UMUTWE WA 2 UMUCO NYARWANDA
UBUSHOBOZI BW’INGENZI BUGAMIJWE
– Gusesengura igitekerezo k’ingabo agaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi zigikubiyemo.
– Gusoma no gusesengura zimwe mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo nyabami agaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi zizikubiyemo.
Kuvuga no kwandika interuro yubahiriza ibihe by’inshinga.IGIKORWA CY’UMWINJIZO
Tekereze kandi urondore ibyarangaga ibitaramo by’ibwami mu Rwanda rwo hambere, imihango y’igitero yakorwaga, icyo intwari zivugaga n’amashimwe zagenerwaga zivuye ku rugamba, ugaragaze muri make ibyaranze inganzo y’amazina y’inka n’akamaro ko kuyiga muri iki gihe. Sobanura uruhare rwa buri ngingo yagaragajwe hejuru mu gusigasira umuco nyarwanda.
II.1. Umwandiko: Igitero k’i Butembo
Igitero k’i Butembo cyabaye mu mwaka wa 1874. Ikimenyetso cy’uwo mwaka cyabaye Nyakotsi yitwa Rwakabyaza yagaragaye mu Rwanda mu kwezi kwa Nyakanga 1874. Impamvu y’icyo gitero yabaye iyi ngiyi: hariho Shabikobe bya Sebitoryi, agatunga inka z’inyambo zitwaga Imisakura. Izo nka bazigishishiriza i Kamuronsi, agahugu kari ku mutwe w’ikiyaga cya Kivu ku mupaka w’u Buhunde. Umuhinza wo mu Buhunde witwaga Muvunyi wa Karinda arazitera arazinyaga. Iyo nkuru igeze kuri Kigeri IV Rwabugiri, ari i Rwamaraba, asanga bibaye ngombwa kujya guhorera izo nyambo ze zanyazwe n’uwo muhinza. Nyamara ubundi uwo Muvunyi yayobokaga u Rwanda, akajya yohereza amakoro ibwami.
Igihe ari mu byo guhaguruka, haza intumwa za Mwezi IV Gisabo, umwami w’u Burundi. Izo ntumwa zari Abaganwa batatu, baherekejwe n’intore ijana. Batumye ibwami kuvunyisha, Rwabugiri abatumaho ko ari mu rugendo, ko abaheje kugeza igihe azahindukirira. Abasigira umutware we Mugabwambere wa Nyamutera, akajya abacumbikira i Kanyinya na Rubingo rwa Shyorongi. Ategeka ingo ze zose ko zizajya ziboherereza amazimano. Bakazibagira inka eshatu buri munsi, bakaziha n’amazimano yandi y’ibiribwa n’amayoga.
Rwabugiri amaze guhaguruka iwe i Rwamaraba, atuma abantu ku bagore be ngo barushanwe kwitegura intumwa za Mwezi, anababwira ko uzarusha abandi umwiteguro ari we uzatahirwa n’ibirori by’imyiyereko, bikazakirirwamointumwa za Mwezi. Abwira izo ntumwa ati:
“Ungire Cyivugiza ya Gatsibo, […] Umbwirire Muhundwangeyo wa Ngarambe, Umukobwa uteye abahungu imbabazi,
Uti: ‘Witegure intumwa za Mwezi.’ Ningushima ingabo zizagutaramira, Inyambo zitahe iwawe.”
(Uwo yari Kangeyo ka Kanyabujinja ka Nyiracumu, wagengaga urugo rw’i Gatsibo)[…]
Rwabugiri yahagurutse i Rwamaraba ataha […] i Rubengera, ahategerereza abatasi yari yarohereje kumutatira u Buhunde […] Abo batasi bamaze kurondorera umwami ibyo kwa Muvunyi wa Karinda, umuhinza w’u Buhunde, n’abatware bakomeye muri icyo gihugu, intore zo mu Ngangurarugo zihimbiraho indirimbo yitwa Rwahama […]
Igitero kigeze mu Buhunde, cyaje kurwanya Muvunyi wa Karinda, araneshwa ariko arabikinga ntibashobora kumushyikira. Ubwo ingando ya Kigeri IV Rwabugiri yari i Runyana. Amaze gutsinda Muvunyi n’abategeka bandi bo mu Buhunde, Murego wa Bigiri we ndetse yatewe mbere ya Muvunyi. Shabiganza we ngo yaba yarahunze ariko ntibizwi neza. Abandi batewe bagatsindwa ni Murengezi wa Nyarubwa na Karenge na Rwankuba rwa Gahinda.
Twabonye mbere ko umwami yari aganditse i Runyana. Yari yaratatishije Nkingo iri hafi y’u Runyana, kuko mu bwiru bari bazi ko ari ho Abarenge baramvuye ingoma y’ingabe yitwaga Mpatsibihugu.Ategeka abiru be kuharamvura ingoma y’ingabe nshya yari yageneye iryo zina rya Mpatsibihugu, kugira ngo ayungukiremo ububasha bw’Abarenge ba kera, bategekaga ibihugu bigari u Rwanda rwari rutarigarurira byose. Aho Rwabugiri amariye gukubanga u Buhunde bwose, abaza abatasi be ati: “Inyuma y’ishyamba turuzi rihetuye u Buhunde, hari ibihugu nyabaki?” Abatasi bamubwira ko batabizi, ko ari ntawigeze arenga iryo shyamba. Ariko bamumenyesha ibyo bumvanye abandi, ngo uryinjiyemo amaherezo inzira yinjira mu mugezi wa Nyabarongo, akaba ari yo bagenda bavogera, ikikijwe n’inzitiro z’imigano. Rukaba urugendo rurerure kuzageza aho inzira izakukira bakabona kugenda ahatari mu mazi. Rwabugiri ati: “Nimuhogi tugende tuge kureba ibihugu byaba inyuma y’ishyamba, ubwo hatataswe tuzagenda tuhitatira ubwacu.”
Ingabo zose zinjira mu ishyamba, amaherezo koko binjira muri wa mugezi barawuvogera, Rwabugiri n’abagore be bahetswe. Ngo urwo rugendo baruhereye mu gitondo bakuka uwo mugezi ikigoroba. Aho bakukiye uwo mugezi wa Nyabarongo rero, bagandika mu ishyamba. Bukeye barakomeza bahinguka ahantu hatamurutse, hatuwe n’abantu bameze nk’Abahunde,
ariko batazi ibi byuma bicurwa. Barwanishaga ibisongo by’imigano kandi bagahingisha inkonzo z’ibiti. Babonye abo bantu bapfupfunutse mu ishyamba, bagerageza kubarwanya, ariko Abanyarwanda barabatsinda. Ingabo zikomeza zikurikiye inzira yo mu ishyamba, zibona indi midugudu imeze nk’iyo bari bahingukiyeho mbere.
Ariko muri iyo midugudu bahasanga ibintu abo baturage babo bahingaga, byari bibatunze. Kuko rero impamba zari zagabanutse, umwami abwira rubanda ati: “Nimurye biriya bintu, ubwo byari bitunze abandi bantu namwe byabatunga, nitugera i Rwanda muzanywe imiti yo kubahumanura.” Ibyo bintu bavuga byari amashaza. Hanyuma bajya guhaguruka ngo bagaruke mu Rwanda, umwami ategeka ko bazagarukana imbuto zayo.
Aho azagerera i Rubengera ngo ahingisha mu gikari utuyogi two kororeramo ayo mashaza. Izina bayitaga acyaduka, agikwirakwiza mu Rwanda bwa mbere, ryari amashaza kuko yabanje guhingwa mu Bwishaza. Ntabwo Abanyarwanda batangaga amakoro y’amashaza kuko atari umwaka wa karande mu Rwanda; kandi n’uwaryaga amashaza ntiyashoboraga kunywa amata ngo amashaza yica inka. Ngicyo rero ikintu k’ingirakamaro igitero k’i Butembo cyagiriye u Rwanda: kururonkera imbuto nshya.
Aho izina ry’igitero k’i Butembo ryaturutse ni muri iryo shyamba riri inyuma y’i Buhunde n’u Buhavu. Aka karere kose kari inyuma y’ishyamba mu burengerazuba bw’ibyo bihugu byitwa Butembo. Igitero cyari cyarahagurukiye u Buhunde, hanyuma kirenze ishyamba kivanayo izina ry’u Butembo […]
Bamaze kugera mu Rwanda ingabo zitabaruka ukwazo zerekeje mu Buriza n’u Bwanacyambwe ngo zizahahurire n’umwami zikore imihango y’imyiyereko, ari wo munsi w’ibirori byasezeraga ibitero. Naho Rwabugiri aherekezwa n’abatware bamwe anyura iyo mu Murera ahinguka ku Rusumo kwa Magara (ku Rusumo rwa Kabona ku ngezi ya Burera) anyura iy’u Buberuka, agana iwe i Gatsibo ngo arebe uko umwamikazi Kangeyo ka Kanyabujinja bari barakoze imyiteguro. Twibuke ko atabara yari yaratumye ku bamikazi bose ngo bazamwitegure, uzarusha abandi akazaba ari we utaramirwa n’ingabo zitabarutse. Ageze i Gatsibo, areba imyiteguro y’urwo rugo […] Umwami atanga umunsi wo kubyukurutsa. Birangiye arahagurukaAgeze i Gasabo iw’umwamikazi Bayundo ba Rwigenza […] asanga umwiteguro waho uruta uw’i Gatsibo. Nanone barabyukurutsa, hanyuma umwami arahaguruka ajya i Kabuye ka Jabana iw’umwamikazi Kanjogera.
I Kabuye bari barakoze umwiteguro urushijeho guhimba […] Basanga ari ibwami koko. Kuko rero Kanjogera yari inkundwakazi, Rwabugiri atumiza ba Barundi bo kwa Mwezi bamusanga i Kabuye. Ingabo ziyereka ari ishyano ryose, hatumiwe n’izitari zaratabaye ari ugushaka umurato wo kwereka Abarundi. […] Umwami rero yamaze iminsi i Kabuye, hanyuma arahaguruka ajya i Kigali ari kumwe na ba Barundi. Bageze kwa Nyirandabaruta ya Sendirima, basanga
umutako […] uruta ahandi hose ku buryo bitari bigifite n’igereranyirizo […]
Mu birori by’imyiyereko, ingabo zitabarutse, nibwo Biraro bya Nyamushanja wa Rugira yahimbiye Rwabugiri ikivugo “Inkatazakurekera” arakimutura.
2. 1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Soma umwandiko “Igitero k’i Butembo”, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko wifashije inkoranyamagambo.
IMYITOZO
1. Koresha amagambo akurikira dusanga mu mwandiko mu nteruro wihimbiye:
a) Kugishisha inka
b) Amakoro
c) A
2.8.1. Akamaro ko kwiga inganzo y’amazina y’inka
baIGIKORWA
tasid)
1.
Mwungurane ibitekerezo mu ngingo ikurikira:
Mubona ari uruhe ruhare rw’inganzo y’amazina y’inka mu buvanganzo nyarwanda?
Vuga abantu b’ingenzi bategekaga inyambo maze usobanure inshingano za buri wese.2. Sobanura amagambo akurikira: ibigarama, inkerakibumbiro, imirizo, ingegene.
3. Vuga imyororere y’inyambo.
Ingando2. Shaka imbusane z’aya magambo ukurikije inyito afite mu
mwandiko wasomye.
a) Azahindukirira
b) Guhunga
c) G
Wifashishije ubumenyi ufite ku muco n’amateka, kora ubushakashatsi maze utahure imihango yakorwaga kugira ngo u Rwanda rutere ikindi gihugu, abagiraga uruhare mu migendekere y’igitero, n’inyungu Igihugu cyakuraga mu gitero.
ukuka umugezid) Guhinguka
3. Uzuza interuro zikurikira ukoresheje amagambo avuye mu mwandiko
a) Mu gitero k’i................. Abanyarwanda bahakuye imbuto
y’.....................
b) Igitero k’i butembo cyabaye mu wa...................... cyagabwe
kiyobowe n’umwami .........................
c) Igitero cyahagurukiye i.......................... gisozerezwa inyuma
y’ishyamba i .............
2.1.2. Gusoma no kumva
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko “Igitero k’i Butembo” hanyuma usubize ibibazo byawubajijweho:
1. Sobanura intandaro y’igitero k’i Butembo.
2. Ni nde wafashe iya mbere mu gushoza urwo rugamba?
3. Ni uwuhe mwamikazi warushije abandi imyiteguro myiza?
4. Ni ikihe gihembo cyari giteganyirijwe umugore uzarusha abandi kwitegura umwami?
5. Ikivugo “Inkatazakurekera” cyahimbwe na nde? Ryari?
6. Shaka ibintu cyangwa ibikorwa byavuzwe mu mwandiko bibangamiye ibidukikije.
2.1.2. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko “Igitero k’i butembo” hanyuma usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
a) Amakoro yatangwaga ibwami wayagereranya n’iki muri iki gihe? Sobanura igisubizo utanze uhereye ku kamaro kayo.
b) Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka zigaragara muri uyu mwandiko.
c) Vuga muri make ibikubiye muri uyu mwandiko mu magambo yawe bwite.
II.2. Ubuvanganzo nyabami
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko “Igitero k’i Butembo” ugereranye ibivugwamo n’ibyavugwaga mu yindi myandiko wize, maze ukore ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza y’ubuvanganzo nyabami, urondore zimwe mu ngeri z’ubwo buvanganzo n’ uturango twazo.
2.2.1. Inshoza y’ubuvanganzo nyabami
Nk’uko byizwe mu myaka yabanje, ubuvanganzo ni imvugo cyangwa inyandiko ifite icyo ivuga kandi yifitemo ubwiza n’ubuhanga bw’imikoreshereze y’ururimi. Imvugo cyangwa inyandiko y’ubuvanganzo irangwa akenshi n’ikeshamvugo. Ubuvanganzo nyarwanda babugabanyamo ibice bibiri: ubuvanganzo nyemvugo n’ubuvanganzo nyandiko. Ubuvanganzo nyemvugo ni ibyahanzwe n’abantu ba kera batazwi neza bahangaga batandika, bakabifata mu mutwe. Ibyo bahangaga babishyikirizaga ab’igihe cyabo bikabizihira mu bitaramo, bakagenda babiraga abo basize, bityobityo bigahinduka uruhererekane.
Ubuvanganzo nyabami burimo ibihangano byose byerekeranye n’abami, ingoma zabo, ibitero byabo, abakurambere, abatware n’imihango by’ibwami. Ni ingeri y’ubuvanganzo itari igenewe buri wese nk’uko ubuvanganzo bwo muri rubanda bwari bumeze. Bityo igihangano cy’ubuvanganzo nyabami ntawashoboraga kugira icyo agihinduraho atabyemerewe.
2.2.2. Zimwe mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo nyabami
Mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda nyemvugo nyabami twavuga ibitekerezo nyabami (ibitekerezo by’ingabo), amazina y’inka, ibisigo nyabami, ubwiru, ubucurabwenge, ibyivugo, inanga zivuga iby’ibwami, indirimbo z’ingabo.
Muri rusange ingeri z’ubuvanganzo nyabami zirangwa no kuba ari imyandiko ivuga abami, imiryango yabo n’ingoma zabo.
a) Ibitekerezo by’ingabo
Ibitekerezo by’ingabo byavugaga imitegurire n’imigendekere y’ibitero ingabo z’umwami zagabye mu bindi bihugu bakongeraho amakabyankuru.
b) Amazina y’inka
Amazina y’inka ni imivugo irata inyambo n’umwami. Ni ingeri y’ubuvanganzo nyabami irangwa n’itondeke ripimye (umubare w’utubangutso ungana), ikeshamvugo n’amagambo yabugenewe. Yagiraga imiterere yihariye.
c) Ibisigo nyabami
Ibisigo nyabami ni imivugo yasingizaga abami n’ingoma zabo ikoresheje amagambo y’indobanure. Ibisigo nyabami birangwa n’ikeshamvugo, amagambo y’indobanure kandi ntibyahindagurikaga mu miterere yabyo.
a)
IMYITOZO
UbwiruIjambo “ubwiru” risobanura ibanga rikomeye cyane iryo ari ryo ryose. Mu buvanganzo nyabami ubwiru ni imihango yakorwaga n’umwami n’abiru. Iyo mihango yakorwaga mu ibanga kandi ikagira amagambo yihariye agendana na yo. Iyo mihango bayitaga inzira z’ubwiru.
Ubwiru bwari bukubiyemo amategeko yagengaga imihango y’ibwami, bwakoreshaga ikeshamvugo n’andi magambo yabugenewe kandi ntibwahindagurikaga.
a) Ubucurabwenge
Ni umuvugo muremure wavugaga ibisekuru by’abami n’abagabekazi. Abawufataga mu mutwe bitwaga abacurabwenge. Ubucurabwenge burangwa n’uko buvuga ibisekuru by’abami n’abamikazi mu buryo buryoheye amatwi. Ubucurabwenge bwakorwaga n’abiru.
b) Ibyivugo
Kwivuga: ni ukuranga icyo uri cyo, uwo uri we mu rwego rw’intambara, rimwe na rimwe umenyesha abakumva uwo ukomokaho byo guhimba, ukavuga ibyakuranze ku rugamba.
Ibyivugo ni imwe mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda bisingiza intwari n’ubutwari bwazo ndetse n’intwaro zifashishwaga. Muri iyo ngeri, uwivuga yirataga ibigwi n’ibirindiro yagiriye ku rugamba. Tuyisangamo amoko abiri y’ingenzi ari yo: Ibyivugo by’iningwa n’ibyivugo by’imyato.
c) Inanga zivuga iby’ibwami
Gucuranga inanga ni ubuhimbyi bujyana no gucuranga inanga bayibwira. Inanga z’ibwami ni indirimbo zicurangwa ku nanga y’amano. Mu buvanganzo nyabami, inanga zaherekezwaga n’indirimbo z’ingabo zigahishura uko abakurambere batekerezaga, akari kabari ku mutima n’uko bari bameranye mu mibanire yabo. Inanga tuzisangamo iturango tw’ubusizi nyarwanda(isubirajwi, imibangikanyo, injyana...) Zahimbirwaga
kurata no gusingiza abami. Zacurangirwaga mu bitaramo binyuranye.
d) Indirimbo z’ingabo
Ni indirimbo zaririmbwaga mu bitaramo byo kwizihiza insinzi y’ingabo zabaga zivuye ku rugamba. Izo ndirimbo zafatiraga ku bantu babayeho (abami, ab’ibwami n’abatware cyangwa ibikorwa byabayeho bizwi nk’ibigwi, ibirindiro...).
UMWIITOZO
Ungurana ibitekerezo na bagenzi bawe ku kamaro ko kwiga ubuvanganzo nyabami.
Ibitekerezo by’ingabo
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko “Igitero k’i Butembo” maze ukore ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza y’ibitekerezo by’ingabo n’uturango twabyo.
2.3.1. Inshoza y’ibitekerezo by’ingabo
Ibitekerezo by’ingabo ni ibihangano byabaga bikubiyemo uko urugamba rwagenze. Byahimbwaga n’abatekereza b’ibwami bafatiye ku byavuzwe n’abavuzi b’amacumu babaga bakubutse ku rugamba. Abo bavuzi b’amacumu bari abantu bazwiho ubuhanga mu kuvuga neza no gufata mu mutwe bagakoresha imvugo nziza kandi batajijinganya. Mu bitekerezo by’ingabo havugwamo inkuru y’igitero n’abakigizemo uruhare cyanecyane ab’intwari.
2.3.2. Uturango tw’igitekerezo k’ingabo
Igitekerezo k’ingabo kirangwa n’ibi bikurikira: kivugwamo inkuru y’igitero cyagabwe n’uko igitero cyagenze, kigaragaramo abakigizemo uruhare n’abakibayemo intwari, gishingira ku makuru mpamo y’ibyabaye, kirangwa ndetse n’uturingushyo tw’abatekereza b’ibwami abandi bita amakabyankuru.
IMYITOZO
a) Ku bwawe urabona akamaro k’ibitekerezo by’ingabo kari akahe?
b) Kwiga ibitekerezo by’ingabo bidufitiye akamaro muri iki gihe ndetse n’ikizaza?
II.1. Imihango y’igitero mu Rwanda rwo hambere
Imitegurire n’imihango y’igitero
IGIKORWA
Wifashishije ubumenyi ufite ku muco n’amateka, kora ubushakashatsi maze utahure imihango yakorwaga kugira ngo u Rwanda rutere ikindi gihugu, abagiraga uruhare mu migendekere y’igitero, n’inyungu Igihugu cyakuraga mu gitero.
Umurage ukomeye Abanyarwanda basigiwe n’abasokuruza ni Igihugu. Ibi byatumye u Rwanda rugenda rwagurwa binyuze mu bitero rwagabaga kandi rugomba kubitsinda. Mbere yo gutera habanzaga gukorwa imihango inyuranye harimo inzira y’inkiko yabyaye umugaru hagiye kwagurwa imipaka n’inzira y’urugomo hagiye kugabwa ibitero.
Si iyo mihango yakorwaga gusa kuko habagaho n’igitaramo njyarugamba cyabanzirizaga urugamba umwami yabaga agiye gushoza mu mahanga. Abantu bahuriraga hamwe maze bakarebera hamwe ingamba z’urugamba. Buri wese mu babaga bateraniye aho yagiraga icyo yiyemeza gukora kugira ngo Igihugu kizatsinde urugamba.
1. Umugaba w’ingabo n’umugaba w’igitero
Ingabo z’u Rwanda zari imitwe itegekwa n’abatware aba n’aba. Aha ngaha turebe iki ngiki: abo batware b’izo ngabo, bitwaga abatware mu butegetsi bw’Igihugu bwa kera, ntibigire aho bahuriye n’abatware bategekaga mu Rwanda mu bihe bya kizungu. Umutware kera, mbere y’umwaduko w’abazungu, ntabwo yari ameze nk’umushefu. Abatware rero bitwaga batyo mu butegetsi bw’Igihugu, naho mu butegetsi bw’abarwanyi (igihe ingabo zabo zabaga zihagurukiye igitero) bakitwa abagaba b’ingabo. Igihe k’intambara, umugaba wese w’umutwe uyu n’uyu, ni bwo we yambaraga ikamba ry’ingabo, kikaba ikimenyetso cy’ubutegetsi bw’abarwanyi. Iryo kamba ryari uruhu rw’icyondi batamirizaga mu ruhanga bakarusesurira mu bitugu. Umugaba w’igitero we ntibyari ngombwa ko aba ari umutware uyu n’uyu; yashoboraga no kuba ari umunyacyubahiro uhatswe.
Mbere yo kugaba igitero, ibwami babanzaga kuraguza ngo barebe niba gutera igihugu iki n’iki bizahira u Rwanda. Indagu yaba ibibemereye, bakaraguriza ubwoko buzatorwamo umugaba; ubwoko bufashwe bukaraguriza imiryango yabwo; umuryango ufashwe n’indagu bakaraguriza abo muri bo ngo barebe uzaba umugaba. Ntiyagombaga kuba ari intwari ubwe cyangwa ngo agombe kuba ari umuntu ufite ubuhanga bwo kurwanisha ingabo neza yabaga ari nk’impigi ubwe, izatuma ingabo z’u Rwanda zitsinda kandi ntiyagombaga no kurwanisha ingabo ubwe zarwanishwaga n’abagaba bazo bonyine.
Umugaba yamaraga gutorwa, umwami akamuha ububasha nk’ubwe. Izina rye ry’ubwami rikaba iry’umwami wa kera wigeze gutsinda icyo gihugu bateye. Umugaba yamaraga kwimikwa, umwami akamwambika ikamba ry’ingabo (rwa ruhu rw’icyondi) akamutamiriza ishyira, (umurizo w’urukwavu rwafashwe ari ruzima), akamutamiriza n’intuku (inyoni yo mu ishyamba ry’i Buyenzi itukura, imeze nka gasuku); akamuhereza, agasohoka, akivuga, agahaguruka ubwo, ingoma zikamuherekeza, abatware bose bahurujwe, atuma ku ngabo zabo ngo zihaguruke.
Umugaba ugaba ntiyashoboraga kugira umusozi asibiraho: ariko yararaga indaro ngufi, kugira ngo ahe ingabo z’Igihugu cyose umwanya wo gukorana. Aho yararaga, yazimanirwaga nk’umwami, yagira uwo anyaga bigahama ntaburane. Ubwo yabaga afite abatasi bazi ibyo muri icyo gihugu gitewe, barakigenze bitwaje gutunda, cyangwa barakigiyemo bashukana ngo baragicikiye. Umugaba yajyaga kugera ku nkiko y’u Rwanda, ingabo zikaba zarakoranye, akajya inama n’abagaba bazo, akabaha amayira (guha umugaba kanaka inzira azanyura), kandi buri murari w’ingabo ukaba uhawe n’umutasi uyobora ingabo, uzimenyesha akarere karimo abarwanyi bakaze, cyangwa uzibuza kunyura aha n’aha, kuko hari nk’uruzi rukomeye batashobora kwambuka n’ibindi.
Icyo gihe cyo gutanga amayira, ingabo zitaratabara, umugaba akohereza intumwa yo kubwira ibwami umunsi imirwano izatangira. Iyo ntumwa, babaga ari abantu benshi, kugira ngo nihagira umwe urwara cyangwa unanirwa, abandi bazakomeze urugendo barare indaro bategetswe. Bati: “Muzataha ibunaka, bityobityo, maze ku munsi wa kangahe muzatahe ibwami, mubabwira muti:”Imirwano izatangira ejo mu museke.”
2. Umwami n’umugabekazi mu mihango y’inteko
Kuri wa munsi watanzweho umugambi, ibwami baramukaga batangira imihango y’inteko. Iyo mihango yakorwaga n’umwami, yaba adahari (yagiye muri iyo ntambara, nk’uko byari bimeze mu gitero i Butembo) iyo mihango igakorwa n’umugabekazi. Bwacyaga yicara ku ntebe y’inteko ibaje mu giti cy’umuko), akicara yegamye ku nkingi, ngo hatagira umuvugisha aturutse inyuma akamutera gukebuka. Gukebuka inyuma, byabaga ari ugutera ingabo z’u Rwanda gusubiza inyuma (guhunga); ntiyinyagamburaga (ngo ingabo zidahungabana). Akirirwa ameze atyo bikageza igihe inyenyeri ziza kugaragara mu ijuru, ijoro riguye. Hahozeho itegeko ry’akamenyero rivuga ngo ijoro ribanguza abami n’abandi; ari byo kuvuga ko nta rugamba rushobora kubaho nijoro; ntibibariye mu ngamba z’igitero.”
Icyo gihe, umwiru wo mu Bazinanshuro (bakomoka kuri Kazinanshuro) yabaga yacaniye igicaniro ibwami, ntikizazime igihe cyose k’intambara kigahoraho ijoro n’amanywa. Abagore n’abakobwa bo muri ako karere birirwaga baha impumbya ari byo kuvuga: kwahira ibyatsi babishyiramo ibishangari byo kugumya gucanisha icyo gicaniro. Ubwo bahaga impumbya, bakabyina imbyino yitwa “tubarusha umwami”, amabango yayo akabanza ibihugu byose bikikije u Rwanda, irya nyuma rikaba irya cya gihugu cyatewe.
lcyo gihe, imfizi y’ubwami, yimikishijwe imihango y’ubwiru, ikaba iri iruhande rwa cya gicaniro, n’abantu benshi bayizinga, ngo hatagira isazi iyikoraho, bigatuma iyiyama cyangwa izunguza umurizo; byajyaga gutuma ingabo zihindagana ku rugamba.
Ubwo kandi mu Rwanda rwose abagore n’abakobwa bahaga impumbya, igicaniro cyo kuri buri musozi kikaba mu rugo rw’umunyacyubahiro uwutuyeho, yaba umutware, yaba se undi udatwara ariko w’umutunzi. Kandi igihe k’intambara, byari umuziro gucyuza ubukwe, kuburana no kugira icyo umuntu agaragaza cy’urwango. Ababaga bafitanye inzangano barabirekaga, bakagenzanya neza, bakarindira ko igitero kizatabaruka.
Iyo mihango yagirirwaga igitero; habagaho n’agatero shuma. Ni ukuvuga igitero kigabwe n’umutware uyu n’uyu wo ku nkiko, kitaragurijwe n’ibwami. Agatero shuma kamaraga umunsi umwe mu mahanga. Niba agatero shuma kaneshejwe, si u Rwanda rwabaga runeshejwe; niba kanesheje, si u Rwanda rwabaga runesheje. Igihe katabarukaga, ingabo ziyerekeraga uwazigabye, ntizigombe kujya ibwami. Na Rwabugiri ubwe yateje udutero shuma kenshi, ntitubarirwe mu bitero by’u Rwanda.
Umwami ntiyashoboraga kuba umugaba w’igitero, cyangwa uw’ingabo ze bwite, kabone n’iyo yabaga yajyanye na zo. lze bwite zabaga zigabwe n’umutware w’urugo rw’umwami, nk’uko igihe k’Ingangurarugo zabaga zigabwe na Nyantaba ya Nyarwaya cyangwa Bisangwa bya Rugombituri, uko basimburanye kuri uwo murimo. lcyahindukaga gusa, ni uko igihe umwami yabaga ahari, umugaba w’igitero yarekaga kuvugirwa n’ingoma, igihe cyose babaga bari ku musozi umwe bombi.
1. Ibitsimbanyi n’abanyamihango b’ibwami
lmitwe y’ingabo yakomatanyaga abaturagihugu bose, ubariyemo na rubanda rwo ku musozi, ndetse n’abantu babaga mu ishyamba. Igihe rero igitero cyahuruzwaga, umugaba yahuruzaga n’imiryango y’abaturage basanzwe, maze umutware w’umuryango agategeka umwe wo muri bene wabo utahiwe n’itabaro akagenda akajya gucungura abavandimwe be basangiye na we isambu batuyemo. Igihe cyose igitero cyabaga kikiri mu Rwanda. Noneho abo baturage akaba ari bo bajya gusahura ibitunga ingabo. Buri mutwe wabaga ufite ibitsimbanyi byawo. Igihe bajya gusahura no kwaya (kurandura ibikiri mu murima), ibitsimbanyi byagendaga bihagarikiwe n’abarasanyi, kugira ngo bitaza guhura n’ababisha bakabirwanya, kandi byo bitagenewe kurwana. Ibitsimbanyi ni byo rero byatungaga ingabo mu mahanga.
Uretse ibyo bitsimbanyi kandi, igitero cyajyanaga n’abanyamihango b’ibwami bahetse mu ngobyi intwaro z’amoko yose: imiheto, amacumu, imitana, inkota. Abo bagendaga bari kumwe n’umugaba w’igitero. Igihe umugaba kanaka yabaga akeneye intwaro, yazaga ku mugaba kugabuza ibyo ingabo ze zidafite. Muri iyo mitana bahekaga, harimo uwitwa Nyakiyabo wa Kigeri III Ndabarasa, wahunikwagamo imyambi amagana. Abandi kandi, ari abo b’ibwami b’abanyamihango, ari n’ibitsimbanyi, babaga bikoreye imboho z’amasaka, amakoma n’amamera, abandi bikoreye amafu, abandi bikoreye insyo, abandi bikoreye imiganda n’imihotora. Ibi ngibi byabaga ari ibyo kurema ingando ari ryo cumbi ry’ingabo, iyo babaga bageze ahantu zigiye kugandika, ako kanya bagashinga imiganda, bakubaka amazu mu gihe kigufiya, bakayasakara. Abasya bagasya, abasanganywe amafu bagashigisha ibikoma cyangwa imisururu. Ingando yaba izahatinda bagasabika, bagasembura, bagahisha amarwa. Bajya guhaguruka bakaremura ibyo bubakishije, bakabihambira bakabijyana.
Ku ngoma ya Kigeri IV Rwabugiri, igihe umwami yabaga ajyanye n’igitero, byari byarategetswe ukundi. Yari yarategetse ko umutware wese uzajya atabarana na we azajyana n’umugore n’abana, kugira ngo he kuzagira utekereza ibyo guhunga. Ati: “Nuhunga ugatererana umugore n’abana, uzahunga ujya hehe, ukwirwe hehe?” Na we rero ni ko yabigiraga. Na none ntiyajyanaga abato, badashobokanye na bene izo ngendo.
4. Abakoni n’iminyago
Ibitero byagabwaga bijya kunyaga ngo bigwize inka mu Rwanda kabone n’iyo byabaga bigeretsweho kugarura ibihugu. Twabanje kureba iby’abarasanyi, tumenye rero ko umugaba w’umutwe yagenaga bamwe muri izo ngabo ze, bagenewe kunyaga, bakaba ikiciro cya kabiri, kitwa abakoni; bakitwaza umuheto n’inkoni yo kuyobora inka banyaze.
Iminyago ntiyabaga iy’uwafashe izo nka, cyangwa ngo ibe iy’umutwe uyu n’uyu uzinyaze, iminyago yose yari iy’umwami. Yabaye umuntu wese yarinyagiraga, byajyaga gutuma abarwanyi batatanywa n’inyungu y’ikiryango, maze ingabo zikabura epfo na ruguru. Noneho rero, bamwe bagenerwaga kunyaga ibitari ibyabo bwite, abandi bakagenerwa kurasana, bose bazi neza ko nibarangiza umurimo bagenewe ari bwo bazahabwa ingororano z’iyo minyago. Iminyago yose y’igitero yitwaga umuheto (umuheto w’igitero k’ibunaka). Iminyago yamaraga gufatwa, bakayimurikira umugaba w’umutware ikabarwa, ntihagire uwiba ngo uwo mubare upfe. Umugaba w’umutwe na we atabarutse, imirasano irangiye yamurikiraga iyo minyago umugaba w’igitero. Nubwo umubare wagombaga kugumaho, mu itabaruka bageze mu Rwanda, bashoboraga kugenda bazigurana, niba ufite inka y’ingumba cyangwa ikimasa, ukabigurana inziza zo mu minyago, umubare ntupfe.
5. Imirwanishirize y’abagaba
Igihe ingabo zatabaraga ngo zige kurwana, umugaba w’igitero yasigaraga mu nteko: ha handi yabaga aganditse. Hasigaraga imitwe iringaniye yo kwitega ko inteko y’umugaba yaterwa. Umugaba w’igitero na we bwacyaga yicaye kuri bene ya ntebe ibajwe mu giti cy’umuko agakikira igisabo cyabaga kirimo ya mana yerejwe icyo gitero. Na we yagenzaga nk’iby’ibwami: kutanyeganyega, kutareba iruhande; kubigira bibwiraga ko byajyaga gutuma ingabo zihungabana, cyangwa zihunga. Naho icyo gihe abagaba b’imitwe, urugamba
rwajyaga gutangira bakarema inteko na bo: bakicara ku ntebe ibajwe mu muko, bakarwanisha. Boherezaga ku rugamba itorero rimwe, andi agasigara mu nteko, akikije umugaba. Umurasano wamara igihe kiringaniye, umugaba agahagurutsa itorero rindi, rikajya ku rugamba gukura abarubanjeho, kugira ngo bagaruke mu nteko baruhuke. Inteko y’urugamba yaremerwaga ahantu hiherereye, bakareba impande zose ngo ababisha bataza guca ruhinga nyuma bakagota ingabo zitabizi.
Igihe tubwirwa ngo itorero iri n’iri rishotse urugamba, hariho bamwe bakibwira ko ryabaga riremwe gusa n’abantu bajyanye mu itorero, ngo niwumva ijuru bo mu mutwe wa Nyaruguru, ubone ko ari abantu nka mirongo inani cyangwa ijana b’igikogote. Mu by’ukuri babaga barutaho ubwinshi, kuko buri murwanyi ukomeye yabaga ari kumwe n’abagaragu be babiri cyangwa batanu, b’intwari bamuherekeje.Beneabobagaragubabagaariintwarizizwibajyanagakurugamba na ba shebuja kandi n’umugaba w’umutwe yabaga abazi, kuko babagamo abantu b’imbere. Abo ngabo ni bo bahekaga abapfuye n’abakomeretse, abo ari bo bose, ari muri bo, ari no muri ba shebuja. Intumbi bazijyaniraga kugira ngo bazihambe ahantu hiherereye, zidashahurwa n’ababisha.
Umuntu yagwaga ku rugamba bakarwana ku ntumbi ye birengeje uko barwanaga ku buzima, kuko byabaga ari agaterasoni gushahuranwa uwo mwatabaranye. Uwamaraga kwica umubisha, yaramushahuraga, ngo yerekane ikimenyetso cy’uko yishe koko; yaba atashoboye gushahura, akaba afite abagabo babihamya. Icyo gihe uwo yahabwaga uruhushya rwo guheta ikigembe k’icumu rye, agahabwa irindi ryo kurwanisha. Niba uwo yishe yaguye mu itsimbiro (aho ngaho ku rugamba), ni byo byabarirwaga kuzahabwa impeta. Igihe abarasanyi babaga basakiranye n’ababisha, habaga ubwo Abanyarwanda basanga abo babisha bakomeye, cyangwa bazanye impirita. Ubwo Abanyarwanda bararaganaga, bakirukira icyarimwe: ni byo gukubitwa inshuro. lcyo gihe ababisha bibwiraga ko babanesheje, bakabahomerera; muri iryo homerera, abarusha abandi imbaraga bakagenda babasiga inyuma. Ubwo umwe mu Banyarwanda akavuga ikivugo akigaranzura akarangamira ababahomereye: ni byo bitaga kugaruka. Bagenzi be bumva avuze ikivugo bakigaranzura nka we. Ab’inkwakuzi bari babahomereye bakayabazwa: abapfa bagapfa, abakomereka bagakomereka. Ababo b’imbaraga nke bajya kuhagera bagasanga ab’inkwakuzi babo batakiri abarwanyi. Kenshi ndetse baremaga igico abarwanyi bamwe bagiraga aho bikinga bagasigara inyuma, abashotse urugamba bagahunga ari yo bagana; bamara kurenga cya gico bakabona guhagarara. Abari babahomereye bakamarwa na cya gico batari babonye mbere.
Kugarukirwa byari ukubiri: uwavuze ikivugo wa m\b\ere, abandi bagahindukira nka we, yashoboraga kuvuga mu birindiro bye ati: “Zarangarukiye ikanaka.” Haba se n’igihe Abanyarwanda baneshwaga, bitari ugukubitwa inshuro bisanzwe: uwaguye impumu akananirwa kwiruka, akaba rero agiye gufatirwa n’ababisha, abihaze bakamurwanaho bakazavuga mu birindiro byabo, ngo “nagarukiye kanaka cyangwa nimanye kanaka."
6. Abavuzi b’amacumu
Abavuzi b’amacumu ni bo shingiro ry’igitekerezo. Igihe imirwano yabaga irangiye, ingabo zose zitabarukaga zisanga umugaba w’igitero mu nteko ye. Ubwo akarekeraho ya mihango y’inteko. Akohereza intumwa ibwami kuvuga gusa iti: “Imirwano yararangiye, twaratsinze!” Iyo ntumwa yitwaga uwo kwahura imfizi. Nta rindi jambo yashobraga kuvuga ryerekeye iby’intambara. Umurimo we wari uwo gutuma ibwami barangiza ya mihango y’inteko: ya mfizi yari ku gicaniro ibwami ikahuka; igasubira aho yari isanzwe iragirirwa.
Naho mu nteko y’umugaba w’igitero, bagatoranya umuntu muri buri mutwe. Uwo muntu akaba azi kuvuga neza, atari umusinzi, kandi yarishe umubisha nibura umwe muri icyo gitero. Uwo muntu agashyirwa mu ruhame rw’abagaba, bakamubaza imitabarire y’umutwe we. Agahera kuva batanze umugaba, akarondora ibyo yibuka byose, bakamwibutsa ibindi agakurikizaho imirwanire y’uwo mutwe, kugeza igihe batabarukiye. Buri mutwe bikamera bityo. Abo bantu bakabyitoza, bakavugira kenshi imbere y’abagaba, kugeza igihe bose babona ko babitoye neza. Noneho rero bakabohereza ibwami ngo bage kubitekerereza umwami batyo.
Abo bantu bakitwa abavuzi b’amacumu. Bagahabwa abanyacyubahiro babaherekeje, ngo bagende babarinda kunywa inzoga. Ku nzira bakagenda babaha amata, ngo batagira inyota y’inzoga, kandi bakagendera hamwe babarinze ubutabakuraho ijisho. Aho bazagerera ibwami bakavunyisha (kuvunyisha ni ugusaba icyanzu, kubonana n’umutegetsi): bakakiranwa ibirori by’abakwe, n’abatware bahari bakabitumirwamo. Buri muntu agahaguruka akavuga ibyivugo bye, yabihetura akarondora rya somo yatoye. Bosebagahetura. Muri iryo somo ryabo bakavuga abishwe, abakomeretse, abishe, ariko bikaba umuziro kuvuga abahunze, abagize ubwoba.
Abatekereza rero b’ibwami, bafite uwo mwuga w’ibitekerezo, bakakira ayo masomo, bagashimikira kuyitoza, bakayahimbura ngo bayashyiremo uturingushyo two kuyaryoshya: bakarema igitekerezo batyo. Ni abatekereza rero bahangaga ibitekerezo, ariko ishingiro benderagaho ryari ibyavuzwe n’abavuzi b’amacumu muri raporo y’igitero babaga barazaniye umwami. Ingabo zatabarukaga zikurikiye abavuzi b’amacumu. Zamara kugera hafi y’ibwami zikagandika. lcyo gihe, abazirimo bashatse bashoboraga kujya ibwami, ariko ntibageyo nk’abavuye mu ngando: bakigirayo, bagahakwa, bakavuga ibindi, ariko ntihagire ijambo ryerekeye ingabo bahingutsa. Hagize urenga iryo tegeko, imyiyereko yabaga ipfuye, ingabo zigasezererwa zidakoze ibirori, uwo biturutseho akavugwa ko yishe amacumu y’ingabo. Byaririndwaga rero, uruhushya rwo kugenda wiyoberanyije utyo rugahabwa bake cyane biringiwe.
IMYITOZO
1. Sobanura amagambo cyangwa itsinda ry’amagambo bikurikira:
a) Agatero shuma
b) Ingando
c) uwo kwahura imfizi
d) Gukubitwa inshuro
e) Abavuzi b’amacumu f) Guhomerera
2. Mu gitero cyo hambere, vuga inshingano z’aba bakurikira:
a) Umugaba w’igitero:
b) Umugaba w’ingabo
c) Ibitsimbanyi
d) Abanyamihango
e) Abakoni
3. Ni uwuhe mumaro w’abagore mu gitero?
4. Iminyago yari iya nde?
5. Kuki buri wese atatwaraga icyo yanyaze?
IGIKORWAWifashishije ubumenyi ufite ku muco n’amateka, kora ubushakashatsi
maze ugaragaze impeta z’ubutwari zo mu Rwanda rwo hambere
Mu muco nyarwanda birasanzwe ko uwakoze neza abishimirwa. Ni nako byagendaga iyo urugamba rwarangiraga. Kuva ku ngoma ya Ruganzu Ndoli kugeza ku ya Kigeli Rwabugiri hagiye hatangwa amashimwe cyangwa ingororano ku wagaragaje ubudashyikirwa ku rugamba. Impeta zari zifite amazina yazo bwite; ariko ntizari zifite ijambo rusange nk’uko ubu tuvuga impeta. Iri jambo nanone ryabagaho mu Kinyarwanda cya kera, ariko ubwo ngubwo rikavuga na none ingororano z’uwahese icumu (umuntu w’intwari wabaga wishe umunyamahanga mu gitero, umugaba we yamuhaga uruhushya rwo guheta ikigembe k’icumu rye, kugira ngo mu myiyereko batabarutse bizamubere ikimenyetso cy’uko yishe). Impeta za kera zari eshatu: umudende, impotore no gucana uruti.
a) Umudende
Umudende wahabwaga umuntu wishe abanyamahanga barindwi mu bitero kandi yarabagushije mu itsimbiro. Kugusha mu itsimbiro bivuga ko babaga baraguye mu irasaniro aho ngaho, atabakomerekeje gusa ngo bage kugwa ahandi. Si ngombwa ko babaga barishwe mu gitero kimwe: yashoboraga kuba yarabakurikiranyije, mu myaka myinshi wenda.
Umudende watangwaga n’umwami. Wari ukozwe utya: wari icyuma kimeze nk’umuringa munini, cyangwa nk’inkingi y’umutaka, bakagiheta ngo gishobore kwambarwa mu ijosi; icyo cyuma kitwaga uruti rw’umudende. Kuri urwo ruti rw’umudende batungagaho amashinjo. Ishinjo ryari icyuma gicuzwe nk’umuhunda ariko ucuritse kugira ngo isonga ryawo barihete ku buryo butuma rigira inda izatungwamo uruti rw’umudende. Kandi mu ishinjo bashyiragamo umurebe nk’uwo mu nzogera. Uwabaga yishe abanyamahanga barindwi ntiyahawaga umudende gusa. Yagabirwaga n’inka nyinshi z’ingororano.
a) Impotore
Impeta ya kabiri ni impotore ikaba yarambikwaga ku kuboko umuntu w’intwari wishe abanyamahanga cumi na bane baguye mu itsimbiro mu bitero bigabwe n’ibwami. Impotore yo nta mihango yagiraga kandi uyihawe yabaga avuye ku mudende ntiyabaga agishoboye kuwambara. Izo mpeta zombi zambarwaga mu birori no mu bitaramo byazagamo imihigo.
b) Gucana uruti
Gucana uruti byari ibirori byagirirwaga intwari yishe umubisha wo mu mahanga wa makumyari n’umwe uguye mu itsimbiro. Ntibyagiraga ikimenyetso cyambarwa, yari imihango y’ibirori by’iminsi itatu cyangwa ine. Intwari yajyaga gukorerwa ibyo birori igakoranya abo bafitanye isano bose n’abagaragu bose ndetse n’inka zabo zose hamwe n’ize. Bakoraniraga hejuru y’umusozi muremure wo mu karere iyo ntwari ituyemo. Umuntu wese waburaga mu birori ntiyongeraga kuzabonana n’iyo ntwari ukundi, bagombaga kuzajya batumanaho gusa ntibazahure ngo umwe arabukwe undi. Ni kimwe n’inka ze cyangwa iz’abagaragu be. Mu baraye kuri uwo musozi ntawasinziraga iryo joro kugeza mu gitondo (kimwe n’inka n’abana bato). Bacanaga umuriro bakazana umwungu w’ibamba bakawotsa ya ntwari ikajya yenyegeza uruti rw’icumu ryayo mu muriro ngo rukongoke maze bakamushunisha kuri wa mwungu, akenyegeza uruti mu ziko, ati: “nishe kanaka”. Iryo joro ryose bigakomeza bityo maze babona umuseke ukitse akarunduriramo agasigazwa k’uruti n’umuhunda, akavuga izina ry’uwo yishe bwa nyuma. Ubwo impundu zikavuga, ingoma zigasuka bakajya gukomereza ibirori mu rugo rwa ya ntwari.
Igihe intwari ivuga abo yishe yashyiragamo n’abo yaba yariciye mu Rwanda batabarirwa muri ba 21 b’ibitero. Kuva ubwo, ntiyasubiraga ku rugamba ukundi.
Yabaga intwari yogezwa mu Rwanda byonyine. Icyakora uwabaga yahawe ingororano zo gucana uruti yari afite amabwiriza akomeye agomba kubahiriza, kuko iyo yagororerwaga bene kariya kageni, ntabwo yongeraga guhura n’umwami yacaniyeho uruti ngo barebane amaso ku maso kugeza atanze, kuko nta bihanga bibiri bitekwa mu nkono imwe, nta bihangange bibiri mu gihugu kimwe. N’imisozi yahabwaga gutwara akenshi yabaga iri kure y’ibwami nko ku mbibi z’u Rwanda n’ibindi bihugu.
Kubera izo ngororano zose, zaba izahawe impotore, uwahawe umudende, uwacanye uruti, uwahawe inka y’umuheto n’uwahawe inka y’imirindi zatumaga uwagize ubutwari abiratira abandi mu kivugo cyabimburiga kandi kikanasoza ikintu cyose avuze. Ibyo byatumaga Umunyarwanda wese aharanira kuba intwari bityo agashira ubwoba ku rugamba.
Usibye no kubaha impeta z’ubutwari, Ingabo zose zatsinze urugamba, zagabanaga iminyago, ugasanga urugo rufite Ingabo y’igihugu, ari rwo rukomeye. Byatumye u Rwanda rubona abana benshi bagana mu itorero kugira ngo bigiremo ibyo kuba Intwari n’imyitozo njyarugamba. Nuko abitabira kuba Ingabo z’Igihugu baba benshi u Rwanda rugira imitwe y’Ingabo myinshi, ku buryo byakangaranyije amahanga aruzengurutse.
IMYITOZO
Hitamo igisubizo cy’ukuri
1. Impeta yarutaga izindi ni:
a) Impotore
b) Umudende
c) Gucana uruti
d) Zose zaranganaga
2. Gucana uruti byakorerwaga
a) Intwari yishe umubisha wo mu gihugu cyayo wa makumyabiri n’umwe.
b) Intwari yishe abantu benshi kurusha izindi.
c) Intwari yishe umubisha wo mumahanga wa makumyabiri n’umwe.
d) Intwari yishe abanyamahanga barindwi.
3. Ikivugo k’intwari yo hambere cyarangwaga:
a) N’ibigwi, ibirindiro n’ibindi bikorwa by’ubutwari.
b) No kwivuga ibyo itakoze kugira ngo ishimwe.
c) No gusingiza inyamaswa n’akamaro kazo.
d) No kuratira abandi akamaro k’umwami n’abatware.
4. Subiza yego cyangwa oya
a) Umudende wajishwaga mu nzu umugore n’umugabo bararagamo.
b) Kugusha mu itsimbiro bivuga kugusha mu irasaniro.
c) Intwari icana uruti yavugaga abantu yiciye mu Rwanda gusa.
d) Uwaburaga umwanya wo kuza mu birori by’uwacanye uruti, yaramusuraga bakaganira.
e) Umwungu w’ibamba wabaga uryohereye.
5. Simbuza ijambo ritsindagiye irindi bivuga kimwe riri mu mwandiko.
a) Kutubahiriza imihango y’umudende byari gutuma uwambaye apfa imburagihe.
b) Mu ijoro ryo gucana uruti ntawagohekaga.
c) Umudende wahoraga umanitse ku nkingi mu nzu.
d) Kugwa mu irasaniro cyabaga ari ikimenyetso cyo gutsindwa.
Uwaba yarahize abandi ku rugamba bamuhaga igihembo k’ishimwe.
II.5. Umwandiko: InkatazakurekeraInkatazakurekera ya Rugombangogo
Ndi intwari yabyirukiye gutsinda,
Nsiganirwa nshaka kurwana
Ubwo duteye Abahunde,
Nikoranye umuheto wange
Nywuhimbajemo intanage
Intambara nyirema
Igihugu cy’umuhinza nakivogereye.
Umukinzi ampingutse imbere n’isuri,
Umurego wera nywuforana ishema
Nywushinzemo ukuboko ntiwananira,
Nongeye kurega inkokora
Nkanga umurindi hasi, ndarekera
Inkuba zesereza hejuru y’icondo,
Ikibatsi kiyica hejuru mu rubega
Intoki zifashe igifunga zirashya
Imisakura imucamo inkora,
Inkongi iravuga mu gihengeri.
Mu gihumbi ke inkurazo zihacana inkekwe
Inkuku yari afite ihinduka umuyonga!
Agera hasi yakongotse
Umubiri we uhinduka amakara,
N’aho aguye arakobana
Nk’ukubiswe n’iyo hejuru.
Ababo batinya kumukora,
Bati : “Ubwo yanyagiwe n’Inkotanyi cyane,
Nimumureke mwe kumukurura
Ibisiga bimukembere aho”
Na byo bimurara inkera,
Bimaze gusinda inkaba,
Byirirwa bisingiza uwantanagiye
Imbungiramihigo sinahagararwa hagati nk’abatagira ishyaka,
Ishyamba ry’umwimirizi ndiremamo inkora.
2.1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Soma umwandiko “Inkatazakurekera”, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko wifashije inkoranyamagambo.
IMYITOZO
1. Koresha mu nteruro buri jambo muri aya akurikira ukurikije
inyito afite mu mwandiko:a) Kurekera
b) Rugombangoga
c) Kuvogera
d) Umurego wera
e) Kwikorana umuheto
2. Uzuza izi nteruro wifashishjije amagambo yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko.
a) Iyo umuntu ageze mu ruzi rwagati bavuga ko............. uruzi.
b) Umuntu utabara abandi akabakura mu kaga gakomeye bamwita.........
c) Kera ingabo ku rugamba zabaga zifite …….zikoze mu..... kugira
ngo zirinde imyambi y’ababisha.
d) Iyo umuntu acanye umuriro mwinshi kandi uteye ubwoba,
bavuga ko uwo muriro wabaye…….
3. Simbuza amagambo yanditse atsindagiye ayo bihuje inyito yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko.
a) Umuheto wange nywuforana imbaraga maze ababisha bahunga ubutareba inyuma.
b) Kera inzu za kinyarwanda zajyaga zishya maze ugasanga zose zahindutse ivu.
c) Abantu bafite ikibazo ko ibiguruka byo mu gasozi bibamarira imishwi y’inkoko.
Umukecu wange ababara mu bitugu.2.1.1. Gusoma no kumva
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko “Inkatazakurekera” hanyuma usubize ibibazo bikurikira.
1. Ni nde uvugwa muri uyu mwandiko?
2. Ni ikihe gikorwa nyamukuru kimugaragaraho? Sobanura wifashishije urugero ukuye mu mwandiko.
3. Umuhanzi ari kwigamba ibigwi bye byo mu kihe gitero?
4. Kubera iki ibisiga byishimiye uwamutanagiye?
5. Erekana umurongo ugaragaza ko uvuga mu mwandiko atagira ubwoba.
2.1.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
IGIKORWA
1. Mu magambo yawe bwite, sobanura igitekerezo nyamukuru kiri mu mwandiko.
2. Uwivuga aragira ati: “Umukinzi ampingutse imbere n’isuri, umurego wera nywuforana ishema ….” Sobanura uyu mukarago mu magambo make.
3. Uwavuga ko muri uyu mwandiko harimo amakabyankuru ntiyaba abeshye. Tanga nibura ingero ebyiri zibigaragaza.
II.6. Ibyivugo
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko “Inkatazakurekera”, witegereze imiterere yawo. Kora ubushakashatsi ugaragaze inshoza n’amoko by’ibyivugo by’ingabo.
2.2.1 Inshoza y’ibyivugo by’ingabo
Ibyivugo ni ubuvanganzo nyarwanda bwahimbirwaga kurata ubutwari bw’ingabo. Nyiri ukwivuga yashakaga kugaragaza ubutwari yagize ku rugambacyangwa umugambi yiyumvamo wo kuzaba intwari mu bihe bizaza, akihimbira ikivugo cyangwa agashaka ukimuhimbira, akagitora kikagaragaramo ubutwari bwe. Ibyo bishaka kuvuga ko abagabo bose batari abahanga mu guhimba ibyivugo. Hariho intiti kabuhariwe zahimbiraga n’abandi ibyivugo. Mu Rwanda rwo hambere, umugabo nyamugabo, yarangwaga no kugira ikivugo ke.
Ibyivugo birangwa n’uko uwivuga yirata ubutwari yagize ku rugamba kandi agasingiza n’intwaro ze. Mu byivugo, uwabaga yarambitswe impeta z’ubutwari na we yarabyirataga mu gihe yivuga. Ibyivugo birangwa n’ibigwi n’ibirindiro
Ibigwi: Ni umubare cyangwa se amazina y’abanzi nyiri ukwivuga yatsinze ku rugamba ndetse n’aho yabatsinze. Ubusanzwe ikigwi ni aho umuntu yiciye umwanzi.
Ibirindiro: Ni ibikorwa by’akataraboneka uwivuga yagaragarije ku rugamba nko kwimana no kugarukira ingabo bagenzi be (kuzirengera) gutahana iminyago, kwibasira abanzi…
Uwivuga ashobora kubanza kuvuga izina rye agakurikizaho irya se hagati y’umukarago wa mbere n’uwa gatatu. Ayo mazina ashobora kuba nyayo ariko akenshi aba ari ibisingizo bya nyiri ikivugo cyangwa igisingizo ke gikurikiwe n’icya se. Mu kivugo hagati umuntu ashobora kugenda arobekamo ibindi:Izina risingiza(igisingizo)
Ngenera (ya, wa, rwa, wa…)
Icyuzuzo (izina rya so cyangwa ry’ikitiriro) Ndi (inshinga)
Ruhamwa (icyo ufitiye ubuhanga)
Ibikorwa wagize
2.5.2. Ubwoko bw’ibyivugo by’ingabo
Ibyivugo by’ingabo birimo amoko abiri: Ibyivugo by’iningwa n’ibyivugo by’imyato.
a) Ibyivugo by’iningwa
Ibyivugo by’iningwa ni ibyivugo bigufi bishyirwa mu mikarago akenshi itarenze icumi iba ibumbiye mu ibango rimwe kandi biba bivuga ku ngingo imwe. Ibyivugo by’iningwa ni ibya kera cyane kuko byamamaye ku ngoma ya Ruganzu Ndoli.
Ingero z’ibyivugo by’iningwa: Rutajabukwa n’imitima
Rutajabukwa n’imitima,
Ingamba zimisha imituku, rwa Nyirimbirima; Ndi intwari Inkotanyi yamenye.
Yanshinze urugamba rukora amaraso, Ati: “Rwampingane!”
Nti: “Ndi Rukaragandekwe, Nangana n’ababisha
Iyo duhuye ndarakara.”
(Kampayana ka Nyantaba Itorero: Ibisumizi Umutwe: Ingangurarugo.)
Inshyikanya ku mubiri ya rugema ahica
Inshyikanya ku mubiri ya Rugema ahica,
Icumu ryera ikigembe nariteye umuhima kuri gakirage,
Akirangamiye ubwiza ndarimugabiza riramugusha nk’ubukombe bw’ intare; Mbonye uko rimubaga ndamushinyagurira,
Nti: « Aho si wowe wenyine n’uw’i Bunyabungo ni uko namugize. »
b) Ibyivugo by’imyato
Imyato ni aho wagiye ugirira akamaro. Ni ibyivugo biciyemo ibice ku buryo bugaragara. Ubu bwoko ni bwo bwiganje kuva ku ngoma ya Yuhi Gahindiro kugeza kuri Kigeli Rwabugiri.
Mu gihe k’ibitaramo by’imihigo, ibyivugo by’imyato cyanecyane bisozwa n’umusibo (agace ko gusoza kareshya n’iningwa, kakavugwa nyiri ukwivuga ari bugufi y’ikibindi kirimo inzoga y’abahizi). Ibyivugo by’imyato birangwa no kuba ari: birebire gusumba ibindi byose, bigiye bigabanyijemo amabango bita “imyato”, bigaragaramo ibigwi n’ibirindiro, bivuga ku ngingo nyinshi kandi bigaragaramo uturango nyabusizi n’imvugo ikoresha amagambo yihariye mu byivugo (ihitamo ry’amagambo akoreshwa ku rugamba).
Uwivuga yitakuma afite icumu, asukiranya amagambo vubavuba. Biba byiza iyo afite n’ingabo mu ntoki maze akivuga asa n’uwizibukira imyambi cyangwa amacumu y’umwanzi.
Uwadukanye guhimba ibyivugo by’imyato ni Muvubyi wa Mutemura, wo mu mutwe w’Abakemba mu rugerero rw’i Munyaga rwari rukumiriye inkiko y’i Gisaka. Iyo witegereje neza usanga hari inzira ebyiri Muvubyi yaba yarahereyeho yadukana iyo mihimbire:
Ingabo z’i Gisaka barasanaga zitwaga Abatishumba zari zifite ibyivugo byabo birebire byasumbaga iby’Abanyarwanda.
Mu Rwanda hari amazina y’inka yahanzemo imivugo; Muvubyi rero ashobora kuba yaribukijwe n’uburebure bw’ibyo byivugo by’Abanyagisaka, agashaka kubigana ngo ahimbe ibirebire, ndetse akabatebya yiganiramo n’amazina y’inka.
Nyuma ye, uwabanje kumukurikiza agahimba na we iby’imyato yabaye Rwabigugu rwa Kanyaruguru wo mu itorero Uburunga II ryo mu mutwe w’Abakemba. Ibyivugo by’imyato ntibyahimbwaga n’ubonetse wese, byari umurimo w’abahimbyi b’intiti. Barihimbiraga ubwabo, bagahimbira n’abandi babisabye cyangwa bakabihimbira kubitura umwami n’abatware babo.
Ikitonderwa
Ibyivugo bya kera byibandaga cyane ku rugamba. Aho insanganyamatsiko y’urugamba imariye gutakaza igihe cyayo, havutse kandi n’ibyo twita amayingabyivugo (ibyivugo ku nzara, ku nyamaswa, kuri ruswa, ku mbeba,…) nyuma y’ibyo, Abanyarwanda batangiye guhanga ibihangano bijya kugirana isano n’ibyivugo ariko atari byo icyakora ibyivugo by’ubu, hari ingingo zitandukanye bishingiraho nk’uburezi, siporo, ibikorwa byo kwicungira umutekano no kuwucungira abandi, ikoranabuhanga, iterambere n’ibindi.
Urugero rw’ikivugo cyo muri iki gihe:
Mugabo ukunda abandi
Mugabo ukunda abandi wa Rudacogora Ndi umusore uhorana ishema N’ubushake bwo kuba ingenzi.
Nahuye n’umushonji murusha impamba Arampagarika, arantabaza,Ati: “Wa mwana we ko nkureba Nkabona usa n’uwarezwe neza Ugaragaraho n’imico myiza Utakwirengagiza ubabaye, Ntabwo wareba icyo umarira? Ko ubona ibyange bimeze nabi, Nkaba nta ntege zo kugenda Kubera intindi y’inzara nshonje Kandi iwacu ari kure cyane!» Mugirira impuhwe muha ku byange, Abona guhembuka aragenda Musezeraho ndikomereza.
Cyahimbwe na Rusakara, (UNICEF, Dukunde amahoro, 1996)
IMYITOZO
1. Ibyivugo by’iningwa n’ibyivugo by’imyato bihuriye ku ki? Bitandukaniye he?
2. Tandukanya ibyivugo byo hambere n’ibyo muri iki gihe.
3. Hanga ikivugo wirata ibyiza wakoze cyangwa ibikorwa wagezeho, maze ukivuge imbere ya bagenzi bawe ugaragaza isesekaza. Ikivugo cyawe ntikirenze imikarago makumyabiri.
II.5. Umwandiko: Inka ya Rumonyi
Impamagazo
1. Rutagwabiziminega, Inkuba zesa mu Bihogo, Rwa mugabo nyirigira, Imbizi isanganizwa ingoma,
5. N’Umugabe w’i Ruyumba, Ikisesura imbibi,
Ikaba mu mariza y’Impeta, Igasa n’Inyamibwa rwema
Ikitwa nyirazo rwose,
10. Akaba ari yo itegeka Ingeri, Impinga zambariramo
Nta nyamusozi ihagera, Ziba ziteretse inyamibwa Bakubuye imanzi
15. Abahoranye amarere, Yo kurata Izamuje,
Za bene Rukaka, Basanze zigaramye, Baziguruka amahembe
20. Yabageza i Nyarubuye. Na bo barorera guhora, Naho batahije inkuku; Inyambo baragiraga,
Ni bwo bazitanze,
25. Bagira ngo inkuba nyirazo Ikunde ireke bature.
Si ay’ibiganiro,
Za nkuba z’i Murambi, Ngaha zirahagurutse,
30. Ndumva umurishyo usuma. Izitwa Ingeri z’i Mwima, Umwami arazihamagaje, Zirajya kwambara inkoba; Ndebe amashyo y’i Rukara
35. Ko abona inzira akiriramo Ingoro y’Umwogabyano.
Impakanizi
1. Ikina n’ingoma y’Indamutsa N’umurishyo uhumuriza, N’umutagara w’ibihubi
N’Amariza y’i Ntora,
5. N’imbaga y’abarorerezi; N’abaririmba impanzi, N’abazereka Intamati, N’imana zicyuye, N’igiterane cyazo,
10. Na Rucyahabigarama, N’imfizi y’icyusa, N’icyubahiro igira, N’ingabo zidahomboka. Zikavogera imbizi
15. Zikanyura ku mwimirizi; Icyamamare k’inyambo, Bakayumva mu cyoko,
Cyareretsemo inyamibwa, Zigahimbaza isibo,
20. Zigituruka mu byambu; Zigashingana Kigese, Bagasanganira Ingeri, Zikabyukurutsa Ingabe,
I Nyamagana ya Mutakara,
25. Zigashingira Indamutsa, Imyato zayigiriye.
Ziba zaje mu birori,
I Nduga baziha impundu Aho ni mu igisha ryazo;
30. Zigataha i Bwishaza, Ntayirasohorerwa inda, Zikabigerana ku kirwa, Zisa na Kigeli nyirazo; Zigahindukirana ishya,
35. Ziruta andi mashyo yose. Bagatumira nyirigira,
Ngo age guhangura Imbizi. Yazigera mu ruhanga, Urw’intwari rukarema;
40. Bakazambika inkindi, Ntihagira isaguka. Zigataha ishakaka
Ayo makombe ntayashishwe; Zigashengera zose,
45. Nta yo bashize amarora; Zikamurikanwa n’ingoma, Mu ngo z’i Rubengera;
Ni iz’iruguru zose, Zikuze urugero rumwe;
50. Mbonye urugori rugoga, Zibamo Rugombangogo, Reka aratire Ibihogo, Atahije Izamamaje, Ingoro y’Umwogabyano!
Imuvugo I
1. Ndirikirwa undebe unyurwe, Utinye kuvuga iz’i Mbuye, Nuza mu z’i Murambi, Ushinge icumu mu Ngeri
5. Urebe iy’ingoga izibamo, N’inkerarubanza; Abogeza inkuba zesa, Bakubwire iy’Ingondo, Imbibi ziseseyeho,
10. Wihagire imparuzo, Ya Rukaragabigembe; Ugumirize wirorere, Ijuru ryogeye i Kigali, Ikaba iy’i Nyakibungo,
15. Ikirezi cyo mu Muhozi. Nuhindura amaso,
Ku ya Munana rubunga, Inyambo ube uzigeze hagati. Wirirwe mu Muhozi,
20. Uribagizwa n’amahembe; Umwana wa Sentama Nagira ngo arakaguka, Kuvugisha Umuhozi Uzamuhakanire kare
25. N’ejo atajya mu makuba, Azaba ashaka izo arimo; Ubwire Mana y’ingabo, Uti: “Ge wabonye inyambo, Ukuyeho Uruhitambazi,
30. Kabone n’aho Itiro ryaza, Ntizareshya n’Ingeri,
Rwabugili ateretsemo”
Ingoro y’Umwogabyano!
Umuvugo II
1. Rwesa rukaza ay’imbibi Intwari zivuna impuruza Rwa Nkubito ya Mpabuka Inyamibwa batijana.
5. Itashye imbere y’amariza N’ imiheha yambariye Kuruta amashyo y’Ibihogo Yamara kujya mu rubuga Inyange igatangaza
10. Amaso ukayatereza Ari uguharamba isata
Mu mariza y’Umuhozi, Ukihagira amarebe Atembamo amaribori,
15. Ukamarwa ishavu n’ingondo Yakebwe mu rw’irungu, Yagaranzura urwano,
Ikina hejuru y’inkoni,
Abadatunze Umuhozi,
20. Bagashaka kurigita,
Isi igasangwa ari ingume, Bagakuka mu mihigo, Banga ko zibahotora, Bagakeza Ruganzu
25. Bacuranga mu Ngeri Bagahanagura intore, Za Rwimirankuku,
Ngo ibatunge mu Bihogo, Na bo babe baruhutse
30. Inkoni z’inkuba bahoraho. Nibashaka kumurika, Izabo ngo zigaragare, Ahubwo bazegamire Ingoro y’Umwogabyano!
Umuvugo III
1. Rugemanduru amacumu, Umucuzi yahase imberera, Ayanozaho impundazo, Abonye ko ari ay’Ingeri,
5. Akoranya abayavugutira, Bose bayaha ikiramo, Inyundo ntiyayakiranya, Yirirwa mu ruganda
Akwikira ayo makuza,
10. Akaba impogazi yombi. Ntagere mu ntagara Agahora akina mu ntoke Ay’Ingeri ndayazi, Ziyabangura neza
15. Nk’ay’Umwami nyirazo. Banganya n’amarere Bapfa gutanga umugaba, Zikajya mu itorero Ingoma itabaza intwari
20. Bayigimba umurishyo Inzira zikayishingamo Isibe ikigarukira Zasakiranya imbaraga Impombo ntirushye ihaca
25. Ziba zitwaje ay’isuku.
Ni yo macumu adahemba Nk’ay’abanyamahanga
Ni ay’intore z’i Rwanda Bita Ingangurarugo
30. Kandi si amakenke Nk’inti z’ay’Ibihogo Si ayo ingimbi iterura
Ni amajunga ntabashika
Uw’inkokora nke ntayaterura.
35. Inkuba zishima ubwiza Zumva induru iyo ivuze Ntiziyagirane ubwoba Zayaherewe rimwe Avuye kwa Muhinda
40. Zayaharaze urugina Umunsi ava mu ruganda Zayakinduje ingogo
Mu ivuna ry’ingerero Zayateranye indekwe
45. Zibona impunzi itemba. Zaje ziyatendeje
Zirimo imfura ya Mutara Mwirushya kwijana Ndumva urwamo ruvuga
50. Ingabo zivuye mu kigwa. Ubanza Intamati acyuye Zige ku mugaragaro
Na mwe murebe Ingeri Zihora zamamayemo
55. Ingoro y’Umwogabyano.
Umuvugo IV
1. Ruti rutikanga impunzi Amacumu y’impangare Yakajije bene Mparara Bayatyazamo ubugi
5. Utinya gukozamo intoki. Bamaze kuyarundura Bayaha insengamihigo Ngo iyatoranye intwari Ahingutse mu nziza
10. Imbibi zirayiharira
Ni Ingeri z’i Mutakara Zizi no kuyatera Umutima irazikindura Zimara kuyashyikira
15. Ishema rikazisaguka.
N’umuririmbyi uzihanika Ntagomba kubuza
Apfa imutungukiyeho Kurya ziteye imbabazi
20. Nta gihe wasanga Zikicaye imusozi Intamati yazitoreye
Intumwa ihangara amanywa Izimura mu biraro
25. Ni izihwanyije isuku Zizanye inkubiri Umwungeri abura iyo asesa Zanyuriye Rubanda
Ku Munini wa Gishari
30. Nyirigira ahuye na zo Hambara iz’i Murambi Abaje bashengereye Imfizi y’Inyarubuga Barangiwe Umwami
35. Ko yajyanye n’Intamati I Mwurire mu nyambo Zaciye mu MubugaAbaririmbyi bazirimo. Rwabugiri akirasuka
40. Ndimbira zirataha Zaheje ab’i Nawe Zibaheza mu kigarama Ngo urebye Nyemazi Aturutse muri Niboye
45. Aba ahagiriye igicumuro. Zaciwe urubanza
Na Rubanda rw’i Munyaga Bavuga ko uruhehemure Ari umutwe w’Umuhozi
50. Zabumbuje impinga Ya Rutonde irazimira
Ubwo zisanze u Buganza Bakazongera undi murwa Zamurikanywe n’ishya
55. Ryavanze n’impundu Zitumiriwe i Nyamagana Umwami utabangira Bamubimburira Ingeri Ati: «Erega zo ni ibihame
60. Ni ubushyo bwihariye Ziruta n’ibindi bihe Nimushinge rubonane! » Imbonera zitungutse Bazitera urugamba
65. Inzobe yazo iratamura Abajya i Mbuye barataha Mwene Mutwarangabo Urwamo ararutereza Inkingi y’Abashakamba
70. Amaze kwambara imiheha Yaka umutana w’inkoni Ajyana n’imbizi mu rugo Agiye kuzesereza
Aho azisanze ikambere
75. Zaraririye ingoro
Zigeza ko ingoma iramutsa
Zogeye ari imanzi
Ni ko Imana yaziremye Ge wahagaze mu mbizi
80. Nkumva imigabo izibamo Ugira inshuti ye mu Bihogo Yenda arayiburire
N’ejo itagwa mu maboko. Ingeri ni amakombe
85. Mu gukubita zirakabya Zikorera intambara Inkoni ikirirwa isabira Nta mpunzi izinyuramo Kurya zabyirukiyemo
90. Ingoro y’Umwogabyano!
Umuvugo V
1. Rwiyamwa ziga ingoga N’umugambi w’ihangu Rwa ngoboka ya rugina Ingeri ibanza mu rubuga
5. Itwara rukikampiri
Icumu ryo mu ruti rw’indekwe Rwavuye i Rusheshe Rwiharaze isharankima.
Rwabaye igishami
10. Rugasagamba mu ijuri Uburyo rwabaye amashami Aho ruri ni se w’ishyamba Kandi reka irukunde
Rubamo icumu ryiza
15. Yarigize umutabazi Intambara ntiruyita
Si kurya iruhoza mu rugina Imbuga yarwo iratukura Ntirukunda gutaha
20. Rutagwije imitumbi Yarukubitiye umucuzi Wakwemerana na rwo Ngo arukatire icyuma Rwabimbuye imihigo.
25. Impuruza ikineshereza Rwamuje mu nziza
Ari ukwiharira inzigo
Abenshi baragiye Itiro Rubajyanaho impamba
30. Aho rugeze ku mpama Rucinyaho impayamaguru Y’umushumba wa Mporera Za mpaka zirakuka Yaruteye amaramu
35. Muri bene Murenzi Rubahina umurumango Igomba kurwunamura Yanga ko rwaturika. Yarukinduje umugabo
40. Uturuka mu ruhitambazi Akikanga igitutu
Imbuga yaryo iratebera
Abura ubuhamagara abe Abura umurasira na rimwe
45. Rwa ruti rumuhirika aho Ingeri zigicura inkumbi Yarujyanye mu mbuga Kurumanza amacibiri Inkubirane iba iya kabiri
50. Mu kurembera umuroha Yabakuye imirambi N’iyo ibagiriye isoni Birirwa bayisenga Ibuhirira nimunsi
55. Ari ko bahangaza.
Ni uko inkuba zitegeka Abandi baragira inka mbi Ingeri zirasuzugura Ntibazabona izirimo
60. Ingoro y’Umwogabyano!
Umusibo
1. Rwogesha ku y’imbibi Rushita ku y’imberera Rukaraga ku mpitira Rukaranga ku mpini
5. Rwogesha ku mbuga Rwanika ku ntagara Rwesa aho ku nkiko Rukubira imigereka
Rukomera bigembe
10. Rukenyerera kuratwa Rutareshya n’Itiro
Rugo rwogeyemo Ingeri Rugomwa zibaza imihigo Rugina rw’ingabo nziza
15. Rukabura imigereka Rutebeza bigembe Rukanira bigarama Rugina zita Rubabaza Ruribagizwa rw’inyange
20. Rubuza guhumeka Ruti rwonona isuri
Inyamibwa baririkije hose Ngo emwe aho kugwa imusozi
Ngo bapfe nta kibariro
25. Ahubwo bazegamira Ingeri Imbizi bacurangiramo Ingoro y’Umwogabyano!
2.1.1 Gusoma no gusobanura umwandikoIGIKORWA
Soma umwandiko “Inka ya Rumonyi”, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko wifashije inkoranyamagambo.
IMYITOZO
1. Shaka mu mwandiko amagambo afite ibisobanuro bikurikira:
a) Itajya ipfusha ubusa na rimwe amacumu yayo; ntihusha na rimwe.
b) Kugusha mu mazi rwagati.
c) Impeta zibyaye ubwa mbere.
d) Kwambara imitako yo gutungukana mu myiyereko
e) Inka zibyaye uburiza z’i Ntora
f) Ahantu kure nk’aho imvura ituruka
g) Zigatangira kubwira ingoma y’Indamutsa ibikorwa by’agatangaza zayigiriye
h) Ni umuntu ugenda imbere y’inka akazihagarika cyangwa akazibuza kugenda zirukanka.
i) Zikishima umuvuduko.
2. Huza amagambo yo mu ruhushya A n’ibisobbanuro byayo biri mu ruhushya B
2.1.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko“ Inka ya Rumonyi” hanyuma usubize ibibazo byawubajijweho:
a) Ubwiza bw’inka ya Rumonyi bugaragazwa n’iki?
b) Ubudahangarwa bwayo ni ubuhe?
c) Ni iki kimenyekanisha ko inkuba z’i Murambi zihagurutse?
d) Inka zidahonoka inka ya Rumonyi ni izihe?
e) Ibirori byo kumurika inka byaberehe hehe?
f) Ni iki kigaragaza ko Ingeri zisa na Kigeli nyirazo?
g) Ni iki cyateraga ubwoba abareba Umuhozi? Ubwo bwoba bwatumye bafata uwuhe mwanzuro? Umwanzuro wabo wabageza ku kiza kihe?
h) Ingeri zahagurukaga habanje gukorwa iki?
i) Umutwe w’Ingeri uratwa ko uzi gutera amacumu uherereye hehe?
j) Uruti ruvugwa rwakomotse hehe? Rwarangwaga n’iki?
k) Uru ruti rw’indekwe ruvugwa muri uyu mwandiko rwakoreshwaga iki? Ese hari ikigaragara ko rwakoreshejwe? Sobanura.
l) Garagaza ibintu bitanu bigaragaza umurava w’inka ya Rumonyi.
2.1.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko“ Inka ya Rumonyi” hanyuma usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
a) Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi zigaragara muri uyu mwandiko
b) Garagaza ingingo z’umuco n’iz’amateka ziri muri uyu mwandiko.
c) Garagaza ingingo z’amateka muri uyu mwandiko.
d) Muri rusange, ni iyihe nyigisho mukuye ku nka ya Rumonyi?
IMYITOZO
Toranya igice kimwe k’izina ry’inka ya Rumonyi wihitiyemo, ugifate mu mutwe maze wiyereke imbere ya bagenzi bawe mu ishuri.
II.8. Amazina y’inka
2.8.1. Inshoza n’imiterere by’inganzo y’amazina y’inka
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwadiko “Inka ya Rumonyi”, witegereza imiterere yawo. Uhereye ku miterere yawo, kora ubushakashatsi utahure ishoza n’imiterere by’inganzo y’amazina y’inka.
1. Inshoza y’inganzo y’amazina y’inka
Amazina y’inka yagereranywa n’ibyivugo by’inka. Inka z’inyambo batangiye kuzirata cyane mu mivugo kuva kera, ariko imihimbire y’amazina y’inka yaje kwamamara ku ngoma ya Yuhi Gahindiro ahagana mu mwaka wa 1800. Kuva icyo gihe ni bwo abahanga mu byo kwita inka: abisi batangiye kurebera inka mu bwenge, bakaziremesha ingamba. Inka baziremyemo imitwe bakayirwanisha. Buri mutwe wari ubangikanye n’umutwe w’ingabo nk’uko bigaragarira kuri iyi mbonerahamwe.
Buri mutwe wabaga ufite ibyiciro bitatu by’inka:
– Amashyo y’inka yaremwe n’umutware w’ingabo, amwe ari ay’inkuku andi ari ay’inyambo.
– Amashyo y’abakomeye bari abatunzi bo mu mutwe w’ingabo.
– Inka z’imbata. Izo zari inka za rubanda bo mu muri uwo mutwe w’ingabo. Inka ntizari ingabane, ni izo umuntu yabaga yarihahiye ku giti ke. Izi nka bazitaga kandi inka z’ibiti.
Muri izi nka zose izo umwisi yitaga ni inyambo. Abisi barwanishaga Ibihogo (ubushyo bwaremwe butowe mu Rwanda) n’Amagaju (ubushyo bwaremwe butowe mu minyago ivuye mu mahanga nko mu Ndorwa cyangwa Ankole). Umwisi yabaga agiye kwita nk’ubushyo bwo mu mutwe w’Ibihogo akabuteza umutware w’inyambo, akabuteza umutahira n’abarenzamase bo mu bushyo bw’amagaju. Umwami n’umutware w’ingabo, umwisi yirindaga kubateza inyambo cyangwa kubitirira kuko ibyo byari ukubapfobya no kubahinyura.
Umutware w’inyambo nubwo umwisi yashoboraga kumwitirira yari umutegetsi ukomeye. Yashyirwagaho ngo agenge inyambo zose zo mu mutwe w’inka uyu n’uyu. Ubwo butegetsi yaburagaga umwana we, bakagenda basimburana mu bisekuruza byabo. Umutware w’ingabo na we yashoboraga kunyagwa ingabo, akaba anyagiweko n’umutwe w’inka bibangikanye. Umutware w’inyambo we ntiyanyagwaga; yari ashinzwe guhora yorora inyambo, akagenda azongera mu ibangurira ry’inkuku ku mfizi z’inyambo. Bwari ubumenyi umuryango we ushinzwe ku ngoma zose.
1. Imiterere y’amazina y’inka
Amazina y’inka yarangwaga n’imiterere yayo. Agira injyana ipimye n’iminozanganzo itandukanye
Injyana
Mu mazina y’inka, abisi bavumbuye inganzo ishingiye ku ipima rigendera ku kabangutso.
Bitewe n’ubuhanga bwabo, Nkibiki, Ndangamira na Bikungero bafite injyana
bihariye zikaba zitwa hakurikijwe amazina yabo.
Injyana Bi: igizwe n’utubeshuro 12 —u—u—u—u = 12
Injyana Nki: igizwe n’utubeshuro 10 u—u—u—u—u = 10
Injyana Nda: igizwe n’utubeshuro 9 —u—u—u = 9
Bene izi njyana ni zo bita fatizo naho injyana yungirije iba ipanzwe uko bashatse ku buryo yuzuza utubeshuro twa ngombwa ariko tudatondetswe dutyo.
Ni ukuvuga imikoreshereze y’ubutinde bw’inyajwi. Wakwibaza uti: “Bapimye bate amagambo?” Reka tugendere kuri uru rugero kugira ngo dushobore kubyumva.
Rutiimiirwa ziri mu mihigo
Iyo witegereje ubona muri uyu mukarago ko umugemo wa mbere ubangutse, uwa kabiri n’uwa gatatu ikagira ubutinde bunimbitse, ikurikiyeho yose ntigire ubutinde. Akabangutso kakaba gahwanye n’inyajwi ibangutse, naho inyajwi inimbitse ikagira utubangutso tubiri. Uru rugero tumaze kubona rubara utubangutso 12.
Abasesenguye amazina y’inka babyitondeye basanze:
Hari amazina y’inka agizwe n’imikarago ifite utubangutso 9.
Urugero: Inka ya RumonyiRu-ta-gwa-a-bi-z(a) i-mi-ne-ga
=9
(I)nku-ba ze-e-sa mu bi-ho-go
=9
Rwa-a mu-ga-bo nyi-ri-gi-ra
=9
(I)mbi-z(i) i-sa-a-nga-ni-zw(a) i-ngo-ma
=9
N’u-mu-ga-be w’i- Ru-yu-u-mba
=9
(I)ki-i-se-e-su-u-r(a) i-mbi-bi…
=9
Hari agizwe n’imikarago ifite utubangutso 10
Urugero: Inka y’i Nyanza
Ru-ti rwu-u-hi-r(a) i-sa-ha-a-ha
=10
(I)nga-bo zi-ho-me-re-r(a) i-mpu-u-nzi
=10
Rwa-a-ma-nywa ya ru-ge-ma-ha-bi
=10
(I)nka-bu-ra-no y’i-mpi-i-nga-a-ne
=10
Ya ru-ka-ni-ka-ndo-o-ngo-o-zi
=10
Zi-gi-tu-ru-ka mu ki-re-e-re…
=10
Hari agizwe n’imikarago ifite utubangutso 12
Ingero:
Inka ya Nkusi
Rwi-iya-mi-ri-ra yu-u-hi-r(a) i-mbu-ga
=12
(I)nku-ba zi-hi-i-ndu-r(a) a-ba-nya-bi-ho-go
=12
Rwa-a Mi-ri-i-ndi ya si-i-mu-go-mwa
=12
(I)ma-a-na ya-re-my(e)i-nya-mi-bwa y’i-mpe-t a
=12
Nti-i-be-h(o) u-ru-gi-i-ng(o) u-yi-hi-nyu-ra
=12
Ya-ma-ra ku-yi-gi-r(a) i-nta-yo-be-ra-na…
=12
Inka ya Rugina
Ru-kwe-e-re-e-r(a)i-mbu-ga y’i-ndi-i-nzi
=12
(I)nku-ba zi-ka-ru-ru-ka mu-u ndu-u-ru
=12
Rwa-a Ndi-ri-ma ya Ru-bu-ra-ma-nywa
=12
(I)me-ne-ra-ba-swa i-ti-i-ca i-nda-ga-no
=12
Nti-i-shyi-ki-i-rwe n’a-a-b’i-i Nde-ra
=12
Nti-i-be mu ru-ga-a-mba rw’I-ndi-i-nda
=12
Nti-ba-yi-bwi-i-re I-nde-nga-mi-ma-ro
=12
Ya-ma-ra kwi-i-twa ndi-i-nda-u-ya-ba-zwe
= 12
(I)ndi-ri-ki-rwa zi-ka-yi-ba-ho i-nya-na
=12
(I)nya-mi-bwa ba-ka-yii-ta Nye-e-ma-zi
=12
Ikitonderwa:
Mu ibara ry’utubangutso, iyo inyajwi ebyiri zikurikiranye, iya mbere iburizwamo
kandi inyajwi itangira umugemo ntibarwa nk’uko bigaragara ku majwi yagiye ashyirwa mu dukubo.
Ubwiza bw’amazina y’inka bushingira ku buhanga bwo gukurikiranya ibitekerezo no ku isubirajwi, ku isubirajambo, ku mibangikanyo, ku buryo bwo kugenekereza, ndetse no kureshyeshya intondeke. Mu mazina y’inka bahagikamo ijambo cyangwa injyano z’amagambo zigize ibisingizo. Igisingizo muri ubu bwoko bw’ubuvanganzo bw’amazina y’inka kitwa ingaruzo, mu bisigo igisingizo bakakita indezi.
Inka ya Ruganji
Ingaruzo, iyo bacutsa inka ya Ruganji bagira ngo:
Rutimirwa ziri mu bihigo Intwari zimaze kubona umugaba Rwa Mugabo w’imaramwaga Insengamihigo y’ishema muri zo Ya Rushikanurandongozi.
Imwe mu minozaganzo igaragara mu mazina y’inka
a) Isubirajwi n’isubirajambo
Iyo bavuze isubirajwi twumva uburyo umuhimbyi agenda akoresha amajwi asa mu mihimbire ye. Muri make, twumva ko ari amajwi agenda agaruka kenshi haba mu magambo cyangwa mu nteruro.
Urugero ku isubirajambo:
Zivuga mu Rubumba rw’inyambo Zivuga i Masaka ya Mibirizi Zivuga mu Ruhango rw’ibwami Zivuga i Nyarurama ya Nyanza Zivuga i Nyarubuye ya Mwendo
Iyo bavuze isubirajambo bigaragarira ku magambo amwe n’amwe agenda agaruka. Ari isubirajwi, ari isubirajambo byombi bituma izina ry’inka cyangwa umuvugo muri rusange ugira icyanga bityo ibivugwa bigafatika vuba. Ibi byombi ni bimwe mu bishimangira injyana.
Urugero ku isubirajwi
Rwavuye i Rusheshe
Rwiharaze isharankima.
Rwabaye igishami
a) Imibangikanyo cyangwa ubutegane
Ni uburyo umwisi akurikiranya imikarago nibura ibiribiri ifite icyo ihuriyeho
haba ku kivugwa cyangwa ku misusire.
– Imibangikanyo y’imisusire ishingiye ku myubakire Urugero: Inka ya Rumonyi
Rukaraga ku mpitira Rukaraga ku mpini Rwogesha ku mbuga Rwanika ku ntagara Rushita ku y’imerera…
Iyo turebye izi ntondeke dusanga zubatse kimwe, amagambo y’ubwoko bumwe agiye aba mu mwanya umwe.
– Imibangikanyo ishingiye ku kivugwa cyangwa ingingo.
Umubangikanyo wisobanura
Intondeke ya kabiri isubira mu ngingo y’intondeke iyibanjirije.
Urugero:
Inka ya RumonyiKurya irihoza mu rugina Imbuga yaryo iratukura Ntagera mu ntagara Ahora akina mu ntoki…
Umubangikanyo w’inshyamirane
Ingingo dusanga mu ntondeke ya kabiri iba ishyamiranye n’iyo mu ntondeke ya mbere. Uwo mubangikanyo uboneka mu ngeri nyinshi z’ubuvanganzo. Uwo mubangikanyo hari ubwo uba ushingiye ku iyemeza n’ihakana bigiye mu buryo bw’inshinga. Hari ubwo uba ushingiye ku ibusana ry’amagambo gusa.
Urugero 1: Ihakana n’iyemeza
Si ay’ingimbi iterura
Ni amajunga ntabashika Si inkiko utura iruhande
Ni inkuba zitaha i Nyarubuye.
Urugero 2:
Ibusanya ry’amagambo
Ugiye bagushishira Uzagaruka bagushishimuye Ugiye uri Muhimpundu Uzagaruka uri Muhinduru Ugiye uri igisabo Uzagaruka uri igisambo Ugiye uri ingwa yera Uzagaruka uri imbwa yiba.
Umubangikanyo wuzuzanya:
Usanga intondeke ya mbere igenda isobanurwa n’iya kabiri ndetse n’iyikurikiye.
Urugero:
Inka ya Rumonyi
Abogeza inkuba zesa Bakubwire iy’ingondo Imbibi ziseseyeho Wihagire imparuzo
Amazina y’inka akubiyemo ubuhanga bwinshi, aho usanga umwisi ashobora guhitamo amagambo ajyanye n’icyo ashaka kuvuga cyangwa se akaba yakoresha igereranya. Kimwe no mu byivugo no mu bisigo, amazina y’inka na yo agira amagambo yihariye.
Amwe muri yo ni aya akurikira:
Impanzi: intwari
Intarizi: inenge;
Gucutsa: kwita inyambo y’inyamibwa izina rya mbere;
Ingaruzo: igisingizo cyo mu izina ry’inka;
Ikigondo: ihembe ry’inka;
Impamagazo: igika cya mbere cy’umuzinge;
Inkobwa: inka itari ikimasa;
Umusibo: igika cyo mu musozo w’izina ry’inka gisingiza inyamibwa yonyine;
Gusibira: kuvuga impakanizi
Umuzinge: izina ry’inka rigizwe n’imivugo;
Kugogomera: kwimya kw’imfizi;
Kuvuta: kwikiriza bavuza urusaku.
a) Igereranya:
Igereranya rikoreshwa cyanecyane mu mazina y’inka, aho amacumu y’indatwa bayagereranya n’amacumu y’abantu. Igereranya rishobora gushingira ku magambo yumvisha cyangwa agusha ku gisobanuro. Hashobora gukoreshwa icyungo ngereranya nka, inshinga gusa n’icyungo na.
Urugero: Inka ya Rumonyi
Ikaba mu mariza y’impeta Igasa n’inyamibwa rwema
Ni yo macumu adahemba (atavunika) Nk’inti z’abanyamahanga.
Byumvikane neza, kuva aho u Rwanda rubaye Repubulika, inyambo ntizongeye kwitabwaho cyane ngo zibe zamurikwa cyangwa ngo ziratwe bikabije nk’uko byahoze mbere. Ibyo kuzihimbira amazina bisa n’ibizimiye, ahubwo amazina yari yaratowe na bamwe muri rubanda cyangwa abisi ubwabo bakajya bayavuga mu mutwe bateraniye mu birori. Ijambo umwami ryayazagamo, abantu batinyaga kurivuga bakarisimbuza perezida cyangwa rwose bakaricaho.
IMYITOZO
1. Amazina y’inka ni iki?
2. Hanga izina ry’inka wigana “ Inka ya Rumonyi” maze ukoreshemo amwe mu magambo akurikira yakundaga gukoreshwa n’abisi : impanzi, intarizi, gucutsa, ingaruzo, ikigondo, impamagazo, inkobwa, umusibo, umusibira, umuzinge… Mu izina ry’inka ryawe hagaragaremo ijyana n’iminozanganzo inyuranye. Seruka imbere ya bagenzi bawe uvuga iryo zina ry’inka wahanze.
2.8.2. Imvano y’amazina n’imyitire y’inyambo
IGIKORWA
Jya mu isomero ukore ubushakashatsi utahure imvano y’inganzo y’amazina y’inka n’uko byagendaga kugira ngo umwisi yite inka.
1. Imvano y’inganzo y’amazina y’inka.
Mu Rwanda rwa kera inka yari ifite agaciro gakomeye cyane. Inka yari ikimenyetso cy’ubukire, ni yo yari ifaranga ry’ubu, ni yo yari ipfundo ry’ubuhake. Iyo wahakwaga ugacyura igihe bakakugororera, bavugaga ko ucyuye umunyafu cyangwa se ko ucyuye ubuhange ugabanye bwa mbere kwa shobuja. Tuzi neza ko ubuhake bwarambye mu Rwanda nta handi bwari bushingiye usibye ku nka. Ubuhake rero bwahambiraga umugaragu kuri shebuja ugasanga baribereye nk’akaremo n’umuse, umugaragu akitwa umuntu wa shebuja, akamwirahira igihe cyose amushima kumuhaka. Ubuhake bwavunnye benshi kugeza babuvugiyeho. Bamwe bati: “Ubuhake burica; ubuhake bujya kukwica buguca iwanyu; ubuhake bwananiranye bukukisha umugabo ikijyaruguru”. Ariko na none hari abo bwatoneshaga bakagashira nka Gashamura bati: “ubuhake bwa cyane bukunyaza mu ngoro”. Ubuhake kandi bwateraga ubwibombarike, bati: “Iyo ubuhake bwateye hejuru uratendera”. Ariko kandi ngo uwafataga nabi abagaragu yarabigayirwaga; umugaragu wahemukiraga shebuja yaragayikaga. Uwabaga ahatse abagaragu yagombaga kubagoboka bari mu byago. Umugaragu na shebuja babaga bafitanye ubumwe bwafatiye ku nka, ari magara ntunsige. Iyo ubwo bumwe bwazagamo agatotsi ku mugaragu, shebuja yaramunyagaga, naho byaba biturutse kuri shebuja, umugaragu akamwimura akajya gukeza ahandi.
Intwari yo ku rugamba yagororerwaga inka ikitwa inka y’ubumanzi. Ubaye ikigwari na we ku rugamba yatangaga ikiru k’inka, iyo nka ikitwa inka y’imirindi kuko yahunze urugamba, agatererana bagenzi be. Inka yungaga inshuti, uwahemukiye undi mu bintu bikomeye akamuha ikiru k’inka. Inka
yahuzaga inshuti n’imiryango kuko abahanaga inka babaga babaye inshuti magara.
Inka bayikwaga umugeni. Umusore wabaga adafite amikoro yo kubona inka yashoboraga gutenda, agakora imirimo izahura n’icyakwitwa agaciro k’inka kugira ngo umukobwa wa naka yakunze amwegukane. Umukwe mukuru ati: “Turabakwera umunani cyangwa se mudutegeke ikindi”. Umusore wabaga yaraye arongoye baramubyukurukirizaga inka zikamukamirwa. Mu itwikurura ry’umugeni bazanaga amata. Inka yari ifite akamaro kanini mu muco w’Abanyarwanda. Umubyeyi yarabyaraga bajya kumuhemba bakazana amata. Umwana iyo yashyinguraga se cyangwa sekuru yahabwaga inka y’inkuracyobo (inkuramwobo). Umwana washyinguraga nyina cyangwa nyirakuru byitwaga gukamira nyina cyangwa nyirakuru. Mu mihango yo kwera hazagamo ibyerekeye kujya ku kibumbiro, hakazamo n’ibyo guha amata abana b’uwatabarutse. Mu ndamukanyo z’abanyarwanda dusanga abantu bifurizanya gutunga bati:
“Gira inka”, usubiza ati: “amashyo n’amagana” cyangwa bati: “amashyo”, usubiza ati: “Amashongore!”
Nta Munyarwanda wakwiyibagiza ko mu byo Abanyarwanda bafatiragaho bagena ibihe by’umunsi, inka yari ifitemo uruhare runini. Dore nawe baravugaga bati:
– Inka zivuye mu rugo: aho ni nko mu masaa moya;
– Inka zikamwa: aho ni nko mu masaa moya n’iminota 15, ubwo ziba zikamirwa ku nama;
– Inka zahutse: aho ni nka saa mbiri;
– Inyana zahutse: aho ni nka saa mbiri zirengaho duke;
– Inyana zitaha: nko mu masaa yine;
– Mu mashoka: nko mu masaa saba;
– Inka zikuka cyangwa mu makuka: nko mu masaa munani;
– Inyana zisubira iswa: nko mu masaa kenda;
– Inka zihinduye: nko mu masaa kumi; inyana zitaha: nka saa kumi n’imwe;
– Inka zitaha: nka saa kumi n’ebyiri n’igice;
– Inka zikamwa: nko mu masaa moya.
Uwagendera kuri ibi byose byavuzwe haruguru, ntiyatangazwa no kubona haravutse ubuvanganzo bufatiye ku nka. Ibyo byagiye bigaragarira mu:
– Amahamba: indirimbo zaririmbwaga n’abashumba bacyuye inka. Izo ndirimbo zirazwi mu Rwanda hose;
Amabanga cyangwa amahindura: indirimbo abashumba baririmbagainka zirisha, zitaha, batarazikata inkoni ngo ziboneze zitahe;
– Inzira: indirimbo zaririmbirwaga inka mu gihe zabaga zigana amabuga cyangwa ibibumbiro;
– Indama: indirimbo baririmbaga mu gihe inka zabaga zibyagiye ahantu, bazishoye amabuga cyangwa ibibugazi. Izo ndirimbo hari ubwo zaririmbwaga mu minsi
– mikuru, bamurika inka. Icyo gihe abagore n’abakobwa bahimbazaga izo ndirimbo baziha amashyi;
– Ibyisigo: indirimbo zo mu gihe cyo kudahira. Basingizaga amazi ahiye hamwe n’inka zabaga zayashotse;
– Imyama (imyoma): indirimbo zaririmbwaga mu gihe k’impeshyi, inka zigisha (zigana ahari ubwatsi).
2. Imyitire y’inyambo
Iyo ubushyo bw’ inyambo bwamaraga kubyara uburiza, umutahira w’inyambo yatumiraga umwisi mu bo azi b’abahanga akaza akazitegereza neza, maze akazita, akaziha inshutso. Umwisi ntiyashoboraga kwanga kwita inyambo kuko wari umurimo ashinzwe yabazwaga mu Gihugu. Ariko igihe yabonaga afite impamvu yashoboraga kwanga bakamurega ibukuru, hakaba urubanza agasobanura impamvu yamubujije. Izo mpamvu zabagaho cyanecyane iyo yabaga yaraje mbere bakamufata nabi cyangwa bakamugororera inka mbi. Iyo yabaga aje rero, babaruraga inyambo z’ingegene zo muri ubwo bushyo bakazimumurikira. Ubwo rero ziba zitarakura ngo zigaragaze izaba nziza, nuko zose akazita amazina, imwe izina ryayo indi iryayo. Uko ahimba, abarenzamase bakamuba iruhande bakabitora. Umwisi ntiyagombaga gutora ibyo ahimba byose, na we ubwe iyo yashakaga kubimenya yagendereraga abarenzamase. Ayo mazina y’inyambo zivutse ari uburiza akitwa inshutso.
Nubwo inshutso zabaga ari nyinshi, umwisi yerekanaga ko ari ubushyo bumwe yise, abigaragariza mu mabango ya buri nshutso ashyiramo ijambo rimwe gusa uzajya usanga mu nshutso zose z’ubwo bushyo. Aho ni ho ubuhanga bw’abisi bwari bushingiye. Iryo jambo rikitwa “impakanizi y’ubushyo.” Umwisi yamaraga kuziha inshutso agataha. Ubwo bamuhaga inka y’intizo ikamwa, yamara kuyitekesha akayisubizayo. Iyo ubushyo bwa za nyambo bwamaraga kubyara ubuheta, za nshutso zabaga zimaze gukura bazita ibihame. Izirusha ubwiza zose y’inyamibwa ikaba imaze kugaragara. Ubwo rero bahamagaraga umwisi wari warazihaye inshutso ngo aze yuzuze umurimo we. Ubwo yitaga iy’indatwa muri za mpete, akayisingiza, akayiha izina ry’umuzinge, ari byo kuvuga ibice byinshi. Ya ndatwa yabaga isanganywe ya nshutso yayo, nuko iyo nshutso igaherukwa n’interuro y’umuzinge kandi igaherukira aho kwitwa inshutso igasigara yitwa impamagazo. Izisigaye zo muri ubwo bushyo zigahamana inshutso zazo. Wakumva bavuga ngo bazacutsa inka ya runaka, ukamenya ko yabaye indatwa y’ubushyo ko yagize izina ry’umuzinge. Igisingizo (igice) cya kabiri cy’umuzinge ayihaye kikitwa impakanizi. Ibindi bisingizo
(bice) bikitwa imivugo. Igisingizo (igice) cya nyuma kikitwa umusibo (iyo cyabaga gisingiza ya ndatwa y’isonga yonyine) cyangwa imivunano (iyo cyabaga gisingiza za ndatwa zose yari yarahaye inshutso mu ikubitiro). Yamaraga gusoza uwo murimo wose wo kwita inyambo bakamuha inka y’ingororano akayicyura ikaba iye y’ishimwe.
a) Amwe mu mazina y’abisi bamenyekanye
Hagiye habaho abisi b’intamenyekana, bitewe n’uko babaga badafite ubuhanga bukaze bwo gutuma amazina bitaga ahimbaza abayumva. Iyo mpamvu yagombaga gutuma abayafashe mu nteruro badatinyuka kuyogeza. Abisi b’abahanga bamenyekanye mu myitire y’amazina y’inka harimo aba bakurikira:
Abisi ni ikiciro k’intiti ariko icyo baba barusha izindi ntiti ni uko bo bihariye ubuhanga bw’umwimerere bwo guhimba nta cyo bahereyeho cyabaye. Bahanze igitekerezo cyo gutuma inka ziba abarwanyi nk’aho zifite ubwenge; bakaba kandi barakenetse itonde ripimye.
Abasesenguye neza iby’aba bisi ngo bose ntibari bahwanyije ubuhanga. Musenyeri Alegisi Kagame wasesenguye inganzo zabo yitonze avuga ko bariya
ikenda ba mbere ukuyemo Rukazambuga, ari bo bari bafite inganzo ityaye. Avuga ko Rukazambuga yapfaga gucurikiranya amagambo, ntashodekanye amabango agusha hamwe. Ndibyariye na Nyagahungu na bo ngo ntibari shyashya. Sebikara Mariko ngo ni we wari ubijemo neza, abifitiye ubwenge; gusa ngo yaje bikendera. Sebikara we ngo yaba yarise izina rimwe risa atabanje kwitegereza imihimbire y’izina ry’inka ngo akurikize amategeko yaryo. Undi mwisi ushyirwa mu majwi ni Rucakatsi; yise inka ebyiri ariko ngo na we byari bimaze kugaragara ko impano yo kwita imucumbamo ikibatsi, ko amatwara ye ashobora kumugeza heza. Bivugwa ko higeze kubaho undi mwisi witwa Ruburika rwa Mukotanyi wo ku ngoma ya Musinga, ariko we nta zina na rimwe rye ryashoboye kuboneka, cyakora ngo yise ubushyo bwitwa Intaganira, bwo mu mutwe w’Izimanye (iryo zina ni ukubangura bashaka kuvuga Izimanye na Mibambwe).
a) Tumenye Ndangamira ya Muyoboke umwisi w’inka ya Rumonyi
Ndangamira ya Muyoboke yari umwisi uzimbukiwe cyane n’ubwisi bw’amazina y’inka. Yabaye intiti bitavugwa mu nganzo y’ubusizi, yumvaga inganzo ye, injyana ye; mbese ibye byose byari bifite umwihariko kuko yari atandukanye cyane n’abandi bisi babayeho mu mateka y’abisi.
Hari ubwo umwami Kigeli Rwabugiri yamutegetse kwita inka ya Terera, uwo Ndangamira atangira umurimo we, arangije imivugo itanu ararwara araremba; umwami abonye bitinze, ategeka uwitwa Rukazambuga, na we w’umwisi, gusoza izina ry’inka ya Terera. Ubwo yongeraho imivugo ibiri harimo n’imivunano. Ndangamira ngo aho akiriye yasuzumye izina ryasojwe na Rukazambuga yumva umusozo watanzwe usa n’ukwanjitse udahwitse, nibwo ngo Ndangamira anenze imisozereze y’iryo zina ry’inka ya Terera yongeraho uwe yizeraga ko unoze ukurikije inganzo y’amazina y’inka.
Bivugwa ko Ndangamira yari yaratwawe n’inganzo y’amazina y’inka ku buryo yajyaga ayikinamo abyishakiye cyangwa babimusabye. Hari ingero zagiye zitangwa n’abasesenguye cyane inganzo ya Ndangamira. Dufate ingero zikurikira:
Inka ya Kanyamashokoro: yari inka y’inkuku y’umugabo Nzigiye. Iyo nka ngo ikaba yarakamwaga cyane. Umugore wa Nzigiye witwaga Nyirakayogera asaba Ndangamira ngo ayimusingirize. Ndangamira yabyitabiriye yumva aguye ahashashe mu nganzo ye.
Inka ya Ruzirabwoba: yari inka y’inkungu baturiye Kigeri Rwabugili ahitwa i Ruhama rwa Kayenzi ho mu Ndorwa, ivuye mu minyago. Bavuga ko kari agaka kiburungushuye. Umwami asaba bose kuyimurekera ngo hatagira uyimusaba. Ndangamira ayibonye na we arayirata by’amashyengo.
Inkuku y’ikirezi: Ni inka ya Ndangamira yahonotse muryamo, ni ukuvuga iyarwaye umuze hanyuma ikawukira. Ndangamira yarayise.
Inshyame ya Ndangamira: Ni inka ya Ndangamira yabaye inshyame ya Muryamo, ni ukuvuga itigeze ifatwa n’umuze wa muryamo. Ndangamira na yo yarayise mu mashyengo.
IMYITOZO
1. Izina ry’inka rigizwe n’iki?
2. Sobanura amagambo cyangwa itsinda ry’amagambo akurikira:
a) Gutenda
b) Inka y’ubumanzi
c) Inka y’inkurarwobo
d) Inka y’imirindi
3. Sobanura imvo n’imvano y’amazina y’inka.
2.8.3. Imyororokere n’imitegekere by’inyambo
IGIKORWA
Jya mu isomero ukore ubushakashatsi utahure uko inyambo zororokaga n’uko zategekwaga (abari bashinzwe inyambo ni bande?)
1. Imyororokere y’inyambo
Kugira ngo inyambo zigwire mu Gihugu, umutware w’inyambo yagendaga azongera mu ibangurira ry’inkuku ku mfizi y’inyambo. Ubwo bumenyi bwari ukubiri:
– Uburyo bwa mbere bwari ubwo kubangurira amashashi y’inka z’inkuku ku mfizi y’inyambo, izo zibyaye zikitwa ibigarama. Ibyo bigarama na byo bikazabangurirwa ku mfizi y’inyambo, izivutse zikitwa inkerakibumbiro. Izo nkerakibumbiro zabangurirwaga ku mfizi y’inyambo zikabyara imirizo cyangwa ibisumba (iyo ari izo mu mutwe w’inka utigeze ingegene). Imirizo cyangwa ibisumba zamaraga kubangurirwa ku mfizi y’inyambo hakavuka noneho inyambo zuzuye bitaga ingegene.
– Uburyo bwa kabiri bwari ubwo kubangurira inyambo z’ingegene ku mfizi y’inkuku zikabyara ingegene.
Icyababwiraga inyambo ni uko zari zifite umubyimba munini n’amahembe maremare. Icyo bakundiraga inyambo ni ubwiza bwazo. Bazimurikaga mu birori, barazitoje uko zigenda no kudakangarana mu birori. Umutware w’inyambo we yabiragaga abana be kugira ngo imihindagurirwe y’abatware
b’inyambo idatuma ubumenyi bw’imyorokere y’inyambo buhungabana. Kuzivanga n’inkuku byari ugutuma inyambo zigumana ubwiza bwazo kugira ngo budacika.
Uko babanguriraga ubushyo bw’inyambo z’ingegene
Amashashi y’inyambo yararindaga ntibahere ko babangurira irinze yose ahubwo bakayihorera ikarinduka. Aho bazashakira ko zibangurirwa bakazishora ku iriba rihiye (iriba rifite amazi y’urwunyunyu rukaze).
Bazishoraga kuri iryo riba maze inka iryuhiweho igahodoka (ni ukugira icyokere mu mubiri kiyitera ubuzinukwe bw’ayo mazi). Igihe zikiyumvamo ubuhodoke bazishoraga ku mazi ahiye zikayanga zikishakira amazi asanzwe kugira ngo azigabanyemo icyokere ziyumvagamo.
Ku ngoma ya Yuhi IV Gahindiro, amariba ahiye kurusha andi yari atatu (3):
a) Iriba rya Rushya rwa Nyamurungo (mu Bwishya muri Repubulika
Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo).
b) Iriba rya Mupfu (mu Bunyambiriri muri Musebeya mu Karere ka Nyamagabe).
c) Iriba rya Ngugu (mu Mutara).
Bavuga ko iryo riba rihiye rihotora. Ubwo buhodoke bwamaraga iminsi myinshi ndetse bikageza no ku kwezi cyangwa amezi abiri. Iyo inka yuhiwe mu iriba rihiye yakamwaga, yagiraga iyayumo (igabanya umukamo), uko ubuhodoke bwagendaga buyishiramo yaragishiraga (yagaruraga umukamo buhorobuhoro. Bitewe n’uko amariba yabaga kure, gukora urugendo bajyayo ni byo bitaga “kurekera.” Abashumba bakoraga urwo rugendo bakitwa“abarekezi.” Iyo inyana yararaga ukubiri na nyina kubera urwo rugendo babyitaga “kurara iragwe.” Habaga ubwo inka igenda ijoro ryose ishaka iyayo, ari byo bitaga “guhomora.” Gusukura iriba bavanamo umuvu, babyitaga “kweza iriba.” Iriba ryabaga rituje ryitwaga“umugwimo.” Guhabwa umwanya wo kuhira, byitwaga “guhana umurambi.” Isibo yo kurwanira umurambi, ikitwa “inkomati.” Iyo rero ubuhodoke bwarangiraga, ubushyo bwose bwuhiwe ya mazi ahiye bwarindiraga icya rimwe bagahera ko babangurira zikabyarira rimwe. Aha rero ni ho batumiraga umwisi akaza kwita izina.
1. Imitegekere y’inyambo mu Rwanda rwo hambere
Umwami ni we wari umutware w’inyambo mukuru, hagakurikiraho umutware w’ingabo, agakurikirwa n’umutware w’inyambo, hakaza umutahira, hagaheruka umurenzamase.
Umwami: yari nyiri Igihugu bityo akaba yari ku mutwe wa byose.
Umutware w’ingabo: yari umukuru w’umutwe w’ingabo kandi akaba yari hejuru y’umutware w’inyambo
Umutware w’inyambo: yabaga ari umuntu ujijutse, akaba yarashyirwagaho ngo agenge inyambo zo mu mitwe iyi n’iyi. Ubwo butegetsi yaburagaga umwana we bugakomeza kuba uruhererekane. Ntiyashoboraga kunyagwa kuko yari ashinzwe imyororerere y’inyambo. Nyamara umutware w’ingabo we yashoboraga kunyagwa ingabo.
Umutahira: we yabaga ari umunyacyubahiro baremeraga ubushyo bw’inyambo bwo mu mutwe uyu n’uyu w’inka, akawubwiriza akawuragira. Umutahira yashoboraga guhabwa inkoni y’ubushumba (kumuziturira); bamuhaga inka (ubushyo). Byakorwaga bazitura inyana mu kiraro bakazimuha bakanamuha inkoni y’ubushumba. Iyo inka zamaraga kuba amabuguma, umutware w’inyambo yazeguriraga umutahira zikaba ize bwite. Na we yarazigumanaga akaziha abo ashaka. Umutahira rero yabaga ari mu rwego rw’abashumba b’inyambo. Ubushyo yabaga ashinzwe iyo bwasazaga bamuremeraga ubundi bushyo cyangwa bakaburemera umwana we w’umuhungu.
Abarenzamase: Bo bari nk’abakozi bari bashinzwe kwirirwa inyuma y’inka (bubakaga ibiraro, bacaga ibyarire) kandi bakaba barashyirwagaho n’umutahira.
Ukuvukira rimwe k’ubushyo bw’inyambo z’ingegene.
Ubushyo bw’inyambo bwabyariraga rimwe, agatsinda bwabaga bwaravukiye rimwe. Uko kuvukira rimwe byagendaga bite? Amashashi y’inyambo yararindaga, ntibahereko babangurira irinze yose, ahubwo bakazihorera zikarinduka. Aho bazashakira ko zibangurirwa bakazishora ku iriba rihiye.
Iriba rihiye ni iriba ry’amazi y’urwunyunyu rukaze, maze inka iryuhiweho igahodoka. Guhodoka bivuga kugira icyokere mu mubiri kiyitera ubuzinukwe bw’amazi ya bene iryo riba rihiye; igihe ikifitemo ubuhodoke wayishora ku mazi ahiye ikayanga, ahubwo ikishakira amazi asanzwe y’umugezi, kugira ngo ihoshe icyo cyokere yiyumvamo. Ubwo bavuga ko iryo riba rihotora (iyo inka zinywaho zigahodoka). Ubuhodoke bwamaraga iminsi myinshi, ndetse bikageza no ku kwezi, no ku mezi abiri. Iriba ryarushaga ayandi kuba rihiye baribwirwaga n’iminsi rihotora.
Iyo nka buhiye, niba yakamwaga, imara gukuka ku iriba rihiye ikagira iyayumo, ni ukuvuga kumira amata, ikagabanya umukamo cyane. Nyamara, uko ubuhodoke buyigabanyukamo, ikangishira. Kwangishira bivuga kugenda yongera umukamo. Kwangishira si iby’amazi ahiye gusa; n’iyo inka zirishije uruhira, igisigati cyangwa ubwatsi bwinshi bwiza, na bwo zirangishira. Iyo rero iby’uguhodoka birangiye, ubushyo bwose bwuhiwe ya mazi ahiye, bwarindiraga icyarimwe; ubwo bakazibangurira, zikazabyarira rimwe.
Hari igitekerezo kiza cya bene ayo mariba ahiye. Ku ngoma ya Yuhi IV Gahindiro, igihe yari atuye i Murinja ho ku Mayaga ubu ni mu Ntara y’Amajyepfo, bagiye impaka z’amariba atambukije ayandi gushya. Gahindiro rero atumira amakoro y’amazi y’amariba y’Igihugu cyose. Amakoro yayo mazi amaze kugera i Murinja, bafukura ibibumbiro inyuma yo ku karubanda (akarubanda ni umuharuro w’ibwami aho buri muntu wese yashoboraga kwigendera uko ashaka, ntihagire umubuza). Baje gusogongeza inka ku mazi yashyizwe mu bibumbiro byose, barazahura zirahangaza.Igihe cy’amashoka kigeze, baza kuzuhira kuri bya bibumbiro, ariko barazireka zihitiramo. Zose ziza zisibanira amazi yo mu Rushya rwa Nyamirango, iriba ryo mu Bwishya (ubu ni muri Repubulika Iharanira Demukarasi ya Kongo), izihabuze umwanya zisanga iriba rya Mupfu ryo mu Bunyambiriri; izihabuze umwanya zinywa ku rya Ngugu ryo mu Mutara. Izibuze umwanya kuri ayo ngayo zanga kunywa ku yandi ahubwo zigaruka kurwanira umwanya kuri ayo uko ari atatu. Bityo zica urubanza ko iriba ryo mu Rushya rwa Nyamirango riyaruta yose, hagataho Mupfu na Ngugu. Hari icyo tutagomba kwitiranya; iriba rihiye ryitwa “imbuga” cyangwa “ibuga”, iridahiye nk’aho hose mu gihugu bapfaga kuhira inka, ryitwaga “urwoyo”. Amariba ahiye barayahagurukiraga, bagakora urugendo ruraza nzira ndetse n’iminsi ibiri ikaba yashyika umuntu agishakisha ahaboneka iriba rihiye. Urwo rugendo rujya kuhira inka kure byitwa “kurekera”, abarukoze bayoboye inka zabo bakitwa “abarekezi”.
Niba ari urugendo ruraye ijoro rimwe, bashoboraga gusiga inyana, zikarara ukubiri na za nyina; ibyo bikitwa “kurara iragwe”. Habagaho ubwo inka icika nijoro ishaka iyayo ibyo bikitwa guhomora. Amariba ahiye bayashakiraga n’akandi kamaro: ngo yavuraga inka indwara zimwe na zimwe, ariko izabimenyerejwe buri mwaka zabibura zikagubwa nabi, zigasogobwa (zikazongwa).
Inka zuhirwaga mu ki amariba ahiye, kugira ngo zibangurirwe ku mpeshyi zizabyare mu itumba, zibone ubwatsi bwinshi ku mvura. Nanone inka yabyaraga mu ki, mu minsi ya mbere ntiyakamwaga, bayiragiraga mu bwatsi bw’inkome bubonetse bwose. Nyamara iminsi ya mbere yo kuyihemba yararangiraga igasigara yanamye, irisha hamwe n’izindi, bikayizahaza igakurizamo kurwara muhekenyi. Aborozi ba kera rero, abari bazi uburyo bw’imyororere y’inka, ntibabanguriraga inka zabo mu gihe kizahurirana n’uko zibyara mu ki.
Ni byiza kwibuka ko hari itegeko ryo kweza amariba imvura y’itumba ivuye hasi; mu kwezi kwa Kamena kamena amasekuru. Kweza amariba ni ukuyavanamo amazi yose, iriba bakarisukura, bakabona kuryuhiraho. Iriba ritejejwe itumba rivuye hasi, bari bazi ko ritera muhekenyi mu nka. Uwo murimo wo kweza amariba kimwe no kuyafukura mbere, byari bitegetswe abafite inka bose, bonyine; uwanze kubijyamo bakamukoma iryo riba ntazashobore kuryuhiraho. Iriba riteze ryitwa “umugwira”, n’amazi yaryo arimo umwanda akitwa “umugwira”.
Hariho amariba ya kera cyane yategekwaga n’abatware bayagabanye, abaje kuhira bakabanza kubatura. Nyamara amariba menshi ntiyagiraga umutware w’ibuga. Habanzaga kuhira uwatanze abandi gufata amazi, abandi bakaza gukurikirana uko bagiye bahamusanga. Uwajyaga gufata amazi, yazindukaga kare cyane, akarema
igicaniro ku iriba, bwamara gucya akadahira. Umwanya wa buri muntu wo kuhira witwaga umurambi. Habaga ubwo haza umuntu w’ikinyamaboko agashaka guhuguza abandi umurambi wabo, bakarwana. Kurwanira amazi byitwaga gukomata, ari byo byenderaho rya jambo ngo inkomati.
IMYITOZO
1. Vuga abantu b’ingenzi bategekaga inyambo maze usobanure inshingano za buri wese.
2. Sobanura amagambo akurikira: ibigarama, inkerakibumbiro, imirizo, ingegene.
3. Vuga imyororere y’inyambo.
2.8.4. Akamaro ko kwiga inganzo y’amazina y’inka
IGIKORWA
Nk’umunyeshuri wiga mu ishami ry’indimi n’uburezi wumva kwiga
amazina y’inka bifite uwuhe mumaro?
Birashoboka ko hari umuntu wakwibaza icyo kwiga amazina y’inka byaba bimaze muri iki kinyejana turimo, aho abantu benshi bahihibikanira kumva ibirebana n’itumanaho, ndetse n’ikoranabuhanga. Reka twemere ko muri ibi bihe ndetse n’ibizaza ntawuzongera kujya mu byo kwita inka. Ariko kumenya ubuhanga bukubiye mu nganzo iyi n’iyi ya kera nta cyo byishe, ndetse ni byiza rwose kumenya umurimo wa ba sogokuru. Bifite akamaro ku muntu washobora gucengera neza iyo nganzo, hanyuma yamara kumucengeramo na we akaba yafatiraho akayikoresha mu bundi buryo. None se Musenyeri Alegisi Kagame amaze kuryoherwa, gucengera no gucengerwa n’inganzo y’amazina y’inka, si bwo yayishingiyeho ahimba “Umuririmbyi wa Nyiribiremwa” n’“Indyoheshabirayi”?
Byongeye kandi uwashaka kumenya ubuhanga bw’abahanzi ba hano mu Rwanda ntanage akajisho kuri iyi nganzo y’amazina y’inka, ngo arebe ubuhanga bw’intondeke zipimye indinganire yaba atakaje byinshi. Abashakashatsi bitaye ku nganzo y’amazina y’inka harimo uwitwa Faransisi Yuwaneti (Francis Jouannet), asobanura neza ko ubuhanga bw’intondeke zipimye ntaho ryakunzekuboneka muri Afurika uretse mu Rwanda. Uwashaka kubicukumbura yasoma igitabo kitwa Prosodologie etphonologie non linéaire, 1985, p.73. Niba tudashatse kubyitaho ntaho twaba dutaniye na ba bandi bambara ikirezi ntibamenye ko kera cyangwa wa wundi w’umutunzi uba umworo w’amata.
Nta gushidikanya mu mazina y’inka harimo ubuhanga bw’inshoberabuvivi. Uretse ubwo buhanga bw’intondeke zipimye, usangamo injyana n’iminozanganzo ishingiye ku isubirajambo, no ku isubirajwi ; usangamo gukoresha ijambo ryabugenewe, usangamo uburyo bwo gukoreshamo imibangikanyo; usangamo imizimizo myinshi itandukanye n’icyo abisi ubwabo bita ingaruzo. Ni ijambo risingiza cyangwa se interuro y’amagambo asingiza abami muri rusange cyangwa ingoma, hakaba n’asingiza umwami uyu n’uyu, ibikorwa bye cyangwa amatwara ye. Uwashaka rero kumenya imyifatire y’Abanyarwanda bo hambere, agashaka kumenya ibyo babaga bimirije imbere, nta yindi soko yavomamo ubwo bumenyi uretse kubusanga mu mazina y’inka. Ubutwari n’umurava birasingizwa, ubupfura no kwanga umugayo bikamamazwa kandi ibi ni bimwe mu by’ingenzi biranga indangagaciro y’uwagombye kwitwa Umunyarwanda.
UMWITOZO
Mwungurane ibitekerezo mu ngingo ikurikira:
Mubona ari uruhe ruhare rw’inganzo y’amazina y’inka mu buvanganzo nyarwanda?
II.9. Inshinga
2.9.1. Inshoza n’amoko by’ishinga
Soma interuro zikurikira, witegereze amagambo yanditse atsindagiye, usobanure imiterere yayo. Uhereye ku miterere y’ayo magambo, kora ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza n’amoko by’inshinga.
a) Amashashi y’inyambo yavukiye rimwe yimiraga rimwe.
b) Umwisi yabaga agiye kwita nk’ubushyo bwo mu mutwe w’Ibihogo akabuteza umutware w’inyambo.
c) Umwisi yirindaga guteza inyambo umwami n’umutware w’ingabo.
d) Ingabo z’u Rwanda zari imitwe itegekwa n’abatware.
e) Umugaba w’ingabo yari afite ububasha nk’ubw’umwami mu gihe k’igitero.
f) Ingegene ni inyambo zuzuye.1. Inshoza y’inshinga
Inshinga ni ijambo ryumvikanisha igikorwa, imiterere, imico cyangwa imimerere ya ruhamwa mu nteruro. Muri make, inshinga ni yo itanga ubutumwa mu nteruro, igaragaramo igikorwa cya ruhamwa.
2. Amoko y’inshinga
Mu moko y’inshinga hagaragaramo inshinga isanzwe n’inshinga idasanzwe. Inshinga isanzwe ishobora kuba iri mu mbundo cyangwa itondaguye. Ni ukuvuga ko inshinga ishobora kwigaragaza mu nteruro ari:
a) Inshinga idasanzwe bita nkene cyangwa mburabuzi.
b) Inshinga isanzwe iri mu mbundo.
c) Inshinga isanzwe itondaguye.
a) Inshinga idasanzwe
Inshinga idasanzwe bita nkene cyangwa mburabuzi ni inshinga zidakoreshwa nk’inshinga zisanzwe kuko usanga hari ibihe bimwe na bimwe by’inshinga zidatondagurwamo. Ikindi kiziranga ni uko usanga nta zina rishobora gukomoka kuri bene izo nshinga. Ni inshinga zigizwe n’ibicumbi gusa (-ni, -ri, -fite, -ruzi,
-zi); ntizifite imbundo zizwi ni yo mpamvu ku mikoreshereze y’imisozo yayo, usanga izo nshinga zidakorana n’imisozo -e, -aga, -ye na a mu buryo busanzwe. Cyakora iyo zikoreshejweho ingereka zishobora gusesengurwamo imisozo.
a) Inshinga isanzwe iri mu mbundo
Inshinga idatondaguye yitwa kandi inshinga iri mu mbundo. Ni inshinga itagaragaza ngenga irimo cyangwa uburyo keretse uburyo bw’imbundo. Inshinda idatondaguye iranga ikidafite uwo kerekezwaho. Inshinga iri mu mbundo ntigaragaza ukora, igikorwa, igihe igikorwa gikorerwa keretse mu nzagihe.
b) Inshinga itondaguye
Ni inshinga igaragaza ngenga yayo, ruhamwa ndetse n’igihe itondaguwemo.
Urugero: Nzakora
Ikitonderwa:
Hari bamwe na bamwe bashyira “Ingirwanshinga ; -ti,-tya,-tyo, na -te” mumoko y‘inshinga zidasanzwe bitwaje ko na zo zijya muri ngenga uko ari eshatu,
nyamara ingirwanshinga ni ubwoko bw’ijambo bwihariye kuko usibye kuba zigaragaza ngenga nta rindi huriro zifitanye n’inshinga kuko zitagaragaza igikorwa cyangwa imico n’imimerere ya ruhamwa
IMYITOZO
Garagaza ubwoko bw’inshinga zagaragajwe mu nteruro zikurikira:
a) Intwari yivugaga ibigwi n’ibirindiro byayo.
b) Amazina y’inka afite akamaro mu muco wacu.
c)Abanyeshuri beza bakunda gusoma.
d) Nduzi mwese mwitabiriye ishuri.
2.9.1. Ibihe by’inshinga
IGIKORWA
Soma interuro zikurikira, witegereze amagambo yanditse atsindagiye, usobanure imiterere yayo. Uhereye ku miterere y’ayo magambo, kora ubushakashatsi utahure kandi usobanure ibihe by’inshinga.
a) Mu Ngoro Ndangamuco y’u Rwanda umubare w’inyambo
ukomeza kwiyongera.
b) Kwiga amazina y’inka bidufasha gusobanukirwa n’umuco wacu.
c) Nimukomeza gusoma ibitabo by’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda muzasobanukirwa n’amateka y’Abanyarwanda.
d) Urubyiruko ruzatozwa kuba intore.
Mu Kinyarwanda inshinga yose itondaguye igomba kugira igihe itondaguyemo hakurikijwe urwego rw’ibivugwa n’irebero (ko ibivugwa byarangiye cyangwa bitararangira) ryabyo. Habaho rero ibihe bikuru bitatu mu itondaguranshinga. Ibyo bihe ni igihe cyahise kivuga ibyamaze kuba kikitwa impitagihe. Hakaba ikivuga ibiriho ubu kikitwa indagihe. Hakabaho n’ikivuga ibizaba cyangwa ibizaza kikitwa inzagihe.
1. Indagihe
Indagihe ivuga ibiba muri aka kanya, ibiba ubusanzwe n’ibyabaye kera bivugwa mu nkuru bityo ikagabanywamo indagihe y’ubu, indagihe y’ubusanzwe, indagihe y’imbarankuru n’iy’igikomezo.
a) Indagihe y’ubu
Iyi ndagihe yumvikanisha ikirimo gukorwa ubu, aho uvugiye no mu kanya kaza. Indangagihe yayo ni –ra-
Ingero
- Ndahinga mu rutoki.
- Ubu ndandika ibaruwa.
b) Indagihe y’ubusanzweIndagihe y’ubusanzwe yumvikanisha igikorwa gisanzwe gikorwa. Ntawamenya intangiriro n’iherezo ryacyo.
Indangagihe yayo ni –ø-
Ingero
- Izuba rirasa mu gitondo.
- Nkunda gusoma ibitabo.
- Nigisha ubumenyi bw’isi.
c) Indagihe y’imbarankuru
Indagihe y’imbarankuru umuntu ayikoresha avuga ibyabaye kera nk’aho ari iby’ubu. Igira intego iteye nk’iy’ indagihe y’ubusanzwe bigatandukanira ku nshoza. Indangahige yayo ni -ra-
Ingero
Umwarimu arahaguruka abwira abanyeshuri be ati: “Mwigane umwete bizabafasha”.
a) Indagihe y’igikomezo
Indagihe y’igikomezo yumvisha igikorwa kirimo gukorwa ubu ngubu ntawamenya igihe cyatangiriye nta n’uwamenya igihe kiri burangirire, Indangagihe yayo ni -ra-ki-âa cyangwa -ra-ki- iyo igicumbi gitangiwe n’innyajwiIngero
- Ndacyasoma igitabo.
- Aho aracyakoze wa murimo?
- Turacyamutegereje.
=- Ibikorwa remezo biracyatera imbere.
Ndacyubaha abakuru.
1. Impitagihe
Impitagihe ivuga ibintu byahise kare n’ibyahise kera ikigabanyamo impitakare n’impitakera.
a) Impitakare
Impitakare yumvisha igikorwa cyarangiye mu gihe cyahise ariko kitarengeje uyu munsi mu gitondo. Indangagihe yayo ni –aa-.
Ingero
- Nateraga urubingo.
- Naharuraga umuhanda.
- Twahinze ibishyimbo.
b) Impitakera
Impitakera yumvisha igikorwa cyarangiye mu gihe cyahise uhereye ejo hashize ugana hirya yaho. Indangagihe yayo ni- âa- na a-râ
Ingero
- Nabyinaga mu itorero Indangamuco
- Natozaga ikipe y’igihugu
- Nasomye Bibiliya nkiri muto.
- Yarasomye.
1. Inzagihe
Inzagihe ivuga ibiza kuba cyangwa ibizaba nyuma y’igihe cyo kuvuga. Yigabanyamo inzahato n’inzakera.
a) Inzahato
Inzahato ivuga ibiri bube nyuma yo kuvuga ariko ntibifatire undi munsi. Indangagihe yayo ni –ra.
Ingero
- Ku gicamunsi uratera umupira.
- Mu kanya uramperekeza ku isoko.
- Araza kukubwira igikenewe.
b) Inzakera
Inzakera ivuga ibizaba ejo hazaza cyangwa mu bihe bizakurikiraho. Indangagihe yayo ni –zaa-.
Ingero
- Tuzaririmba indirimbo z’agakiza.
- Muzadusura ryari?
- Tuzagera ku iterambere mu bikorwa remezo.
IMYITOZO
1. Garagaza ibihe bikuru by’inshinga n’ibigiye bibishamikiyeho byose.
2. Tahura inshinga zitondaguye ziri mu nteruro zikurikira maze ugaragaze ibihe zitondaguyemo.
a) Nabonye imbuto none nateye.
b) Igihe nari mu ishuri wansakurizaga.
c) Leta y’u Rwanda yahisemo gushyira mu bikorwa ikemezo k’imiturire.
d) Umubare w’abuturage uzakomeza kwiyongera.
e) Hari ibindi bikorwa bitunze Abanyarwanda.
II. 10 Umwitozo w’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuriHimba ikivugo cyo mu gihe tugezemo gifite imitere nk’iy’ “Inkatazakurekera” wirata ibyiza wakoze cyangwa ibikorwa wagezeho maze uzakivuge imbere ya bgenzi bawe ugaragaza isesekaza rikwiye. Ikivugo cyawe ntikirenze imironzo 20
Ubu nshobora:
– Gutandukanya no gusobanura ingeri z’ubuvanganzo nyabami.
– Gusobanurira abandi icyo ikivugo ari cyo, amoko n’uturango twabyo.
– Kugereranya ibyivugo byo hambere n’ibyo muri iki gihe.
– Guhanga ikivugo cyo muri iki gihe haba mu nyandiko no mu mvugo.
– Gusobanura neza imihango y’igitero mu Rwanda rwo hambere n’impeta z’ubutwari.
– Gusobanura inshoza y’amazina y’inka, imvano y’inganzo yayo n’akamaro kayo mu buvanganzo nyarwanda.
Gusobanura no gukoresha inshinga mu bihe bikuru.
Ubu ndangwa:
No kwimakaza umuco nyarwanda, gushishikarira no gushishikariza gusoma ingeri z’ubuvanganzo nyabami, gusabana no gutarama nifashishije ingeri z’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda, gukoresha neza ibihe by’inshinga.II.11. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa kabiri
Umwandiko: Igitero cyo mu Bushubi
Rwabugiri agaba igitero mu Bushubi (ubu ni muri Tanzaniya) yatejeyo imitwe itanu y’ingabo: Uruyange, Inyaruguru, Abarasa, Abahirika n’Inyange. Umugaba w’icyo gitero yari Seruzamba rwa Kinani cya Biraboneye wo mu Baryinyonza.
Impamvu yatumye Rwabugiri ahatera si ukugira ngo ahigarurire, ahubwo kwari ukugira ngo atabare umwami waho mushya wamutabaje. Umwami waho Kibogora agiye gupfa, yaraze ingoma umwana we Nsoro. Hari undi mwana wa Kibogora witwaga Rwabigimba, agashaka kurwanya mwene se Nsoro ngo amukure ku ngoma yabo. Kandi yari amaboko ashoboye kumugeza kuri iyo ntego. Nsoro abonye ko atamurwanya ngo amushobore yitabaza Rwabugiri. Ni cyo cyateye Rwabugiri gutera i Bushubi.
Ingabo za Rwabugiri zimaze kugera mu Bushubi, Nsoro yashoje intambara kuko yari abonye amaboko. Ingamba ziracakirana. Ingabo za Rwabigimba zitwaga “Urwanana” ziraneshwa zihungana na nyirazo, bajya i Bugufi (na ho ni muri Tanzaniya). Rwabigimba amaze gutsindwa, Nsoro yakira ingabo z’u Rwanda zamutabaye, azakirira ahantu hitwa Cyaza. Aho hantu yari yaharimbishije cyane, hose hateguye ibirago nta muntu n’umwe wo mu ngabo z’u Rwanda wicaye ku byatsi. Arabazimanira cyane, abereka ukuntu yabashimye ndetse abaha n’imyenda. Mbese abereka ko abafitiye umutima mwiza na bo baramushima cyane. Abaha ibyo bashyira Rwabugiri byinshi kandi bishimishije. Cyanecyane imyenda (ubwo muri Tanzaniya imyenda yari yarahageze).
Ubwo rero Rwabigimba yabonaga ko atagishoboye Nsoro kuko ashyigikiwe na Rwabugiri. Noneho na we ashaka uburyo yakuzura na Rwabugiri. Amutumaho ab’aho b’ibikomangoma nka we bageze ku munani amwoherereza n’amaturo menshi. Abo bantu bamusanga mu rugo rw’ i Sakara mu Gisaka. Batura amaturo bahawe bavuga n’ubutumwa. Abo bose Rwabugiri Arabica. Ariko bararenganye. Rwabigimba amaze kumenya ibyo Rwabugiri yamukoreye asanga amuhakaniye umubano, yigira inama yo kuzatera mu Bushubi mu gihe Rwabugiri azaba yavuye i Sakara; yaragiye ku nkiko zo hirya zitegeranye n’u Bushubi. Koko hashize iminsi, Rwabugiri ava i Sakara ajya mu Kinyaga. Rwabigimba amenye ko Rwabugiri yagiye, yongera gutera mu Bushubi kurwanya Nsoro mwene se. Nsoro abonye ko Rwabigimba yongeye kumwuvura na none atuma kuri Rwabugiri. Rwabugiri na we atuma kuri Kabaka umutware w’Abarasa amutegeka gutabara
Nsoro. Kabaka ahagurukana n’ingabo ze arambuka atabara Nsoro barwanya Rwabigimba ubwa kabiri baramutsinda. Noneho baguma mu Bushubi kugira ngo barinde Nsoro, bituma atongera guterwa. Ni ko Rwabugiri yari yabitegetse Kabaka.
Banze amata y’ingweba biyemeza kubeshya ngo batahe i Rwanda. Ingabo za Kabaka zirinze Nsoro zaje kumererwa nabi, ziraharwarira, ziranahasonzera, kuko zanze kunywa amata y’ingweba. Ubwo kwari ugushaka impamvu yo gutaha bakahava. Babonye ko bene izo mpamvu zo kurwara no gusonza kandi begereye iwabo mu Gisaka zitakwemerwa na Rwabugiri bongeraho indi mpamvu kandi mbi cyane, ngo Nsoro ni we ubaroga n’abagaragu be, ngo rimwe na rimwe babahingisha nijoro batazi icyo bakora bahindutse nk’abasazi, abandi ngo bagacika intege, bakagira uruhondobero ntibashobore kuba bahaguruka aho bicaye. Ibyo babyumvikanaho na Kabaka umutware wabo, bamusaba ko azabibabwirira Rwabugiri bigatuma abakura mu Bushubi bagataha.
Kabaka yemera inama Abarasa bamubwiye, abakorera uko bashaka atuma kuri Rwabugiri ati: “Abarasa bamerewe nabi cyane kubera uburozi bw’Abashumba na Nsoro”. Ati: “Hari ubwo bamwe babahingisha nijoro batabizi basa n’abarota, abandi bagahondobera intege zikabura, umuntu ntabe yakwihagurutsa aho yicaye”. Ati: “Kandi rero barimo gufatwa nabi, inzara na yo ntiboroheye”! Rwabugiri ararakara, atuma kuri Kabaka ati: “Niba ari uko bimeze muzafate Nsoro n’umuryango we mubanzanire”. Koko baramufata, bafata na nyina n’abagore be bombi: Mukananika na Bihogo, bafata n’abana be babiri: Muyombo na Kambibi. Ubwo Rubanguka rwa Kabaka asanga Rwabugiri mu Kinyaga kumubwira amacumu no kumumenyesha ko Nsoro na Nyina n’abagore be n’abana be bafashwe ari imbohe. Amubaza ko bazabamuzanira cyangwa se ko bazabicira iyo. Undi ati: “Bazabanzanire ino mu Kinyaga”. Bahabagejeje bose arabica. Birangiye ajya iwe ku Nzizi, ahageze afatwa n’ubushita bumugwa nabi cyane. Aho akiriye, umusizi witwa Munyangango ahimba igisigo kitwa “Umunsi mbariwa inkuru.” Icyo gisigo gisingiza umwami kikamurata kikanamushima, kandi kikogeza amoko n’imiryango yabyaye abagabekazi n’intwari zarwaniye igihugu n’imiryango zikomokamo.
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Ni irihe zina ry’ubwami rya Rwabugiri uvugwa mu mwandiko?
2. Garagaza imitwe itanu y’ingabo z’u Rwanda yarwanye mu gitero cyo mu Bushubi.
3. Kabaka yari muntu ki?
4. Uturere dukurikira tuvugwa mu mwandiko turi mu yihe Ntara y’ubu: i Gisaka, i Kinyaga?
5. Ni iki cyatumye Rwabugiri agaba igitero mu Bushubi?
6. Rwabigimba yabyifashemo ate amaze guhakanirwa ubufasha na Rwabugiri?
7. Seruzamba yari afite murimo ki mu gitero cyo mu Bushubi?
8. Ni uwuhe muvuzi w’amacumu uvugwa mu mwandiko?
9. Utekereza ko igitero cyo mu Bushubi cyamariye iki u Rwanda?
10. Ni irihe somo ukuye mu gitero cyo mu Bushubi ?
I. Ibazo by’inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura amagambo cyangwa imvugo zikurikira dusanga mu mwandiko
a) Kuraga ingoma
b) Gushaka amaboko
c) Gushoza intambara
d) Igikomangoma
e) Kuvuga amacumu f) Uruhondobero
g) Kugaba igitero
h) Ingamba ziracakirana
2. Andika impuzanyito z’aya magambo ziri mu mwandiko
a) Uhimba igisigo cy’umwami
b) Ibyo ugemurira umuntu umushakaho ubufasha cyangwa kumukeza
c) Nyina w’umwami
d) Indwara y’uruhu ifata nk’ubuheri
e) Abantu bakorera umwami
3. Andika imbusane z’amagambo akurikira ari mu mwandiko:
a) Kurwanya
b) Intwari
c) Gukura ku ngoma
d) Gushima
e) KuneshwaI. Ibibazo by’ubuvanganzo
1. Tanga ingeri z’ubuvanganzo nyabami waba uzi.
2. Ibyivugo by’abantu bakuru birimo amoko angahe? Yavuge kandi unayatandukanye.
3. Sobanura amoko y’impeta z’ubutwari zo mu Rwanda rwo hambere.
4. Hanga ikivugo cyawe, wivuga uwo uri we, wirata ubutwari bw’ibikorwa byiza yakoze.
IV. Ibibazo by’ikibonezamvugo
1. Garagaza ubwoko bw’inshinga zagaragajwe mu nteruro zikurikira:
a) Twese turi abana b’u Rwanda.
b) Abana bifite ubumuga bakunda gukinana n’abandi imikino ndangamuco.
2. Garagaza ibihe by’inshinga zitondaguye zikurikira:
a) Abanyeshuri bazatsinda neza amasomo yabo kuko biga uko bikwiye.
b) Amazina y’inka ndayumva kuko mu kanya twakoraga imyitozo ayerekeyeho.
V. Ihangamwandiko
Ushingiye ku miterere n’amoko y’ibyivugo, hanga ikivugo cyawe wivuga uwo uri we, wirata ubutwari bw’ibikorwa byiza wakoze.