y’icyaro, ahatagira amazi n’umuriro, nta terefoni, inzara n’ubukene binuma. Abategetsi baradamarara, rubanda bicuza icyo barwaniye imyaka n’imyaka ngo barashaka kwigenga, ku buryo hari n’abasigara bifuza ko bwa butegetsi bw’abakoroni barwanyaga bwagaruka. Urugero rwo mu Kinyarwanda usanga rujya kwegera ubu bwoko ni usanga ruberanye n’ubu bwoko bw’inkuru ni “Mureranyana.”
j)Inkuru ndende z’amateka
Ubwoko bw’izi nkuru bushingira ku bantu bagize uruhare mu mateka y’aha n’aha, umuryango, igihugu; bakavuga uko babayeho, ibyo bakoze n’ibindi. Muri Afurika twavuga nka Caka (Chaka), Sunjata (Soundjata), n’abandi. Bene izi nkuru zitandukanye n’inkuru ndende nyirizina.
k) Inkuru ndende z’intimba
Zitekereza ku buzima n’imibereho, zitwereka ko kubaho ari ugushinyiriza, ko ubuzima atari paradizo. Kubaho ni ukubabara. Muri izi nkuru usanga umuntu akunda ntakundwe, yahinga akarumbya, yakira agahangayika. Iyo agerageje kwipfira nabi cyangwa kwishabikira uko abishoboye bitewe n’uko isi yameze amenyo, arinda apfa agikururana n’umuruho. Igihe umuntu akiriho yumva ko ikiruta ari ukwipfira akava ku isi kuko n’ubundi asanga ari yo maherezo. Muri izi nkuru usanga umuntu abura aho apfunda imitwe, aho agannye hose asanga amaherere yamutanze imbere akifuza ko nyamunsi yaza ikamwanzuranya akigira kwa Nyamutezi atagumye kugaragurika mu ruzurungutane rw’ibibazo bidashira. Inkuru nyarwanda yenda kwegera ubu bwoko bw’inkuru ni “Yatashye atagomba” ya Nkurikiyumukiza Phocas.
l) Inkuru ndende z’uburere
Kubura icyo ufata n’icyo ureka byaranze Abanyafurika b’igisekuru cyose cya makumyabiri, barerewe mu mico n’imigenzereze y’i Burayi kubera amashuri, bagahuza ubwenge n’amaso n’imigi minini nka Parisi (Paris), Londoni (Londres), bakabangamirwa no kwibaza ukuntu bazatahuka iwabo bagasubira mu mwijima, mu bukene, mu bujiji,…ngibyo ibyo ahenshi inkuru z’uburere zuririraho, aho usanga umukinankuru yabuze icyo afata n’icyo areka hagati y’imico mishyashya yasanze aho yagiye n’ibya gakondo yakuriyemo, maze kubivanga bikamuviringa ubwenge, abazi kuvuga neza bati « naka yasarishijwe n’ubwenge». Iyo usesenguye neza, usanga mu Rwanda nta nkuru ndende dusanga iri neza muri uyu murongo, ariko hari izigaragaza iryo sizana ry’ibya kera n’iby’ubu. Urugero rutangwa ni nka “Mwanankundi” ya Karege Fidèle aho avugamo umunyarubuga Mwanankundi wagiye kwiga i Burayi ibyerekeranye n’imibereho myiza n’imibanire y’abantu. Aho Mwanankundi atahukiye yashatse kuvuganira abagore no kubarengera imbere y’umuco wabakandamizaga, wa kera ushaje, abatsimbaraye ku bya kera baramwivuganye ngo arabatobera.
m) Inkuru ndende nshyashya
Izi nkuru zadutse nyuma y’intambara ya kabiri y’isi yose. Mbere yaho, inkuru ndende yasaga n’iyubakiye ku muntu wari warahawe agaciro gakomeye, yenda tutavuze kuva akiremwa, ariko byibuze mu rwego rw’ubuvanganzo, mu mpumeko y’ibyo bise ivukabushya « renaissance » mu kinyejana cya cumi na gatanu, bamaze kuvumbura ibyo gucapisha imashini, umuco n’ubugeni bigahabwa agaciro na muntu agasa n’uhinduka impagata y’ibyaremwe byose.
Aho intambara zombi z’isi zibereye bakabona ukuntu umuntu ateshwa agaciro, agasigara arutwa n’ibintu, bamwe batangiye kwibaza niba mu buvanganzo ho bitahinduka, muntu ntiyongere kuba ari we uhabwa umwanya w’ibanze aho byose usanga ari we bigushaho: abakinnyi, kuranga, ishushanyamvugo n’ibindi.
Inkuru ndende nshyashya nta kindi bisobanura uretse guhuza abanditsi bose bashakashaka imiterere mishya y’inkuru ndende zashobora kuvuga cyangwa se kurema amasano mashya hagati y’umuntu n’isi, ni ukuvuga abiyemeje guhanga inkuru ndende ari byo kurema. Muri iki gihe usanga inkuru nshyashya isa nk’aho itigeze ishinga imizi. Iyi nkuru ntishingira ku mukinankuru w’imena nk’uko byari bimenyerewe. Umwanditsi aha ijambo abantu benshi kandi muri ngenga ya mbere. Ntumenya uvuga uwo ari we, umubazi w’inkuru arazimira.
Mu nkuru nshyashya, nta nsanganyamatsiko, nta kureshya umusomyi baca igikuba. Abari bamenyereye ibya kera barayirwanyije karahava, bakavuga ko atari ukuri ndetse ko ari igisa n’ubuvanganzo kubera ko yanze kuba basabose. Mu nkuru nshyashya ubona gusa uruhererekane rw’amagambo anyuranye ndetse yivuguruza, ibitekerezo bituzuye, mbese ibintu by’ikivangavange nk’uko isi yari imeze ikiremwa. Kugeza ubu mu Kinyarwanda nta rugero rw’inkuru nshyashya ruraboneka.
n) Inkuru ndende porisi/iperereza
Inkuru ndende porisi yubakiye ku kuvumbura ubuhanga kandi buhorobuhoro wifashishije uburyo busanzwe, uko ibintu byagenze ku kintu kidasanzwe cyabaye. Abashakashatsi n’abanditsi benshi bahuriza hamwe ko inkuru ndende porisi ari iperereza rikorwa ku buryo busanzwe cyangwa se bwa gihanga. Iri perereza riba rigamije kuvumbura, guhishura ikintu cyayoberanye, kitumvikana, cyabaye imenamutwe. Mu magambo avunaguye inkuru ndende porisi ni inkuru y’umuhigo wa muntu, bakoresheje gutekereza ku tuntu wakwita amafuti bakatubyaza igisubizo.
Uko inkuru porisi ikura:
Habanza insanganyamatsiko igizwe n’ibintu bidashobora gusobanura urebye ikosa ryakozwe.
Ibimenyetso bidafashije byerekana ukekwa cyangwa abakekwa; umusomyi n’ingenza baba bafite amahirwe angana yo gusubiza ikibazo.
Akenshi muri izi nkuru ukekwa arafatwa ariko icyaha yafungiwe kikongera kikaba, bigahita bigaragara ko atari we bigasa n’ibisubiye irudubi.
Kwitegereza neza ibintu no kubyibazaho.
Igisubizo kijyanye n’ibyabaye gikomeza kuba urujijo.
Kwigizayo ibidashoboka byose mu gushakisha igisubizo. Umunyacyaha avumburwa uhereye ku byo wagiye ubona, ntibapfa kumugwaho by’agatunguro cyangwa ngo yivemo.
Igisigara nubwo cyaba kitakekwaga ni cyo kiba ari igisubizo nyacyo.
IMYITOZO
1. Mu mateka y’inkuru ndende ni iyihe nkuru yasohotse bwa mbere? Yasohotse ryari? Yanditswe na nde? Yanditse mu ruhe rurimi?
2. Inkuru “Amatsiko y’abato” Ni ubuhe bwoko bw’inkuru?
III.3. Umwandiko: Twite ku buzima
Tugomba kubungabunga ubuzima bwacu kuko ari yo mpano iruta izindi dufite. Umuntu udafite ubuzima buzira umuze ntashobora gukorera igihugu ngo gitere imbere. Hari indwara nyinshi zishobora kwangiza ubuzima bwacu zaba iziterwa n’udukoko, izinjirira mu myanya y’ubuhumekero, mu myanya ndangagitsina, mu maraso, ku ruhu, n’izindi. Aha turibanda ku ndwara zandurira mu myanya ndangagitsina ari zo: uburagaza, imitezi, na mburugu.
Uburagaza ni indwara yandurira mu myanya ndangagitsina, ikarangwa n’udusebe tuza kuri iyo myanya, mu mayasha cyangwa mu kabuno.
Bitangira ari agaheri buhorobuhoro bikaza kuvamo ibisebe bifite impande zishwanyaguye kandi binuka. Uburagaza bugira ingaruka nyinshi nko gucika k’umuyoboro w’inkari, kwihagarika bigoranye cyangwa kwihagarika nta gitangira.
Imitezi na yo ni indwara ikomeye irangwa no kubabara igihe umuntu anyara, kugira umuriro n’isesemi, kubabara igihe ukora imibonano mpuzabitsina no kuzana ururenda rumeze nk’amashyira mu gitsina. Iyo umugore utwite atayivuje ayanduza umwana akaba yavuka ahumye, kimwe n’uko ishobora gutera izindi ndwara nk’umutima n’umwijima.
Indi ndwara ikunze kugaragara ni mburugu, ikaba irangwa n’uduheri tuza ku gitsina, mu ntoki, mu kanwa cyangwa mu kabuno. Utu dusebe dushobora kwikiza ariko ntibe ivuye mu mubiri. Nyuma y’igihe umuntu atangira kokera, kubabara umutwe, kubabara anyara, kuryaryatwa mu kirenge, kubabara ingingo, n’ibindi. Iyo itavuwe neza itera umutima, kugagara ibice by’umubiri, no guta ubwenge.
Uretse izi ndwara, tuzi ko mu mibonano mpuzabitsina na Sida yanduriramo ku kigereranyo cyo hejuru. Uko byagenda kose, ubusambanyi bwaba bukozwe ku ngufu cyangwa ku bushake bushobora gutera kwandura izi ndwara z’ibikatu twavuze. Niba dushaka kugira ubuzima bwiza, tugomba kugendera kure imyifatire idushora mu ngeso mbi z’ubusambanyi.
Kumenya izina ry’indwara rero si byo by’ingenzi, ik’ingenzi ni ukumenya ibimenyetso byerekana indwara no kwihutira kwivuza. Kutivuza neza kandi hakiri kare izo ndwara bigira ingaruka nyinshi kandi mbi zirimo ubugumba kuko zonona kandi zikaziba imiyoborantanga y’umugabo cyangwa umugore bityo intanga zikaba zabura aho zinyura, gukuramo inda kenshi, kubyara abana banduye izo ndwara, gutwitira inyuma y’umura, gukubita igihwereye, gupfa amaso ku bana bavukanye izo ndwara igihe batavujwe hakiri kare, kanseri y’inkondo y’umura, gucika igitsina, urupfu mu gihe utivuje neza. Izo ndwara kandi zitera umwiryane n’ubukene bukabije mu rugo.
Niba uburyo bwo kwandura izo ndwara na Sida ari bumwe n’uburyo bwo kuzirinda ni bumwe. Nta bundi rero dukomere ku mugenzo mbonera w’ubusugi, ubumanzi.
Bifatiye kuri: MINISANTE: Indwara z’ibyorezo, 2015
3.3.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Soma umwandiko “Twite ku buzima”, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko wifashije inkoranyamagambo.
UMWITOZO
Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro wihimbiye:
a) Amayasha
b) Imiyoborantanga
c) Ubusugi
d) Kwirinda
d) Imyanya ndangagitsina3.3.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko “Twite ku buzima”, hanyuma usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Ni izihe ndwara zavuzwe mu mwandiko?
2. Indwara twabonye mu mwandiko zihuriye ku ki?
3. Umuntu ufite ubuzima buzira umuze ashobora gukorera igihugu ke?
Sobanura.
4. Ese kumenya amazina y’indwara ni byo by’ingenzi? Sobanura.
5.
Imbundo ni uburyo bw’inshinga bukoresha indanganteko imwe ikunze kwitwa iy’izina ryo mu nteko ya 15 (-ku-) ikagira n’umusozo -a. Uburyo bw’imbundo buvuga igikorwa cyangwa imimerere hatagaragazwa uwo bivugwaho. Ubu buryo buboneka mu ndango yemeza n’ihakana bushobora no kuboneka mu nzagihe.
Ingero: kuvuga: ku- Ø-vug-a, kutavuga: ku-ta- Ø-vug-a, kuzavuga: ku-za-vug-a..
1. Ikigombero
Ikigombero ni uburyo bw’inshinga buvuga igikorwa gishingiye ku kifuzo. Ikigombero kivuga igikorwa ngombwa kuko kifujwe.
Ingero:
– Namubwiye ngo avuge amakuru yakuye mu itorero: a- Ø-vug-e
– Nagende yihane kujya ashuka abana bato.
– Ndagira ngo utahe.
Ikigombero gitandukanye n’integeko irimo impagike kuko integeko yo nta
ndanganshinga iba ifite.
Ni izihe ngaruka umuntu ahura na zo iyo yishoye mu busambanyi akandura indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina?6. Ni ubuhe buryo bwo kwirinda indwara zandurira mu myanya ndanga gitsina bwavuzwe mu mwandiko?
3.3.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko “Twite ku buzima”, hanyuma usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Uyu mwandiko ugusigiye iki?
2. Ni izihe ngingo z’ingenzi zigaragara muri uyu mwandiko?
3. Huza umwandiko “Twite ku buzima” n’ubuzima busanzwe.
Ni iyihe nama wagira abantu batinya kwivuza indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina?
III.4. Inzira z’itondaguranshinga3.4.1. Indango, ijyana n’irebero
IGIKORWA
Soma interuro zikurikira witegereza imiterere y’inshinga zitsindagiye hanyuma ukore ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza y’itondaguranshinga, indango, ijyana n’irebero by’inshinga.
a) Kanyana yakomeje kurererwa kwa nyirasenge.
b) Kanyana ntiyabwirizwaga kwiyitaho.
c) Rubyiruko, mwirinde gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina.
Mutegereze kugeza igihe muzashingira ingo zanyu.
Inshoza y’itondanguranshinga
Itondaguranshinga ni imihindagurikire y’inshinga mu buryo n’ibihe byayo muri ngenga zose. Inshinga itondaguye ni igaragaza ukora igikorwa, igihe agikorera n’uburyo agikora. Muri rusange itondaguranshinga ni ukuntu inshinga ihindura intego (uturemajambo) yihwanya n’indango, ijyana, irebero n’uburyo.
1. Indango z’inshinga
Indango ni ubwumvane buba hagati ya nyakuvuga na nyakubwirwa ku buryo nyakuvuga aba yemeza cyangwa ahakana ingingo ikubiye mu muzi w’inshinga. Bityo rero habaho indango yemeza n’indango ihakana.
a) Indango
Ingero:
– Imitezi, mburugu n’uburagaza ni indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina.
– Kanyana aragenda.
– Teta ashuka Kanyana.
b) Indango ihakana
Ingero:
– Kanyana na Muneza ntibakomeje kuganira
– Kayitesi ati: “Sinshobora gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina imburagihe”.
– Ntimuzashukwe n’ababashora mu ngeso mbi.
– Amubaza impamvu atishimye.
2. Ijyana
Ijyana ni ukuntu inshinga itondaguye ikenera icyuzuzo cyangwa se inshinga ntikenere icyuzuzo kugira ngo insobanuro yayo yuzure. Habaho amoko abiri y’ijyana ari yo: Ijyana nyacyuzuzo n’ijyana ndekacyuzuzo.
a) Ijyana
Ingero:
– Kanyana yagiye ku ishuri
– Atetse inyama.
– Abana barya imineke.
b) Ijyana ndekacyuzuzo
Ingero:
– Kanyana na Muneza basezeranyeho.
– Arasuzuzugura.
– Aba banyeshuri bariyubaha.
3. Irebero
Irebero ni ukuntu inshinga itondaguye mu buryo ubu n’ubu cyangwa mu gihe iki n’iki yumvisha ko igikorwa cyarangiye cyangwa kitararangira. Mu Kinyarwanda habaho amoko menshi y’irebero, muri yo twavuga irebero nkomeza n’irebero nshize.
a) Irebero
Irebero nkomeza rigaragaza ibitararangira mu gihe mvugiro. Rirangwa n’imisozo -a, -aga.
Ingero:
– Abanyeshuri basoma ibitabo.
– basoma: ba-Ø-som-a, nta tegeko
Wasomaga ibitabo; wasomaga: u-a-som-aga, u→w/-J
b) Irebero nshize
Irebero nshize rivuga ibyarangiye gukorwa cyangwa ibiri kuba mu gihe k’imvugiro. Iri rebero rirangwa cyane cyane n’umusozo -ye.
Ingero:
– Mu gitondo natemye ibiti; natemye: n-a-tem-ye, nta tegeko.
– Mu mwaka ushize abanyeshuri baratsinze; baratsinze: ba-a-ra-tsind-ye,
a→Ø/-J,
IMYITOZO
1. Hindura indango y’inshinga.
a) Nimwandike mutihuta
b) Umwana wararutse wamushukisha uduhendabana twonyine.
2. Tanga interuro irimo inshinga itondaguye:
a) Ijyana ndekacyuzuzo
b) Ijyana nyacyuzuzo
c) Irebero nshize
d) Irebero nkomeza
3.4.2. Uburyo bw’inshinga
IGIKORWA
Soma interuro zikurikira witegereza imiterere y’inshinga zitsindagiye hanyu- ma ukore ubushakashatsi utahure uburyo butandukanye inshinga itondagur- wamo.
a) Kanyana yakomeje kurererwa kwa nyirasenge.
b) Kanyana ntiyabwirizwaga kwiyitaho.
c) Umwana urya neza akabaho neza azana ibimenyetso by’ubwangavu cyangwa by’ubugimbi hakiri kare.
d) Kanyana na Muneza basezeranyeho.
Inshoza y’uburyo bw’inshinga
Uburyo ni ukuntu inshinga iba imeze. Uburyo ni ukuntu kandi inshinga igaragaza mu ntego yayo imiterere y’ubwumvane iri hagati y’uvuga n’ubwirwa kimwe n’uko uvuga yitwara mu magambo ye. Uburyo bw’inshinga ni ubu bukurikira: ikirango, imbundo, integeko, inyugo, ikigombero, inyifurizo, inziganyo n’ insano.
1. Ikirango
Ikirango ni uburyo budashidikanya, buvuga igikorwa (cyangwa imimerere) k’ihame, kemeza cyangwa gihakana. Indango yemeza y’ikirango nta karemajambo kayiranga. Indango ihakana irangwa na nti- na si- . Imisozo y’ikirango ni –a, -aga na –ye.
Ingero:
– Turiga isomo ry’ubuzima bw’imyororokere.
– Ntidutema ibiti bikiri bito.
– Ejo nasomaga inkuru isekeje.
– Sinkora ibyo bambujije.
– Kanyana yagiye i Kigali gusura mubyara we Kayitesi.
2. Integeko
Integeko ni uburyo bw’inshinga butanga itegeko. Mu buryo butanga itegeko rero habamo integeko ubwayo hakaba n’intarengwa.
Integeko: iboneka muri ngenga ya kabiri y’ubumwe ikarangwa n’uko nta ndanganshinga iba igaragaza.
Iyo nta mpagike (inyibutsacyuzuzo) irimo, integeko igira umusozo –a.
Ingero:
– Vuga inshamake y’inkuru wasomye
– Andika inkuru ndende ku nsanganyamatsiko wihitiyemo.
- Iyo harimo impagike integeko igira umusozo –eIngero:
– Bivuge neza uko byagenze.
– Mwandikire ibaruwa.
Intarengwa: ni integeko ihakana ivuga ibibujijwe. Iboneka muri ngenga ya kabiri y’ubumwe n’iy’ubwinshi. Irangwa n’akaremajambo k’impakanyi –i- kaboneka imbere y’umuzi utangiwe n’ingombajwi n’impakanyi -i-ku- iboneka imbere y’umuzi utangiwe n’inyajwi. Umusozo w’intarengwa uhora ari –a.
Ingero
– Wivuga inkuru utahagazeho. u-i-Ø-vug-a,
– Mwishuka abangavu ku birebana n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere. mu-i-
Ø-beshy-a u→w/-J)
– Wikwandika nabi ibyo wasabwe. u-i-ku- Ø-andik-a,
– Mwikwambuka ngo uge mu Mujyi wa Kigali: mu-i-ku- Ø-amb-uk-a u→w/-J).
3. Inyungo
Uburyo bw’inyungo ni ubuvuga igikorwa gikurika ikindi gikorwa. Mu ndango yemeza nta karemajambo kihariye kaburanga, ariko mu ndango ihakana burangwa n’akaremajambo –ta-. Mu ndango zombi kandi hashobora gukoreshwamo imisozo –a, -aga, -ye.– Amusanga mu nzira ahagaze.
– Yagiye atamuhaye ibyo guteka.
4. Imbundo
Imbundo ni uburyo bw’inshinga bukoresha indanganteko imwe ikunze kwitwa iy’izina ryo mu nteko ya 15 (-ku-) ikagira n’umusozo -a. Uburyo bw’imbundo buvuga igikorwa cyangwa imimerere hatagaragazwa uwo bivugwaho. Ubu buryo buboneka mu ndango yemeza n’ihakana bushobora no kuboneka mu nzagihe.
Ingero: kuvuga: ku- Ø-vug-a, kutavuga: ku-ta- Ø-vug-a, kuzavuga: ku-za-vug-a..
1. Ikigombero
Ikigombero ni uburyo bw’inshinga buvuga igikorwa gishingiye ku kifuzo. Ikigombero kivuga igikorwa ngombwa kuko kifujwe.
Ingero:
– Namubwiye ngo avuge amakuru yakuye mu itorero: a- Ø-vug-e
– Nagende yihane kujya ashuka abana bato.
– Ndagira ngo utahe.
Ikigombero gitandukanye n’integeko irimo impagike kuko integeko yo nta ndanganshinga iba ifite.
Ingero:
– bivuge: Ø-Ø- bi-vug-e (integeko)
– Ubivuge: u- Ø-bi-vug-e (ikigombero)
1. Inziganyo
Inziganyo ni uburyo buvuga igikorwa kibaho habaye ikindi. Ni ukuvuga igikorwa cyashoboka haramutse habaye ikindi gikorwa. Inziganyo itondagurwa mu ndagihe no mu nzagihe. Inziganyo irangwa n’akaremajambo –a- imbere y’umuzi utangiwe n’ingombajwi na –a-ku- imbere y’umuzi utangiwe n’inyajwi.
Ingero:
– Mukoranye umwete mwakira vuba. mu-a-kir-a
– Mbonye ubushobozi nakwiga. n-a-ku-ig-a u→w/-J
– Ubonye umwanya wazadusura. u-a-zaa-tu-sur-a u→w/-J; t →d/-GR
– Mukurikije inama z’ababyeyi ntimwahura n’ingorane. nti-mu-a-hur-a
– Nûutaahâ ndaaza.
7. Inyifurizo
Inyifurizo ni uburyo buvuga icyo umuntu yiyifuriza cyangwa yifuriza undi (nyakubwirwa cyangwa nyakuvugwa). Hashobora kwifuzwa ibyiza cyangwa ibibi. Kwifuza ibibi ni ugutukana. Inyifurizo irangwa n’uturemajambo dukurikira:-ka-, -ra-ka-, -ra-, -oo-ka/-aa-ka. Umusozo ushobora kuba -a cyangwa -e.
Ingero
– ka-: kabyare: Ø- ka-byar-e, gaheke: Ø- ka-hek-e k →g/-GR
– ra-ka: muragakira: mu-ra-ka-kir-a k →g/-GR; murakarama: mu-ra-ka-ram-a
– ra-: muragwire: mu-ra-gwir-e
– oo-ka/-aa-ka: mwokabyara mwe: mu-oo-ka-byar-a u→w/-J;
1. Inkurikizo
Inkurikizo ni uburyo bwumvisha igikorwa cyose gikurikira ikimaze kuvugwa.
Ingero:
– Umwana urya neza, akabaho neza azana ibimenyetso bw’ubwangavu hakiri kare.
– Arahinga, akavoma, agatashya.
1. Insano
Insano ari na yo nsobanuzi ni uburyo bw’inshinga burangwa no gusobanura ikivugwa. Inshinga itondaguye muri ubu buryo ikurikira izina ry’ikintu isobanura.
Ingero:
– Umurimo dushinzwe tuwukorane umwete.
Imirima bahinga ni iyaboUMWITOZO
Ubaka interuro ukoresha uburyo bw’inshinga bukurikira: ikirango, imbundo, inziganyo n’integeko.
III.5. Umwitozo w’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
Ugendeye ku nshoza no ku turango tw’inkuru ndende, himba agace k’inkuru ndende ku nsanganyamatsiko y’ubuzima bw’imyororokere n’ubwoko bw’inkuru wihitiyemo ku buryo uzayisomera bagenzi bawe mu ruhame. Inkuru yawe ntirenze impapuro makumyabiri kandi ntige no munsi y’ipapuro icumi. Kubera ko uba uhimbye agace k’inkuru, kora ku buryo inkuru yawe undi muntu cyangwa wowe ubwawe ushobora kuyikomeza.
III.6. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa gatatu
Umwandiko: Rubyiruko twirinde
Umugabo Terimbere yabyirutse avuga ko azabyara akuzuza isi. Ugira ngo se Terimbere yari muntu ki ko atagiraga n’urwara rwo kwishima! Yari umutindi urya aciye inshuro, yayibura agasonza. Yabaye imbata y’akabari kuva akigimbuka, ijisho rye ntiritane no kwifuza abagore n’abakobwa b’imuhana. Yabyariraga abakobwa, abagore bubatse ingo, ibintu bigacika ku buryo rubanda rwari rwaramugize urw’amenyo. Aho ashakiye imvugo ayigira ingiro, arabyara karahava. Abana be barakura baragimbuka, bakoma inkanda ya se; ngo nta nyana yima nyina akabara! Imvugo ya se ibamera ku munwa, uvutse wese akaba azi ko mu mishinga ibaho uwa mbere ari ukororoka akuzuza isi.
Umukobwa we Nagahire ariko yumvaga imvugo ya se n’abavandimwe be idakwiye kuko isi dutuye itabitwemerera; amasambu yabaye ntayo, ubutaka bwaragundutse; mbese muri make nta bushobozi buhagije ababyeyi bafite bwo gutunga abo babyaye ku buryo buhagije. Ababyeyi be, bene nyina, basaza be ndetse n’abaturanyi yahoraga iteka abashishikariza kumenya ubuzima bw’imyororokere, kuringaniza urubyaro no kubyara abo bashoboye kurera nyamara ugasanga aracurangira abahetsi.
Nagahire yari afite ubumenyi ku buzima bw’imyororokere, akamenya kwitwararika. Yari yifitemo kandi impano yo gukangurira abantu b’ingeri zose abana, ingimbi, abangavu, abasore n’inkumi, abagore b’amajigija, abagabo b’ibikwerere, abasaza n’abakecuru, uko bagomba kwitwara ngo birinde indwara zandurira mu myanya ndangagitsina nka Sida, imitezi, mburugu, uburagaza n’izindi.
Abavandimwe ba Nagahire ntibumviraga inama ze na mba. Bavugaga ko Sida ari indwara nk’izindi. Ibyo byatumye bamwe muri bo bayandura, irabakenesha, irabahemuza, ibatesha agaciro, bafumbira umunaba bakiri bato. Abari basigaye na bo utaretse na se Terimbere, bari ba nyakwigendera. Ntibari bakibona n’imirondorondo y’ibijumba ngo babeshye mu nda. Abari baraboroje inka na bo bari barazisubije kubera ko batari bafite imbaraga zo kuzahirira ubwatsi. Nagahire yarebaga ibyo byose bikamushavuza. Yigaga bimugoye ariko agashyiraho umwete. Yaharaniraga kunguka ubumenyi buhagije mu bijyanye n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere no kuzahugura abantu benshi bashoboka haba mu gihugu ke ndetse no hanze yacyo.
Inzozi ze yarazikabije kuko bidatinze yabonye impamyabumenyi mu bijyanye n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere. Nyumay’igihe gito yatangiye kujya atanga ibiganiro mu mahugurwa yo ku byerekeye ubuzima. Ikiganiro cya mbere yagitanze mu mahugurwa y’urubyiruko rwiga mu mashuri yisumbuye. Dore ibyo yabaganirije: “Tubanze twimenye, tumenye ibice bigize umubiri wacu n’imikorere yabyo, uko umubiri ushobora kwivumbura mu kigero runaka umuhungu akaniga ijwi, akaba yatangira kwiroteraho ari cyo kimenyetso kigaragaza ko yaterera inda imburagihe, akaba yamera ubwanwa, impwempwe, inshakwaha, agasesa ibishishi, n’ibindi. Imihindagurikire y’umubiri w’umukobwa na yo igaragazwa no kumera amabere, kubyibuha amatako n’ikibuno, kugira ibishishi mu maso, kujya mu mihango ari na cyo kimenyetso kigaragaza ko ashobora gusama igihe akoze imibonano mpuzabitsina idakingiye. Mu gihe rero abakobwa n’abahungu babonye ibimenyetso nk’ibi by’imihindagurikire y’ubuzima bwabo, bagomba kumenya ko ari ibimenyetso by’ubukure, bakirinda ibyateza ingaruka ku buzima bwabo. Uzi gutangira kuzuza inshingano z’abakuru uri umwana! Uzi guhaha, gutanga indezo ku mwana wabyaye kandi nta rwara rwo kwishima wigirira? Iyo noneho wishoye mu mibonano mpuzabitsina nta gakingirizo, dore ngo Sida iragukacanga. Iyi ndwara ntikangwa ngo uri iki, ngo usengera aha, ngo wize ibi, ngo ukora aha; abantu batitwararika ngo bamenye kwirinda, irabakukumba ikababika iyo ngiyo, igihe cyagera bakazima.”
Mu gusoza, Nagahire yaragize ati: “Mucyo rubyiruko twirinde kwiyandarika turangwe no kwifata. Kurya utw’ubusa, kwifuza ibyo tudafitiye ubushobozi, kurarikira iby’abandi tukonona imibiri yacu tubizinukwe. Bana b’i Rwanda twitegure kuba inkumburwa n’inyamibwa, tugendere ku ndangagaciro z’umuco nyarwanda.
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengurau mwandiko
1. Abana be barakura baragimbuka, bakoma inkanda ya se. Sobanura ugendeye ku bivugwa mu mwandiko?
2. Rondora indwara zivugwa mu mwandiko zandurira mu mibonano
mpuzabitsina idakingiye.
3. Ni iki kigaragaza ko abavandimwe ba Nagahire batigeze bakurikiza inama yabagiraga?
4. Garagaza ibimenyetso biranga ubwangavu n’ubugimbi.
5. Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko yavuzweho muri iyi nkuru?
6. Vuga ingingo z’ingenzi ziboneka muri uyu mwandiko.
7. Uretse kwandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsinda ni hehe handi uzi indwara ya Sida ishobora kwandurira?
II. Ibibazo by’inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura amagambo cyangwa itsinda ry’amagambo akurikira ukurIkije uko yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:
a) Bakoma inkanda
b) Gucurangira abahetsi
c) Imirondorondo y’ibijumba
d) Koroza.
2. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro yumvikanisha inyito afite mu mwandiko:
a) Kugimbuka
b) Imbata
c) Guca inshuro
d) Kugunduka
e) Gukukumba
3. Simbuza ijambo cyangwa itsinda ry’amagambo atsindagiye yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko impuzanyito zayo.
a) Abantu bapfuye bafumbiye umunaba bishwe na Sida ni benshi.
b) Uzi kurera umwana nta rwara rwo kwishima wigirira?
c) Kamana ntakibona umusaruro uhagije kubera ko ubutaka bwe bwa- gundutse.
III. Ibibazo ku nkuru ndende
1. Huza abanditsi bo mu ruhushya A n’ibitabo byabo biri mu ruhushya B
1. Sobanura mu magambo make inkuru ndende icyo ari cyo.
2. Rondora ibiranga inkuru ndende.
3. Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati y’inkuru ngufi n’inkuru ndende?
IV. Ibibazo by’ikibonezamvugo
1. Ubaka interuro ukoresha uburyo bw’inshinga bukurikira: ikigombero, inyifurizo, inkurikizo n’insano.
2. Kora interuro ebyiri ziboneye, imwe ifite inshinga iri mu ijjyana nsabacyuzuzo irebero nkomeza, indi ifite ijyana ndekacyuzuzo irebero nshize.
1.