UNIT2: CAREERS AND CHOICES►

UNIT 1: PEOPLE AND BUSINESSES

  • UNIT 1: PEOPLE AND BUSINESSES

    Key unit competence: To use the language learnt in the context of

    people and businesses

    Introductory activity

    Picture observation and interpretation 



    1. My name is Joy, what is your name?

    2. Where did you study in ordinary level?

    3. Why did you choose to study accounting?

    4. Did you have time to think about other combinations?

    5. Imagine that you have just graduated with your bachelor’s degree. What

    would be the next step?

    6. What would you tell about the activities that are taking place in fig.1, fig2,

    and fig. 3?

    7. Compare different businesses focusing on conjunctions of comparison

    1.1 Self- introduction and others
    1.1.1 Learning activities: Reading texts and picture analysis

    Pre-reading activity

    Observe the pictures and discuss.
    1. What is taking place in figures 1 and 2?
    2. Why is it important for a manager to introduce a new employee to other
    staff members?
    3. Is it necessary to talk about your personal life information or your friend’s
    personal life during introduction? If yes or no, give a reason.
    4. Suggest some pieces of advice to the people who forget to introduce

    their friends when they meet new people.

    Text: A conversation between two teachers
    Read the dialogue below and answer the questions that follow:
    MONICA AND LUCILLE
    Monica: We’re talking today with Lucille; she comes from a family of three kids.
    Lucille, I hear you have a younger brother.
    Lucille: Right. Five years younger.
    Monica: And a sister?
    Lucille: That’s right.
    Monica: And you and your sister are twins. Is that right?
    Lucille: That’s true. She was born eight minutes before me. I was the little one.
    Monica: Well, tell us a bit about her name.
    Lucille: Her name’s Laura.
    Monica: Laura! So, Lucille, do you both resemble?
    Lucille: We do, actually. A lot of people can’t tell us apart.
    Monica: Really?
    Lucille: But I wear glasses all the time. She only wears them for reading.
    Monica: I see. Some people say twins like the same things. Is that true for you
    two?
    Lucille: Well, we both love Mexican food. We always have the same thing when
    we go to restaurants. And let’s see… we like the same kinds of movies.
    Monica: Anything else?
    Lucille: Well, this is kind of funny. Sometimes we buy almost the same clothes.
    Not because we want to. It just happens by accident. I go to visit her and she’s
    wearing a shirt like mine. It’s always a surprise.
    Monica: So how are you different from each other?
    Lucille: Well, Laura’s a great dancer. And me, I can’t dance at all.
    Monica: Anything else? Let’s see… her favourite colour is green; mine’s blue.
    She loves football and I love baseball… I could go on and on.
    Monica: Well, how about musical tastes?
    Lucille: Oh yeah, I love classical music. But she really prefers pop. I actually
    play piano, but she doesn’t play any musical instrument. I’d say she’s really more 
    of a dancer than a musical person.
    Monica: And how about your own marriages and families? Are they similar in
    any way?
    Lucille: Well, we both have two kids. I’ve got a boy and a girl. She has got two
    boys and they are all studying in the same nursery school. But our husbands are
    completely different, not at all alike.
    Monica: Really! Well, thank you, Lucille Kennedy, for talking with us today about
    you and your twin sister.
    Lucille: Thank you. That was fun!

    Adopted from: https://dl.pearson.co.jp/resources/9780133810516/ teachers.pdf 

    Comprehension questions
    1) How many people are speaking in the dialogue?
    2) Does Lucille have a brother? Is he older than her or younger?
    3) What is the name of the twin sister of Lucille?
    4) Which things do those twins have in common?
    5) Do you think the above conversation helped Monica to know Lucille?

    Why? 

    Application activity 1.1.2
    1. Vocabulary
    Use the following words and expressions to make your own sentences
    a) Resemble
    b) Tell apart
    c) Funny
    d) Fan
    e) Classical music
    f) Pop

    g) Marriage

    2. Composition writing
    Compose a dialogue where a manager is introducing a new accountant to

    other staff members.

    1.2 Describing people and businesses

    1.2.1 Learning activities: Reading and text analysis

    Text: Rwanda commercial guide.

    Rwanda is a small but growing market, with a population of nearly 13 million
    people and a Gross Domestic Product (GDP, Current) of $10.354 billion,
    according to the World Bank. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, Rwanda
    enjoyed strong economic growth, averaging over seven percent GDP growth
    annually over the last two decades. The Rwandan economy grew more than nine
    percent in 2019 thanks to strong growth in industry, construction, services, and
    agriculture. Rwanda enjoys relatively high rankings in the World Bank’s Ease of
    Doing Business Index, which ranked Rwanda 38th out of 190 economies in the

    2020 report-second best in sub-Saharan Africa behind Mauritius.

    Due to the COVID-19 outbreak, the Rwandan economy experienced its
    first recession since 1994, with a 3.4 percent GDP contraction in 2020. In
    February 2020, the World Bank reported that Rwanda was among the most
    affected economies in Africa since the difference between pre-and post-growth
    projections reached 8 percent. In May 2021, the IMF projected Rwandan GDP
    growth to rebound to 5.1 percent by the end of 2021. Rwanda’s economic
    recovery from the pandemic has been affected by delays in obtaining vaccines
    and resurgences of infections driven by more contagious variants, prompting

    the Government of Rwanda (GoR) to impose lockdowns from time to time.

    The World Bank reported in July 2021 that Rwanda’s public debt increased from
    61 percent of GDP in 2019 to 71.4 percent in 2020 and was expected to reach
    81 percent in 2023. Public debt increased due to reduced revenue, the need to
    support a struggling private sector and households impacted by lockdowns, and
    general government expenses. The percentage of foreign assistance (external
    grants and loans) in the country’s annual budget has dropped from over 80

    percent a decade ago to 33 percent in the 2021/2022 National Budget. 

    Leading sectors include energy, agriculture, trade and hospitality, and financial
    services. Rwanda’s economy is overwhelmingly rural and heavily dependent
    on agriculture. Strong growth in the services sector over the past decade,
    particularly in construction and tourism, has contributed to overall economic

    growth. GNI per capita was $830 in 2019, according to the World Bank.

    The government is seeking to turn Rwanda into a regional trade, logistics, and
    conference hub. Pillars of this strategy include the construction of several
    new international business class hotels, a convention centre in Kigali, a new
    inland container terminal and bonded warehouse in Kigali. The government has
    also invested in expanding the fleet for the national carrier Rwanda Air and the

    construction of the new Bugesera International Airport.

    Rwanda’s principal exports (coffee, tea, cassiterite, coltan, wolfram, hides and
    skins, and pyrethrum) decreased 10 percent in value and 8 percent in volume
    between 2019 and 2020 due to reduced global demand from the COVID-19
    pandemic, according to the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning
    (MINECOFIN). Major markets for coffee exports are the United States and
    Europe, while Middle Eastern countries and Pakistan are the main buyers of
    Rwandan tea. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, tourism was the country’s
    leading foreign exchange earner. In October 2020, the IMF predicted that
    Rwanda’s tourism revenues would fall from $411 million in 2019 to only $82
    million in 2020. Revenues from Rwandan strategic investments in meetings,
    incentives, conferences/conventions and events/exhibitions (MICE) are
    expected to recover slowly given disruptions to international travel patterns and
    advances in teleworking.

    Adapted from International Trade Administration , (2021)

    Comprehension questions
    1. What made the Rwandan economy grow more than nine percent in
    2019?
    2. Why did the public debt increase during COVID 19 pandemic?
    3. Mention the most important sectors that contribute to Rwanda’s economic
    development.
    4. How is Rwanda planning to transform her economy?
    5. To what extent did COVID-19 pandemic affect Rwanda’s principal

    exports between 2019 and 2020?

    Application activity 1.2.2
    Vocabulary, discussion and composition writing

    1. Vocabulary

    Match words and expressions in column A with their meaning in column B


    2. Discussion
    Discuss how COVID 19 affected the economy of Rwanda.
    3. Composition writing
    Write a composition comparing businesses done by some of your family

    members. Make use of conjunctions such as while and whereas. 

    1.3 Talking about people at work
    1.3.1 Learning activities: Reading and text analysis
    Text: Building good work relationships
    According to the Gallup organization, people who have best friends at work are
    seven times more likely to be engaged in their jobs. But it doesn’t have to be
    a best friend; Gallup found that people who simply have a good friend in the
    workplace are more likely to be happy. What’s more, good work relationships

    are linked to better customer engagement and increased profit.

    Having good work relationships is very important since human beings are
    naturally social creatures. And when you consider that we spend one-third of
    our lives at work, it’s clear that good relationships with colleagues will make our
    jobs more enjoyable.
    The more comfortable co-workers are around one another, the more confident
    they’ll feel voicing opinions, brainstorming, and going along with new ideas,
    for example. This level of teamwork is essential to embrace change, create, and
    innovate. And when people see the successes of working together in this way,

    group morale and productivity soars.

    Good work relationships also give you freedom. Instead of spending time
    and energy dealing with negative relationships, you can, instead, focus on
    opportunities – from winning new business to focusing on personal development.
    Having a strong professional circle will also help you to develop your career

    and open up opportunities that otherwise might pass you by.

    A good work relationship requires trust, respect, self-awareness, inclusion,
    and open-communication. When you trust your team members, you can be
    open and honest in your thoughts and actions. And you don’t have to waste
    time or energy “watching your back.” Teams working together with mutual
    respect value one another’s input, and find solutions based on collective
    insight, wisdom, and creativity. Self-awareness means taking responsibility for
    your words and actions, and not letting your own negative emotions impact the

    people around you.

    Apart from trust, respect, and self-awareness, inclusion also helps to build
    good work relationship. This means that you don’t just accept diverse people
    and opinions, but welcome them. On the other hand, open communication also
    strengthens that relationship since all good relationships depend on open and
    honest communication. Whether you’re sending emails or IMs, or meeting
    face-to-face or on video calls, the more effectively you communicate with those

    around you, the better you’ll connect.

    Adapted from (Mind Tools Content Team, 2021)

    Comprehension questions
    2. Why is it important to feel comfortable with co-workers?
    3. Do you agree with the author that people spend one-third of their lives at
    work? Justify your answer.
    4. Explain how trust contributes to the productivity at work place.
    5. How does self-awareness promote good work relationship?
    6. Is accepting diverse people and opinions enough to promote good work

    relationship? Explain.

    Application activity 1.3.2
    Vocabulary and summary writing
    1. Vocabulary
    Give the meaning of the following words and expressions as used in the
    above passage
    a) Engage
    b) Relationship
    c) Creature
    d) Brainstorm
    e) Innovate
    f) Morale
    g) Soar
    h) professional circle
    i) Self-awareness
    j) Watch one’s back
    k) Insight
    l) Inclusion
    m)IM 

    2. Summary writing
    In not more than 80 words, summarise the above passage.
    1.4 Narrating different business places

    1.4.1 Learning activities: Reading and text analysis

    Text: Different businesses
    In Rwanda like in other countries, business people invest in different businesses.
    Before investing, they have to identify investment opportunities. An investment
    opportunity is any situation where you have the option of purchasing something
    that has a chance to gain value in the future. Businesses that can be invested in

    include sport, tourism, food and ICT. 

    The term sports business refers to any off-field role related to managing or
    facilitating sports. It incorporates a number of positions specific to the football
    and sports industry, including sponsorship, broadcasting and athlete
    management. But working in sports business offers a broader scope than this,
    including working with and employing others in roles that companies from other

    industries have in order to maximise profit. 

    Apart from sports, people invest also in tourism. Tourism industry is a lucrative,
    fast-growing segment of the world’s largest industry sector. In tourism one
    should decide on which sector of tourism he/she would like to focus. So, there
    are several options to choose from when it comes to establishing a business
    in tourism. The options include transportation service, travel agencies, tour
    operator, destination management company, accommodation, guided tours and

    tourist guide, and hospitality.

    In addition, food business is also another investment opportunity. Food
    business is any business, enterprise or activity that involves the handling of
    food. The handling of food includes the making, manufacturing, producing,
    collecting, extracting, processing, storing, transporting, delivering, preparing,
    treating, preserving, packing, cooking, thawing, serving and displaying of food.
    The top 5 most popular food businesses include: restaurant, food truck, bakery,

    coffee shop, and pet food.

    The ICT sector also cannot be left behind as far as business is concerned. ICT
    makes a business more efficient, effective and promptly respond to customers’
    needs. ICT can assist business activities including design, manufacturing,
    research and development, distribution and sales and feedback. Today, in
    Rwanda people no longer need to go to the banks for money since they can

    now send and receive money through MTN or Airtel money. 

    Comprehension questions
    1. In your own words explain the phrase “investment opportunity”.
    2. Give three example of how people can earn money from sports.
    3. Mention top 3 most popular food businesses in your area.

    4. Explain how ICT can help to improve other businesses. 

    Application activity 1.4.2

    Vocabulary and debate
    1. Vocabulary
    a) Invest
    b) Incorporate
    c) Sponsorship
    d) Broadcast
    e) Lucrative
    f) Segment
    g) Tour operator
    h) Accommodation
    i) Hospitality

    j) Promptly

    2. Debate

    Debate on the following motion: “ICT is doing more harm than good in

    business”

    1.5 Comparing different businesses
    1.5.1 Learning activities: Reading and text analysis
    Text: The difference between big businesses and small businesses
    Creating a successful new business is a tough job, especially when a new
    company has to compete against large, well-established businesses. While
    small businesses and large businesses might operate in the same market, they
    have significant differences that can have a large effect on business operations.
    Small businesses not only differ in size from larger ones, but also tend to have

    different legal structures, financing arrangements and market niches.

    A business’s size can be measured by the number of employees that work for it
    or by total sales within a defined period, but no specific line exists that separates
    a big business from a small business. In Rwanda a small business is commonly
    thought of as local restaurants, beauty shops, florists, and television repair
    shops. Indeed, these types of business do follow a common small businesses
    pattern. They often employ fewer than 35 people and have one of the following
    elements: the managers are the owners of the business, the venture capital is
    supplied by an individual or a small group of people controls the ownership and
    the area of operation is mostly local.

    A business’s legal structure determines how the business is managed, taxed
    and whether owners are liable for business debts. Many small companies start
    as sole proprietorships or partnerships, which give a sole owner or a group of
    owners complete control over a company. Owners of sole proprietorships and
    partnerships pay income taxes for business profit on their personal income tax

    returns. They are also legally liable for business debts.

    Large companies are often organized as corporations that pay taxes separately
    from the owners. Large corporations have reporting responsibilities that most
    small businesses do not have. Owners of corporations are shareholders who
    vote to appoint executive board members but do not directly manage the

    business.

    Financing describes how a business raises money to fund operations and new
    projects. New small businesses typically receive financing from the personal
    savings of owners, small business loans from banks, and gifts or loans from
    friends and family members. Well-established small businesses and medium sized
     companies might be able to attract financing from outside investors and
    money from venture capital firms. On the other hand, large corporations can
    raise money by selling shares of stock to the public and by selling corporate

    bonds.

    Another difference between small businesses and large companies is that small
    companies often focus on a niche market, while larger companies tend to offer
    more products and services to a wider variety of consumers. A small company
    with only a few employees might be able to make enough money to survive by 

    selling a single product or service in a very specific market. As companies grow,
    they tend to branch out into new markets and offer new products and services

    to increase sales and hire more employees.

                           Adapted from (Hamel, 2019)

    Comprehension questions
    1. Outline the four elements that one can base upon to tell whether a
    business is small or big.
    2. How can business’s size be measured?
    3. What comes in your mind if you hear of a small business in Rwanda?
    4. Differentiate small businesses from big ones in terms of ways taxes are
    paid.
    5. How do small and large businesses differ as far as ways of raise
    money are concerned? 

    Application activity 1.5.2
    Vocabulary and composition writing
    1. Vocabulary
    Give the meaning of the following words and expressions as used in the
    above passage
    a) Compete
    b) Niches
    c) Business pattern
    d) Liable
    e) Proprietorships

    f) Shares

    2. Composition writing
    Choose one topic out of the two given below and write a composition of
    250 to 300 words.
    a) Starting a pharmacy is easier than starting a clinic.
    b) In Rwanda, tourism earns more income in the north compared to

    the south.

    1.6. Language structure
    1.6.1. Present simple and past simple tenses
    Present simple tense
    Present simple tense, also known as simple present tense or present indefinite
    tense is used to describe an action that is regular, true and normal. It could
    equally be used to describe what is happening currently. \

    Present simple tense can be used for the following:

    1) Repeated actions- For example:
    - She walks to work every day.
    - The train leaves the railway station daily.
    2) Habits,
    - They swim every evening.
    - I get up early every day.
    3) Things that are generally true.
    - They speak Kinyarwanda at home.
    - It shines a lot in summer.
    4) Facts
    - Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
    - Birds have wings.
    5) Something fixed in the future.
    - The school choir leaves at 7:00pm in the evening.
    - She performs her traditional song tomorrow morning.
    Negative and interrogative forms of present tense

    In the simple present tense, negative and interrogative forms are made using the

    auxiliary verb “do” for no auxiliary verbs.
    The negative form
    The negative form of the Simple Present is obtained by adding do not or does
    not before the base form of the verb. Only the pronouns of the 3rd person
    singular (he, she, it) are followed by does not. See the table below:

    Interrogative form
    The interrogative form of the Simple Present is obtained with the auxiliary do or

    does in front of the subject.


    Application activity 1.6.2
    Rewrite the following sentences as instructed
    1. I work in London. (Rewrite in negative form)
    2. She works in London. (Rewrite in interrogative form)
    3. Mukamana is nineteen years old. (Rewrite in interrogative form)
    4. I play football every weekend. (Rewrite in negative form)
    5. The human body contains 206 bones. (Rewrite in interrogative form)
    6. Kalisa goes to the cinema twice a week. (Begin: How often….)
    7. The second term begins next week. (Rewrite in interrogative form)
    8. It smells very delicious in the kitchen. (Rewrite in negative form)
    9. George brushes her teeth twice a day. (Rewrite in interrogative form)

    10. We like singing. (Rewrite in negative form)

    The negative and interrogative form of Past Simple Tense
    To make negative sentences in the simple past we use the auxiliary ‘did not’ /
    ‘didn’t’ and the base form of the verb. 

    Examples
    a) I didn’t play football yesterday.

    b) They didn’t go to the theatre last month.

    The basic structure/formula for Simple Past Tense Interrogative sentences is:

    (Did (Aux. verb) + subject + first form of the verb + Object).

    Examples
        a) Did they grow fast?

        b) Did she make noise?

    Exercise
    Rewrite the following sentences as instructed
    a) I saw a movie yesterday. (Rewrite in negative form)
    b) I didn’t see a play yesterday. (Rewrite in affirmative form)
    c) Last year, I travelled to Kenya. (Rewrite in negative form)
    d) Last year, I didn’t travel to Burundi. (Rewrite in interrogative form)
    e) Did you have dinner last night? (Rewrite in affirmative form)
    f) She washed her car. (Rewrite in interrogative form)

    g) He didn’t wash his car. (Rewrite in affirmative form)

    Nouns
    1. Definition
    A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing or an idea.
    2. Types of nouns
    There are different types of nouns: Proper nouns, Common nouns, Collective
    nouns, Abstract nouns, Countable and Uncountable nouns.
    Our focus will be on proper, common, abstract, collective (also known as mass
    nouns), countable or uncountable nouns
    a) Abstract nouns
    These are nouns that:
    Examples could be habits such as politeness, intelligence.
    b) Collective nouns
    These are used to represent a group of things, people and animals.
    Examples include a flock of sheep, a gang of thugs, a crowd of people, a
    fleet of trucks etc.
    c) Common nouns
    A word used to name general thing, people, places, ideas, events, or people:

    class, tables, desk, board 

    d) Proper nouns:
    The name of a particular person, place animal or thing and some events.
    They always begin with a capital letter.
    e.g. Gatesi, Nyanza, Rwandair, January, Friday, Easter, Christmas, Id El Fitr, etc.

    e) Countable and uncountable nouns 

    Countable nouns
    They are nouns we use to name people, animals or things that can be counted
    using numbers: e.g. bottles, books, cups, boys, girls, etc.
    Uncountable nouns
    They are noun used to name people, animals or things that cannot be counted

    like air, sand, wind, crowd, herd, etc. 

    Pronouns
    I. Definition
    Pronouns are words that are used to replace nouns. They act like nouns; they
    are nouns substitutes.
    We normally use pronouns to limit repetition of the nouns that they refer to.
    II. Types of Pronouns
    The types of pronouns include personal, indefinite, reflective, demonstrative,
    relative, reflexive, reciprocal and possessive pronouns. This unit will however

    exploit personal, possessive and demonstrative pronouns.

    1. Personal pronouns include:
    They replace names of people, animals, things or ideas acting as subjects or
    objects within sentences.
    Examples: Mutesi likes wild animals. She visits them in the national park

    during the holidays.

    2. Possessive pronouns.
    They show that something or someone belongs to something or someone they
    include: mine, yours, hers, his, ours, theirs.
    Examples
    a) Elisabeth and Catherine have their books.
    b) Mine is on the desk. Jacob left his home.
    c) Rosemary gave hers to Noah.

    d) Samuel and colleagues, do you have yours? 

    3. Demonstrative pronouns
    They are words that are used to designate something specific within a sentence.
    There are four demonstrative pronouns- this, that, these, those. This and that
    refer to singular nouns and these and those identify plural nouns.
    Examples
    a) This was my mother’s ring.
    b) That looks like the car I used to drive.
    c) These are nice shoes, but they look uncomfortable.

    d) Those look like riper than the apples on my tree.

    Articles
    I. Definition
    An article is a word that accompanies a noun to specify its grammatical
    definiteness. Articles include a, an and the.
    II. Types of Articles
    There are two main types of Articles: the definite and the indefinite.
    Indefinite Articles
    Indefinite articles include a and an. They are used in several ways:
    1) We use the indefinite articles (a and an) when we refer to any person or

    thing and not a particular one; i. e. a/an means any. 

    Example:
    - She gave me a radio.

    - Kamali is afraid to use an escalator. 

    Note:
    - Here the words “radio” and “escalator” in the examples above are referring
    not to particular but to general items.
    - We also use indefinite articles when we mention something for the first

    time: a/an means a certain. 

    Example:

    A farmer approached an orange tree with an axe.
    We use the indefinite article an when the word that follows it begins with a
    vowel sound. A is used when the word that follows it begins with a consonant

    sound. 

    Examples:
    - Her fiancé gave her a ring.
    - The girl gave an answer.

             - I prefer working in a university. 

    III. Pronunciation of articles:

    The choice between a and an depends on pronunciation not on spelling.
    Therefore, we say a university, a useful thing, an hour, an honest man… and
    indefinite articles are only used with singular count noun.
    A. Definite articles
    The definite article “the” is used to refer to particular things or persons. It is used
    in the following ways:
    1) It can be used with both singular and plural nouns, unlike the indefinite
    articles. 

    2) It is used when we mention something that we had mentioned before. 
    Example: The farmer approached the pine tree with the axe he bought
    yesterday.
    3) We don’t put an article before the name of a country unless it starts
    with united, for Example, the United States of America or the United
    Kingdom; or its name contains the word Republic or Union, for example,
    the People’s Republic of China.
    4) When referring to languages, we use the in the following ways: we say
    the English language and not English language; We say fluent in English
    and not fluent in the English
    5) Pronunciation of the:
    - ‘the’ is pronounced |Òe| before nouns beginning with a consonant sound or

    articulated/sounded letter like ‘h’. 

    Example:
    - the climate, the beach, the museum, the trade-fair, the lake, the harbour,
    the hotel, the hyena
    - But the is pronounced |Òi| before nouns beginning with a vowel sound
    and silent letters like h.
    Examples:

    the exhibition, the orange, the honest man,

    III. Zero article
    We call Zero article the non-expression of either a definite or indefinite article
    before a noun phrase.
    1. Generic/indefinite reference (mass and plural nouns)
    (1) generic mass noun: Happiness is contagious.
    (2) generic plural noun: Parks are beautiful places to visit.
    They (People) want equal rights.
    2. Indefinite reference with both plural and mass nouns.
    (1) indefinite mass noun: I drink coffee.

    (2) indefinite plural noun: I saw cars. 

    B. Conjunctions: Whereas, While, When, Where
    The sentences below have been taken from the text above. Read them carefully
    and explain the role of the words highlighted.
    1) A home is generally defined as a place where one lives permanently
    2) The term nuclear family refers to the family group consisting of parents
    and children, while extended family includes all those with kinship ties.
    3) Nuclear family is composed of parents and siblings, whereas extended

    family is made up of all people from the same ancestors. 

    Notes:
    A conjunction is a part of speech that is used to connect words, phrases,
    clauses, or sentences. Conjunctions do not change in number, neither do they
    in person. They are invariable grammar particles. Below are some conjunctions
    that are used to contrast two similar things.
    a) Whereas
    Whereas is a conjunction which is used to highlight an important difference
    between two similar things or facts.
    When whereas comes at the beginning of a subordinate (dependent) clause,
    we put a comma before it.
    Examples
    1) Nuclear family is composed of parents and siblings, whereas extended
    family is made up of all people from the same ancestors. 
    2) The term nuclear family refers to the family group consisting of parents
    and children, whereas extended family includes all those with kinship ties

    3) People say ‘fries’ in America, whereas in Britain they call them ‘‘chips’’. 

    Note:
    When the clause with whereas comes before the main clause, we put a comma
    after that main clause.
    Examples:
    Whereas an extended family is made up of all people from the same ancestors,
    an nuclear family is composed of the parents and the siblings.
    Whereas Bugesera isvery hot, Musanze is sometimes quite cold.

    Whereas street children don’t get affection, children in families get enough care.

    b) While


    Examples
    1. Nuclear family is composed of parents and siblings, whereas/ while
    extended family is made up of all people from the same ancestors.
    2. Children in orphanages are sometimes sad, whereas/while children in
    families are usually happy.
    While can also be used to express time. In that case it introduces a time clause

    and means at the same time or during the time.

    Examples
    1. While the kids were having a nap, the mom could have a relaxing bath.
    2. I remembered I had forgotten to buy food while I was just leaving the

    market. 

    c) When


    Talking about the past
    Examples:
    When I was younger, there were no houses here.
    Nobody spoke when she came into the room. Talking about the present
    Examples:
    When a new child is born, there is a lot of joy in family.
    There is a lot of joy in family when a new child is born. Talking about the future
    Note: In references to the future with when, we use the present simple or the
    present perfect in the when-clause, not the future with shall and will:
    Examples:

    When the new park opens, my father will take me there. 

    Not: 
    When I’ve finished my homework, I’m going to phone my dad.
    Not: 

    We can also use when to mean “considering that”. 

    Example:
    What is the point of going out when we have to be at home by eleven o’clock?

    d) Where 


    Examples:
    1) Where you find a lot of water, you will also find these beautiful insects.

    2) Where you have to pay a deposit, be sure to get a receipt. 

    Application activity 1.7.2
    Using conjunctions and articles in sentences
    i. Choose the right words from the brackets to fill in gaps in each of the
    sentences below.
    1) Kariza, will you lay the table……. I help your sister with her math
    exercise, please. (whereas/while)
    2) The twins are very different: Kalisa is shy and reserved……. Kamana
    is outgoing (openly friendly and responsive). (whereas/while)
    3) My aunt Sophie is a doctor…Uncle Pete is a dentist. (whereas/
    where)
    4) I remembered my keys…I had left. (while/when)
    5) Dad would like to have a holiday in Spain… Mom would prefer Italy.
    (whereas/when)
    6) Why carrying bed covers in Musanze…we have to sleep in a hotel.
    (where/when)
    7) A home is generally defined as a place…one lives permanently.
    (where/when)
    8) When my mother … I will tell her that you didn’t mop your room.
    (comes, will come)
    ii. Use a, an or the to fill the blanks in the following sentences. The first one
    has been done for you
    1) My mother considered it an hour to receive the reward promised by
    the President.
    2) Your car is very nice. Does it have … DVD player?
    3) Kamali rested at home in … garden …whole morning.
    4) Kalisa found … cat. … cat belongs to his neighbour.
    5) Keza has got … job in … bank in Kigali.

    6) She is … useful person most of … time.

    End of unit assessment

    a. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
    1) Kamali and Kalisa often… to parties yesterday. (go)
    2) Jenny sometimes …Monica. (meet)
    3) In summer, children usually… in the garden. (play)
    4) Kalisa …the board every day. (clean)
    5) My sister…blue eyes. (have)
    6) Bill…the window at night for it is always hot here. (open)
    7) They all…dark blue pullovers when it is cold. (wear)
    8) He always…the housework himself. (do)
    9) My mum…shopping every Friday. (go)
    10) I never…TV in the morning. (watch)
    11) Fred…football last week. (play)
    12) Hannah and Betty often…pizza. (eat)
    13) Frank …Watching TV. (like)
    b. Decide whether to use a, an, or the for each of the following sentences.
    1) _____ flowers he gave me are beautiful.
    2) Her dad sings her _____ song each night before she goes to bed.
    3) Have you ever eaten _____ raw egg before?
    4) Excuse me, do you have _____ time?
    5) He had _____ exciting day today.
    6) Bob forgot to bring _____ cake he baked.
    7) Can you please return _____ records you borrowed?
    8) Fred met _____ wonderful group of people last night.

    9) _____ people Scott met were also nice. Tell me _____ story!

    c. Re-arrange the following conversation about self-introduction and others
    to be meaningful.
             • Nice to meet you too, Mrs. Smith.
    • I’m an engineer.
    • Mrs. Smith, what do you do for a living?
    • I work for Pentax International. What do you do?
    • Oh. Where do you work?
    • I teach English.
    • Hi. Nice to meet you.
    • Thank you. It was nice to talk to you!
    • What do you teach?
    • I’m a teacher.
    • Robert, this is my friend, Mrs. Smith.
    d. Write a 250 to 300-word composition explaining why business people

    should pay taxes.

    UNIT2: CAREERS AND CHOICES►