UMUTWE 4: KUBAKA UMUCO W’AMAHORO
UBUSHOBOZI BW’INGENZI BUGAMIJWE
-Gusesengura umwandiko ku ntandaro n’ingaruka z’amakimbirane
agaragaza ingingo ry’ingenzi ziwukubiyemo.-Gusesengura inshinga agaragaza intêgo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi.
IGIKORWA CY’UMWINJIZO
Ushingiye ku bumenyi bwawe bwite, sobanura amakimbirane icyo ari
cyo, uko avuka, ingaruka zayo n’abagira uruhare mu kuyakumira nokuyakemura.
IV.1. Umwandiko: Intandaro n’ingaruka z’amakimbirane
Abahanga basobanura neza ko amakimbirane ari ibintu bigonganisha abantu
babiri cyangwa benshi bikomotse ku bibazo cyangwa se ku mpamvu zinyuranye.
Amakimbirane ashobora kuvuka bitewe n’imiyoborere idahwitse, amacakubiri
hagati y’imbaga y’abantu, imyumvire ya poritiki idahuye n’ibitekerezo
by’abandi, kutizerana mu ngo cyangwa mu miryango. Byagiye bigaragara
ko ubunebwe, ubukene, ubujiji, inda nini na ruswa bishobora na byo kuba
intandaro y’amakimbirane. Imiturire mibi, ihohoterwa rya bamwe, abana
batiga na bo bashobora kuba intandaro y’amakimbirane…
Amakimbirane agira uko akemurwa. Ahari abagabo ntihapfa abandi. Igihe cyose
hagaragaye amakimbirane, ni ngombwa kwihutira kuyakemura agahigama.
Ni ngombwa gukemura amakimbirane mu maguru mashya kuko arasenya
ntiyubaka.
Mu gukemura amakimbirane hari iby’ingenzi bigomba kwitabwaho. Mbere
na mbere umuhuza mu gukemura amakimbirane agomba kumenya imiterere
n’imvano nyakuri y’ayo makimbirane, iyo iki kirangiye ahuza abafitanye
amakimbirane akabunga yubahiriza amategeko ariho, ibinaniranye
bigashyikirizwa inzego zisumbuye zibifitiye ububasha.
Amakimbirane adacika, y’akarande arasenya, yangiza byinshi. Igihe cyose abantu
batarashobora gusenya inkuta zibatandukanya, zituma badaca iminyururu
ibaziritse ngo basenyere umugozi umwe, nta na rimwe bashobora kugera
ku majyambere arambye. Abantu bakwiye kuba umusemburo w’amahoro
bamwe ku bandi, bakibyaramo umuco uhinduka, uhindukirira abandi, wubaha
uburenganzira bw’abandi n’ibyakagombye kubakorerwa.
Guhohotera bishyirwa mu bintu bishobora gukurura amakimbirane. Uzasanga
ihohotera ryigaragariza mu buryo bukurikira: kurwana, gufata ku ngufu, kwica,
kubabazanya, gushinyagurirana, gutongana, kubeshya, kunegurana, kujoga,
kumwaza, gusuzugura, kwima abandi ijambo, kurimanganya, n’ibindi. Nk’uko
bigaragara ihohotera rishobora kuboneka mu bikorwa, mu magambo cyangwa
mu myifatire.
Hari ibigomba kuranga imyitwarire y’ukemura amakimbirane. Uwunga
cyangwa uhuza abafitanye ibibazo agomba kutabogama akereka abo ashaka
gukiranura ko nta ruhande ahengamiyeho. Agomba kuba ari inyangamugayo,
agira ibanga, azi kubika icyo yabwiwe ntakibwire abahisi n’abagenzi. Gutega
amatwi no kumva ni ngombwa kuko ukiranura abahanganye agomba
kubatega amatwi kugira ngo aze kumenya neza aho umuti w’ikibazo ushobora
guturuka, bityo bikamuha uburyo bwo kubayobora no kubona aho yerekeza
abakimbiranye. Umuhuza w’abantu bafitanye amakimbirane agomba kumenya
kuyobora igikorwa. Ibi ntibivuze gutegekana igitugu cyangwa kubuza abantu
kuvuga. Agomba guha umurongo igikorwa kugira ngo bitaba akajagari cyangwa
se ngo usange bikunyujije iruhande rw’aho wari gukura igisubizo.
Kwihangana no kwigomwa, kuba afitiwe ikizere n’impande zishyamiranye
kimwe no kumenya kugena igihe gihagije kandi kitarambiranye biri mu biranga
imyitwarire y’ukemura amakimbirane.
Amakimbirane nta kiza cyayo. Ahembera ubwicanyi, abapfa imitungo, imirima
n’amasambu bararwana, bamwe bagafungwa imiryango bari bahagarariye
igasubira inyuma mu iterambere. Abakoresha amahugu no kwambura
abavandimwe babo bitwaje ubukene n’inda nini bisenya Igihugu. Hari kandi
ubuhemu bukabije mu bantu; kutishyura uwakugurije, gusenya ingo za
rubanda…
Ibibazo bimwe abaturage bahura na byo ntibibonerwa umuti kubera uruhare
abayobozi bamwe na bamwe baba bafite muri ayo makimbirane. Abayobozi
bamwe bashyira imbere inyungu zabo bwite aho kwita ku kazi bashinzwe,
hari abakoresha ikenewabo cyangwa ikimenyane n’ubucuti, bakirengagiza
cyangwa bagatinda gufatira ibyemezo abayobozi barenganya abaturage. Hari
n’abayobozi banga kwiteranya cyangwa kutita ku bintu, abashaka kugora no
kumvisha abo batavuga rumwe, abarangwaho ubushobozi buke n’abaka ruswa
bashaka kubogama, ni ngombwa gukeburwa bakagirwa inama.
Amakimbirane agira ingaruka ku mutekano no ku bwiyunge. Kugira
umutekano ni ukwidagadura mu byawe hamwe n’abawe nawe utabangamira
uburenganzira bw’abandi. Ikindi ni uko kugira umutekano bivuze kubona
amategeko abereyeho kurenganura abantu bose bafite ibibazo harimo
n’amakimbirane. Ikibazo cyari hagati y’abavandimwe iyo kivugutiwe umuti
impande zombi zikawunywa ntubasharirire, bakegerana bagasangira nta
kiza nk’iki. Kutarenganura abarengana bibyara umwiryane, inzika zikurura
gushaka guhora. Akazi k’ubutabera kagaragarira ahangaha. Abahanga bemeza
ko demukarasi y’Igihugu kigendera ku mategeko igaragarira mu ishyirwa mu
bikorwa ry’ibyo amategeko ateganya.
Amakimbirane agira ingaruka ku mibereho y’ababaturage no ku bukungu
bw’akarere.
Abaturage bahora mu makimbirane ntibagira igihe cyo gukorera ingo zabo
n’Igihugu. Kugirira ikizere abayobozi babo bibaba kure nk’inyenyeri n’ukwezi,
bityo bikabadindiza ntibitabire ibikorwa rusange bigamije amajyambere
y’Akarere. Igihe ibibazo by’abaturage bidakemuwe, igihe hari umuturage
ukirenganywa cyangwa ugikandamizwa, ubukene ntibuzabura mu miryangokandi amajyambere agambiriwe ntazagerwaho.
4.1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Soma umwandiko “Intandaro n’ingaruka z’amakimbirane” ushakemo
amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije inyito afite
mu mwandiko wifashishije inkoranyamagambo.
IMYITOZO
1. Kora interuro ngufi ukoresheje amagambo akurikira: gusiragira,
gukimbirana.
2. Simbuza ijambo (amagambo) ryanditse mu mukara tsiri, irindi
bivuga kimwe riri mu mwandiko.
a) Uru rubanza rwabaye inkomoko y’urwango hagati ya Kamana ni
Barigira.
b)Ejo Kamana yibwe n’agatotsi arasinzira maze abazura bamwiba
ibikoresho by’ubwubatsi.
c) Mukamusoni yahawe inka yo kurera umwana yabyaranye na
Rwubusisi
3. Andika imbusane y’ijambo ryanditse mu mukara tsiri urikuye mu
mwandiko:
a) Uyu ni wa mugabo wahisemo kwitwa bihemu.
b) Ibi byabaye byabaye iherezo by’amakimbirane.
4. Uzuzurisha buri nteruro ijagambo rivuye mu mwandiko.
a) Aba bagabo bakeneye …….. kugira ngo amakimbirane yabo ahoshe.
b) Bwa butegetsi bwa Hitler bwari ubutegetsi bw’……. kuko
bwarenganyaga abantu.
IMYITOZO
4.1.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko “Intandaro n’ingaruka z’amakimbirane”
maze usubize ibibazo byawubajijweho.
1. Tanga ingero z’ubwoko bw’ibibazo by’ingenzi biboneka mu
makimbirane
2. Andika inkomoko z’amakimbirane.
3. Tanga uburyo bujyanye n’ingero, ihohotera ryigaragarizamo.
4. Sobanura uburyo amakimbirane ashobora gukemurwamo.
5. Ni izihe ndangagaciro zigomba kuranga ukemura amakimbirane.
6. Ni izihe mpamvu zishobora kubangamira ikemurwa ry’amakimbirane?
4.1.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko “Intandaro n’ingaruka z’amakimbirane”
maze usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Vuga ingingo z’ingenzi ziri muri uyu mwandiko.
2. Uyu mwandiko ugusigiye irihe somo?
3. Mu banyeshuri bamuyeshuri mwigana, mu bana muturanye, hari
abigeze kugirana amakimbirane? niba bahari amakimbirane
yatewe niki
4. Umaze kumenya ingaruka z’amakimbirane. Uramutse asanze
bagenzi bawe mwigana bagiranye amakimbirane wakora iki?
IV. 2. Inshinga: Uturemajambo tw’ibanze tw’inshinga
4.2.1. Uturemajambo tw’inshinga iri mu mbundo
n’utw’inshinga itondaguye
IGIKORWA
Soma interuro zikurikira witegereza amagambo atsindagiye hanyuma
ugaragaze intego z’ayo magambo atsindagiye. Hera ku ntego z’ayo
magambo maze ukore ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza y’ uturemajambo
tw’ibanze tw’inshinga iri mu mbondo n’uturemajambo tw’ibanze
tw’inshinga itondaguye.
a) Amakimbirane ashobora kuvuka bitewe n’imiyoborere mibi.
b) Duhange imishinga, turwanye amakimbirane.
c) Nitubana mu mahoro, tuzagera ku iterambere rirambye.
1. Uturemajambo tw’inshinga iri mu mbundo
Uturemajambo fatizo tw’inshinga iri mu mbundo ni dutatu :
-Indanganshinga (Rsh)
-Umuzi (z)
-Umusozo (sz)
a) Indanganshinga (RSH)
Indanganshinga ni akaremajambo k’inshinga itondaguye kerekana ngenga
ibereye inshinga ruhamwa. Ni ko kagaragaza isano ruhamwa ifitanye n’inshinga.
Aka karemajambo kaba gahagarariye ukora igikorwa mu nshinga.
Indanganshinga ni makumyabiri (20): indanganshinnga enye (4) zo muri ngenga
ya mbere n’iya kabiri ubumwe n’ubwinshi n’indanganshinga cumi n’esheshatu
(16) zo muri ngenga ya gatatu zihagarariye inteko cumi n’esheshatu (16).
Ikitonderwa:
a) Indanganshinga ya ngenga ya mbere ikoreshwa iyo umuntu yivuga ubwe
cyangwa abantu bivuga ubwabo.
b) Ngenga ya kabiri ikoreshwa iyo umuntu abwira undi cyangwa abandi.
c) Ngenga ya gatatu ikoreshwa iyo umuntu avuga undi cyangwa abandi,
ikindi cyangwa ibindi bintu ikaba yisanisha mu nteko 16.
d) Mu nteko ya 12 n’iya 14 hari indanganshinga ariko mu by’ukuri zidasimburaijambo ryo muri izo nteko.
Urugero: karabaye, karahanyuze, burakeye...
b) Indangagihe (Rgh)
Indangagihe ni akaremajambo gakurikira indanganshinga kakagaragaza igihe
inshinga itondaguwemo. Indangagihe ni: -ø-: iranga indagihe, -za-: irangainzagihe na -a-(â, aa): igaragaza impitagihe
Ingero:
- Agenda: a- ø-gend-a
- Azagenda: a-za-gend-a
- Yagiye: (uyu munsi) a-a-gi-ye, (ejo) a-a-gi-ye, (wa mwana) a-aa-gi-ye a →y
/-J
Iyo indangagihe itagaragaye mu nshinga isimbuzwa -ø- kubera ko indangagihe
ari akaremajambo fatizo k’inshinga itondaguye.
Usibye izi ngenantego ndangagihe hari hari utundi turemajambbo dushobora
kugaragara mu nshinga dufite ibindi bisobanuro binyuranye nko guhakana,kugaragaza igikorwa gikomeza, kugaragaza ibikorwa bikurikirana …
Ingero :
-ta- : utagenda
-ki- : akigenda
-o-ka- : wokagenda
-ra-: aragenda
-na-: anagenda
-i-ku-: wikwanga
-ka-: akagenda
-i-: wigenda
-e-ku-: yekwiba
-ka-na-: akanagenda-ra-ki-a-: aracyagenda
Ikitonderwa:- Utwo turemajambo dushobora guhurira mu nshinga imwe zirenze imwe.
Urugero:
Utazagenda: u-ta-za-gend-a,
Ataragenda: a-ta-ra-gend-a
Aracyanagenda: a-ra-ki-a-na-gend-a- Uturemajambo –i-, -ta-, -e-ku-, -i-ku- zifite inyito yo guhakana mu nshinga.- Akaremajambo -na- ni akaremajambo k’inyibutsacyungo mu nshinga kunga
ibikorwa bibiri.
Urugero: Barabiterura baranabijyana.
c) Umuzi
Umuzi ni akaremajambo shingiro k’ijambo rikenera umusozo. Ni wo shingiro
ry’inyito y’ijambo. Umuzi ushobora kuba wihagije cyangwa utihagije. Umuzi
wihagije ni ushobora gukoreshwa udakurikiwe n’ingereka kugira ngo inyito
yawo ibone kuzura. Umuzi utihagije ni ugomba gukenera ingereka kugira ngo
inyito yawo ibone kuzura. Ni bene uwo muzi bita intima. Bene iyo mizi itihagije
tuzayibona nidusesengura akaremajambo kitwa ingereka mu turemajambo
tw’inyongera.
Kugira ngo ubone umuzi w’inshinga ifite imigemo irenze ibiri, utondagura
inshinga mu buryo bw’integeko ugakuraho umusozo.
Ingero:
gukora: kor-a
guteka; tek-a
kwiga: ig-a…
Ikitonderwa:
Hari inshinga cumi n’esheshatu (16) zifite imizi y’imvugwarimwe. Iyo
bene izo nshinga zishakirwa imizi bazitondagura mu mpitakare muringenga ya gatatu y’ubumwe bagakuraho indangagihe n’umusozo – ye.
- Hari inshinga zifite imigemo ibiri ariko zikora nk’inshinga zirengejeimigemo ibiri.
Muri zo twavuga inshinga “gusa” n’inshinga “kuza”. Umuzi w’inshinga gusa ni–s igira impindurantego ya -shush- naho umuzi w’inshinga kuza ni -z-.
d) Umusozo
Umusozo w’inshinga ni akaremajambo gasoza inshinga kakagaragaza irebero
ryayo.
Nk’uko twabibonye mu itondaguranshinga, irebero rivuga imitindire y’igikorwa,
imikorerwe cyangwa imirangirire yacyo. Imisozo y’inshinga imwe igaragazairebero nkomeza, indi ikagaragaza irebero nshize.
Imisozo igaragaza irebero nshize
Iyo misozo ni –e na –ye. Iyi misozo igaragaza igikorwa cyarangiye cyangwa
ikigomba kurangira.
Umusozo –eUmusozo –e ukunze kugaragara cyane mu ntegeko no mu nziganyo.
Ingero:
Mukore: mu-ø-kor-e
Mvuge: n-ø-vug-e (n→m/-v)
Nige: n-ø-ig-e
Azagende: a-za-gend-eAtahe: a-ø-tah-e
IMYITOZO
1. Uturemajambo tw’ibanze tw’inshinga itondaguye ni tungahe?
Tuvuge
2. Vuga amoko y’imisozo n’ibikorwa igaragaza mu nshinga.
3. Sesengura inshinga zitsindagiye ziri mu nteruro zikurikira
ugaragaza amazina y’uturemajambo.
a) Umurisa yashakaga kunga ababyeyi be n’umuturanyi wabo mu
buryo bwo kwirinda amakimbirane.
b) Kaneza yasobanuje mama we ibyerekeranye n’ ubumwe
n’ubwiyunge.
c) Urubyiruko rwize uburyo bwo guhosha amakimbirane.d) Kutavuga ukuri byakuruye amakimbirane mu rungo rwabo.
4.2.2. Amategeko y’igenamajwi akoreshwa ku nshigaIGIKORWA
Soma interuro zikurikira maze ugaragaze uturemajambo tw’inshinga
zitsindagiye. Umaze kubona uturemajambo, tahura amategeko
y’igenamajwi yakoreshejwe kugira ngo tugire inshinga nk’uko tuyifite.
Hera kuri ayo mategeko y’igenamajwi maze ukore ubushakashatsi
utahure amategeko y’igenamajwi ajyanye n’umusozo -e, ajyanyen’umusozo -ye, ajyanye n’umusoza -aga n’ ajyanye n’umusozo –a.
a) Yakoze akazi ke neza.
b) Urye ibirayi.
c) Mu muco nyarwanda bakwaga inka.
d) Kabanyana asya amasaka ku rusyo.
1. Amategeko y’igenamajwi akoreshwa ku musozo –e
Amategeko y’igenamajwi akoreshwa n’inshinga ni kimwe n’akoreshwa ku
bundi bwoko bw’amagambo nk’amazina ariko hari umwihariko inshinga zigira
bitewe n’imisozo yazo.
Amategeko y’igenamajwi ajyana n’umusozo -e ni ayo ku nshinga zifite imizi
y’imvugwarimwe ari zo kuba, guca, kujya, kugwa, guha, gusya, gucya, gukwa,kumwa, kunywa, kunnya, gupfa, kurya, gusya, guta no kuva.
2. Amategeko y’igenamajwi akoreshwa ku musozo –ye
Umusozo –ye ugaragaza igikorwa cyarangiye ni na yo mpamvu ugaragara mu
nshinga zitondaguye mu mpitagihe (impitakare n’impitakera).
Ingero:
Narize: n-a-ra-ig-ye (a→ø/-J, g+y→z)
Dukoze: tu- ø-kor-ye (t→d/-GR, r+y→z)(Inka) yarabiriye: i-a-ra-bi-ri-ye (i→y/-J)
3. Amategeko y’igenamajwi akoreshwa ku musozo –a
Umusozo –a ugaragaza ko igikorwa kigikomeza cyangwa ko kitaraba kikaba
kizaba. Umusozo a ukoreshwa cyane mu ndagihe, mu nyifurizo, mu ntegeko nomu nzagihe.
Ingero:
Mvuga: n-ø-vug-a n→m/-v
Ndakora: n-ra-kor-a r→d/n
Nzakora: n-za-kor-a
Mpa (ikaye): ø- ø-n-ha-a n→m/-h, mh→mp mu myandikire, a→ø/-J
Akivuga: a-ki-vug-aMurakarama: mu-ra ka-ram-a
4. Amategeko y’igenamajwi akoreshwa ku musozo –aga
Umusozo –aga ugaragaza igikorwa cyakorwaga mu gihe kirekire mu gihecyashize; ugaragaza akamenyero mu gihe cyahise.
Ingero:
Narakoraga: n-a-ra-kor-aga
Yarigaga: a-a-ra-ig-aga (i→ y/-J, a→ ø/-J)
Narasyaga : n-a-ra-se-aga (e→ y/-J)
Naravugaga: n-a-ra-vug-aga
Narandikaga: n-a-ra-andik-aga (a→ ø/-J)Nabonaga: n-a-bon-aga…
IMYITOZO
Sesengura inshinga zitsindagiye ziri mu nteruro zikurikira ugaragaza
uturemajambo twazo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi.
a) Abe inyanngamugayo.
b) Kamana yatetse ibiryo byinshi none byanze gushira.
c) Abana baryaga ibiryo bifite intungamubiri.d) Tuzage twanga amakimbirane.
Mahoro ni umwana w’umukobwa uri mu kigero k’imyaka cumi n’ine. Uyu
mukobwa afite ubwiza bw’umubiri n’ubwiza bw’umutima, yubaha abasaza,
abakecuru n’abakambwe ataretse abo aruta n’abamuri imbere mu kigero
ke. Mahoro ahora atuje, aho anyuze hose bakavuga ngo: “Dore wa mukobwa
wa naka.” Umubyeyi wese ushaka gutanga urugero rw’umukobwa ubereye u
Rwanda avuga Mahoro. Uyu mukobwa yiga mu mwaka wa kabiri w’amashuri
yisumbuye, ni umuhanga kandi ubuhanga bwe abusangiza bagenzi be abafasha
kumva amasomo bamwe batasobanukiwe.
Umunsi umwe atashye avuye ku ishuri, Mahoro ahura n’umuhungu utuye
hakurya y’iwabo wigize ikiraramisagara unywa urumogi n’ibiyoga by’ibikora
no kandi w’umunyarugomo bahimbye Goriyati kuko yabyirukanye ikivumba
n’imbaraga. Goriyati atangira kumuganiriza.
Goriyati (asuhuze Mahoro): Komera Maho!
Mahoro (yikirize): Komera nawe! Amakuru y’iminsi?
Goriyati: Ni meza, ariko kwiga byo byanteye ku butaka, ababyeyi barananiye.
Mahoro: Muvandimwe, nge mbona icyabiguteye ari ukuryoherwa no gukorera
amafaranga no gukunda akayoga. Goriya, guta ishuri ni umuziro mu kinyejana
tugezemo. Utiga ubu azabaho ate? Kera abapfobyaga uburezi baravugaga ngo:
“Umurimo ni uguhinga ibindi ni amahirwe!” Ubu nta masambu, nta zahabu
zindi dufite zitari ukugana ishuri, tukiga dushishikaye.
Goriyati: Wowe urivugira ntuzi ibibazo nahuye na byo! Iwacu baranywa
bagasinda bakarara barwana bwacya bakambuza kujya kwiga bakanyima
n’ibikoresho by’ishuri. None nahisemo kurireka. Nge nzashakisha ubundi
buzima ibyo kwiga ashwi! Ahubwo reka twigire mu bindi.
Mahoro: Ibindi bihe se ko iki kiganiro cyari ingenzi, waretse ngakomeza
kuguhanura.
Goriyati: Reka mwana! Sinakomeza kuganira nawe ntabanje kukubwira uko
nakubonye. Uri ihoho, uri ihogoza… Burya iyo ugenda abo unyuzeho bose
bagira amerwe bifuza kukumira bunguri! Abenshi bakuziho kuribora kugera
aho ubugondo bugera ingwe. Ikindi, dore watangiye gusesa uruheri mu maso
kandi nta muganga wundi waguha urukingo cyangwa umuti uretse nge!
Mahoro: Mwana wa mama, niba ugenzwa n’ayo magambo yuzuyemo uburyarya
n’ubutamenya, nta cyo bizakugezaho. Iby’ibiheri mfite mu maso ikibitera ndakizi
ni imihindagurikire y’umubiri w’umuntu; twabyize mu isomo ry’Ibinyabuzima.
Naho ubwiza uvuga ntibunaribwa, kandi wanahiriwe ukagira ubwo bwiza
ntiwakwigira indakoreka cyangwa ngo wishing abadafite ibitekerezo byubaka
n’umurongo w’ikerekezo kiza k’ejo hazaza.
Goriyati (yegere gato Mahoro): Nge ibyo by’ibyerekezo sinzi iyo bigana,
ahubwo reka nkubwire. (ase numwegera, amwongorera) Nakwifuje kuva kera
none nagira ngo ungerere ku ngingo disi hogoza ryange!
Mahoro (asa n’ukutse umutima, yirasa ajya imbere nk’umwambi atabaza):
Murantabare Mwokagira Imana mwe, murankize iki kirara! (Mahoro afumyamo,
umuhungu amwoma inyuma, uwo mwana w’umukobwa yigiye imbere ahura
n’abaporisi bari mu kazi ko gucunga umutekano, baramutangira, bamusobanuza
impamvu yirukaga amasigamana.)
Abaporisi (base n’abikanze gato): Eee! Mukobwa, genda buhoro, hagarara,
shyitsa umutima hamwe, tuza nkubwire.
Mahoro (akijya gutangira kuvuga abona cya kirara ngicyo, avugana ijwi
rirenga): Dore unyirukankana, muramenye atabacika!Abaporisi: Eee! Hagarara sha!
Mahoro: Ahuuu! Nari mfuye, murakoze rwose. Uyu muhungu yashakaga
kumfata ku ngufu.
Abaporisi: None se sha, iyi ngeso wayize ryari? Wa muhungu we ntuzi ko ibintu
birebana n’ihohoterwa iryo ari ryo ryose bihanirwa?
Goriyati: Ndabinginze bantu b’Imana kandi ndasaba imbabazi mbikuye ku
mutima, sinzongera. (Ba baporisi bahite bashaka umukuru w’umudugudu
bakoranya abaturage bakorana na bo inama y’igitaraganya.)
Umuporisi: Baturage b’Umudugudu wa Butangampundu, tuzi ko muri
inyangamugayo ndetse n’igihe cyose tumaranye twashimaga ikinyabupfura
mwatoje abana banyu, none nimutubwire, ibirura nka Goriyati uyu ni mwe
bivukamo?
Umuturage: (ahaguruke asubize): Uwo ni mwene Nyarudindiri hakurya hano,
turamuzi. N’ababyeyi b’uyu muhungu si shyashya. Imyitwarire n’imibanire mibi
byabo ni byo bimutera kwishora mu bikorwa by’urugomo.
Umuporisi: Baturage, mumenye ko ihohoterwa ari ibikorwa cyangwa
imyitwarire bigamije kugirira umuntu nabi byaba ibishingiye ku gitsina, ku
bitekerezo (guhoza ku nkeke) no ku mutungo. Ikiremwa muntu kigomba
kubahwa, buri muntu agahabwa agaciro. Muri iki kinyejana cy’umuvuduko
w’ikoranabuhanga n’iterambere, abari bakimitse ya mvugo ngo: “Igitsina gore
ni insina ngufi”, bayicikeho.
Goriyati: (avuga atakamba, asaba imbabazi): Imbere y’iyi mbaga, ndatakamba
nsaba imbabazi Mahoro namwe babyeyi. Ingeso nk’iyo nari ngiye gukinisha
mpohotera Mahoro, niyemeje kutazongera guhirahira nyisubira.
Umuporisi: Baturage, gusaba imbabazi birakwiye, reka tubyemere, ariko
se uzisabwa we ntitwamutega amatwi? (Umuporisi abaze Mahoro) Maho,ushobora kubabarira Goriyati?
Mahoro: (atwenga): Ndamubabariye, ntazongere gushaka gukoza isoni uwitwa
igitsina gore ndetse n’undi wese kandi bibe ubwa mbere n’ubwa nyuma.
Umuturage: (bavugire rimwe ari benshi): Ugaruye ubumuntu sha! Kuba usabye
imbabazi ni ubutwari, uramenye ntuzongere nyagucwa ibintu byarahindutse!
Mahoro na we igihe cyose ubonye uwashaka kuguhohotera ntugomba
kubiceceka; byaba ngombwa bikabwirwa inzego z’ubuyobozi zibishinzwe,icyaha kigahanwa hakurikijwe uko amategeko abiteganya.
Umuporisi: (basoza inama): Baturage, turabibutsa ko Abanyarwanda twese
aho tuva tukagera tugomba kurangwa n’umuco mwiza w’amahoro. Uwo
mubonye ahirahira kugira uwo ahohotera mugatangira amakuru ku gihe.
Mugomba kwatura mukabimenyesha inzego zibishinzwe amazi atarenga
inkombe. Ni ngombwa kandi kwirinda ibiyobyabwenge no gukura abana
mu ishuri, mukirinda amakimbirane kuko ari bimwe mu bitera ihohoterwa.
Nimugire amahoro kandi muyasohoze n’imuhira, murakoze. (Bose bishimyebasezeranaho barataha.)
4.3.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Soma umwandiko “Yahabaye intwari”, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe
hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko wifashishijeinkoranyamagambo.
IMYITOZO
1.Simbuza amagambo atsindagiye ari muri izi nteruro andi
bihuje inyito dusanga mu mwandiko.
a) Ubwangavu bwateye Mahoro gusesa ibishishi mu maso.
b) Mahoro yashakaga gukomeza kugira inama Goriyati.
c) Yewe! Kwiga bisa n’aho byananiye burundu.d) Uyu muvandimwe umira adakanjakanje afite ikibazo cy’amenyo.
2. Uzurisha izi nteruro amagambo ukuye mu mwandiko
a) Uwariboye cyane bavuga ko yariboye kugera......
b) Iyo bashaka kuvuga umuntu w’ihoho, mwiza cyane bavuga ko
ari.......
c) Iyo umuntu agiye gusagarirwa afatwa ku ngufu bavuga ko agiyegukorerwa ihohoterwa.......
4.3.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko “Yahabaye intwari”, hanyuma usubize ibibazo
byabajijweho.
1. Tanga impamvu yatumye Goriyati ata ishuri.
2. Amagambo Goriyati abwira Mahoro ko ari wo muti w’ibishishi
afite ishingiro? Sobanura.
3. Ni iki kerekana ko Mahoro ari umukobwa wihagazeho mu ishuri
no mu muryango nyarwanda?
4. Sobanura ihohoterwa icyo ari cyo, unagaragaze ibiritera bivugwa
mu mwandiko.
5. Abaporisi bafite nshingano ki muri rusange?
6. Erekana igikorwa kibi Goriyati yakoze uvuge n’ikindi kiza yajegukora nyuma.
4.3.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko “Yahabaye intwari”, hanyuma usubize ibibazo
byabajijweho.
1. Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko ivugwa mu mwandiko?
2. Tanga ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz‘ingereka usanga mu mwandiko.
3. Uhereye ku mateka, sobanura ibindi bikorwa ndengakamere
by’ihohoterwa byabaye mu Rwanda.4. Uyu mwandiko ugusigiye irihe somo?
IV.4. Inshinga : Uturemajambo tw’inshinga twungirije
4.4. 1. Akano, impakanyi n’indangacyuzuzo
IGIKORWA
Soma interuro zikurikira witegereza amagambo atsindagiye hanyuma
ugaragaze intego z’ayo magambo atsindagiye. Hera ku ntego z’ayo
magambo maze ukore ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza n’ubwoko
by’uturemajambo tw’inshinga twugirije ni ukuvuga uturemajambo
tutari indanganshinga, indangagihe, umuzi n’umusozo. Sobanura utwo
turemajambo, utanga ingero z’inshinga turimo.
a) Nimushyire ibitabo by’inkuru ndende kuko akunda kubisoma.
b) Ntidukore nabi mutabura ibihembo byanyu.
1. Inshoza y’uturemajambo twungirije
Uturemajambo twungirije ni uturemajambo dushobora kugaragara mu nshinga
iyo bibaye ngomwa kugira ngo tuyihindurire inyito. Bene utwo turemajambo
iyo tutagaragaye ntidusimbuzwa umubumbabusa (ø).
2. Ubwoko bw’uturemajambo twungirije
Uturemajambo twungirije ni akano, impakanyi, indangacyuzuzo n’ingereka.Muri iri somo turibada ku kano, ku mpakanyi no ku ndangacyuzuzo.
a) Akano (KN/TN)
Akano ni akaremajambo kaza imbere y’indanganshinga. Hari bamwe bakita
mbanza, imbanzirizangenga, imbimburiranteko, interuranteko cyangwa
inyomekwambere. Izi nyito zose zihuriye ku kuba zerekana ko aka karemajambo
gafata umwanya w’imbere. Utuno rero turimo amoko atatu: akaziganya,agategeka (ni) n’agahakana (si na nti).
Akano ni- (akano kaziganya kakanategeka)
Akano ni- gakoreshwa iyo bateganya (kagira isaku nyejuru) cyangwa bategeka
(kagira isaku nyesi).
Nibasora : ni-ba-ø-sor-a ( akano ni kaziganya)
Nubabona : ni-u-ø-ba-bon-a i→ø/-J; ( akano ni kaziganya)Nimubikore : ni-mu-ø-bi-kor-e ( akano ni gategeka)
Akano si- (akano gahakana)
Akano si- gakora muri ngenga ya mbere y’ubumwe mu guhakana.
Ingero :
Sinumva : si-n-ø-umv-a
Sinzakwa (iriya shashi) : si-n-za-ko-a o→w/-J
Akano nti- (akano gahakana)
Akano nti: gakoreshwa mu guhakana muri ngenga zose usibye iya mberey’ubumwe.
Ingero:
Ntimwariye: nti-mu-a-ri-ye u→w/-J
Ntituziba (imisoro): nti-u-za-ii-reng-ag-ir-y-e i→ø/-J; a→ø/-J; r+y→z
Ntuzirengagize (amahoro): nti-u-za-ii-reng-ag-ir-y-e i→ø/-J; a→ø/-J;
r+y→z
b) Impakanyi
Impakanyi ni akaremajambo gahakana ingingo ibumbiye mu nshinga.
Impakanyi ni –ta-, -i- na –i-ku-.
Impakanyi -ta-
Impakanyi –ta- ni yo ikoreshwa muri rusange.
Ingero:
Kutiga (ni bibi): ku-ta-ig-a a→ Ø/-J
Nimudakorana (umwete muzagawa): ni-mu-ta-Ø-kor-an-a t→d/-GR
Impakanyi -i
Impakannyi -i- ikoreshwa mu ntegeko ihakana ari yo bita intarengwa.
Impakanyi -i- ikoreshwa iyo umuzi w’inshinga utangiwe n’ingombajwi.
Ingero:
Wikinira (umupira mu busitani): u-i-Ø-kin-ir-a u→w/-J
Mwivuga (ururimi tutumva): mu-i-Ø-vug-a u→w/-J
Impakanyi -i- igira impindurantego -i-ku- ikoreshwa iyo umuzi w’inshingautangiwe n’inyajwi.
Ingero:
Wikwandika (amakosa): u-i-ku-Ø-andik-a , u→w/-J
Mwikwambara (imyenda y’ishuri mutoze): mu-i-ku-Ø-amb-ar-a, u→w/-J
Ikitonderwa: Mu rwego rw’uturemajambo nti na si ni mbanza si impakanyi.
c. Indangacyuzuzo/ Inyibucyacyuzuzo/ Indangasano y’icyuzuzo(RUZ/RSUZ)
Indangacyuzuzo ni akaremajambo kajya mu nshinga kagasimbura kandi
kakibutsa icyuzuzo k’iyo nshinga. Kibutsa ngenga cyangwa inteko by’ijambo
ribereye inshinga icyuzuzo. Indangacyuzuzo ziri ukubiri: hari indangacyuzuzozisanzwe n’indangacyuzuzo ngaruka.
Indangacyuzuzo zisanzwe
Indangacyuzuzo zisazwe ziboneka muri ngenga zose no mu nteko cumin’esheshatu.
-Indangacyuzuzo ngaruka
Indangacyuzuzo ngaruka ni –ii- na -iy-. Indangacyuzuzo ngaruka -ii- ikorana
n’inshinga zifite imizi itangirwa n’ingombajwi. Indangacyuzuzo ngaruka -iy-ikorana n’inshinga zifite imizi itangirwa n’inyajwi
UMWITOZO
1. Garagaza intego z’inshinga zitsindagiye n’amategeko y’igenamajwi.
a) Akanyoni katagurutse ntikamenya iyo bweze.
b) Wituma ibyo bikoresho mu mahanga kuko mu Rwanda tubikora.
c) Nuhura na Petero uzanabimwibutse.
d) Uzahagere bidatinze.
e) Ndishimye kuko uri kumwe n’umugobo ukomeye. n- ra-ii-shim-yer→d/n- , a→ø/ -J
4.4. 2. Uturemajambo tw’inshinga twungirije: Ingereka (GRK)
IGIKORWA
Soma interuro zikurikira witegereza amagambo atsindagiye hanyuma
ugaragaze intego z’ayo magambo atsindagiye. Hera ku ntego z’ayo
magambo maze ukore ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza n’ubwoko
bw’ingereka zikorana n’inshinga.
a) Twakoranaga umurava tukiri bato.
b) Ntimwihingire nabi mutarumbya.
c) Amakimbirane yo mu muryango aterwa no kudashyira imbere
ibiganiro.d) Ntimutererane ababagana bifuza ko mubagira inama.
Inshoza y’ingereka
Ingereka ni akaremajambo kajya hagati y’umuzi n’umusozo by’inshinga
kakayizanira ingingo nshya. Iyo umuzi wiyunze n’ingereka bibyara igicumbigishya kikitwa intima.
Ingereka zirimo ibyiciro bibiri: Ingereka zihora zibanziriza izindi n’ingerekazifata umwanya ubonetse wose.
a) Ingereka zihora zibanziriza izindi
Ingereka nsubiraIzi ngereka ziha inshinga inshoza y’igikorwa kisubiramo inshuro zirenze imwe.
Ingereka ngirura/ ngiruka
Ingereka ngirura ni igereka iha inshinga inyito ibusana n’ibumbatiwe n’umuzi.Ingereka ngirura/ngiruka n’ingero z’inshinga:
Ingereka z’inyabune
Ingereka z’inyabune ni uturemajambo dukunda kugendana ari tune zikiyomeka
ku muzi utihagije/udafite inyito yumvikana. Iyo mizi igira inyito iyo yiyunze
n’ingereka z’inyabune. Ingereka z’inyabune zishobora kugenda ari enye, eshatucyangwa ebyiri
Imwe mu mizi itihagije ikoresha ingereka z’inyabune ni iyi ikurikira: -han-,
-ramb-, -hir- -ter-, -cuk-, -hag-;-bamb-*-; -eg-; -j
- Ingereka ngirika
Ingereka ngirika ivuga ko igikorwa kibumbatiwe n’igicumbi k’inshingagishoboka cyangwa se kitaruhanyije kugerwaho.
b) Ingereka zifata umwanya ubonetse wose.-
Ingereka ingirana: -an
Ingereka ngiranna ifite ingingo y’ibanze yo gukorera icyarimwe.
Ingero:
Gukundana: ku-kund-an -a
Gukorana: ku-kor-an-a k→ g/-GR-
Ingereka ngirira: -ir
Ingerka ngirira ingingo y’ibanze ni ugukora mu mwanya w’undi.
Ingero:
Gukinira: ku-kin-ir-a k→ g/-GR
Gukorera: ku-kor-ir-a k→ g/-GR i→ e/Co- -
Ingereka ngirisha: -ish-/-sh
Ingereka ngirisha igira inyito y’ibanze ni ukwifashisha ikintu ukora ikindi.
Ingerka -sh- ikorana gusa n’imizi y’imvugwarimwe mu gihe ingereka -ish-ikorana n’imizi isanzwe.
Ingero:
Guhingisha: ku-hing-ish-a k→ g/-GR
Gukosha: ku-ko-sh-a k→g/-GR-
Ingereka ngiza: -y-
Ingereka ngiza igira inshoza y’ibanze yo gutera ikintu kubaho cyangwakubitegeka.
Ingero:
Gukubuza: ku-kub-ur-y-a r+y→ z k→ g/-GR
Kubyaza: ku-byar-y-a r+y→ z k→ g/-GR
Ingereka ngirwa: -w-/-bw
Ingereka ngirwa yerekeza amaherezo y’igikorwa kuri ruhamwa aho kuyerekezaku cyuzuzo.
Ingereka -bw- ikorana n’imizi y’imvugwarimwe mu gihe ingereka -w- ikorana
n’imizi isanzwe.
Gukubitwa: ku-kubit-w-a k→ g/-GR
Kwigwa: ku-ig-w-a u→ w/-J
Gukobwa: ku-ko-bw-a k→ g/-GRGutabwa: ku-ta-bw-a k→ g/-GR
IMYITOZO
1. Tahura inshinga ziri mu nteruro zikurikira, ugaragaze intego zazo
n’amategeko y’igenamajwi.
a) Muzamumbwirire rwose ntazampemukire.
c) Wikwikorera ibyo bintu byose utavunika.
d) Witumiza ibintu mu mahanga.
e) Nubona na Kabanyana uzanabimwibutse.f) Uzahampingishirize bidatinze.
2. Kora interuro irimo inshinga itondaguye igaragamo uturemajambo
twose uko ari umunani. Sesengura iyo nshinga ugaragaze uturemajambotwayo maze uvuge amazina yatwo.
IV.5. Umwitozo w’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
Ugendeye ku mabwiriza agenga ihangamwandiko, hanga umwandiko
ntekerezo w’imrongo mirongo itatu, ku nsanganyamatsiko igira iti: “Gukumira
amakimbirane ni imwe mu ngamba zo kugera ku iterambere rirambye”
Ubu nshobora:
-Gusoma neza nubahiriza utwatuzo n’isesekaza.
-Gusesengura umwandiko ngaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi ziwukubiyemo.
-Gukoresha mu nteruro amagambo nungutse.
-Gusobanura intandaro y’amakimbirane n’uburyo bwo kuyakumira
-Gusesengura inshinga itondaguye agaragaza uturemajambo n’amategeko
y’igenamajwi
Ubu ndangwa:
No gukemura amakimbirane aho nahura nayo hose.No kwimakaza umuco w’amahoro.
IV. 6. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa kane
Umwandiko: Gukumira no kurwanya jenoside
Iri jambo “jenoside” ryakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu 1944 igihe habaga
amarorerwa yibasiye Abayahudi i Burayi. Jenoside rero ryahawe ubwicanyi
ndengakamere bugamije kurimbura imbaga y’abantu bafite icyo bahuriyeho
gishobora kuba: ubwoko, idini, akarere, isura, ibara ry’uruhu, igitsina,
ubwenegihugu, inkomoko, ururimi, ibitekerezo bya poritiki n’ibindi, hashyirwa
mu bikorwa umugambi uba warateguwe. Icyo cyaha kidasanzwe cyashyizwe
mu mategeko mpuzamahanga mu 1948 nk’icyaha gitandukanywa n’ibindi
byaha by’ubwicanyi kubera umugambi n’ubushake bwo kurimbura abantu
bazira icyo bari cyo. Jenoside itegurwa na Leta kuko ari yo yonyine ifite uburyo
n’ubushobozi bwo gufata ikemezo cyo kurimbura itsinda ry’abantu. Mu bihe
bisanzwe, uwafata icyo kemezo Leta itabishyigikiye yamuhagarika ikarengera
abaturage ishinzwe kurinda. Jenoside ni icyaha kidasaza, gihanirwa aho ari ho
hose ku isi. Umuntu yakwibaza ati: “Jenoside ishoboka ite? Ni izihe ngamba
zafatwa mu kuyikumira no kuyirwanya?”
Hari abashakashatsi banyuranye banditse kuri jenoside, ariko hano turavuga
ku mushakashatsi Geregori Sintato (Gregory Stanton).
Mu gitabo ke yise “What is genocide?”, umushakashatsi ku bumenyi bwa
jenoside n’uburyo bwo kuyirwanya, Geregori Sintato (Gregory Stanton)
ukomoka muri Amerika ni we washyize ahagaragara intambwe zinyuranye
jenoside inyuzwamo kugira ngo ishoboke. Ni ngombwa kumenya ibiranga buri
ntambwe kugira ngo umenye uko wayikumira n’uko wayirwanya.
Mbere ya byose, abategura jenoside batandukanya abaturage, bakabacamo íbice
bibiri «Twe» na «Bo» bagendeye ku bwenegihugu, ubwoko, inkomoko cyangwa
imyemerere. Muri iki gikorwa, abategura jenoside bagerageza kumvisha
abaturage ko kubacamo ibice nta cyo bitwaye kandi ko nta ngaruka bifite. Ariko
mu by’ukuri bo baba bazi impamvu yabyo n’icyo bashaka kuzageraho.
Nyuma yo gucamo abaturage ibice, buri tsinda rihabwa izina ryihariye,
rikagenderwaho babatandukanya n’abandi badahuje itsinda. Ibi
bigashimangirwa
n’inyigisho z’urwango zirushaho gutandukanya amatsinda yombi, kugeza ubwo
itsinda ryibasiwe rifatwa nk’umwanzi mu muryango ribarizwamo.
Nyuma yo gutandukanya amatsinda no kuyaha amazina yihariye kuri buri tsinda,
itsinda ryibasiwe ritangira kwamburwa ubumuntu, abarigize bakagereranywa
n’ibikoko.
Ku rwego rwa kane, abategura jenoside barangwa n’ibikorwa bitandukanye
bitegura ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryayo. Hategurwa hakanigishwa abazayikora,
hagashakwa ibikoresho bizifashishwa.
Ku rwego rwa gatanu, abategura jenoside batangira kwibasira abatagira aho
babogamiye, batabyumva kimwe na bo; kugira ngo bitazababuza gushyira mu
bikorwa umugambi wabo wa jenoside.
Hakurikiraho kugaragaza abagomba kwicwa, hagakorwa urutonde rwabo.
Nyuma yo gukora urutonde rw’abagomba kwicwa, hakurikiraho kubica
hagamijwe kumaraho abagize itsinda runaka.
Nyuma yo gushyira mu bikorwa jenoside, iteka abayikoze ntibaba bemera
ibyaha bakoze. Nibwo usanga barangwa no guhakana ibyabaye, bagahisha ukuri,
bakibasira abatangabuhamya n’ibindi byose bagamije kuburizamo ibimenyetso
bituma umugambi wabo umenyekana n’uburyo wateguwe.
Kugira urukundo rwa mugenzi wawe no kumva ko abantu ari ibiremwa
by’Imana ni yo ntwaro ya mbere yo kwirinda no gukumira jenoside. Ni
ngombwa kwamagana ubuyobozi bucamo abaturage ibice bubumvisha ko atari
bamwe. Mu mategeko ahana ya buri gihugu, hakwiye gushyirwamo itegeko
rihana umuntu wambura mugenzi we ubumuntu amwitiranya n’inyamaswa
cyangwa amuha andi mazina agamije kumutesha agaciro. Abayobozi b’igihugu
n’ab’imiryango mpuzamahanga bakwiye kwamagana no guhana ababiba
inzangano n’amacakubiri babicishije mu biganiro mbwirwaruhame no mu
bundi buryo bunyuranye bw’isakazamakuru.
Mu kurwanya jenoside, Umuryango w’Abibumbye “UN” ugomba gukumira
igurwa ry’intwaro ku bihugu no ku baturage bagaragaweho umugambi
mubisha wa jenoside bakanafatirwa ibihano mpuzamahanga. Ni ngombwa
kandi gutangaza ibihugu byagaragaweho itegurwa rya jenoside no gushyiraho
ingabo mpuzamahanga zo gutabara mu maguru mashya abibasiwe na jenoside.
Birakwiye kandi guca umuco wo kudahana, abakoze jenoside bagacirwa imanza
aho baba baherereye hose.
Muri make uruhare rwa buri muntu mu gukumira no kurwanya jenoside ni
ukwamagana abagifite ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside no guhana
abayitsimbarayeho.
Kurangwa n’imitekerereze, imyumvire, imikorere n’imyitwarire izira ivangura
iryo ari ryo ryose mu bikorwa bya buri munsi, twubahiriza uburenganzira bwa
muntu bwo kubaho, kumvwa no gukemurirwa ibibazo no kwemera ibitekerezo
bitandukanye.
Ni ngombwa kandi gutoza abana n’abo tubana kubahiriza uburenganzira
bw’abandi no kwirinda ivangura n’amacakubiri aho ava akagera.
Bifatiye ku bya Geregori Sintato (Gregory Stanton), 1944, What is genocide?
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Jenoside ni iki?
2. Intambwe jenoside inyuramo kugira ngo igerweho ni zingahe? Zivuge
uzikurikiranyije.
3. Vuga nibura uburyo butatu bwo gukumira jenoside bugaragara mu
mwandiko.
4. Ni iyihe nama wagira buri muntu mu rwego rwo kwirinda no kurwanya
jenoside?
5. Garagaza uburyo bunyuranye bwo gukumira no kurwanya jenoside
butavuzwe mu mwandiko.
6. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi zivugwa muri uyu mwandiko.
II. Ibibazo by’inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura amagambo akurikira:
a) Ubumuntu
b) Guta agaciro
c) Umugambi mubisha
d) Guhana umugambi
2. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro ku buryo wumvikanisha
icyo asobanura: ubumuntu, kwibasira, agaciro.
3. Simbuza amagambo atsindagiye impuzanyito zayo ziri mu mwandiko.
a) Ni ngombwa gutabara abantu bibasiwe na jenoside bidatinze.
b) Mudacogora yaboneranywe n’abajura.
III. Ikibonezamvugo
1. Inshinga isanzwe itondaguye igira uturemajambo tw’ibanze tungahe?
Tuvuge.
2. Erekana uturemajambo twungirije inshinga igira? Ese inshinga
itondaguye igira uturemajambo tungahe? Andika amazina yatwo.
3. Hari ubwoko bungahe bw’ingereka mu nshinga itondaguye?
4. Sesengura inshinga itondaguye ugaragaza amazina y’uturemajambo
n’amategeko y’igenamajwi yakoreshejwe.
a) Kamanzi ati: “Mu bucuruzi bwange, nkoresha abantu benshi”.
b) Ese Petero arakishonjesha iyo bamubwiye kujya mu mirimo isaba ingufu
c) Za ngabo zaracumbukuye, ubu zigeze hakurya ya Nyabarongo.
d) Kera Abanyarwanda bamesheshaga imigwegwe. Ese ubu baracyakora batyo?