Section: UMUTWE WA MBERE: UMUCO N’INDANGAGACIRO NYARWANDA | Kinyarwanda

Section outline

Kubaha no kwakira abatugana: Inyana ni iya mweru.

Kubaha bitangirira mu kwiyubaha ubwawe, udatewe ipfunwe n’uko waba

umeze kose cyangwa ngo wumve wasuzugura abandi kubera ko hari icyo
ubarusha.

wirinda kwemera ibyo udashoboye byagutera guhemuka. Umuntu
wiyubaha arangwa n’isuku y’umubiri we n’aho ari hose, akita ku nshingano
ze uko bikwiye kandi agafata ifunguro riboneye. Arangwa n’ikinyabupfura
kandi ntaca mu ijambo abo bavugana. Ashimira abamugiriye neza ndetse
akanasezera ku bari kumwe na we mu gihe ashatse gutandukana na bo.
Kubaha ni umugenzo utangirira mu muryango aho umwana yigira kuvuga.
Ashobora rero kuhakomora imico myiza cyangwa ingeso mbi bitewe
n’ingero abonana abo babana.

Kubaha bigomba kuturanga aho turi hose, haba mu rugo, ku ishuri cyangwa
mu kazi. Buri muntu agomba kubaha abamuruta, abo bangana n’abo
aruta. Uburyo mwakira abashyitsi babagana, ni bwo bubagaragariza abo
muri bo. Umushyitsi navunyisha muzamuhe ikaze, maze mumwakirane

urugwiro”.

Impanuro uwo mubyeyi yahaye abana be zatumye bagira ikinyabupfura,
bagahora bitwararitse mu byo bavuga no mu byo bakora, kugira ngo
hatagira uwo bahutaza.

Abo bana bahoraga bishimye, bagakina ntawuhutaza undi, bagasabana

n’abandi, bakamenya gukorera ikintu mu gihe cyacyo. Mu nzira,

ubaruta akicara, bakagirira isuku ahantu bari kandi na bo ugasanga
barangwa n’isuku aho bari hose.

Mu kinyarwanda baca umugani ngo “inyana ni iya mweru” kandi ngo
“uburere buruta ubuvuke!”
Ubwo burere bwiza bwatumye bagira ubumenyi bamenya n’ubwenge,
kuburyo batigeraga batsinda mw'ishuri maze bose bariga baraminuza
Imico yabo myiza yagiye ivugwa hose, maze abantu bose barabakunda.
Ubu na bo bashinze ingo zikomeye. Uko ni ko “kwibyara gutera ababyeyi

ineza.”

Shaka ibisobanuro by’aya magambo ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe mu
mwandiko.
1. Imigenzo
2. Urugwiro
3. Yarateruye
4. Guhanura
5. Ipfunwe
6. Umupaka
7. Kuvunyisha
8. Gutega umuntu amatwi

9. Kubasesereza

a. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro ziboneye wihimbiye:

1. Ipfunwe

2. Gutabara

3. Umuco
4. Gutega amatwi

5. Gusesereza

b. Tanga imbusane z’amagambo aciyeho akarongo.
• Dushimire abatugiriye neza.
• Uburere bwiza bugaragazwa no kubaha.

c. Simbuza amagambo aciyeho akarongo andi bivuga kimwe.
1. Isaha irageze muze tuge gufata ifunguro.
2. Umushyitsi ugeze mu rugo aravunyisha agahabwa ikaze.
3. Se w’abo bana yabatoje uburere bwiza.

4. Abaje batugana tugomba kubakira neza, tukabaganiriza.

Subiza ibi bibazo byabajiwe ku mwandiko mu magambo yawe bwite:

1. Ni iyihe migenzo myiza yarangaga umuryango wa Kamuhanda?
2. Ni iyihe mpanuro ya mbere Kamuhanda yahaye abana be?
3. Ni ibihe bintu bitatu by’ingenzi ababyeyi bari barigishije abana babo?
4. Vuga nibura ibintu bitatu biranga umuntu wiyubaha.
5. Kuki umushyitsi uje atugana agomba kwakirwa neza?
6. a) Wemeranya n’abavuga ko umwana yitwara nk’uko ababyeyi
bitwara? Sobanura.
b) Ni uwuhe mugani w’umugenurano dusanga mu mwandiko

ushimangira igisubizo cyawe?

1) Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko ivugwa mu mwandiko?

2) Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi zivugwa muri uyu mwandiko.

1. Hitamo imvugo iboneye iranga ikinyabupfura, kandi usobanure
impamvu ari yo wahisemo.
a) Iyo ushaka kumenya umuntu waje murugo uramubwira uti?
1) “Wambwiye izina ryawe.”
2) “Mbese ubundi witwa nde?”
3) « Uri nde se? »
4) « Ko tutabamenye se? »
b) Iyo umushyisti ageze munzu uramubaza uti?
1) « Icara ! »
2) « Wakwicaye se! »
3) “Dore ngiyo intebe!”
4) “Ngako agatebe nimwicare.”
c. Iyo ushaka kugira icyo uzimanira umuntu uramubaza uti?

1) “Tubahe iki se?”

2) “Murashaka kunywa iki?”
3) “Twabazimanira iki?”

4) "Mwaba se mukeneye icyo kunywa?"

2. Shaka amagambo ari muri iki kinyatuzu

2. Soma indi migani miremire mu bitabo bitandukanye maze ugeze ku

bandi ibivugwamo muri make.

2. Ingingo zo gutangaho ibitekerezo no gutekereza byimbitse ku
bivugwa mu mwandiko.
Inyigisho dukuye muri uyu mugani:

Kumenya kwikemurira ibibazo: ubwa mbere Nyanshya yashoboye gushuka

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Kubaha no kwakira abatugana: Inyana ni iya mweru.

Umugabo Kamuhanda yari afite umugore we babanaga neza,bakubahana, ku buryo urugo rwabo rutarangwagamo intonganyan’umwiryane. Kamuhanda kandi yari afite abana batatu bakarangwa
n’imigenzo myiza. Imwe muri iyo mico, twavuga ni nko kwakiranaabashyitsi urugwiro, gusangirira hamwe ku meza, gusabanan’ababyeyi, gutabara abaturanyi no gufasha abababaye. Iyo migenzomyiza bayikomoraga ku burere bwiza bahabwaga n’ababyeyi babo.
Nyuma yo gufata ifunguro rya nimugoraba ababyeyi bataramanaga n’abana bakabarira inkuru z’ibyabayeho, bakabigisha uko bagombakubanira abaturanyi n’abavandimwe babo. Akenshi se yabahaga
impanuro agira ati:” Bana bange, muge mwubaha kuko ari umugenzo mwiza ugomba kuranga buri wese. Buri muntu wese nta kwita ku nkomoko ye, ku muco we cyangwa idini rye agomba
kubahwa. Kubaha bitangirira mu kwiyubaha ubwawe, udatewe ipfunwe n’uko waba umeze kose cyangwa ngo wumve wasuzugura abandi kubera ko hari icyo ubarusha.”
“Kwiyubaha kandi bijyana no kumenya guhitamo hagati y’ikiza n’ikibi, wirinda kwemera ibyo udashoboye byagutera guhemuka.Umuntu wiyubaha arangwa n’isuku y’umubiri we n’aho ari hose,akita ku nshingano ze uko bikwiye kandi agafata ifunguro riboneye.Urangwa n’ikinyabupfura kandi ntaca mu ijambo abo bavugana.Ashimira abamugiriye neza ndetse akanasezera ku bari kumwe nawe mu gihe bashatse gutandukana na bo.
Kubaha ni umugenzo utangirira mu muryango aho umwana yigira kuvuga. Ashobora rero kuhakomora ingeso nziza cyangwa imico mibi bitewe n’ingero abonana abo babana. Kubaha bigomba kuturanga aho turi hose, haba mu rugo, ku ishuri cyangwa mu kazi.Abana bato bagomba kubaha bakuru babo kuko baba barabatanze kubona izuba. Uburyo mwakira abashyitsi babagana, ni bwo bubagaragariza abo muri bo. Umushyitsi navunyisha muzamuhe ikaze, maze mumwakirane urugwiro. Impanuro uwo mubyeyi
yahaye abana be zatumye bagira ikinyabupfura, bagahora bitwararitse mu byo bavuga no mu byo bakora, kugira ngo hatagira uwo bahutaza.
Abo bana bahoraga bishimye, bagakina ntawuhutaza undi,bagasabana n’abandi, bakamenya gukorera ikintu mu gihe cyacyo.Mu nzira, ntibanyuraga ku muntu batamusuhuje. Bahagurukiraga umuntu wese ubaruta akicara, bakagirira isuku ahantu bari kandi na bo ugasanga barangwa n’isuku aho bari hose.
Icyakora imyitwarire y’ababyeyi babo ni yo bakomoyeho iyo mico myiza. Imibanire myiza izira intonganya n’umwiryane babonanaga ababyeyi babo, ni yo abana bakuriyemo, barayitora, kandi barayikurikiza. Ese ubundi ntibavuga ngo ‘inyana ni iya mweru cyangwa ngo ‘uburere buruta ubuvuke’!
Ubwo burere bwiza bwatumye bagira ubumenyi bamenya n’ubwenge, ku buryo batigeraga batsindwa mu ishuri maze bose bariga baraminuza. Imico yabo myiza yagiye ivugwa hose, maze abantu bose barabakunda. Ubu na bo bashinze ingo zikomeye. Uko ni ko “kwibyara gutera ababyeyi ineza.”
A. Mu matsinda mushakire hamwe ibisobanuro by’aya magambo mukurikije uko yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko.
1) Imigenzo
2) Urugwiro
3) Yarateruye
4) Guhanura
5) Ipfunwe
6) Umupaka
7) Kuvunyisha
8) Gutega umuntu amatwi
9) Kubasesereza
Imyitozo y’inyunguramagambo
a. Buri wese akora wenyine, koresha amagambo akurikira mu ziboneye wihimbiye.
1. Ipfunwe
2. Gutabara
3. Umuco
4. Gutega amatwi
5. Gusesereza
b. Tanga imbusane z’amagambo aciyeho akarongo.
- Dushimire abatugiriye neza.
- Uburere bwiza bugaragazwa no kubaha.
c. Simbuza amagambo aciyeho akarongo andi bivuga kimwe.
1. Isaha irageze muze tuge gufata ifunguro.
2. Umushyitsi ugeze mu rugo aravunyisha agahambwa ikaze.
3. Se w’abo bana yabatoje uburere bwiza.
4. Abaje batugana tugomba kubakira neza, tukabaganiriza.
B. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
Mu matsinda ya babiri babiri, musubize ibi bibazo byajajiwe ku mwandiko mu magambo yanyu bwite, mutandukuye interuro ziri mu mwandiko uko zakabaye.
1. Vuga imigenzo myiza yarangaga umuryango wa Kamuhanda?
2. Ni iyihe mpanuro ya mbere Kamuhanda yabwiye abana be?
3. Vuga nibura ibintu bitatu biranga umuntu wiyubaha?
4. Kuki umushyitsi uje atugana agomba kwakirwa neza?
5. Vuga ibintu bitatu by’ingenzi ababyeyi bari barigishije abana babo?
6. a) Wemeranya n’abavuga ko umwana yitwara nk’uko ababyeyi bitwara? Sobanura?
b) Ni uwuhe mugenurano dusanga mu mwandiko ushimangira igisubizo cyawe?
C. Mu matsinda, muhitamo imvugo iboneye iranga ikinyabupfura, kandi musobanure impamvu ari yo mwahisemo.
1. Iyo ushaka kumenya umuntu waje mu rugo uramubwira uti:
a) “Wambwiye izina ryawe.”
b) “Mbese ubundi witwa nde?”
c) « Uri nde se? »
d) « Ko tutabamenye se? »
2. Iyo umushyitsi ageze mu nzu uramubwira uti:
a) « Icara ! »
b) « Wakwicaye se! »
c) “Dore ngiyo intebe!”
d) “Ngako agatebe nimwicare.”
3. Iyo ushaka kugira icyo uzimanira umuntu uramubaza uti:
a) “Tubahe iki se?”
b) “Murashaka kunywa iki?”
c) “Twabazimanira iki?”
d)” Mwaba se mukeneye icyo kunywa?”
Gusesengura umwandiko
1) Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko ivugwa mu mwandiko?
2) Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi zivugwa muri uyu mwandiko.
MVUMBUYE KO:
Umuntu wese aba asabwa kubaha no kwakira abantu bose baza bamugana.
NSHOBORA:
Gusesengura umwandiko uvuga ku ngingo yo kubaha no kwakira abantu baje bangana no gukoresha neza mu nteruro amagambo nungutse.
Shaka amagambo ari muri iki kinyatuzu
S
Kwita ku batishoboye: Ikiganiro hagati ya Hanyurwimfura na Mukamana

Hanyurwimfura ni umwana w’umuhungu wiga mu mashuri abanza mu wa kane. Arangwa no kugira amatsiko ibyo atumva neza agasobanuza. Arimo kuganira na Murekatete umukobwa w’inkumi baturanye wiga mu mashuri makuru.
Hanyurwimfura: Murekatete ko numva kuri Radiyo bakunda kuvuga ngo tuge dufasha abatishoboye wandusha kumenya abatishoboye abo ari bo?
Murekatete: Mbega ikibazo kiza! Reka ngufashe kumva neza abatishoboye abo ari bo. Abatishoboye bashobora kuba abana, abantu bafite ubumuga cyangwa abantu bakuze cyane, abarwayi barembye, abakene cyane, impunzi n’abatagira akazi bagorwa no kubona iby’ibanze byo kubabeshaho bigatuma bakenera ubufasha kugira ngo bashobore kwitabwaho ndetse no kurindwa.
Hanyurwimfura: Naho se igikorwa cyo kwita ku batishoboye ni igikorwa giteye gute?
Murekatete: Igikorwa cyo kwita ku batishoboye ni igikorwa cyose kiba kigamije kubafasha kandi kigakoranwa ubushake. Ingero z’ibikorwa byo gufasha abatishoboye ni nko kubakorera ubuvugizi
kugira ngo batavutswa uburenganzira bwabo, kubatabara kugira ngo hatagira uwitwaza intege nke zabo akabagirira nabi. Ikindi bakorerwa ni nko kubavuza, kububakira aho baba, kubaha icyo kwambara, kubaha ibibatunga n’ibindi bakenera by’ibanze.
Kwita ku batishoboye kandi ni ugucumbikira abadafite aho baba, gusura abababaye, kubakira, kubatega amatwi ukumva ingorane n’ibibazo bafite mugafatanya kubishakira ibisubizo. Abatishoboye kandi bashobora kwishyira hamwe, bagafashwa kwiteza imbere bakitabira ubwisungane mu kwivuza, bakitabwaho kugira ngo bagire ubuzima buzira umuze n’imibereho myiza.
Buri wese rero ashobora kugira ubufasha yatanga, nko gusana cyangwa kubakira umukecuru udafite ubushobozi. Abatishoboye dushobora kubitaho tubaha ibiryo, imyenda n’ibindi bintu bakenera mu buzima bwabo bwa buri munsi. Hari abarwayi baba bari mu bitaro kwa muganga bakabura amafaranga yo kwishyura. Hari abana baba ari imfubyi cyangwa bafite ababyeyi badashobora kubarihirira amafaranga n’ibikoresho by’ishuri baba bakeneye ubufasha. Abana bagenzi babo bashobora kubafasha babakorera ubuvugizi ku babyeyi babo bakabatera inkunga y’ibyo bakeneye.
Hanyurwimfura: Ese ko aho dusengera batubwiye ngo nituzajya tunyura ku muntu ukuze atwaye ikintu tuge tumutwaza. Ubwo ntirwaba ari urugero rwo kwita ku batishoboye?
Murekatete: Rwose utanze urugero rwiza rwo kwita ku batishoboye. Nuhura n’umuntu ukuze cyane cyangwa unaniwe uge umwakira umutwaze ibyo afite. Kwita ku batishoboye ni ukubakunda ukaba wabatera ibyishimo. Mbese ni ukubagira inama n’umutima w’impuhwe n’urukundo. Abatishoboye bagomba guhabwa agaciro, ntibasuzugurwe cyangwa ngo bahabwe akato.. Kubagirira nabi byaba ari ukubarenganya kuko aba atari bo babyiteye. Abatishoboye rero ntibagomba gutereranwa ahubwo
bagomba kwitabwaho ku buryo bumva bafite agaciro n’ikizere cyo kubaho.
Hanyurwimfura: Koko babivuze ukuri ngo ubwenge burarahurwa.Urakoze cyane kunsobanurira. Ubu nange ngiye kujya nita ku batishoboye kandi mbikangurire na bagenzi bange.
A. Mu matsinda ya babiri babiri mushakire hamwe ibisobanuro by’aya magambo mukurikije uko yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko.
1) Impunzi
2) Gukora ubuvugizi
3) Kuvutswa uburenganzira
4) Gucumbikira
5) Impuhwe
6) Guhabwa akato
Imyitozo ku nyunguramagambo
a. Mu matsinda ya babiri babiri, musimbuze aya magambo yanditse atsindagiye andi bihuje ibisobanuro bu buryo interuro idahinduka.
1) Abatishoboye bagomba gutegwa amatwi na buri wese.
2) Hari ababyeyi badashobora kurihira abana babo amafaranga y’ishuri.
3) Muge mwihatira kurya imboga n’imbuto bizatuma mubaho igihe kirekire.

b. Mu matsinda ya babiri babir, mwuzuze izi nteruro mukoresheje amagambo akurikira:
Impunzi –Kuvutswa uburenganzira –Impuhwe –Guha akato
1) Nubona………uge wihutira kuyakirana……nyinshi.
2) Buri mwana wese ntagomba…..uburenganzira bwe.
3) Tubujijwe…..abarwayi ba SIDA.

c. Buri wese akora wenyine, mukoreshe amagambo akurikira mwubake interuro mwihimbiye ziboneye.
Ubufasha –Guha agaciro –Ikizere

B. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
Buri wese akora wenyine, musubize ibibazo bikurikira mu magambo yanyu bwite mutandukura interuro ziri mu mwandiko uko zakabaye.
1. Hanyurwimfura ni umwana urangwa n’iki?
2. Murekatete yabwiye Hanyurwimfura ko abatishoboye ari abahe?
3. Vuga bimwe mu bikorwa wakorera abatishoboye?
4. Nuhura n’umuntu ukuze cyane cyangwa unaniwe uzajya umukorera iki?
5. Ni iki tubujijwe gukorera abatishoboye?

C. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko
1) Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko ivugwa mu mwandiko?
2) Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi’ zivugwa muri uyu mwandiko

D. Gukina bigana : Mu matsinda ya babiri, nimukore namwe ikiganiro, umwe agende abaza mugenzi we ibibazo ku ngingo iyi n’iyi, maze na we agusobanurire.

Dore ingingo mwaganiraho :
1. Gufatanya n’abandi banyeshuri mu kwiga : Hari abanyeshuri baba badasobanukirwa vuba naho abandi bakumva vuba ibyo biga. Twafatatanya gute ngo twese dusobanukirwe ibyo twiga ?

MVUMBUYE KO:
Umuntu wese aba asabwa kwita kubatishoboye bamwegereye.

Nshobora:
Gusesengura umwandiko uvuga ku ngigo yo kwita kubatishoboye no gukoresha neza mu nteruro amagambo nungutse.

Ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda

Umuganda rusange uba mu Rwanda hose ku wa Gatandatu w’icyumweru cya nyuma cya buri kwezi. Umuganda ni inkingi ishimangira ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda bagakorera hamwe kugira ngo buri wese atange umusanzu we mu kubaka urwamubyaye. Akamaro k’umuganda kagaragarira buri wese kuko hari ibikorwa byinshi byagezweho kubera wo. Aha twavuga nko guharura imihanda, gutera amashyamba, gusukura aho dutuye n’ibindi.

Mu muganda uba rimwe mu kwezi, abaturage batuye umudugudu bahurira hamwe bagakora ibikorwa bijyanye n’iterambere ryabo. Ku wa Gatandatu ushize, abaturage bo mu mudugudu wa Kinkware bahujwe no kubaka ishuri ry’inshuke abana babo bazajya bigiramo. Nyuma y’umuganda abo baturage bicaye hamwe bungurana ibitekerezo ku ngingo y’ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda.

Umuyobozi yabwiye abaturage ko kuva kera Abanyarwanda barangwaga n’ubumwe. Yongeyeho ko ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda ari umuco karande waranze abasokuruza bacu. Barangwaga no gutabarana, gutumirana, guhana inka, kuremera abatishoboye, kohererezanya intashyo, kugemurirana, guhana umuganda,guhingira hamwe mu budehe ndetse no gutabarira hamwe igihugu cyatewe.

Umuyobozi w’umudugudu yakomeje agira ati: Ubumwe rero buhera iwacu mu rugo. Mu miryango yacu tugomba kurangwa no gukorera hamwe, umugore, umugabo n’abana bagafatanya kwita ku rugo rwabo ngo rugwize ibirutunga, bakarwubaka rugakomera”.

Abaturanyi na bo tugomba gufatanya tugakorera hamwe ibikorwa biteza imbere aho dutuye, maze tukarangwa n’imibanire myiza. Muri rusange, ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda muri iki gihe bugaragarira mu migenzo myiza nko gutabarana no gufashanya ku buryo bunyuranye. Gutiza umuganda ushaka kubaka, gutwerera uwagize ubukwe cyangwa ibirori, gufasha umuntu gusarura cyangwa guhinga, guheka umurwayi bamujyana kwa muganga bagenda bakuranwa mu murwi, kugemurira umurwayi kwa muganga byose ni imigenzo ya Kinyarwanda igaragaza ubumwe bwacu.

Umuyobozi yageze aho aha ijambo abaturage kugira ngo bungurane ibitekerezo ku nkingi z’ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda.

Tuyishime akaba umujyanama w’ubuzima atanga igitekerezo agira ati: “Kuba duhuriye ku rurimi rumwe rw’Ikinyarwanda, tugahuzwa n’umuco umwe ni amahirwe atuma ubumwe bwacu busigasirwa”. Yongeraho ko n’ubwisungane mu kwivuza ari gahunda ifasha kwimakaza ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda kuko igamije ubuzima buzira umuze bwabo. Gushyira hamwe ni byo bituma iterambere ryihuta, igihugu cyacu kigakataza mu majyambere. Nuko asoza agira ati:” Abishyize hamwe ntakibananira. “

A. Inyunguramagambo
Mu matsinda, mugerageze gusobanura aya magambo muhereye ku bivugwa mu mwandiko.
1) Umuganda
2) Karande
3) Abasokuruza
4) Guhinga ubudehe
5) Umurwi
6) Gusigasira
7) Kubungabunga

Imyitozo ku nyunguramagambo
a. Mu matsinda ya babiri babiri, mwuzuze izi nteruro mukoresheje amagambo akurikira.
Umuganda –Umurwayi –Abasokuruza –Kubungabunga
1) Tugomba……….ibidukikije tukubaka urwatubyaye.
2) Iyo……….yarwaye baramuheka bakamujyana kwa muganga.
3) Guhana……..ni umwe mu mico myiza……….bacu badusigiye.
4) Mu mudugudu wacu……..wabaye ku wa Gatandatu.

b. Buri wese akora wenyine mwubake interuro ziboneye mwihimbiye mukoresheje aya magambo :
1) Inshuke
2) Ubudehe
3) Gusigasira

c. Buri wese akora wenyine, muondeke aya magambo maze mwubake interuro ziboneye.
1) rusange- agomba- k’ igikorwa-muturage-buri-kwitabira-weseumuganda.
2) hamwe-rirasana-ababiri-ijana-bashyize-baruta.

B. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
Mu matsinda ya babiri babiri, mugerageze gusubiza ibi bibazo byabajijwe ku mwandiko mu magambo yannyu bwite, mutandukura interuro zigaragara mu mwandiko uko zakabaye.
1) Vuga ibikorwa by’ingenzi umuganda watugejejeho?
2) Ni iki cyaranze Abanyarwanda kuva kera umuyobozi yabwiye abaturage?
3) Vuga bimwe mu byarangaga abasokuruza bacu?
4) Ni iyihe migenzo myiza ubona muri iki gihe iranga ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda?
5) Mu kwanzura ni iki umuyobozi w’umudugudu yasabye abaturage?

C. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko
1) Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko ivugwa mu mwandiko?
2) Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi’ zivugwa muri uyu mwandiko.

D. Insanganyamatsiko yo gutangaho ibitekerezo.
Mu matsinda nimwuzuze imbonerahamwe ikurikira mutanga ibitekerezo ku byizamubona bigerwaho n’abantu bashyize hamwe ku ruhande rumwe no ku bibi by’amacakubiri ku rundi ruhande.

Dore imbonerahamwe mwuzuza uko iba iteye :

MVUMBUYE KO:
Ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda ari kimwe mu biranga umuco w’Abanyarwanda.

NSHOBORA:
Gusesengura umwandiko uvuga ku ngingo y’ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda no gukoresha neza mu nteruro amagambo nungutse.

Interuro
Mu matsinda musome mwitonze amagambo akurikira hanyuma musubize ibibazo byayabajijweho.
1) Gatete akunda umupira w’amaguru.
2) Abana bacu ni beza.
3) Mukamurenzi afite amafaranga menshi.
4) Kuki Kamana atagiye ku ishuri uyu munsi?
5) Ndaje!

Ibibazo
1) Ni iki wavuga kuri aya magambo?
2) Iyo witegereje neza usanga atondetse kimwe?

Oya. Hari ahari amazina n’inshinga, ahari inshinga ndetse amazina yuzuza inshinga, hari n’ahari n’inshinga imwe gusa.
Mu matsinda ya babiri babiri mufatanye gushaka inshoza y’interuro.

Inshoza y’interuro
Interuro ni amagambo atondetse ku buryo atugezaho ubutumwa.
Ingero:
a) Muri abakozi beza rwose!
b) Marariya iterwa n’umubu.
c) Ntikangize ibidukikije.
d) Ese tuzakora ibizamini bisoza igihembwe ryari?
e) Iki gihembwe nzihatira kwiga ku buryo nzaba uwa mbere.

Umwitozo:
Buri wese akora wenyine, mwubake interuro zifite ubutumwa bwumvikana mukoresheje aya magambo:
1) ibidukikije- cyane.-akamaro- bidufitiye- kanini .
2) uburenganzira-bwo-umwana-wese-afite-kwiga.
3) umurimo-gukunda-bizatuvana-bukene- mu.
4) gihugu- na- kimwe- nta-cyaruta- icyo-wavukiyemo.

Amoko y’interuro hakurikijwe utwatuzo tuzisoza
Mu matsinda musome mwitonze izi nteruro, maze mugerageze kuvuga ubutumwa zitambutsa no gutahura itandukaniro riri hagati yazo.
1) Amazi meza nta bara agira, ntanuka, ntahumura, nta n’ubwo aryohera.
2) Mbese ba bana bagiye he?
3) Mbega imisozi myiza!

1. Interuro ya mbere ni interuro ihamya.
Ikoreshwa iyo umuntu amenyesha ikintu avuga igitekerezo ke cyangwa atanga amakuru.
Mu nyandiko isozwa n’akabago, naho mu mvugo igasozwa bitsa ijwi ntirizamuke.
Ingero
Ntitugomba gusiba uko twishakiye.
Uyu munsi turiga Ikinyarwanda inshuro ebyiri.

2. Interuro ya kabiri irabaza.
Interururo ibaza ni interuro ikoreshwa n’umuntu ukeneye igisubizo cyangwa ukeneye kumenya amakuru aya n’aya. Isozwa n’akabazo mu nyandiko, naho mu mvugo ikarangira bazamura ijwi. Ikunze kandi gukoresha amagambo abaza nka: ese, mbese, kuki, bingahe, gute, ryari, hehe?, ....
Ingero
Ufite imyaka ingahe?
Mbese muzaza ryari?
Kuki ibihe by’imvura n’izuba bigenda bihindagurika?

3.Interuro ya gatatu iratangara
Interuro itangara ni interuro ikoreshwa iyo umuntu atangara, iyo yikanze, ababaye, cyangwa hari icyo yishimiye. Mu nyandiko isozwa n’agatangaro, naho mu mvugo ikumvikanishwa n’ijwi rizamuka, ariko ritumvikanisha ikibazo.
Ingero
Ayiwe! Nari nguye!
Mbega ngo biraba byiza bikananyura umutima!
Umwanzuro: Bitewe n’impamvu iguteye kuvuga ushobora gukoresha amoko atandukanye y’interuro.

Impugukirwa:
1. Interuro yaba ihamya, itangara cyangwa ibaza, ishobora kwemeza cyangwa guhakana iyo inshinga ibumbatiye ubutumwa buyikubiyemo yemeza cyangwa ihakana. Hari amagambo y’impakanyi ashobora gukoreshwa mu nteruro ihakana (ntabwo, oya, si n’ayandi).
Urugero:
Kabera arasarura amasaka. (Interuro yemeza)
Uwera ntasarura amasaka. (Interuro ihakana)
2. Inyuma y’interuro ishojwe n’utu twatuzo, ikurikiyeho itangizwa inyuguti nkuru.

Umwitozo
Koresha akatuzo gakwiye kuri izi nteruro
1) Manzi yiga mu mwaka wa mbere
2) Uwo mugabo aravuga iki
3) Yoo! Mbega amasaro meza
4) Ihute vuba ubanguke

MVUMBUYE KO:
Hakurikijwe utwatuzo dusoza interuro habaho aya moko y’interuro:
interuro ihamya, interuro ibaza, interuro itegeka n’interuro itangara.

NSHOBORA:
Guhanga interuro ziboneye nubahiriza utwatuzo tuzisoza.

Imimaro y’ingenzi y’amagambo mu nteruro
Mu matsinda mwitegereze interuro zikurikira maze musubize ibibazo byazibajijweho.
1) Gatete akunda umupira w’amaguru.
2) Abanyeshuri barakubura ishuri.
3) Bake bahageze.
4) Twese twatashye.
5) Gusoma bituma tujijuka.

Iyo mwitegereje izi nteruro musanga zifite ibice bingahe?
Izi nteruro zifite ibice birenze bibiri ariko muri rusange zifite ibice bitatu by’ingenzi: Ruhamwa, inshinga n’icyuzuzo.

Ni nde ukunda gukina umupira w’amaguru? Ni Gatete
Ni bande bakubura ishuri? Ni abanyeshuri
Umubare w’abahageze ungana iki? Ni bake.
Abatashye bangana iki? Ni twese.
Ni iki gituma tujijuka? Ni ugusoma.

Aya magambo yose tubonye agaragaza ukora igikorwa. Gatete, Abakobwa, Bake, Twese, Gusoma, bayita Ruhamwa.
1. Ruhamwa
Ruhamwa ni ijambo cyangwa itsinda ry’amagambo akenshi ritangira interuro rikagaragaza ukora igikorwa kirangwa n’inshinga iri mu nteruro.
• Ruhamwa ishobora kujyana n’inshinga nyinshi.
Urugero: Hirwa arateka, aramesa, agakora n’isuku.
• Ruhamwa ishobora gukurikira inshinga.
Urugero: Mu biruhuko higa abanyeshuri bo mu mwaka wa gatandatu.

2. Inshinga
Gatete akunda iki? Akunda umupira w’amaguru.
Abanyeshuri barakora iki? Barakubura ishuri.
Bake bavugwa bakoze iki? Bahageze.
Twese twakoze iki? Twatashye.

Akunda, barakubura, bahageze, twatashye ni “INSHINGA.”
Inshinga (ipfundo ry’ubutumwa cyangwa izingiro ry’interuro) ni ijambo rifite umumaro wo kugaragaza cyangwa kumvikanisha igikorwa cyangwa imimerere ya ruhamwa mu nteruro. Iyo inshinga itondaguye iba ifite akajambo kibutsa ruhamwa.

Ingero:
Muhire aratashye.
Mwarimu arakosora impapuro.
Kamana ni mubyara wange.
Bose bagarutse mu rugo.

3. Icyuzuzo
Gatete akunda iki? Umupira w’amaguru.
Abanyeshuri barakubura iki? Ishuri.

Umupira w’amaguru, ishuri ni ibyuzuzo.
Icyuzuzo ni ijambo cyangwa itsinda ry’amagambo bivuga icyo gikorwa, imimerere cyangwa imiterere ivugwa n’isnhinga byerekejweho, uburyo cyangwa incuro biba igihe cyangwa ahantu bibera.
Ingero:
Mama yaguze imyenda.
Mwene Yohani yavukanye amahirwe yo kwiga.
Abakinnyi bahuje umugambi wo kuzegukana igikombe.

Ikitonderwa:
• Icyuzuzo gishobora kuba kihagitse mu nshinga.
Urugero: Aba bana ntibayikunda.

MVUMBUYE KO:
Amagambo agize interuro aba akubiye mu mimaro itatu y’ingenzi ari yo: Ruhamwa, inshinga, icyuzuzo.

NSHOBORA:
Gutahura imimaro y’ingenzi y’amagambo agize interuro

Utwatuzo dusoza interuro
Mu matsinda mwitegereze izi nteruro maze musubize ibibazo byazibajijweho.
1) Umuganda uba rimwe mu kwezi.
2) Mbega ikimasa kiza!
3) Yoo! Uyu mwana ni umurame pe!
4) Ese ba bashyitsi wabahaye ibyo kurya?

Ibibazo
Iyo twitegereje izi nteruro dusanga zimeze gute? Iya mbere irahamya, iya kabiri n’iya gatatu ziratangara naho iya kane irabaza.

Inshoza y’utwatuzo dusoza interuro.
Utwatuzo dusoza interuro ni utumenyetso tutari inyuguti dukoreshwa mu nteruro kugira ngo usoma cyangwa uvuga aruhuke kandi twerekana n’ubwoko bwayo.
Mu twatuzo dusoza interuro dusangamo: akabago, akabazo n’agatangaro.

Imikoresherezwe y’utwatuzo dusoza interuro
A. Akabago (.)
Akabago ni akatuzo gasoza interuro ihamya yemeza cyangwa ihakana.

Ingero:
• Umunyeshuri mwiza ni uwubaha.
• Abahungu bakunda gukina.
• Ntimugatinde mu nzira.

b. Akabazo (?)
Akabazo ni akatuzo gasoza interuro ibaza.

Ingero:
• Muzaza kudusura ryari?
• Iyi modoka ni iyande?
• Umaze kugira imyaka ingahe?

c. Agatangaro (!)
Agatangaro ni akatuzo gasoza interuro itangara, gashyirwa n’inyuma y’amarangamutima.
Ingero:
• Dore intore zambaye neza mama we!
• Mbega ukuntu uyu munsi waberewe!
• Yoo! Iki ni ikigo nderabuzima pe!

Ikitonderwa
Twibuke ko interuro ikurikira ishojwe n’utu twatuzo, itangizwa inyuguti nkuru.
Umwitozo
Shyira utwatuzo dukwiye muri izi nteruro
- Muzasoza igihembwe cya kabiri ryari
- Ooo Babyaye agakobwa disi
- Dufite amashuri make

MVUMBUYE KO:
• Akabago ari akatuzo gasoza interuro ihamya.
• Agatangaro ni akatuzo gasoza interuro itangara, kagashyirwa n’inyuma y’amarangamutima.
• Akabazo ni akatuzo gasoza interuro ibaza.
NSHOBORA:
Kubaka interuro ziboneye nkoresha utwatuzo tuzisoza.

Shaka amagambo ari muri iki kinyatuzu

Inyunguramagambo: impuzanyito n’imbusane.
Mu matsinda, nimwitegereze uko aya magambo yasobanuwe, maze mugire icyo mubivugaho, hanyuma mugerageze gutahura uko twakwita buri jambo hamwe n’ibisobanuro byayo:

Gupfa = Kwitaba Imana, gutabaruka.
Kubyara = Kwibaruka.
Umusaza = Umukambwe.

Aya magambo asobanura kimwe.
Igisobanuro cya buri jambo gishobora gukoreshwa mu mwanya waryo.
Umwanzuro kubera ko aya magambo ahuje ibisobanuro dushobora kuyita “Impuzanyito cyangwa imvugakimwe.”

Inshoza: Impuzanyito cyangwa imvugakimwe ni amagambo ahuje ibisobanuro.

Ingero:
Ishavu =Agahinda.
Kunezererwa = Kwishima.
Umufasha = Umugore.
Kurya = Gufungura, kwegera ameza, kwica isari

Mu matsinda, nimugereranye buri jambo n’irindi bishyamiranye, maze mugire icyo muyavugaho, hanyuma mugerageze gutahura uko twayita.
1) Ubushyuhe ≠ Ubukonje
2) ikiza ≠ ikibi
3) Kwemera ≠ Guhakana

Aya magambo afite ibisobanura binyuranye. Twayita imbusane kuko ibisobanuro byayo bibusanye.
Inshoza: Imbusane ni amagambo afite inyito zinyuranye.

Ingero:
Gushyira nzira ≠ Guhagarara
Kuzirika ≠ Kuzitura
Gutinda ≠ Kubanguka
Umugore ≠ Umugabo
Umukobwa ≠ Umuhungu

Umwitozo
a. Mu matsinda ya babiri babiri, muimbuze amagambo aciyeho umurongo andi bisobanura kimwe ku buryo igisobanuro k’interuro kidahinduka.
- Saa sita yageze muze twegere ameza.
- Zana iyo ntorezo nge kwishakira udukwi.
- Mu cyaro nabonyeyo urukiza.

b. Buri wese akora wenyine, mumbuze aya magambo ari mu dukubo imbusane zayo
- (Umukobwa) yaramubajije ati: “Ko mbona ufite (agahinda)”?
- Ntiwibagirwe (kuzirika) ya hene.
- Uze guca agati (kagufi) ukanzanire.

MVUMBUYE KO:
• Impuzanyito ari amagambo asobanura kimwe.
• Imbusane ni amagambo afite inyito zinyuranye.

NSHOBORA:
Gusimburanya amagambo atandukanye mu gutanga ibitekerezo mu
mvugo cyangwa mu nyandiko.

Umugani muremure : Nyanshya na Baba
Kera habayeho umugabo n’umugore babyarana abana babiri, umukobwa n’umuhungu. Umuhungu akitwa Baba naho umukobwa akitwa Nyanshya. Bukeye umugabo aza gupfa nuko hashize iminsi n’umugore arapfa. Abana basigara ari imfubyi. Nuko Nyanshya na Baba bajya mu ishyamba, bakajya batungwa no gutega utunyoni. Umuhungu ashakira mushiki we akazu mu rutare.

Umuhungu akajya guhiga utunyoni, mushiki we agasigara aho. Baba agataha nijoro azanye umuhigo akaririmba ati:
“ Nyanshya ya Baba, nyugururira.
Mwana wa mama, nyugururira.
Nishe akajeje, ni akawe nange.
Nishe agaturo, ni akawe nange.
Nishe agafundi, ni akawe nange.
Akanini karimo tuzakagabana”.

Mushiki we ati: “ Baruka rutare Baba yinjire!” Urutare rukabaruka.Baba akazana utunyoni bakarya, umukobwa yaba afite agafu, akarika, bakarya, bwacya mu gitondo, mu bunyoni, musaza we akabaduka akajya guhiga utunyamaswa two kubatunga. Akica agafundi, akica agakwavu, akica agakware, akica akanuma. Bwakwira agataha. Yagera kuri rwa rutare akaririmba:
“ Nyanshya ya Baba, nyugururira.
Mwana wa mama, nyugururira.
Nishe akajeje, ni akawe nange.
Nishe agakwavu, ni akawe nange.
Nishe agafundi, ni akawe nange.
Akanini karimo tuzakagabana”.

Nyanshya ati: “ Baruka rutare Baba yinjire”. Urutare rukabaruka. Musaza we akinjira, bagateka bakarya. Bwacya mu gitondo akabyuka akajya guhiga.

Bukeye haza ikinyamaswa kitwa Kizimu giteye nk’impyisi,cyumviriza ibyo Baba avuga aririmba. Umunsi umwe kigerageza kumwigana. Wa mukobwa ati: “Iryo jwi ko atari irya musaza wange”? Aricecekera, cya gisimba kiragenda ariko ntibyatinda kiza gushobora kwigana Baba.

Umukobwa ati: “Baruka rutare Baba yinjire”. Urutare rurakinguka. Abona igipyisi kiraje ati: “Ye data we”!
-Sogokuru ngukarangire utuyuzi tw’utudegede?
-Turakakudegeda mu nda.
-Sogokuru ngukarangire utuyuzi tw’impaza?
-Yego mukaka wange. Wa mukobwa afata akungo, akaranga utuyuzi. Nuko abwira cya gisimba, ati: “Rero sogokuru, urutaruka rujya hanze, ni urwawe, urutaruka rujya mu mbere ni urwange, urujya mu rutara ni urwa musaza wange”. Kizimu iti: “Ndabyemeye”. Nuko akaranga za nzuzi. Uruyuzi rumwe rurataruka, rujya hanze. Nyanshya ati: “Ngurwo urwawe ruragiye”.Cya gisimba kiruka kijya hanze. Wa mukobwa ati: “Fatana rutare”.Urutare rurafatana. Umukobwa aguma aho. Cya gisimba kiragenda.

Musaza we aza kuza nimugoroba, yongera guhamagara mushiki we uko asanzwe abigenza. Undi araceceka, agira ubwoba agira ngo ni cya gisimba kije. Musaza we arongera arahamagara, mushiki we aza kumva ko ari we. Abwira urutare ati: “Baruka Baba yinjire”. Urutare rurabaruka. Baba arinjira, asanga Nyanshya yagize ubwoba. Ati: “Ni bite”? Undi ati: “Ndeka, aha haje ikinyamaswa kimpamagara nk’uko usanzwe umpamagara”. Maze nti: “Baruka rutare Baba yinjire, urutare rurakinguka, mbona hinjiye igisimba”. Ndakibwita nti: “Sogokuru, ngukarangire utuyuzi tw’utudegede”.Ngo “turakakudegeda mu nda”. Ngukarangire utuyuzi tw’impaza ngo “Yego Mukaka wange!” Ndakibwira nti: “Urujya hanze ni urwawe, urujya mu rutara ni urwa musaza wange, urujya mu mbere ni urwange”. Noneho uruyuzi rugiye hanze ndakibwira nti: “Fata”. Kirukiye hanze mbwira urutare rurafatana. Kimbwira ko nikigaruka kizandya.”

Musaza we yirirwa aho, yiriranwa icumu n’umuhoro agira ngo nikigaruka akice. Ariko cyari cyabumvirije kimenya ko ahari. Agitegereza iminsi itatu nticyaza. Inzara ibishe ahinduka mushiki we, ati: “Umenya ari ubwoba bwari bwakwishe”. Nuko ajya guhiga utunyamaswa.

Igihe atarahiguka, cya gisimba kiragaruka kirongera kigana Baba. Umukobwa agira ngo ni musaza we, abwira urutare ngo rukinguke. Agiye kubona, abona hinjiye kandi cya gipyisi. Ati: “Nta bwo ibyange birarangiye”. Akibwiye ngo agikarangire utuyuzi, kiti: “Nta two nshaka”. Gihera ko kiramurya.

Musaza we aza kuza asanga cya gisimba cyariye mushiki we, ahamagaye abura umwitaba. Abwira urutare rurakinguka, arinjira acana mu ziko. Arabutswe mu rusenge rw’urutare abona imyenda mushiki we yari yambaye. Arashishoza, ashakisha hose aramubura.

Nuko arara aho, aryama ataryamye, bucya ajya guhorera mushiki we. Amaherezo avumbura cya gipyisi, agiye kukica, kiti: “Banza uce aka gatoke ukuremo nyogosenge nariye. Ca n’akanganka k’iburyo ukuremo so wanyu nariye. Tema n’iki gikumwe, ukuremo mushiki wawe nariye”. Baba abigenza atyo, agikuramo bene wabo. Igitera icumu arakica. Anyaga ibyo kwa cya gisimba byose, nuko araboneza aritahira, ibyishimo ari byose.
Si nge wahera, hahera Kizimu.

A. Inyunguramagambo
Mu matsinda mugerageze gutahura ibisobanuro by’aya magambo muhereye ku buryo yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko.
1) Imfubyi
2) Urutare
3) Umuhigo
4) Kugurura
5) Kubaruka
6) Kwarika
7) Kumviriza
8) Icumu
9) Kunyaga

Umwitozo w’inyunguramagambo
Buri wese akora wenyine mwuzuze izi nteruro mukoresheje amagambo akurikira avuye mu mwandiko
Imfubyi – Umuhigo –Kwarika – Icumu – Kunyaga
1. Kamana avuye mu ishyamba atahukanye……….
2. Gufasha …………bizana umugisha.
3. Shyushya amazi nje ……………..umutsima.
4. ………………uwo wagabiye bitera ikimwaro.
5. Kera buri mugabo yajyaga ku rugamba yitwaje……………

B. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
Mu matsinda ya babiri babiri, mugerageze gusubiza ibi bibazo byabajijwe ku mwandiko, mu magambo yanyu bwite, mutandukura interuro zakoreshjwe mu mwandiko uko zakabaye.
1. Uyu mwandiko ni bwoko ki? Kubera iki?
2. Abana bavugwa mu mwandiko bamaze kuba imfubyi bagiye gutura he?
3. Baba yakoraga uwuhe mwuga kugira ngo babone icyo kurya?
4. Warupyisi yabigenje ite kugira ngo izabashe kugera aho Nyashya ari?
5. Ni ayahe mayeri Nyashya yakoresheje kugira ngo yikize Warupyisi imaze kumwinjirana?
6. Baba yabwiwe n’iki ko Warupyisi yariye mushiki we?
7. Baba amaze kwica Warupyisi yakoze iki?

C. Gushyira mu bikorwa ibyo bamaze kunguka: Cira bagenzi bawe umugani waba uzi.
Ubushobozi bukenewe mu guca umugani
Guca umugani ni ukubara inkuru y’ibintu bitabayeho ariko ukabivuga nk’ibyabayeho. Hakenewe :
1. Gukurikiranya neza ibitekerezo nk’uko bigenda byuzuzanya.
2. Kwirinda kugenda usubiramo amagambo amwe nka : nyine, nuko, rero, …
3. Kuvuga mu ijwi riranguruye kandi riyunguruye ku buryo udasinziriza abaguteze amatwi.

D. Umukoro
1. Ubushakashatsi no kwisomera ibyo wihitiyemo: Buri wese agerageze gusoma imigani yindi mu bitabo bitandukanye, ku buryo azageze ku bandi imigani yasomye, akanababwira ibivugwamo muri make.

2. Ingingo zo gutangaho ibitekerezo no gutekereza byimbitse ku bivugwa mu mwandiko (Buri wese avuge icyo abitekerezaho, hanyuma asobanure uko abyumva).
Ubona Baba ataragize uruhare mu gutuma mushiki we aribwa n’impyisi? Sobanura igisubizo cyawe.

Inyigisho dukuye muri uyu mugani:
Kumenya kwikemurira ibibazo: ubwa mbere Nyanshya yashoboye gushuka igipyisi nticyamurya.
Kubana neza n’abavandimwe bacu tugafatanya, abahungu n’abakobwa tukuzuzanya: Nyanshya na Baba barakundanaga, bagasangira twose, kandi buri wese akita ku murimo ashinzwe.

E. Gusesengura umugani muremure
1. Mu matsinda musome amagambo atangira umugani n’awusoza mugire icyo muyavugaho.
- Uyu mugani utangizwa na: “Kera habayeho”…
- Urangira bavuga ngo:”Si nge wahera, hahera Kizimu! »
Umwanzuro wa mbere: umugani muremure utangizwa na Kera habayeho, ukarangizwa na “Si nge wahera.”
2. Muri uyu mugani:
- Impyisi iravuga, ikigana ijwi ry’umuntu neza.
- Umuntu abwira urutare rugakinguka, rukongera rukinga.
- Impyisi Baba yarayishe ayivanamo ibyo yari yarariye byose ari bizima.

Gukusanya ibyavuye mu matsinda no gufata umwanzuro:
- Umugani utangizwa na “kera habayeho” cyangwa “umunsi umwe”. Urangizwa na « si nge wahera. »

Mu mugani habamo amakabyankuru: inyamaswa iravuga, ibintu bidafite ubuzima bikumva, ndetse hakabamo n’ibitagaragara aho abantu bazuka (abari barariwe n’inyamaswa).
Ø Umwanzuro wa kabiri: Mu mugani muremure habamo amakabyankuru n’ibintu bisa nk’aho ari ibitangaza.

Muhereye kuri ibi tumaze kubona mwavuga ko umugani urangwa n’iki ?
Uturango tw’umugani muremure
Umugani muremure urangwa:
v N’intangiriro yawo “kera habayeho”
v N’umusozo wawo “si nge wahera”
v N’amakabyankuru ndetse n’ibitangaza bigaragara nk’ibintu bidashoboka.
v Umugani muremure uba ufite buri gihe inyigisho ushaka kugeza kubawumva cyangwa abawusoma.
v Aho abavugwa bari batuye n’igihe byabereyeho ntibizwi
v Andi magambo bavuga baca umugani

a. Gutangira
Kera habayeho… cyangwa Umunsi umwe…
b. Gusoza
Si nge wahera hahera …

H. Guhimba no guhanga (umukoro).
Ukurikije ibivugwa mu mugani, uko utangira n’uko usoza, nawe hanga umugani maze uzawucire bagenzi bawe.

MVUMBUYE KO:
• Umugani muremure urangwa n’amagambo awutangira “kera habayeho” n’awusoza “si ge wahera”
• Umugani muremure urangwa n’amakabyankuru.
• Habamo ibitangaza n’ibintu bigaragara nk’ibidashoboka mu buzima busanzwe.
• Haba harimo inyigisho zifasha abawumva cyangwa abawusoma bagahindura imyitwarire yabo iyo idakwiye cyangwa se bakayikomeza iyo ikwiye.

NSHOBORA:
• Guhanga umugani muremure no kuwuca.
• Gusobanura ibiranga umugani muremure.

ISUZUMA RISOZA UMUTWE WA MBERE

Imigenzo myiza ya Kinyarwanda
Ku mwaduko w’abakoroni basanze Abanyarwanda bafite imico n’imigenzo gakondohanyuma imwe muri yo igenda isimburwa n’iyabo. Imwe muri iyo migenzo twasigiwe n’abasokuruza harimo imyiza ikwiye gusigasirwa, hakabamo n’imibi cyangwa itakijyanye n’igihe tugezemo dukwiye kureka.

Imwe muri iyo migenzo myiza ni iyi: gufashanya mu byerekeye imyaka n’amatungo, gutabarana no kwakira abashyitsi. Kuva kera Abanyarwanda bahoze bafashanya, bagakorera hamwe. Ibyo bikabonekera cyanecyane mu kuguzanya, kwata no kugwatiriza.

Iyo umuntu yabaga yejeje imyaka, undi atareza cyangwa yarumbije, uwejeje yagurizaga utejeje; na we akazamwitura ku bundi buryo. Uwabaga akeneye umurima, yajyaga kwa mugenzi we akamwatira umurima agateramo imyaka, yamara kweza akazamuha icyatamurima. Uwabaga ashaka korora na we yasangaga umutunzi akamuha inyana, we akamuha ikimasa, amasuka n’ibindi…

Habagaho kandi umuco wo kugabirana, na n’ubu ukiboneka hesnhi mu Rwanda, aho umuntu aha mugenzi we itungo ngo rimukenure, hanyuma na we akazamuha inyiturano. Kugabirana kandi bijyana n’ubusabane bukomeye, ugabiwe agakura ubwatsi, bagatumira abantu, bagatarama bakizihirwa.

Gutabarana na byo byahozeho kuva kera. Abanyarwanda bakabyerekanira cyanecyane mu itwererana no mu gufashanya ku buryo bwinshi.

Uwashakaga kwiyubakira inzu bamutizaga umuganda. Ushatse gushyingira, gutwikurura, gukura ubwatsi n’ibindi nk’ibyo bakamutwerera. Mu kumutwerera, bamuhaga ibimufasha muri iyo mirimo nk’inzoga, amafaranga n’ibindi cyangwa se bakamufashisha amaboko yabo. Uwo muco n’ubu mu Rwanda henshi barawitabira.

Abasokuruza bacu bakundaga gufashanya mu mirimo no kwifatanya na bagenzi babo mu makuba cyangwa mu birori. Iyo basangaga umuntu imirimo yamubanye myinshi cyangwa afite iyihutirwa nko gusya, kwenga cyangwa gusarura imyaka bazaga kumuvuna babyibwirije kandi bakabikora bashishikaye.

Indi migenzo mikuru cyane ni iyerekeye kwakira neza abashyitsi, kugoboka abari mu byago, batishoboye, abapfakazi, imfubyi n’indushyi. Abanyarwanda bishimira gucumbikira abari mu ngendo n’iyo nta cyo baba bapfana. Bapfa gusa kuba nta bugizi bwa nabi bubarangwaho. Abagenzi cyangwa abashyitsi aho bageze hose bashobora kubazimanira. Kera bwo hahozeho n’umuco wo gufashanya mu kwakira abashyitsi. Ubonye abashyitsi ntiyabyihereranaga, ahubwo yabimenyeshaga abaturanyi, byaba ngombwa bakamuha amata, inzoga, bakanamufasha gushaka isaso kugira ngo umushyitsi we anezererwe.

Igihe umuntu yimukaga cyangwa yahishije urugo batarabona uburyo ngo bamwubakire, bakundaga kumusembereza bakaba bamuhaye ibimuyamba muri icyo gihe: imyaka, ibikoresho cyangwa se amafaranga.

Iyo habaga hari umurwayi wagombaga kujya kuvuzwa, abantu bashyiraga hamwe bakamuheka ndetse n’abo bahuriye mu nzira bakabakira. Umurwayi yaba agomba guhama mu ivuriro ugasanga bakuranwa kumugemurira. Abatishoboye bari ku musozi bafashwa n’abaturanyi. Ibyo byose Umunyarwanda abiterwa n’ubugwaneza n’urugwiro yasigiwe n’abakurambere. Dukomere ku migenzo yacu myiza, tuyisigasire, kuko ari yo ituranga nk’Abanyarwanda, ikadutandukanya n’abandi batari twebwe.

A. Inyunguramagambo
Mu matsinda mushakire ahamwe ibisobanuro by’aya magambo muhereye ku buryo yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko.

a) Gusigasirwa
b) Yarumbije
c) Gusembereza
d) Kuvuna umuntu

a. Simbuza ijambo riri mu dukubo iryo bisobanura kimwe.

a) Uwera yabonye umukecuru ahetse agafuka (arakamwakira).
b) Kuri ubu usanga abantu (bakuranwa) kugemurira abarwayi.
c) Abakurambere (badusigiye) umuco mwiza.

b. Tanga imbusane z’aya magambo aciyeho umurongo.

a) Gashugi yaguze ikimasa ku isoko.
b) Abamugaye bafashwa n’abaturanyi.

c. Kora interuro ngufi ukoresheje buri rimwe muri aya magambo.
Kurumbya-Gukura ubwatsi-Kuzimana.

D. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko.
Mu matsinda ya babiri babiri, musubize ibibazo bikurikira byabajijwe ku mwandiko mu magambo yanyu bwite.

1. Vuga itatu mu migenzo myiza twasigiwe n’abasogokuruza bacu?
2. Kera umuntu wabaga yarumbije bagenzi be bamukoreraga iki?
3. Ni iyihe migenzo myiza ababyeyi bakora nawe ukazayiheraho uyikorera abandi? Vuga ine.
4. Ni iyihe nama wagira umuntu wumva muri we nta rukundo afitiye abandi?
5. Ni irihe somo uyu mwandiko ugusigiye?
6. Mu migenzo myiza ya kera harimo ishaje itakijyanye n’igihe tugezemo, hari iyo wowe waba uzi? Kuki ikwiye guhinduka cyangwa igacika?

B. Ibibazo ku kibonezamvugo
1. Shyira utwatuzo dukwiye ku mpera y’izi nteruro zikurikira:

a) Iyo nkuru yabereye he
b) Mbega amasomo meza
c) Tugomba kugirirana neza
d) Yoo Uyu ni umugi ntangarugero pe

2. Utu twatuzo twitwa ngo iki?
(?)
(!)

3. Shaka impuzanyito z’amagambo akurikira ari mu dukubo ushingiye ku nyito zo mu mwandiko
1) Ababyeyi bacu batwitaho nidukura (tuzabagirira neza).
2) Genda ubwire Kabera ko ejo tuzaza (kumukurira ubwatsi).
3) Iyo (umuturanyi) wacu agize (agahinda) turamwihanganisha.
4) Ngiye (gusuka) ariya mata mu gisabo.

4. Tanga imbusane z’aya magambo akurikira
a) Kweza
b) Gutabara
c) Kunezerwa
d) Gusohoka
e) Ubukene
f) Inabi
g) Sogokuru
h) Guseka
i) Benshi
j) Muto

Umwandiko ku nsanganyamatsiko yo kwigira: Umurage w’abavandimwe batatu

Habayeho umugabo akagira abana batatu abahungu babiri n’umukobwa umwe, nyina w’abo bana akaba yarashaje. Uwo mugabo nta cyo yagiraga, uretse inzu yari atuyemo. Buri mwana muri abo bana rero, akifuza kuzaragwa iyo nzu. Ibyo kuyibagabanya cyangwa kuyigurisha byo mu muryango wabo bari barabibabujije.

Nuko wa mugabo yigira inama yo kugerageza abana be, kugira ngo uzarusha abandi ubutwari, azabe ari we uyegukana. Nuko arabahamagara, arababwira ati: “Bana bange, kuva ubu, ndashaka ko mugenda, mukajya kwirwanaho, buri wese akiga umwuga. Nimugaruka, uzaba yararushije abandi kumenya neza umwuga we, ni we nzaraga inzu yange!” Abana bose bakurikiza uwo mugambi, umwe aca ukwe, undi ukwe, bamaze gusezerana umunsi bazagarukiraho. Buri wese agenda ahigira kuzaragwa inzu ya se.

Umwana w’imfura aba umucuzi, uw’ubuheta w’umukobwa aba umwogoshi, naho uwa gatatu aba umusirikari. Kubera ko buri mwana yabonye umwigisha w’umuhanga nta n’umwe utarabaye icyatwa mu mwuga we. Umucuzi yimenyereza gucura ibyuma byinshi. Akibwira ati: “Nizeye ko inzu ya data ari nge
uzayisigarana, kuko nzi neza umwuga wange.”

Umwogoshi na we, yogoshaga neza abantu bakamushikira, akibwira ko nta kabuza, inzu ari we izaragwa. Uw’umusirikari aba intwari. Ubwo butwari bwe bwamuheshaga icyubahiro mu mutwe w’ingabo yarimo kugeza n’aho awubera umugaba mukuru.

Umunsi wo gutahuka ugeze bahurira kwa se, bajya inama yo kwerekana ubuhanga bwabo mu myuga bize. Bihurirana n’uko mu gihugu hari hateganyijwe irushanwa rikomeye ryerekeye imyuga. Umwami yari yakoranyije abahanga mu kogosha, mu kumasha, mu kubaza, mu gucura n’ibindi.

Umunsi wateganyijwe ugeze, ba bana bajyayo. Hatangira abogoshi. Barogosha, barogosha, bigeze aho abantu benshi bahururira wa mukobwa wize iby’ubwogoshi.

Bose batangarira ubuhanga bwe kubera ko yogoshaga vuba kandi neza, na ndetse akongeraho no kwakirana urugwiro uje kwiyogoshesha amusuhuza, akamubaza uko yifuza ko amwogosha, kandi akamwogosha amuganiriza.

Abogoshi barangije, hakurikiraho abacuzi. Bategekwa gucura ishusho y’umwami. Inyundo barazibaka, igihe abandi bagihuzagurika, icyuya cyabarenze, wa musore wize ibyo gucura, ishusho aba ayishyize aho. Rubanda barashika n’abarushanwaga,inyundo barazinaga, bahururiye ya shusho, kuko yasaga neza n’umwami.

Noneho hataho abamasha. Bagombaga guhamya intobo itunze ku gisongo gishinze mu ntambwe magana abiri. Abantu karijana barahakuranwa barasa, kabiri, gatatu, kane… bagahusha, abandi igisongo bakakizinga uruti, habura n’umwe uhamya intobo. Maze wa muhungu w’umusirikare abonye bose begamye arababwira ati:”Nimwigireyo mwese mbereke! Arafora…ngo pya! Umwambi ugurukana ya ntobo, abantu bose bariyamira.

Nuko ba bavandimwe uko ari batatu baragororerwa. Se na we arabashima. Kubera ko buri mwana yari yerekanye ubuhanga bwe butangaje mu mwuga we, ya nzu bayiragwa uko ari batatu, iba umutungo wabo bafatanyije.

Umubyeyi wabo amaze gupfa, bakomeza kubana neza, bakora imyuga yabo, bakurizaho kuba abakire b’abaherwe.

A. Inyunguramagambo
Mu matsinda mugerageze gutahura ibisobanuro by’aya magambo muhereye ku buryo yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko.

- Kuraga                                    - Umugaba
- Guhigira                                  - Kumasha
- Imfura                                      - Inyundo
- Umucuzi                                  - Bagihuzagurika
- Ubuheta                                  - Intobo
- Icyatwa                                    - Bagahusha
- Bakamushikira                        - Bakakizinga uruti
                                                  - Abaherwe

Imyitozo ku nyunguramagambo
a. Mu matsinda ya babiri babiri, mutange imbusane z’amagambo akurikira
- Imfura
- Umugabo
- Intwari
- Gupfa

b. Buri wese akora wenyine mwuzurishe aya magambo mu nteruro zikurikira
Umucuzi – Yahize –Inyundo –Guhusha
- Umubaji wese yitwaza………….yo gutera imisumari.
- Abakinnyi benshi bakunda……………ibitego.
- Gatete uyu mwaka ………….ko azaba uwa mbere.
- ………….w’amasuka abona abaguzi benshi.

c. Buri wese akora wenyine, mukoreshe aya magambo mu nteruro ziboneye mwihimbiye..

- Imfura
- Guhuzagurika
- Abaherwe

B. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
Mu matsinda, musubize ibi bibazo byabajijwe ku mwandiko, mu magambo yanyu bwite, mutandukura interuro ziri mu mwandiko uko zakabaye.

1. Muri uyu mwandiko haravugwamo ba nde?
2. Ni iyihe nama umugabo uvugwa mu mwandiko yigiriye kugira ngo agerageze abana be?
3. Ni iki cyatumye buri mwana akorana umwete umwuga we? Ese iyo myuga ni iyihe?
4. Muri bariya bana uko ari batatu hari uwize umwuga mwiza kurusha abandi? Sobanura igisubizo cyawe.
5. Ni irihe somo ukuye muri uyu mwandiko?

C. Buri wese akora wenyine, tekereza maze utange igitekerezo gifite ireme:
Ugitangira kumva iyi nkuru wumvaga ko hari umwana wahisemo umwuga uciriritse ndetse n’uwahisemo umwuga uzamuhesha ishema kurusha abandi.
1. Ku bwawe ni uwuhe wari wabonye umwuga mwiza, n’uwari wabonye utazamuhesha ishema?
2. Ese mu mpera y’umwandiko ni ko byagenze?
3. Ubihereyeho se wavuga ko umwuga ugirwa mwiza n’iki?
4. Ni iyihe nyigisho uhakuye ku bijyanye no guhitamo umwuga uzakora umaze gukura n’uburyo uzawukora?

D. Inama dukuye kuri uyu mwandiko

Inama dukuye muri uyu mwandiko ni uko nta mwuga udashobora kurira nyirawo akamaro, upfa gusa kubaukoranywe umwete, ubushake, ubwenge n’ubushishozi.

Twigiyeho ko nta mwuga tugomba gusuzugura.

Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko
1) Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko ivugwa mu mwandiko?
2) Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi zivugwa muri uyu mwandiko.

MVUMBUYE KO:
Kumenya umwuga bifasha umuntu kwigira agatera imbere akibeshaho.

NSHOBORA:
Nshobora gusesengura umwandiko uvuga ku ngingo yo kwigira no gusobanura amagambo akomeye ari mu mwandiko.

Ubwikorezi

Mu mibereho y’abantu bakenera kugenda no gutwara ibintu kugira ngo bashobore gusabana n’abandi, guhaha ibyo badafite, no kugeza ku masoko ibyo bejeje cyangwa batunganyije bikenewe ahandi. Mu
gihe abantu bagenda bava ahantu runaka bajya ahandi, haba mu gihugu imbere cyangwa mu mahanga banyura mu nzira zinyuranye. Twavuga nko ku butaka, mu mazi ndetse no mu kirere.

Ku butaka hakoreshwa utuyira tw’imigenderano bagendamo n’amaguru, imihanda inyurwamo n’ibinyabiziga binyuranye ndetse n’amarayirayi anyurwaho na gariyamoshi. Mu nzira zo mu mazi hakoreshwa amato anyuranye. Hari afite moteri n’atazifite. Mu kirere ho hakoreshwa indege ndetse n’ibyogajuru.

Umuntu rero iyo agenda muri izi nzira zose bitewe n’aho agiye akenera ibimworohereza mu rugendo agahitamo uburyo akoresha bumworoheye, buhendutse, bwihuse cyangwa ashoboye kubona.

Ku butaka, umuntu ugenda ashobora kugenda n’amaguru.Ashobora gukoresha igare, gukoresha moto, imodoka cyangwa gariyamoshi. Hari n’inzira ziciye munsi y’ubutaka zigendwamo n’ibimodoka byihuta cyane bimeze nka gariyamoshi.

Mu gihugu cyacu inzira ziciye munsi y’ubutaka na gariyamoshi ntibiratangira gukoreshwa. Naho iyo umuntu agenda akoresheje inzira y’amazi akoresha ubwato. Mu migezi no mu biyaga hakoreshwa amato aciriritse naho mu nyanja hagakoreshwa amato manini atwara abantu cyangwa imizigo.

Mu kirere ho hakoreshwa indege z’ubwoko bunyuranye ndetse hari n’ibyogajuru bikoreshwa iyo bava ku mubumbe w’isi bagana ku yindi mibumbe iri mu kirere.

Muri ubu buryo bwose bukoreshwa mu bwikorezi bw’abantu n’ibintu habamo ubwihuta kurusha ubundi. Ibyogajuru birihuta cyane na ndetse bavuga ko byihuta kurusha ijwi.

Indege zikurikiraho, hagataho gariyamoshi n’ibindi binyabiziga bigenda mu muhanda. Amato agenda mu Nyanja yo ntabwo yihuta cyane ariko akoreshwa kenshi mu gutwara imizigo kuko atwara imizigo myinshi, akaba anahendutse kurusha indege mu bijyanye n’ubwikorezi.

Muri ubu bwikorezi bw’ibintu no gutwara abantu hakenerwa itumanaho kimwe no mu mibereho ya buri munsi kuko itumanaho rikenerwa kugira ngo ubusabane n’ihahirana byorohe.

Ubwikorezi bw’ibintu no gutwara abantu ni ikintu k’ingenzi mubuzima bwa buri munsi. Abantu ntibashobora kubaho badasabana, badahahirana, batagenderanira ngo batsure umubano. Uburyo bunyuranye bujyanye n’ubwikorezi bw’abantu n’ibintu bugezweho bufasha abantu kwihuta bakagera iyo bashaka kujya mu gihe gito, bikoroshya ubucuruzi n’imibanire. Natwe rero nitwitabire ikoranabuhanga, duhange imihanda ya gariyamoshi, ibicuruzwa bizaduhendukira.

A. Inyunguramagambo

Mu matsinda mugerageze guhuza amagambo n’ibisobanuro byayo.


Ijambo ryakoreshejwe mu mwandiko	Igisobanuro
1) imigenderano	a) kugenderera umuntu ku buryo bwa gicuti.
2) amarayirayi	b) ibyuma byihuta cyane kurusha indege, bijya ku mibumbe yindi itari isi, nko ku kwezi.
3) ibyogajuru	c) inzira zubatswe n’ibyuma zinyurwamo na gariyamoshi.
4) imizigo	e) imihanda ihuza ingo zitandukanye
5) Gutsura umubano	f) imitwaro

Imyitozo ku nyunguramagambo: Buri wese akora wenyine
a. Mukoreshe aya magambo mu nteruro mwihimbiye.
Ibyogajuru –Imizigo –Itumanaho

b. Tanga imbusane z’aya magambo aciyeho akarongo.
Inzira ziciye munsi y’ubutaka zigendwamo n’ibimodoka byihuta
cyane.

c. Uzuza izi nteruro ukoresheje aya magambo
Gariyamoshi –Ubwato –Gutsura umubano
- Igihugu cyacu gihora kifuza……..n’andi mahanga.
- ………….bufite moteri burihuta cyane buri mu Nyanja.
- Nzajya kureba……….mu mahanga.

B. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko

1) Vuga inzira eshatu abantu banyuramo mu rwego rw’ubuhahirane n’imibanire yabo?
2) Ni ibiki dusanga ahandi utabona mu gihugu cyacu mu koroshya ubuhahirane n’imibanire?
3) Ni ubuhe buryo bukoreshwa mu bwikorezi bw’abantu n’ibintu bwihuta kurusha ubundi?
4) Kuki itumanaho ari ngombwa mu bwikorezi bw’abantu n’ibintu?
5) Ni iyihe mpamvu mu bwikorezi bw’ibintu n’abantu abenshi bahitamo uburyo bugezweho?

C. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko
1) Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko ivugwa mu mwandiko?
2) Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi zivugwa muri uyu mwandiko

D. Tekereza maze utange ibitekerezo bifite ireme.
Igihugu cyacu kiri kure y’inyanja ku buryo tudashobora gukoresha amato, mutekereza ko bitugiraho izihe ngaruka ?

MVUMBUYE KO:
Gutwara abantu n’ibintu bifite akamaro cyane.

NSHOBORA:
Nshobora gusesengura umwandiko uvuga ku ngingo y’ubwikorezi no gusobanura amagambo akomeye ari mu mwandiko.

Shaka amagambo avuga ku bwikorezi ari muri iki kinyatuzu

Akaringushyo :

Ntegera amaboko musambi

Canira inka musambi
Tega urugori musambi
Byinira abakwe musambi
Shayaya musambi
Ntazakurega ku mwami
Akaguca ako gahangamusambi
Shayaya musambi
Ntazakurega ku mwami
Akaguca ako gahanga
Akakanika ku gahinga.

Ntegera amaboko musambi
Musambi wo mu gasiza
Nzakubohere akebo
Gatatse amabara yombi
Aka mbere ni akange
Aka nyuma nyuma ni akawe.

Itumanaho

Itumanaho ni uburyo bwose bushobora gukoreshwa kugira ngo abantu bahane amakuru mu buryo bwihuse igihe icyo ari cyo cyose n’aho bari hose. Kugira ngo abantu bamenye ibyabereye hirya no
hino ku isi, itumanaho ni ngombwa. Mu mirimo yose abantu bakora, bakenera itumanaho kugira ngo basabane cyangwa bagezanyeho amakuru.

Itumanaho rirakenerwa cyane mu kumenya ibyabereye hirya no hino ku isi. Rifasha mu gukora akazi ka buri munsi, mu gukora ubucuruzi bwihuse umuntu atiriwe akora ingendo ndende. Rigira akamaro cyane mu kwiga no gukora ubushakashatsi, mu buvuzi, mu mu buhinzi no mu mitangire ya serivisi, mu kwishyura ndetse no mu gukora ibindi byinshi bitandukanye.

Mu itumaho hifashishwa uburyo bunyuranye, harimo kuba umuntu yatumaho mugenzi we undi muntu mu magambo.Ashobora kandi kumwandikira ibaruwa akayimwoherereza yifashishe iposita, cyangwa akayiha undi muntu akayimushyira. Ashobora no kunyuza ubutumwa mu gitangazamakuru cyandika cyangwa gikoresha amajwi n’amashusho nka radiyo na tereviziyo.

Muri iki gihe hiyongereyeho ubundi buryo bukoresha ikoranabuhanga nko gukoresha imirongo y’itumanaho rikoresha terefoni cyangwa murandasi. Mu Rwanda, mu itumanaho, mu bucuruzi no mu busabane bwa buri munsi, hakunze gukoreshwa terefoni kuko usanga zifitwe n’umubare munini w’Abanyarwanda. Mu rwego rwo kumenya amakuru no guhana ibitekerezo radiyo na tereviziyo birakoreshwa cyane kuko bigera ku bantu benshi bitagoranye. Ibi bitangazamakuru byose bigeza ku babikoresha amakuru ndetse n’amatangazo bigatuma abantu bamenya ibibera ikantarange.

Icyakora ku bitangazamakuru byandika, benshi mu Banyarwanda ntibabyitabira kubera umuco wo gusoma utarakwira kandi hakaba hari n’umubare utari muto w’abatazi gusoma no kwandika.

Ibikoresho by’itumanaho bifasha mu gutanga serivisi zihuse, bikagabanya n’itakara ry’amafaranga cyangwa umwanya. Muri iki gihe itumanaho rikoresha ikoranabuhanga nka terefoni ryifashishwa mu kohererezanya amafaranga, mu kwishyura inyemezabuguzi, mu kugura umuriro w’amashanyarazi, mu koherezanya amakuru, mu gutabaza inzego zishinzwe umutekano n’ibindi.

Itumanaho ni ikintu k’ingenzi mu buzima bwa buri munsi. Abantu ntibashobora kubaho badasabana, badahahirana, batagenderanira ngo batsure umubano.

A. Inyunguramagambo
Mu matsinda mugerageze gutahura ibisobanuro by’aya magambo muhereye buryo yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko.

1) Iposita
2) Kampuni
3) Ikantarange
4) Gushyira nzira
5) Umurishyo

Imyitozo ku nyunguramagambo
a.Mu matsinda ya babiri babiri, mukoreshe buri rimwe muri aya magambo maze mwubake interuro ziboneye.
Iposita –Tereviziyo –Umurishyo

b. Buri wese akora wenyine, mwuzuze izi nteruro mukoresheje aya magambo :
Itumanaho –Inyemezabuguzi –Gushyira nzira –Ikantarange.

a) Iyo uguze ikintu, ugomba gusaba ……..y’ibyo uguze.
b) Kera Abanyarwanda bagombaga…….bakajyana ubutumwa ahandi.

c) Ibikoresho by’………..bidufasha mu gutanga serivisi zihuse.
d) Itangazo ryange ryageze…………..kuko ryanyuze kuri radiyo.

B. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
Buri wese akora wenyine musubize ibi bibazo byabajijwe ku mwandiko mu magambo yanyu bwite.

1) Ni akahe kamaro k’itumanaho?
2) Ni ubuhe buryo bukoreshwa mu Rwanda mu itumanaho?
3) Ni zihe serivisi ushobora kwaka cyangwa guhabwa ukoresheje itumanaho rikoresha ikoranabuhanga?
4) Ni ubuhe buryo bukunze gukoreshwa mu itumanaho mu gace mutuyemo?

C. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko:
1) Mu matsinda ya babiri babiri, mugaragaze ingingo z’ingenzi zivugwa muri uyu mwandiko

D. Ingingo yo kunguranaho ibitekerezo:
Buri wese aratanga igitekerezo ke uko abyumva, hanyuma babigeho impaka mu ishur bavuguruzanya cyangwa buzuzanya.
Ubona itumanaho ryihuse kandi rigera ku bantu benshi icyarimwe rizana ibyiza gusa, nta ngorane ryateza cyangwa ibibazo by’umutekano muke?

MVUMBUYE KO:
- Itumanaho rifite akamaro kanini cyane mu muibereho y’abantu, kandi ryoroshya iterambere.
- Hari uburyo bwinshi butandukanye bukoreshwa mu itumanaho.

NSHOBORA:
Gusesengura umwandiko uvuga ku ngingo y’itumanaho no gusobanura amagambo akomeye ari mu mwandiko.

Umwandiko ku myubakire: Igihembo cya Tuyishimire

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