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  • Iriburiro

    Iriburiro

    Twaguteguriye iki gitabo kigendeye ku nteganyanyigisho nshya y’Ikinyarwanda yateguwe n’Ikigo Gishinzwe Guteza Imbere Uburezi mu Rwanda (REB) muri 2015 kugira ngo ubashe kwiyungura ubuhanga, unagire ubumenyi ngiro bugufasha gushyira mu bikorwa intego ndetse n’ibyifuzo by’Igihugu cyanecyane mu byerekeranye no gushimangira ubunyarwanda, iterambere rirambye, umudendezo n’ubuzima buzira umuze. Ni ngombwa ko tugusobanurira ibyo kizagufashamo, ibirimo n’imikoreshereze yacyo.

    Gukoresha iki gitabo mu buzima bwawe bwa buri munsi, haba ku ishuri haba se iwanyu mu rugo, bizagufasha muri byinshi. Uko uzagenda ugisoma kenshi, kizagufasha kongera ubushobozi bwawe mu gushungura uko bikwiye, ibitekerezo wumvise cyangwa wasomye ugaragaza ko wasobanukiwe n’ubutumwa; kuvuga udategwa, utanga ibitekerezo bigaragaza uko wumva ibintu kandi utanga ingingo zishyigikira cyangwa zivuguruza ibitekerezo by’abandi ku nsanganyamatsiko zinyuranye; gusoma udategwa inyandiko zinyuranye, inkuru zishingiye ku biriho cyangwa ibihimbano, no kumva insanganyamatsiko z’ingenzi, ibitekerezo, ibyabaye, abavugwa mu nkuru n’uturango tw’ururimi rwakoreshejwe unitoza gutekereza neza, gusesengura no gutandukanya ingeri zinyuranye z’ubuvanganzo bwo muri rubanda; guhanga imyandiko irambuye ku nsanganyamatsiko zatoranyijwe ukurikiranya neza ibitekerezo; gukoresha amagambo n’imvugo biboneye wubahiriza amategeko y’imyandikire, imyubakire y’interuro, imiterere n’isura y’umwandiko; kwandika ibitekerezo byawe ku buryo bufututse no guhitamo ibyo uvuga n’uburyo ubivugamo bitewe n’icyo ugamije n’abo ubwira; gusesengura imiterere y’ururimi no gukoresha uko bikwiye ubwoko bunyuranye bw’amagambo mu nteruro; gusoma no kwandika uko bikwiye amagambo n’interuro by’Ikinyarwanda wubahiriza imyandikire n’imivugirwe yemewe; gusobanura no gukoresha amategeko y’ikibonezamvugo wize mu kubaka interuro n’imyandiko.

    Iki gitabo k’Ikinyarwanda kigabanyijemo imitwe ikenda ikubiyemo insanganyamatsiko zivuga ku buringanire n’ubwuzuzanye, ubuzima, kubungabunga umuco nyarwanda, ibidukikije, ibyiza bitatse u Rwanda, umuco w’amahoro, itumanaho, ubufatanye no gukorera hamwe no ku burezi n’uburere bibereye Umunyarwanda u Rwanda rwifuza. Izi nsanganyamatsiko zimakajwe mu myandiko uzasoma winezeza ari na ko wiyungura ubumenyi, ubumenyi ngiro n’ubukesha cyangwa ukayishingiraho wiga ikibonezamvugo k’Ikinyarwanda, usesengura uturemajambo tw’inshinga, utw’amazina y’urusobe n’utw’ibinyazina, unoza ubumenyi bwawe bw’ururimi mu gihe witoza amasaku mbonezanteruro. Si ibyo gusa, iki gitabo giteguye ku buryo kizagufasha kurushaho kuba umutaramyi uhimbaza ibirori, dore ko uzaba witoje indirimbo n’ibihozo, no kuba intyoza mu kuvuga ushize amanga witoreje mu mikoreshereze y’imigani y’imigenurano uzasangamo, mu biganiro mpaka na nyunguranabitekerezo cyangwa mu gutondagura imivugo no guhina cyangwa guhanga imyandiko inyuranye. Ikindi ni uko uzaboneramo uburyo bwo guhanga imyandiko inoze nk’imyandiko ntekerezo, inyandiko zo mu butegetsi n’izo mu binyamakuru kuko uzaba warihuguye mu myandikire yemewe y’Ikinyarwanda n’imisusire ya bene iyo myandiko.

    Iki gitabo kiganjemo imyitozo izagufasha gusesengura iyo myandiko, iteguye ku buryo iguha uruhare runini mu myigire yawe ikuyobora mu kongera ubushobozi mu gusabana mu Kinyarwanda, mu bufatanye, mu mibanire ikwiye n’abandi, mu kwiga no guhora wiyungura ubumenyi, mu bushobozi bwo kujora, mu bushakashatsi n’ubushobozi bwo gushakira ibibazo ibisubizo, no mu guhanga udushya. Ubu bushobozi bukuganisha mu gukora ubushakashatsi buhoraho usoma ibitabo bitandukanye byagufasha gukora imyitozo ikubiyemo, usura imbuga nkoranyambaga, ubaza inararibonye muturanye kugira ngo ziguhe ibitekerezo ku nsanganyamatsiko zikubiyemo ari na ko wisunga bagenzi bawe mukajya impaka mu rwego rwo kungurana ibitekerezo.

    Mu mpera z’igitabo hari ibisobanuro by’amwe mu magambo akubiye mu myandiko. Ayo atondetse yubahirije itonde ry’Ikinyarwanda. Uhuye n’ijambo rikugoye mu kuribonera igisobanuro, wareba niba utarisangamo, waribura ukifashisha inkoranyamagambo. Hari kandi n’imyandiko y’inyongera izagutoza kwisomera ubwawe ndetse n’ibitabo n’imyandiko byifashishijwe byagufasha kurushaho kwiyungura ubumenyi.

    Mu rwego rwo kukorohereza kumenya niba ibyo usabwa ubikora wenyine, ubifatanya n’abandi cyangwa ubitekerezaho mu buryo bwimbitse, ubigeraho ukoze ubushakashatsi mu isomero, ku mbuga nkoranyambaga, ukoresheje se inkoranyamagambo, twaguteguriye ibimenyetso bizajya bikuyobora. Dore urutonde rwabyo.

    Muri make, iki gitabo kizagufasha gukura ukuza ubunyarwanda nyabwo kuko kigukungahaza ku muco n’ururimi by’abakurambere kikakwinjiza mu bumenyi, ubumenyi ngiro n’ubukesha ukeneye nk’Umunyarwanda u Rwanda rwifuza. Gusoma iki gitabo bizagukungahaza mu bumenyi ku muco nyarwanda binyuze mu buvanganzo ndetse no gusesengura imiterere y’ururimi rwawe kavukire rw’Ikinyarwanda, maze unezezwe no gusakaza ku bandi ibyiza ukomoye muri urwo rurimi.

    Ibimenyetso nyobozi

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  • Umutwe Wa 1: Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye

    Umwandiko: Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye hagati y’abashakanye


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    Hambere umugabo yari umutware w’umuryango mu gihe umugore yafatwaga nk’umucakara ukora ibyo ategetswe n’umugabo. Umugore yasabwaga kumvira no kubaha umugabo we muri byose n’igihe cyose. Ntiyashoboraga kumuvuguruza, kabone n’iyo yabonaga ko umugabo we atanze itegeko ridafututse. Babinogerezaga bavuga bati: “Amafuti y’umugabo ni bwo buryo bwe.” Mbese, umugore nta jambo yahabwaga mu rugo. Agaciro ke kahagariraga gusa ku kubyara. Nyamara wakwitegereza ugasanga afatiye runini abagize umuryango. Kudasangira ibitekerezo hagati y’umugabo n’umugore no kuniganwa ijambo byabaye akarande igihe kirekire. Abana bavutse bakabikuriramo, bakabifata
    batyo.

    Imyigishirize yo hambere na yo yakandamizaga igitsina gore. Abana b’abakobwa bakuraga batozwa kwibombarika no kuzitwararika ku mitungo no ku mategeko by’umugabo mu gihe barushinze. Naho abana b’abahungu bagatozwa ko ari abatware b’ibihangange, bakigira akari aha kajya he? Bagakura bica bagakiza. Ibyo byarabokamaga no kuzageza mu ngo zabo bamaze gushaka cyangwa bageze no mu zindi nzego z’imirimo. Abakobwa bakuraga bazi ko hari imirimo yabagenewe. Twavuga imirimo yo mu rugo, nko gukubura, kwita ku bana, gutegura amafunguro, gutereka amata no kuyacunda n’indi mirimo mbonezamubano. Naho abahungu bakamenyerezwa iyo gukenura amatungo, kuyobora ingo no kurengera Igihugu.

    Aho amashuri aziye, imyumvire y’ababyeyi yari uko umuhungu ari we ugomba kwiga gusa. Naho umukobwa akaguma mu rugo agakora ya mirimo yose yo mu rugo, bakabikuririza bavuga ngo: “Impamyabumenyi y’umukobwa ni umugabo”. Ugasanga ahubwo bihutiye kumushyingira imburagihe, bakanamushyingira uwo atazi atanigeze agira uruhare mu kumuhitamo. Bityo, wa muruho ukaba uramuboneranye. Iri kandamizwa ry’igitsina gore ryadindije iterambere mu nzego zinyuranye z’ubuzima bw’Igihugu.

    Uko iminsi yagiye isimburana, iyo myumvire yagiye ihinduka buhorobuhoro. Abantu babona ko ari ngombwa ko abagore na bo bahabwa ijambo, bakagira uruhare mu iterambere ry’umuryango. Ubuyobozi na bwo bwungamo, bushyiraho amategeko aha abantu bose amahirwe n’uburenganzira bingana mu bikorwa biteza imbere ingo n’Igihugu. Uku guha umugore ijambo agafatanya n’umugabo we kwatumye haba ubwisanzure mu bashakanye, maze akarengane kimukira uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muryango.

    Iyo utereye akajisho mu muryango iwacu usanga umugore yararenganuwe. Yahawe amahirwe angana n’ay’umugabo, ntiyakomeza guhezwa mu iterambere ry’urugo rwe. Umugore asigaye agira uruhare mu igenamigambi ry’urugo, akanajya inama n’umugabo we ku cyazamura urugo rwabo. Baruzuzanya mu kunoza imicungire y’umutungo w’urugo. Ni ukuvuga, kugena amafaranga bahahisha, ayo babitsa muri banki, n’ayo bashora mu mishinga ibyara inyungu. Uku gushyira hamwe kw’abashakanye gutera buri wese kumva ko adashobora gukoresha amafaranga y’urugo uko abonye bityo bigatuma bagera ku iterambere vuba.

    Muri iki gihe, ntibikiri ikibazo ko abagore n’abo bashakanye bungurana ibitekerezo ku bijyanye n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere. Baricara bakumvikana uko bakwiriye gufatanya mu kugena urubyaro no kuruteganyiriza ibyangombwa ruzakenera mu bihe bizaza by’ubuzima bwarwo. Si ibyo gusa kandi kuko usanga bajya inama y’uko urugo rwabo rwatera imbere hatabayeho kuvunishanya. Buri wese mu rugo arahihibikanira icyazana inyungu mu rugo. Umwe aca aha undi agaca aha, hanyuma bagahuriza hamwe ibyo bagezeho kandi bakabigiraho uruhare rungana.

    Nta vangura rikigaragara mu mirimo cyangwa mu guhezwa mu mirimo kuko byagaragaye ko ibitsina byombi bishoboye. Umugore asigaye ajya ku kazi nko kwigisha, gukora muri banki cyangwa mu buyobozi bwite bwa Leta, umugabo we yaba nta kazi afite agasigara mu rugo yita ku byaho byose. Iyo bombi bafite akazi k’umushahara, uwahembwe mbere ahahira urugo ay’undi yazaza agakora ibindi. Kwita ku bana bisigaye bireba ababyeyi bombi. Ubu nta mugabo ugisiganya umugore kujya gukingiza abana cyangwa kubavuza yemwe no kubasasira cyangwa kubabikira.

    Kwimakaza ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu ngo bituma buri wese yigirira ikizere mu kuyobora no gushakisha imibereho y’abagize umuryango. Ari umugabo n’umugore bose barashoboye kandi ingero ni nyinshi zibigaragaza. Iri hame rituma abana batozwa imirimo yose nta vangura cyangwa itonesha ribayeho. Mu gihe umukobwa adahari, umubyeyi ntazuyaze kubwira umuhungu we ngo akubure cyangwa ngo yoze ibikoresho byo ku meza cyangwa byo mu gikoni.

    Byari bikwiye ko buri wese ahabwa agaciro ke, ntihabeho ivangura. Abana baba mu muryango ufatanya na bo bakurana ubufatanye n’urukundo kuko babyigira ku babyeyi babo. Iyo ababyeyi buzuzanya burya bajya inama bakanazigama hanyuma abana babo na bo bakabigana. Bakabitangira bakiri bato. Bityo rero bagira ishyaka bakanatekereza kugera ku bintu bihanitse.

    Mu mashuri uburinganire bwateye imbere; abana bose bariga kandi batsinda kimwe. Iyo barangije kwiga, bakora imirimo inyuranye kandi bagatanga umusanzu wabo mu kubaka Igihugu mu buryo bungana. Imirimo itangwa hakurikijwe ubushobozi bafite. Abakobwa bo bashyiraho akarusho kuko mu mikorere yabo basanzwe bagaragaza ubwitonzi, ubushishozi, n’amakenga. Burya koko ngo ujijuye umugore aba ajijuye umuryango w’abantu muri rusange.

    Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye ni ngombwa mu iterambere ry’umuryango n’Igihugu muri rusange. Iri hame ntirikuraho inshingano za buri wese mu buzima, ahubwo rituma habaho guterana ingabo mu bitugu, abashakanye bagatahiriza umugozi umwe. Ugushyigikirana mu mirimo yo mu rugo, mu igenamigambi no mu micungire y’umutungo w’urugo no kujya inama hagati y’abashakanye bituma iterambere rikataza mu rugo rwabo. Kandi n’ubundi ngo: “Umwe arya bihora n’abagiye inama Imana irabasanga.”


    I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko

      1. Ni iki kigaragaza ko umwana yatoye umuco wo kuzigama?

      2. Ni hehe agaciro k’umugore kagaragariraga mu Rwanda rwo hambere? Ubu kagaragarira he?

      3. Vuga nibura ikiza kimwe cyo kuvuka ku babyeyi bashyira hamwe.

      4. Ngo gushyira hamwe kw’abashakanye bituma iterambere rikataza. Sobanura.

      5.Leta y’u Rwanda yakoze iki mu gushimangira ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muryango?

      6.Vuga imigani y’imigenurano nibura ibiri yavuzwe mu mwandiko.

      7.Rondora nibura ibintu bitatu bigaragaza ko mu muryango uyu n’uyu bumva neza ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye.


    II. Inyunguramagambo

    1.Sobanura amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:

                a) Akarande                     f) Kokama
                b) Igenamigambi            g) Guhabwa ijambo
                c) Umucakara                  h) Uburinganire
               d) Akari aha kajya he?     i) Ubwuzuzanye
               e) Kwibombarika

    2. Garagaza ijambo riri mu mwandiko risobanura nk’aya akurikira:

       a) Igihe gikwiriye kitaragera
       b) Imibereho mibi umuntu abamo igihe kirekire
       c) Ubwitonzi burimo n’igenzura butuma umuntu adapfa guhubukira ibintu.

    3.Garagaza amagambo abusanyije inyito n’aya akurikira:

      a) Gutahiriza umugozi umwe
      b) Ubwitonzi
      c) Uburinganire

    III. Umwitozo wo gukoresha amagambo mu nteruro

    Umunyeshuri akoreshe neza amagambo mu nteruro ziboneye.

    1.Himba interuro ngufi kandi ziboneye zirimo nibura rimwerimwe muri aya magambo:

          a) Uburinganire
          b) Ubwuzuzanye
          c) Kuzigama

    2.Uzuza izi nteruro wifashishije amagambo wungutse mu mwandiko.

       a) Iyo watangiye .................... dukeduke ukiri muto ugira ubukire.
       b) Kuraza umwana kugira ngo asinzire ni ....................

    IV. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko

    1.  Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka zikubiye muri uyu mwandiko.

    2.  Ushingiye ku bivugwa mu mwandiko, garagaza indi mirimo waba uzi cyangwa wabonye igaragaza uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muryango.

    3.  Ese nyuma yo kwiga uyu mwandiko ni iki wumva wungutse ku by’imibereho y’ababana mu muryango?

    V. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro

    Kungurana ibitekerezo

    Mu matsinda, nimwungurane ibitekerezo ku nsanganyamatsiko mwahawe, mwubahiriza uko bikorwa, hanyuma muhurize hamwe ibyo mwagezeho. Uyu mwitozo mushobora no kuwukorera hanze y’ishuri, mu gihe musubiramo amasomo yanyu.

    Insanganyamatsiko:

    Bivugwa ko “Imirimo yo mu rugo yose (Kumesera abana, gukubura, guteka, gusana urugo...) umugabo n’umugore bashobora kuyikora ku buryo bungana”. Hari rero abatabyumva gutyo bakavuga ko hari imirimo igenewe abagore n’indi igenewe abagabo. Wowe ubyumva ute?

    Ibiganiro mpaka

    Musome izi nteruro hanyuma muzitangeho ibitekerezo buri wese avuge uko yumva bikwiriye kumera.

    a)   Birashoboka ko umubyeyi w’umugabo yajyana umwana we kwa muganga umugore agasigara mu rugo atarwaye?

    b)  Ese hari imirimo ikwiye guharirwa abahungu n’ikwiriye guharirwa abakobwa? Yaba ari iyihe?

    Izi ngingo zigomba kugibwaho impaka kuko hari abakwemeranya na zo, abandi na bo bakabona ko ibyavuzwe bidafite ishingiro cyangwa bitakijyanye n’igihe. Nguko uko impaka zivuka. Impaka zivugwa aha ngaha ni ibiganiro bihuza impande ebyiri zitumvikana ku nsanganyamatsiko iba yatanzwe, kandi izo mpaka zikaba zigamije kugera ku mwanzuro runaka.

    Inshoza n’intego y’ibiganiro mpaka
    Ibiganiro mpaka bikorwa n’abantu benshi bagamije kungurana ibitekerezo ku nsanganyamatsiko runaka. Usanga bihuza impande ebyiri z’abantu bamwe bashyigikiye insanganyamatsiko abandi batayishyigikiye.

    Impaka zivugwa si izo kwiriza umunsi, si izibyara amacakubiri ahubwo ni impaka zigamije gushakira ikibazo igisubizo runaka no kugera ku mwanzuro wubaka no kugena umurongo ngenderwaho. Ibiganiro mpaka biba bigamije guhuza impande zombi ngo barebe icyo bakumvikanaho gikwiye gukurikizwa ku mpande zombi.

    Ibiganiro mpaka bibera mu mashuri byo bituma abanyeshuri baba intyoza mu kuvuga, bakaba imbonera mu gutega amatwi ibivugwa no mu gutanga ingingo zifite ireme. Bibatoza kutarondogora ahubwo bakagusha ku ntego kandi bakamenyera gukurikiranya ingingo bubahiriza inyurabwenge n’injyabihe y’ibivugwa. By’umwihariko, ibiganiro mpaka bitoza abanyeshuri kuvugira mu ruhame.

    Abagize ibiganiro mpaka
    Ibiganiro mpaka bigirwa n’amatsinda atatu hatabariwemo indorerezi. Uruhare rw’izo mpande zose ruba rukenewe mu migendekere myiza y’ikiganiro. Izo mpande zose kandi ni magirirane.

    a)  Uruhande rushyigikira insanganyamatsiko: Ni itsinda ry’abashyigikiye insanganyamatsiko. Ibitekerezo, ingingo n’ibisobanuro batanga bigomba kutanyuranya n’insanganyamatsiko.

    b) Uruhande ruhakana insanganyamatsiko: Ni itsinda ry’abantu batemera ibitekerezo n’ingingo bikubiye mu nsanganyamatsiko yatanzwe. Abafata umwanya wo kugira icyo bavuga, bagerageza kuyirwanya. Bagomba ariko kwifashisha ingingo n’ibisobanuro byumvikana ku buryo n’uruhande rwemeza rushobora kuva ku izima.

    c) Umuhuza cyangwa umuyobozi w’ikiganiro mpaka: Ni umuntu uba ushinzwe guhuza izo mpande zombi. Ashobora kuba umwe cyangwa benshi. Umubare w’abafasha umuhuza uterwa n’urwego rw’ikiganiro, igihe ibiganiro bizamara ndetse n’intego y’ibiganiro.

    Inshingano z’umuhuza
    Inshingano z’umuhuza zishobora kuba nyinshi ariko iz’ingenzi ni izi zikurikira:

         - Gusobanura insanganyamatsiko.

        - Gutanga umurongo ngenderwaho.

        - Gutanga umwanya w’amagambo kuri buri ruhande.

        - Gufasha mu kumvikanisha impande zombi.

    - Kugeza impande zombi ku mwanzuro.

    - Gufasha mu kubahiriza igihe.

    Ibyo umuhuza agomba kuba yujuje

    Umuhuza agomba kuba ari:

           - Inararibonye- Umuhanga mu byo baganiraho.

          - Azwiho kwihangana.

          - Kuba ashobora kuvuga rikumvikana.

          - Kuba azwiho kutabogama.

          - Kuba afite igitsure.

          - Kuba ari inyangamugayo.

    Ingero z’ibiganiro mpaka bishobora kubaho

    - Ibiganiro mpaka bibera mu mashuri abanza n’ayisumbuye, umuhuza ashobora kuba ari umuntu umwe ntabamufasha. Impamvu ni uko bimara igihe gito kibarirwa mu masaha.

    - Ibiganiro mpaka bitegurwa ku rwego rw’Igihugu cyangwa bihuje impande zishyamiranye mu ntambara, umuhuza agira abamufasha. Impamvu ni uko biba bisaba ubumenyi bwinshi bunyuranye nk’amateka, poritiki, ubukungu n’ibindi. Nta muntu rero waba inzobere mu bintu byose. Indi mpamvu ituma umuhuza agira abamufasha, ni uko bene ibyo biganiro bishobora no gufata igihe kirekire nk’ibyumweru cyangwa amezi.

    Abandi bashobora kugira uruhare mu kiganiro mpaka ni:

    - Umwanditsi: Yandika ibitekerezo biba byagiye bitangwa n’impande zombi zijya impaka ku nsangayamatsiko runaka.

    - Umucungagihe: Aba ashinzwe kureba niba abahabwa umwanya wo gutanga ibitekerezo ku mpande zombi bubahiriza igihe bahawe, ukirengeje akamuhagarika.

    - Abakemurampaka: Ni ababa bashinzwe kugaragaza uruhande rwatsinze n’uruhande rwatsinzwe. Iyo ari mu myitozo ibera mu mashuri batanga amanota bakurikije imyitwarire ya buri ruhande.

    - Indorerezi: Ni abantu bose baba bakurikiye kandi bateze amatwi impaka zirimo kuba. Abo uretse kumva, ntibagomba kwivanga mu biganiro; nta zindi nshingano baba bafite. Icyakora bemerewe kugaragaza amarangamutima ndetse bakaba babaza n’ibibazo, batagize uruhande babangamira.

    Uko ikiganiro mpaka gikorwa

    Buri ruhande rugerageza kugaragaza ingingo no gutanga ibitekerezo bifatika kandi rukabishimangira ndetse rukabisobanura. Ingingo zitangwa hifashishijwe ingero zifatika kandi zumvikana neza.

    Dore zimwe muri zo:

         a) Amagambo n’ibitekerezo byatanzwe n’abakomeye byerekeranye n’iyo nsanganyamatsiko.

         b) Ibyanditswe mu bitabo binyuranye.

         c) Ubumenyi bwigwa mu mashuri n’ahandi.

         d) Ubunararibonye bwa buri muntu...

    Umwitozo wo gukora ikiganiro mpaka:
    Muge impaka kuri iyi nsanganyamatsiko ikurikira:

    Insanganyamatsiko:
    - Ari abahungu cyangwa abakobwa, bose bashobora gukora imirimo yose yo mu rugo nta vangura. Ese hari iyo abahungu bashobora abakobwa ntibabe bayishobora?

    Umwandiko: Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu miyoborere

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    Kuva kera byagaragaye ko abagore n’abakobwa bahezwaga mu nzego nyinshi zifata ibyemezo. Ibyo byagaragariraga cyane mu mibereho y’umuryango. Iyo myumvire mibi igacengezwa mu bantu binyuze mu ngengamitekerereze y’Abanyarwanda nko mu mvugo za buri munsi no mu migani y’imigenurano. Bagiraga bati: “Nta nkokokazi ibika isake ihari”, ubundi bati: “Uruvuze umugore ruvuga umuhoro” n’indi migani mibi isa n’iyo.

    Iri hezwa rya ba nyampinga na ba mutima w’urugo ryagiye ridindiza iterambere ry’Igihugu cyacu. Iyo uhejeje umwari n’umutegarugori mu nzu hari ibitekerezo byakubaka igihugu uba upfukiranye. Mu Rwanda abagore bagaragaje ko bafatiye runini umuryango aho abagore bagira uruhare runini mu burere bw’abana. Cyakora hari bake bagiye bigaragaza mu zindi gahunda z’Igihugu.

    Mu ntyoza zafashaga kwamamaza no gukomeza amatwara y’ingoma harimo abasizi b’abagore. Umugabekazi Nyirarumaga ntawamwibagirwa mu nganzo y’ubusizi ku ngoma ya Ruganzu II Ndori. Hari n’intwari zatabariraga Igihugu zikarinda imipaka kuvogerwa. Mu mbanzirizakubarusha twavugamo nka Ndabaga wiyemeje gukura se ku rugerero. Kandi na ba Nyagakecuru mu bisi bya Huye cyangwa ba Nyabingi iyo mu Ndorwa ntibari boroshye! Izo ni ingero nke z’abakurambere ariko n’ubu hari abakomeje kwigaragaza ku buryo hari n’abashyizwe mu ntwari z’Igihugu. Nyamara ibyo ariko hari igihe byirengagijwe. Bavugaga ko nta mutegarugori wahagarara imbere y’abagabo ngo ategeke. Mu mashuri ubwo barahezwa ngo hari amasomo yahariwe abahungu n’ayahariwe abakobwa.

    Igihugu cyacu kimaze kubona ko ihezwa ry’Umunyarwandakazi ridindiza iterambere, kiyemeje gushimangira ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye. Ubu mu Rwanda umwana wese ni nk’undi. Ni mu gihe kandi u Rwanda rwimakaje uburezi budaheza. Gusa gahunda y’uburezi budaheza ntiyashyiriweho kuzamura umugore gusa ngo agire ubushobozi bwo kuyoborana na musaza we. Iyi gahunda igamije kwita ku mwana wese akiga neza kandi ibyo ashaka anashoboye. Yaba umukobwa cyangwa umuhungu, yaba abafite ubumuga cyangwa ubukene agomba gufatwa nka mugenzi we udafite ubusembwa cyangwa uturuka mu muryango wifashije.

    Igihugu cyacu kiyemeje guharanira uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muryango no mu miyoborere y’Igihugu. Itegeko nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda riha abagore nibura imyanya mirongo itatu ku ijana mu nzego zose z’Igihugu. Ubu mu ruhando mpuzamahanga Igihugu cyacu kiza mu myanya ya mbere mu kwimakaza uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye bw’ibitsina byombi. Igishimishije ni uko ayo mahirwe Abanyarwandakazi batayapfushije busa. Abari n’abategarugori ntibahwema kugaragaza ko impano zabo zari zarapfukiranwe. Mu mashuri ibyigwa byose babyiga babyumva. Iyo witegereje imitsindire yabo, besa imihigo kakahava! Ntibiheza bafatanya na basaza babo bakuzuzanya mu buzima bwa buri munsi.

    Mu nzego zose z’ubuyobozi baraganje; baragaragara mu mpuzamashyirahamwe n’impuzamiryango. Ngabo muri za Minisiteri na za Ambasade. Barayoboye kandi barabishoboye. Ngabo muri Sena no mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko, mu bayobozi b’Intara, ab’Uturere n’ab’Imirenge. Mu ngabo na porisi... Ubu ibihugu byinshi biza kwigira ku Rwanda ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu miyoborere. Mu bigo nderabuzima baratuvura bakaduha n’inama. Kandi mu mirimo yose amakenga yabo arushaho kubagira ingenzi.

    Tugomba twese kwimakaza ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye. Ubu ntawukwiriye kwihandagaza ngo avuge ngo: “Nta nkokokazi ibika isake ihari.” Kuko iyi mvugo nta gaciro ifite. Nta mubyeyi wavuga ngo kubera ko amafaranga abaye make ndajyana umwana w’umuhungu mu ishuri uw’umukobwa arorere kandi bose ari ingirakamaro. Kutumva neza iri hame cyangwa kuryirengagiza ni ubujiji bukomeye.

    I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko

    1.Vuga nibura umugani umwe ugaragaza ko umugore atagiraga ijambo mu ruhame mu gihe cyo hambere.

    2.Ni ikihe kintu k’ingenzi kigaragaza ko u Rwanda rushyigikiye bidasubirwaho ihame ry’uburinganire?

    3.Rondora ingero nibura eshatu zagaragazaga uburinganire n’uruhare rw’umugore mu buyobozi bw’Igihugu mu Rwanda rwo hambere.

    4.Ni iki cyavuzwe mu mwandiko kigaragaza ko ubu mu Rwanda hari uburezi budaheza?

    5.Ni ikihe kintu cyavuzwe mu mwandiko cyagereranyijwe n’ubujiji bukomeye?

    6.Mu Rwanda hashyigikiwe uburezi budaheza umuntu uwo ari we wese. Garagaza amagambo ari mu mwandiko abyemeza.

    7.Mu nzego z’ubuyobozi abagore bahariwe kangahe ku ijana?

    II. Inyunguramagambo

    1.Shaka ibisobanuro by’amagambo akurikira ugendeye ku mwandiko.

         a) Kwimakaza                     e) Ubusembwa

         b) Guhezwa                         f ) Mutima w’urugo

         c) Ingengamitekerereze    g) Uburezi budaheza

         d) Intyoza

    2.Garagaza andi magambo yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko asobanura:

        a) Umukobwa, umwari cyangwa umwangavu

        b) Umugore cyangwa umutegarugori

        c) Ubwitonzi bwo kudapfa guhubukira ibyo ubonye

        d) Kujya ku butegetsi.

    3.Garagaza amagambo abusanyije inyito n’aya akurikira:

          a) Ibibondo        b) Indashyikirwa      c) Kwimakaza        d) Ubujiji

    III. Umwitozo wo gukoresha amagambo mu nteruro

    Umunyeshuri akoreshe neza amagambo mu nteruro ziboneye

    1.Kora interuro ngufi kandi ziboneye wifashishije rimwerimwe muri aya magambo akurikira:

        a) Ibibondo                b) Nyampinga       c) Amakenga        d) Ubwuzuzanye

    2.Muri iki kinyatuzu harimo amazina arindwi ashobora kwitwa umuntu w’igitsina gore kuva avutse kugeza akuze. Yagaragaze unayakoreshe mu nteruro ziboneye.

    b 

    IV. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko

    1.Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka ziri muri uyu mwandiko.

    2.Sobanura ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye ugendeye ku mwandiko.

    3.Garagaza mu mwandiko ingingo zigaragaza umuco n’izigaragaza amateka. (Ibyakorwaga mu butegetsi mu Rwanda rwo hambere)

    4. Mu buzima bwacu bwa buri munsi ubona kubahiriza ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye bifite akahe kamaro mu nzego z’ubuyobozi ?

    V. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro

    Mu matsinda, nimwungurane ibitekerezo ku nsanganyamatsiko mwahawe, mwubahiriza uko bikorwa, hanyuma muhurize hamwe ibyo mwagezeho. Uyu mwitozo mushobora no kuwukorera hanze y’ishuri, mu gihe musubiramo amasomo yanyu.

    Insanganyamatsiko:
    Kutubahiriza ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye hagati y’ibitsina byombi byadindiza iterambere ry’umuryango n’iry’igihugu muri rusange.

    Amazina y’urusobe

    Itegereze aya mazina agaragara mu mwandiko ari muri izi mpushya ebyiri A na B, uyatekerezeho maze ugaragaze aho atandukaniye urebeye ku turemajambo tuyagize, imiterere n’ingano yayo.
    d

    Mu rurimi rw’Ikinyarwanda amazina arimo amoko atandukanye bitewe n’imiterere y’intego cyangwa uturemajambo twayo. Habaho amazina mbonera ndetse n’amazina y’urusobe.

    Amazina ari mu ruhushya rwa mbere ni amazina mbonera.

    Amazina y’umwimerere mu rurimi, adafite andi magambo akomokaho twavuga ko ari amazina mbonera asanzwe cyangwa amazina yoroheje. Imiterere y’intego zayo, igizwe n’uturemajambo tw’ibanze dutatu gusa ari two: indomo, indanganteko n’igicumbi (D-RT-C)

    Ingero: a) Umwana: u-mu-ana - u → w/-J          d) Isambu: i-ø- sambu Nta tegeko.
                  b) Abana: a - ba - ana - u → ø/-J            e) Abagore: a - ba - gore Nta tegeko.
                  c) Ibihugu: i-bi-hugu Nta tegeko.

    Amazina ari mu ruhushya rwa kabiri ni amazina y’urusobe.
    Amazina y’urusobe
    Izina ry’urusobe ni izina rimwe ariko rigizwe n’amagambo arenze rimwe. Iyo risesenguwe rigira intego cyangwa uturemajambo turenze utw’izina mbonera kuko rishobora kugira indomo ebyiri, indangazina ebyiri, ibicumbi bibiri. Rishobora kandi kuba rigizwe n’amagambo abiri yiyunze, ijambo ryiyometseho akabimbura cyangwa umusuma, inshinga n’ubundi bwoko bw’ijambo riyibereye icyuzuzo (mbonera cyangwa nziguro) , amazina abiri yunzwe n’ikinyazina ngenera.

    Ingero:
          Iterambere: gutera + imbere (inshinga n’icyuzuzo)
          Ingaramakirambi: ingarama + ikirambi (inshinga yiyunze n’izina)
          Abanyarwanda: Abanya + u Rwanda ( izina ririmo akabimbura)
          Abanyarwandakazi:abanya + u Rwanda + kazi ( izina ririmo akabimbura n’umusuma)
          Nyampinga: nya + impinga (izina ritangiwe n’akabimbura)

    Uturango tw’izina ry’urusobe
    Izina y’urusobe ni izina usanga rikomoka ku yandi magambo arenze rimwe ariko rikagira inyito imwe. Mu rwego rw’intego usanga ari izina rifite uturemajambo turenze utw’izina mbonera. Izina ry’urusobe rishobora kugira uturemajambo tw’izina twivanzemo utw’inshinga cyangwa ubundi bwoko bw’ijambo nk’ikinyazina, umugereka...

    Amoko y’amazina y’urusobe
      a) Amazina y’inyunge
      b) Amazina y’urujyanonshinga
      c) Amazina y’akabimbura
      d) Amazina y’imisuma
      e) Amazina ahujwe n’ikinyazina ngenera

    Amazina y’inyunge

    Izina ry’inyunge ni izina rigizwe n’amazina abiri yiyunze agakora izina rimwe. Muri ayo mazina abiri usanga irya kabiri riba risobanura izina riribanjirije. Amazina y’inyunge nubwo aba agizwe n’amazina abiri yiyunze agira inyito imwe itari igiteranyo cy’ayo mazina abiri yiyunze. Cyakora iyo irya kabiri rifutura irya mbere yandikwa atandukanye.

    Urugero:
    Imvugo shusho: iri jambo rigizwe n’amazina abiri ari yo imvugo n’ishusho.Itegeko teka: iri jambo rigizwe n’amazina abiri ari yo itegeko n’iteka.

    Amazina y’urujyanonshinga
    Aya mazina y’urujyanonshinga aba ashingiye ku nshinga yiyunze n’icyuzuzo cyayo, gishobora kuba icyuzuzo mbonera cyangwa icyuzuzo nziguro (izina, inshinga, ikinyazina, umugereka), agakora izina rimwe.

    Ingero:

    z

    Amazina y’akabimbura

    Ijambo“akabimbura” risobanura akajambo kabimbura ni ukuvuga kaza imbere. Ubusanzwe kubimburira abandi ni ukubabanziriza mu byo bakora. Izina ry’akabimbura rero ni izina rifite akajambo gato karibanjirije.

    Ingero:   - Nyakubahwa

                    - Nyiricyubahiro

                    - Nyiramahirwe

                    - Semasaka

                    - Rwamanywa

                    - Kanyana

                   - Mukasekuru

                   - Mwenese

                  - Umunyarwanda

    Utu tujambo duciyeho akarongo kimwe n’utundi tutarondowe ni “utubimbura”. Utubimbura dukunze gukoreshwa mu Kinyarwanda ni: a, ka, nya, nyiri, nyira, se, sa.

    Amazina y’imisuma

    Umusuma ni akajambo kongerwa inyuma y’irindi kakagira umumaro wo gusobanura neza iryo zina kagaragiye. Habaho umusuma kazi, azi, ndetse n’imisuma igaragaza isano nka rume, kuru, kuruza...

    Ingero:   - Inkokokazi            - umunyarwandakazi

                    - Umugabazi           - ikintazi

                   - Nyirarume             - sogokuru

    Amazina ahujwe n’ikinyazina ngenera

    Amazina y’ingereka ni amazina y’urusobe agizwe n’amazina abiri yunzwe n’ikinyazina ngenera. Ayo mazina abiri yunzwe n’ikinyazina ngenera ntagira inyito ebyiri, ahubwo arema inyito imwe n’ubwo aba agizwe n’amagambo abiri.

    Ingero:  

    - Insina z’amatwi: aya mazina “insina” na “amatwi” yunzwe n’ikinyazina ngenera “za” kandi inyito yayo ni imwe, asobanuye ikintu kimwe.

     - Amaso y’ikirayi: aya mazina “amaso” na “ikirayi” yunzwe n’ikinyazina ngenera “ya” kandi asobanuye ikintu kimwe.

    - Inkondo y’umura: aya mazina “inkondo” na “umura” yunzwe n’ikinyazina ngenera “ya” kandi afite inyito y’ikintu kimwe.

    Ikitonderwa: Hari amazina aranga amasano abantu bafitanye na yo abarirwa mu mazina y’urusobe. Ayo mazina atandukana bitewe n’uvuga (muri ngenga ya mbere), ubwirwa (muri ngenga ya kabiri) ndetse n’uvugwa (muri ngenga ya gatatu).

    Urugero:

    Ngenga ya mbere:

              Databukwe, databuja, marume, masenge, sogokuru, nyogokuru

    Ngenga ya kabiri:

             Sobukwe, sobuja, nyokorome, nyogosenge

    Ngenga ya gatatu:

             Sebukwe, sebuja, nyirarume, nyirasenge, sekuru, nyirakuru

    Intego y’amazina y’urusobe

    Amazina y’urusobe agira intego zitari nk’iz’izina mbonera. Ashobora kugira uturemajambo tw’izina twivanzemo ubundi bwoko bw’uturemajambo. Izina ry’urusobe rishobora kugira indomo ebyiri, indangazina ebyiri, ibicumbi bibiri cyangwa rikagira indomo, indanganteko n’igicumbi ariko hakiyongeraho intego z’andi moko y’amagambo ashobora kwihagikamo cyangwa akaza inyuma y’igicumbi nk’icyuzuzo. Twavuga nk’utubimbura, ibinyazina, imigereka...

    Amazina y’urusobe asesengurwa nk’uko andi mazina asanzwe asesengurwa bitewe n’ubwoko bwayo, ndetse buri jambo rigasesengurwa hagaragazwa intego zaryo. Iyo izina ry’urusobe ari izina ry’urujyanonshinga hagomba ubushishozi kuko hari igihe inshinga ishobora kuba yiyunze n’ijambo ridahinduka nk’ umusuma cyangwa umugereka. Icyo gihe amagambo asanzwe atagoragozwa yandikwa uko yakabaye. Amazina yubakiye ku tubimbura na yo agomba ubushishozi kuko utubimbura tutagira intego.

    Iyo rimwe mu magambo agize izina ry’urusobe rikomoka ku nshinga icyo gihe iryo jambo risesengurwa hakurikijwe inkomoko yaryo.

    Dore uko bikorwa:Umucasuka: ni izina rigizwe n’amagambo abiri : Umuca n’isuka. Umuca ni ijambo rituruka cyangwa rikomoka ku nshinga guca, naho isuka ni izina mbonera.

    Mu kugaragaza intego umuca rirasesengurwa ukwaryo n’isuka ukwaryo:

    umuca: u-mu-ci-a

    isuka: i-ø-suka

    Ni ukuvuga ko uturemajambo duteye dutya:

    Umucasuka: u – mu – ci – a – ø – ø – suka i→ ø/-J

    Andi magambo twatangaho ingero:

    Impuzamiryango: rigizwe n’amagambo abiri ari yo : « impuza » rituruka ku nshinga guhuza inkomoko yayo ikaba « guhura », n’imiryango.

    i-n-hur-y-a-ø-mi-ryango n→m/-h, mh→mp mu nyandiko, r+y→z

    Umunyarwanda: iri ni ijambo ryubakiye ku kabimbura “nya”n’ijambo u Rwanda.

    u-mu- nya - ø - ru-and- a u→ w/-J

    Nyiricyubahiro: iri ni ijambo ryubakiye ku kabimbura « nyiri » n’ijambo « icyubahiro».

    nyiri – ø – ki – ubah – ir – o i→ y/-J, ky→cy mu nyandiko

    Nyiramahirwe: iri ni ijambo rigizwe n’ akabimbura “nyira” n’ijambo “amahirwe”.

    nyira – ø – ma – hir - w - e

    semasaka: iri ni ijambo rigizwe n’ akabimbura se n’ijambo “amasaka”.

    se – ø – ma - saka

    Ubwirakabiri: iri ni ijambo rigizwe n’ijambo “ubwira” rituruka ku nshinga kwira n’ikinyazina nyamubaro “kabiri”.

    u – bu – ir – a – ka – biri u→ w/-J

    Imbonekarimwe: iri ni ijambo rigizwe n’ijambo “imboneka” rituruka ku nshinga kuboneka na yo ituruka ku nshinga kubona, n’ikinyazina nyamubaro “rimwe”.

    i – n – bon – ik – a – ri – mwe n→ m/-b, i→ e/- Co-

    Umugiraneza: iri ni izina rigizwe n’amagambo abiri “ umugira” bituruka ku nshinga kugira, n’umugereka w’uburyo “neza”.

    u – mu – gir – a – neza

    Insina z’amatwi: aha harimo amazina abiri “insina n’amatwi” yunzwe n’ikinyazina ngenera “za”.

    i – n – tsina – zi – ø – a – ma - twi t→ ø / n- s, i→ ø/-J

    Amazina agaragaza amasano abantu bafitanye:

    Ingero:

    - Databukwe: aha harimo amazina abiri “data” n’ijambo “ubukwe”.

    ø – ø – data – ø – bu – ko – e o→ w/-J

    - Marume: aha harimo amazina abiri “mama” rikoreshwa muri ngenga ya mbere rigahindura ishusho “ma” n’umusuma ugaragaza isano “rume”.

    ø – ø – ma – rume

    - Masenge: aha harimo amagambo atatu: “mama”, “se” n’ikinyazina ngenga “nge”.

    ø – ø – ma – ø – ø – se – n – gi – e i→ ø/-J ma ni impundurantego ya “mama”.

    - Sogokuru: aha harimo amazina abiri “so” na “kuru”iva kuri ntera mukuru.

    ø – ø – sogo – ø – kuru sogo ni impundurantego ya “so”

    - Nyokobuja: aha harimo amazina abiri “ nyoko” riva kuri mama muri ngenga ya kabiri, n’ijambo “ubuja”.

    ø – ø – nyoko – ø – bu – ja

    - Nyirabuja: aha harimo amazina abiri “nyira” riva kuri mama muri ngenga ya gatatu n’ijambo “ubuja”.

    ø – ø – nyira – ø – bu – ja

    Nyirasenge: ø – ø – nyira – ø – ø – se – n – gi – e

    - Sekuru: ø – ø – se – ø – kuru

    Umwitozo ku mazina y’urusobe

    Umunyeshuri ku giti ke akore neza umwitozo ku mazina y’urusobe.

    1.Tahura amazina y’urusobe yakoreshejwe mu nteruro zikurikira uyaceho akarongo.

        a) Abanyamategeko ni bo bakemura ibibazo byarenze abunzi.

        b) Umwana ubana na nyirakuru amenya byinshi.

        c) Uburingarire bugira uruhare mu iterambere.

        d) Umuntu nyamuntu agomba kuba umugiraneza aho ari hose.

        e) Hambere mu mashuri umunyarwandakazi yarahezwaga cyane.

    2.Shaka amazina y’urusobe ane maze uyakoreshe mu nteruro mbonezamvugo.

    3.Garagaza uturemajambo tw’aya mazina n’amategeko y’igenamajwi.

          a) Umushoramari                 d) Umunyamugisha                   g) Nyirakuru

          b) Abategarugori                  e) Ikimenyabose                         h) Nyokobukwe

          c) Inkandagirabitabo           f ) Ubugwaneza                           i) Nyogosenge

    Inshamake y’ibyizwe muri uyu mutwe wa mbere

    Imyandiko yo muri uyu mutwe ivuga ku buringanire n’ubwuzuzanye hagati y’abashakanye haba mu mirimo inyuranye cyangwa mu micungire y’umutungo ndetse no mu buyobozi. Ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye ryihutisha iterambere ry’umuryango n’iry’Igihugu muri rusange. Leta y’u Rwanda ishyigikiye bidasubirwaho uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye, ndetse ishyiraho ingamba ziha umugore uburyo bwo kugira uruhare haba mu kwiyubakira Igihugu no mu nzego z’imiyoborere.

    Mu bijyanye n’ubumenyi bw’ururimi, twabonye ikiganiro mpaka icyo ari cyo, ikiba kigamijwe mu kiganiro mpaka tunabona uko gikorwa.

    Mu kibonezamvugo twabonyemo inshoza y’amazina y’urusobe. Izina ry’urusobe ni izina rigira uturemajambo turenze utw’izina mbonera. Mu moko y’amazina y’urusobe harimo amazina y’inyunge, amazina y’urujyanonshinga, amazina y’utubimbura, amazina y’imisuma n’amazina y’ingereka. Twabonye ko habamo amwe agaragaza amasano abantu bagirana. Twabonye uturango twayo n’uko bagaragaza intego zayo.

    Isuzuma rusange risoza umutwe wa mbere

    Isuzumwa rikorwa n’abanyeshuri bose kandi buri munyeshuri agakora ku giti ke yubahiriza amabwiriza yahawe.

    Umwandiko: Inzego z’ubuyobozi mu Rwanda


    Igihugu cyacu ni Igihugu giharanira iteka kwiteza imbere. Ibi bikagaragarira mu bufatanye n’ubwuzuzanye mu nzego zinyuranye z’ubuyobozi. U Rwanda nk’Igihugu kigendera ku mategeko rugaragaramo inzego z’ubuyobozi zigabye mu mashami atatu y’ingenzi ari yo Ubutegetsi Nshingategeko, Ubutegetsi Nyubahirizategeko n’Ubutegetsi bw’Ubucamanza. Muri izi nzego zose kandi hagaragaramo uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye bw’ibitsina byombi ndetse n’ibyiciro binyuranye by’Abanyarwanda. Itegeko riteganya nibura mirongo itatu ku ijana by’abagore mu nzego zose z’ubuyobozi kandi abafite ubumuga na bo barahagarariwe.

    Dukurikije imiterere y’inzego muri iki Gihugu cy’u Rwanda mu mwaka wa 2017, urwego rw’Ubutegetsi Nshingategeko rugizwe n’Inteko Nshingamategeko igabanyijemo imitwe ibiri ari yo Umutwe w’Abadepite n’Umutwe w’Abasenateri. Iyi mitwe yombi ikagira inzego ziyishamikiyeho. Aha twavuga nka za komisiyo zinyuranye zishinzwe inzego zitandukanye zirebana n’ubuzima bwose bw’Igihugu. Urugero nka komisiyo y’imibereho myiza y’abaturage, iy’ubukungu, iy’amategeko, iy’uburezi n’izindi. Abagore bagaragara muri izi nzego zavuzwe ndetse no muri izi komisiyo.

    Ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye ntiryirengagijwe mu buyobozi bw’iyi mitwe yombi. Mu nteko hagaragaramo Abanyarwandakazi batari bakeya. Bagira uruhare mu gutegura imishinga y’amategeko Igihugu kigenderaho no kuyajyaho impaka bashingiye cyanecyane ku bitekerezo bakura mu baturage. Izina ryabo ribivuga neza ko ari “Intumwa za rubanda”.

    Urwego rw’Ubutegetsi Nyubahirizategeko na rwo rugabanyijemo amashami menshi atandukanye. Hari za Minisiteri n’ibigo bya Leta binyuranye. Muri za Minisiteri twavuga iy’Uburezi, iy’Ingabo z’Igihugu, iy’Ubutegetsi bw’Igihugu, iy’Umutekano, iy’Ubuhinzi n’Ubworozi, iy’Ibikorwa Remezo, iy’Ububanyi n’Amahanga, iy’Ubuzima, iy’Imari n’Igenamigambi, iy’Abakozi ba Leta n’Umurimo, iy’Uburinganire n’Iterambere ry’Umuryango n’izindi. Ariko izikuriye zose ikitwa Minisiteri y’Intebe. Hari ibigo bishamikiye kuri za Minisiteri bikazifasha kwegereza abagenerwabikorwa bazo serivisi bakeneye. Zimwe mu ngero twatanga ni nk’Ikigo k’Igihugu Gishinzwe Guteza Imbere Uburezi, Igishinzwe Guteza Imbere Ubuhinzi, Igishinzwe Kwihutisha Iterambere, Igishinzwe Imiyoborere, Igishinzwe Ururimi n’Umuco n’ibindi.

    Mu rwego rwo kwegereza abaturage ubuyobozi, Minisiteri y’Ubutegetsi bw’Igihugu ishingira ubuyobozi ku muturage uhereye ku rwego rw’Imudugudu, ikageza ku Tugari, Imirenge, Uturere, Intara n’Umujyi wa Kigali. Mu bayobozi b’izi nzego zose higanjemo abagore kandi bayobora neza. Uru rwego rw’Ubutegetsi Nyubahirizategeko ni rwo rushyira mu bikorwa amategeko yose yatowe n’Urwego rw’Ubutegetsi Nshingategeko mu gihe amaze kwemezwa no gushyirwaho umukono na Nyakubahwa Perezida wa Repubulika agatangazwa mu Igazeti ya Leta y’u Rwanda.

    Urwego rwa gatatu ari na rwo rwa nyuma ni Urwego rw’Ubutegetsi bw’Ubucamanza. Ni urwego rwigenga ugereranyije na ziriya ebyiri zibanza. Nk’uko izina ribivuga, uru rwego ni rwo rushinzwe ibikorwa bifitanye isano n’ubutabera ndetse n’impapuro bijyana. Ni muri iki kiciro dusangamo amategeko, ubwoko bwayo ndetse n’uko agomba gukurikizwa tutibagiwe n’ibihano biteganyirizwa abanyuranyije na yo. Muri ibyo bihano tukibuka ko mu Gihugu cyacu igihano cy’urupfu cyakuwemo.

    Ni intera ishimishije mu muco w’amahoro no kugira ubutabera bugamije kunga no gukosora uwafuditse. Abahamwe n’icyaha bakatirwa igifungo, ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryabyo rikubahirizwa n’Urwego rw’Igihugu Rushinzwe Imfungwa n’Abagororwa. Imfungwa ni abakatiwe igifungo cya burundu naho abagororwa ni abakatiwe igihe runaka k’igifungo cyarangira bagasubira mu buzima busanzwe.

    Muri izo nzego zose z’ubuyobozi ihame ry’imiyoborere myiza, iryo kunoza imikorere, iryo kwegereza abaturage ubuyobozi no gukorera mu mucyo ndetse n’iry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye ni bimwe mu byo Leta y’Ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda yimirije imbere.

    I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko

    1.Rondora inzego eshatu z’ubutegetsi mu Rwanda uko zarondowe mu mwandiko.

    2.Vuga nibura inshingano imwe ya rumwe mu nzego z’ubutegetsi mu Rwanda.

    3. Ni iki cyavuzwe mu mwandiko kigaragaza ko u Rwanda rufite ubuyobozi budaheza igitsina gore?

    4.Ni uruhe rwego rushinzwe gushyiraho amategeko no kugena ibihano ku batayubahirije?

    5.Imfungwa zitandukaniye he n’abagororwa?

    6.Ni ryari itegeko ritangira gukurikizwa?

    II. Inyunguramagambo

    1.Sobanura amagambo cyangwa imvugo zikurikira zigaragara mu mwandiko:

        a) Kugaba amashami

        b) Kwirengagiza

        c) Abagororwa

        d) Yimirije imbere

    2.Tanga imbusane z’aya magambo:

       a) Iterambere

       b) Ubutabera

       c) Kwegereza

    3.Koresha aya magambo wungutse mu nteruro ngufi kandi ziboneye.

    a) Kugaba amashami

    b) Kwirengagiza

    c) Abagororwa

    III. Ikibonezamvugo

    1.Vuga ubwoko bw’amazina aciweho akarongo mu nteruro zikurikira:

        a) Urwego rw’Ubutegetsi Nyubahirizategeko na rwo rugabyemo amashami menshi atandukanye.

        b) Mu nteko hagaragaramo Abanyarwandakazi batari bake.

        c) Ngo igihano cy’urupfu gikwiriye guhabwa uwavukije ubuzima inzirakarengane.

    2.Tahura amazina y’urusobe agaragara muri izi nteruro uyaceho akarongo:

        a) Ubuyobozi bufite igenamigambi ryiza bwihutisha iterambere.

        b) Abanyamahanga benshi batangarira indangagaciro zacu.

    3.Garagaza uturemajambo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi yakoreshejwe kuri aya magambo yandikishije ibara ry’umukara tsiri:

        a) Ubuyobozi bufite igenamigambi ryiza bwihutisha iterambere.

        b) Abanyamahanga benshi batangarira indangagaciro zacu.

    IV. Ubumenyi rusange

    1.Ikiganiro mpaka ni iki?

    2.Vuga unasobanure uruhande rumwe mu bagize ibiganiro mpaka.

    3.Kuki rimwe na rimwe biba ngombwa ko habaho ibiganiro mpaka mu mashuri yisumbuye?

    V. Ihangamwandiko

    Hanga umwandiko mu mirongo itarenga makumyabiri n’itanu (25) kuri imwe muri izi nsanganyamatsiko:

             a) Akamaro k’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu iterambere ry’Igihugu.

             b) Leta y’u Rwanda yashimangiye ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye.

  • Umutwe Wa 2: Ubuzima

    Umwandiko: Ubuzima bw’imyororokere

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    Kampire ni umubyeyi wari afite umwana w’umukobwa wakundaga kubaza ibibazo byinshi kubera amatsiko. Bakundaga kuganira ibintu binyuranye byo mu buzima busanzwe. Umunsi umwe wa mukobwa aza kubaza nyina ati: “Ubundi iyo umwana avuka anyura he?” Nyina amusubiza amubeshya ati: “Anyura mu mukondo”. Biba aho wa mukobwa arakura nk’abandi bose. Nyuma yaje kugira ibyago byo gutwara inda idateganyijwe, cyane ko atari yaranahawe amahirwe yo kwiga nk’abandi bana. Icyo gihe abafite ubumuga ntibitabwagaho. Igihe cyo kubyara kigeze aricara ategereza ko umwana anyura mu mukondo araheba. Kera kabaye nyina aza kubimenya amazi yararenze inkombe, agerageza ibishoboka byose ariko biba iby’ubusa uwo mukobwa akubita igihwereye. Nyamukobwa wawe asigara avuga ko ari nyina wamwiciye umwana.

    Uyu mukecuru Kampire yaje kubiganiriza abandi babyeyi baturanye, abagezaho ishyano yagushije. Abo babyeyi bamubwiye ko na bo babwira abana babo ko umwana bamukura kwa muganga igihe bavuye kubyara murumuna wabo, musaza cyangwa mushiki wabo muto. Bamaze guhuza ayo makuru yabo bose, bumva nta bumenyi buhagije bafite ku buzima bw’imyororokere n’uburyo bwo kwigisha abana babo ibijyanye na bwo. Babiganirije abagabo babo maze bajyana na bo ku kigo nderabuzima kibegereye ngo basobanuze by’imvaho.

    Bakiriwe na Bwiza na Karenzi, abaforomo b’abahanga rwose, maze babibasobanurira birambuye. Bwiza yatangiye agira ati: “Ku ruhande rw’igitsina gabo, iyo umwana w’umuhungu akiri muto, imyanya myibarukiro ye iba isa n’isinziriye. Itangira gukora mu gihe cy’ubugimbi, igatangira imyiteguro ijyanye no kororoka. Icyo gihe igitsina ke gitangira kujya gifata umurego, agatangira no kujya yiroteraho. Udusabo tw’ubugabo dutangira gukora intanga ngabo ubudahwema. Bitandukanye n’umukobwa ukuza intanga imwe buri kwezi. Guhera icyo gihe cyose umuhungu yatangiye kwiroteraho abonanye n’umukobwa cyangwa umugore uri mu gihe cy’uburumbuke yamutera inda (mu gihe nta buryo bwo kwikingira bwakoreshejwe)”.

    Karenzi yungamo ati: “Ku ruhande rw’igitsina gore, nk’uko twabibonye ku muhungu, no ku mukobwa iyo akiri umwana muto imyanya myibarukiro ye iba isa n’igisinziriye. Mu gihe cy’ubwangavu akarerantanga k’intanga ngore karekura intanga imwe buri kwezi; ari byo byitwa irekurantanga. Icyo gihe umura (nyababyeyi) uba witeguye kwakira urusoro. Iyo intanga ngore yahuye n’intanga ngabo, urusoro rujya mu mura. Umwana akurira mu mura mu gihe cy’amezi ikenda. Muri icyo gihe nta mihango ibaho. Iyo nta sama ribayeho, ibyo umura wari warateganyirije kwakira urusoro bisohoka ari amaraso ari byo byitwa imihango. Ibyo ni byo bita ‘ukwezi k’umugore’ ntibivuga ukwezi uku gusanzwe tubariraho amatariki nk’uko bamwe babikeka; ahubwo bivuga ‘Iminsi ihereye ku munsi wa mbere aboneyeho imihango, ikagera ku munsi ubanziriza imihango ikurikira’. Ukwezi k’umugore kugira hagati y’iminsi 21 n’iminsi 35. Iyo umukobwa cyangwa se umugore abonye imihango mbere y’iminsi 21 cyangwa se nyuma y’iminsi 35 agomba kujya kwa muganga kugira ngo agirwe inama ku mpamvu zaba zibitera n’uburyo byakosorwa.

    Hari abagore bagira iminsi y’ukwezi idahinduka n’abandi bagira iminsi ihindagurika bitewe n’impamvu zinyuranye. Muri zo twavuga imikorere y’umubiri, imirire, uburwayi, uguhangayika, ubwoba bukabije n’ibindi. Twibuke ko ku mugore iyo intanga ze zishize habaho gucura (kurangira ko kubona urubyaro) mu kigero k’imyaka nka 45 kuzamura. Muri rusange umubare w’intanga ku mugore ubarirwa hagati ya 400 na 450. Ntitwakwirengagiza kandi ko hariho abagira umwihariko wo gutakaza intanga ebyiri ku kwezi kumwe.” Umuforomokazi Bwiza arongera ati: “Nuko rero ntimugatinye kubisobanurira abana banyu.” Ba babyeyi bose bataha banyuzwe n’icyo kiganiro, baniyemeza kujya babyigisha abana babo batabiciye ku ruhande. Aba bagabo n’abagore bamaze kugera ku midugudu yabo batangiye kubyigisha abandi babyeyi.

    Niduhere kuri ibyo, tumenye uko twacunga ubuzima bwacu bw’imyororokere, tubusobanurire n’abandi cyanecyane abakiri bato. Bizabafasha kudahahamurwa n’imihindukire y’imyanya myibarukiro yabo uko bagenda bakura, no kudahuriramo n’ingorane, zaba izo gutera cyangwa gutwara inda mu buryo budateganyijwe, zaba izo kwandura indwara zandurira mu myanya ndangagitsina harimo n’agakoko gatera SIDA. N’ugize icyo abona kuri we adasobanukiwe ahanuze ku babishinzwe barimo abaganga n’abandi bafatanyabikorwa babo nk’abajyanama b’ubuzima. Hato hatazagira uzira kutamenya no kutabaza, cyane ko “Intamenya irira ku muziro” kandi ngo: “Ukura utabaza ugasaza utamenye.” Murumva rero ko twese bitureba, tumenye ubuzima bw’imyororokere, tutazisama twasandaye!

    Byateguwe hifashishijwe imfashanyigisho ya Minisiteri y’Ubuzima y’amahugurwa ku byerekeye ubuzima bw’imyororokere.

    I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko

    1.Uyu mwandiko uravuga kuri ba nde?

    2.Abavugwa muri uyu mwandiko bahujwe n’ikibazo kijyanye n’ibiki? Byari byagenze bite?

    3.Sobanura impamvu ivugwa mu mwandiko yatumye uriya mukobwa atajyanwa mu ishuri.

    4.Sobanura igihe umukecuru Kampire yamenyeye ikibazo umukobwa we afite n’uko yabyifashemo.

    5.Gereranya imyumvire ya Kampire n’iya bariya babyeyi bandi ku bijyanye no kuganiriza abana ku buzima bw’imyororokere.

    6.Erekana umwanzuro ababyeyi bafashe nyuma yo kubona ko nibikomeza bityo bazakomeza guhura n’ingorane.

    7.Shaka mu mwandiko ingero eshatu zerekana ko bamwe mu babyeyi bagira isoni zo kubwiza ukuri abana babo ibijyanye n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere.

    8.Hitamo igisubizo kiri cyo muri ibi bikurikira wifashishije umwandiko:

    (i) Uriya mukobwa ntiyize ishuri kuko:

         a) Yari munini cyane.

         b) Atabishakaga.

         c) Abafite ubumuga batitabwagaho.

         d) Atagiraga nyina.

    (ii) Ababyeyi bageze ku kigo nderabuzima bakiriwe na:

           a) Kiza, umuforomokazi w’umuhanga cyane.

           b) Bwiza, umuforomokazi w’umuswa cyane.

           c) Keza, umuforomokazi w’umuhanga cyane.

           d) Bwiza na Karenzi abaforomo b’abahanga cyane.

    (iii) Ubuzima bw’imyororokere bugomba kwitabwaho no gusobanurirwa abana bakiri bato kugira ngo:

           a) Bakure batazi imihindukire y’imibiri yabo bizabarinde ingorane zari zibategereje.

           b) Bakure bazi imihindukire y’imibiri yabo bizabarinde ingorane zari zibategereje.

           c) Bakure bazi gutegura amafunguro neza.

           d) Ibirayi bigabanyirizwe igiciro kuko bihenze cyane.

    (iv) Ukwezi k’umugore kugira:

            a) Iminsi iri hagati ya 21 na 35.

            b) Iminsi itarenga 30.

            c) Ibyumweru bibiri n’igice.

            d) Buri gihe iminsi 35.

    II. Inyunguramagambo

    1.Shaka ibisobanuro by’amagambo cyangwa amatsinda y’amagambo akurikira ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:

        a) Amazi yarenze inkombe                 e) Igihe cy’uburumbuke

        b) Gukubita igihwereye                       f ) Urusoro

        c) Biba iby’ubusa g) Kwisama wasandaye    

        d) Gucura

    III. Umwitozo wo gukoresha amagambo mu nteruro

    Umunyeshuri nakoreshe neza amagambo mu nteruro ziboneye.

    1.Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro ngufi kandi ziboneye:

            a) Guheba                                 d) Ukororoka

            b) Kugusha ishyano                e) Urusoro

            c) Urujijo

    2.Uzuza interuro zikurikira ukoresheje amagambo ukuye mu mwandiko:

    a) Iyo umwana adasobanuriwe ubuzima bw’imyororokere ashobora gusama cyangwa gutera inda ..................

    b) Kampire yaje kubiganiriza abandi babyeyi baturanye, abagezaho ishyano..................

    c) Abantu benshi usanga badafite ubumenyi buhagije ku buzima ..................

    d) Ababyeyi bageze ku kigo nderabuzima bakiriwe na .................. umuforomokazi w’umuhanga rwose.

    e) Iyo umukobwa amaze gukura imyanya .................. ye itangira kwitegura ibijyanye n’ukororoka.

    IV. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko

    1.Nimwerekane ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka ziri muri uyu mwandiko.

    2.Ibivugwa muri uyu mwandiko bihuriye he n’ubuzima busanzwe ?

    3.Usomye umusozo w’uyu mwandiko urasanga umwanditsi asaba iki umwangavu cyangwa ingimbi izawusoma?

    4.Wumva kwigisha hakiri kare ibice by’umubiri ndetse n’iby’imyanya myibarukiro n’akamaro kabyo hari icyo byamarira abangavu cyangwa ingimbi mu rwego rwo kurinda ubuzima bwabo no kugabanya ubwiyongere bw’abaturage butajyanye n’umusaruro beza?

    IV. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro

    Buri munyeshuri nakore umwitozo wo kwimenyereza kuvugira imbere ya bagenzi be. Uyu mwitozo mushobora no kuwukorera hanze y’ishuri, mu gihe musubiramo amasomo yanyu.

    Kwitoza kuvugira mu ruhame.
    Bwira bagenzi bawe ibyo uyu mwandiko ugusigiye uhereye ku ngingo yo guharanira ubuzima bwiza.

    Amasaku mu nteruro

    Soma interuro zikurikira maze witegereze amagambo y’umukara tsiri azirimo.

    a) Biba aho wa mukobwa arakura nk’abandi bose.
    →abaândi/ nk’âbaândi
    Biba aho wâa mukoôbwa arakûra nk’âbaândi bôose.

    b) Ariko biba iby’ubusa akubita igihwereye.
    → ubusâ/ iby’ûbusâ
    Arîko biba iby’ûbusâ akubita igihwêereye.

    c) N’andi makuru nk’ayo atera urujijo mu bana.
    → andî/ n’âandî; ayo/ nk’aâyo
    N’âandî makurû nk’aâyo atera urujijo mu bana.

    d) Bumva nta bumenyi buhagije bafite ku buzima bw’imyororokere n’uburyo bwo kwigisha abana babo ibijyanye na bwo.
    → imyoôrorokere/ bw’îmyoôrorokere; uburyô/ n’ûburyô
    Buumva ntâa bumenyi buhaagîje bafitê ku buzima bw’îmyoôrorokere n’ûburyô bwô kwîigiisha abâana bâabo ibijyâanye na bwô.

    e) Biyemeza kugana ikigo nderabuzima kibegereye ngo basobanuze by’imvaho.
    → imvâahô/ by’îimvâahô
    Biiyemeza kugana ikigô nderabuzima kibeêgereye ngo basobâanuze by’îimvâahô.

    f ) Bakiriwe na Bwiza, umuforomokazi w’umuhanga rwose.

    → Bwiizâ/ na Bwîizâ; umuhaânga/ w’ûmuhaânga
    Baâkiriwe na Bwîizâ, umuforomokazi w’ûmuhaânga rwôose.

    g) Ku ruhande rw’igitsina gabo na ho, iyo umwana w’umuhungu akiri muto, imyanya myibarukiro ye iba isa n’isinziriye.
    → igitsîna/ rw’îgitsîna; umuhuûngu/ w’ûmuhuûngu; isîinziriye/ n’îisîinziriye
    Ku ruhaânde rw’îgitsîna gabo na hô, iyô umwâana w’ûmuhuûngu akirî mutô, imyaânya myîibarukiro yê iba isâ n’îisîinziriye.

    Ubutinde n’amasaku by’aya magambo muri ibyo byiciro byombi biratandukanye.


    Amasaku mbonezanteruro

    Amagambo hari igihe ahindura amasaku bitewe n’uko yakoreshejwe mu nteruro. Ni ukuvuga ko imiterere y’amasaku kamere mu ijambo ndetse n’ubutinde ishobora guhinduka bitewe n’uko iryo jambo rishyizwe hamwe n’andi mu itsinda ry’amagambo cyanecyane mu nteruro. Mu rukurikirane rw’amagambo mu nteruro, hari amoko y’amagambo atuma habaho imihindagurikire y’amasaku. Ayo ni nk’ibyungo na na nka ndetse n’ibinyazina ngenera bifite igicumbi –a (wa, ba, ya rya, za...).

    Amategeko agenga imihindagurikire y’amasaku mu nteruro:
    Mu nteruro amasaku asanzwe ashobora guhinduka bitewe n’ibyungo cyangwa ibinyazina nk’uko byavuzwe haruguru. Imihindagurikire yayo yisanisha n’amagambo fatizo akoreshwa iyo higishwa amasaku. Ayo magambo ni aya akurikira: umugabo, umuuntu, umusôre, umugorê, umwâana, umwaâmi, reerô, isâahâ, inkâ, uyu...

    Ingero:
                 – Ihenê n’îinkâ
                 – Umwâana wa gâtaanu.
                 – Rimwê na kâbiri.
                 – Umugabo n’ûmugorê barûuzuzanya.
                 – Ageenda nk’Âbagesera.
                 – Abâana b’âbahûungu baanganya uburêengaanzirâ n’âab’âbakoôbwa.
                 – Ageenda nka Kâmaana.
                 – Saavê ituuwe nka Kîbuungo.
                 – Umureenge wa Rûheeru nî uwô mu Karêerê kaa Nyaruguru.
                 – Musâanze yuubatse nk’Ûmujyî wa Kîgalî.
                 – Akuunda amâazi nk’îifî.
                 – Umuhoro w’âabâana ushira doondidoondi.
                 – Inâama z’uûriiya muforomokazi zaâgize umumaro.

    Ikitonderwa:
    a) Hashobora kuboneka n’andi moko y’amagambo ahindura amasaku kamere y’ijambo bijyanye. Urugero nk’indangahantu “i“

    Ingero:
                 – Saavê
                 – Agiiye i Sâavê.
                 – Rwaankûba
                 – Bâriîya bâana biiga i Rwâankûba.

    b) Ariya magambo atera ihinduka ry’amasaku mu nteruro iyo akoresheje impindurantego zayo zifite inyajwi o, ni ukuvuga icyungo no na nko n’ibinyazina ngenera bifite igicumbi –o, ni yo afata isaku nyejuru.
                    - Kuryâ nô kuryâama biraangana.
                    - Amâazi yô kunywâ barayâteeka.

    Umwitozo ku masaku mu nteruro
    Umunyeshuri nakore neza umwitozo wo kugaragaza ubutinde n’amasaku ku nteruro, yubahiriza uko bikorwa.
     1.Andika interuro zikurikira ugaragaza ubutinde bw’imigemo n’imiterere y’amasaku:
             a) Umukobwa w’uriya mubyeyi yakundaga kubaza ibintu byinshi.
             b) Ivuga nk’izindi ngo: “Ngiyo kanwa kabi”.
             c) Ababyeyi n’abana bagomba kuganira.
             d) I Save higa abanyeshuri benshi.
             e) Inama zo kwa muganga zifasha abantu benshi.

    2.Tanga ingero eshatu z’amagambo anyuranye ushobora gukoresha mu nteruro agatera ihinduka ry’amasaku muri iyo nteruro.


    Umwandiko: Inkingo n’akamaro kazo

    m

    Iyo tuganiriye n’abasaza n’abakecuru bo mu miryango yacu, batubwira ko ubuzima bwa muntu bwagiye bwugarizwa n’indwara nyinshi zirimo n’iz’ibyorezo. Ngizo za mugiga, iseru, akaniga, imbasa, n’izindi. Ngo kera indwara z’ibyorezo zarabibasiraga zikabica umusubizo. Ariko muri ibyo byose impuguke n’abashakashatsi mu by’ubuzima ntibahwemye kubungabunga amagara y’abantu ngo barebe ko ibyo bisumizi byagenda nka nyomberi. Ni muri urwo rwego havumbuwe inkingo zinyuranye.

    Izo nkingo zihabwa abana mu byiciro bitandukanye by’ubuzima bwabo hari n’izihabwa abakuze mu bihe bimwe na bimwe. Abagore batwite, abantu bagiye mu ngendo zitandukanye aho bashobora guhuriramo n’indwara z’ibikatu. Urugero nk’abasirikari cyangwa n’abaporisi bagiye mu butumwa bwo kubungabunga amahoro ku isi. Abana b’abakobwa bujuje imyaka cumi n’ibiri na bo bahabwa urukingo rwa kanseri y’inkondo y’umura.

    Abantu bakuru muri rusange bajya bahabwa inkingo igihe hateye indwara z’ibikatu nka mugiga, indwara y’umwijima wo mu bwoko bwa epatite B n’izindi. Izo nkingo zose rero zifite akamaro gakomeye ko kurinda no gukumira indwara zitarinjira mu mubiri w’umuntu. Gusa mu gihe abantu babikangurirwa hariho bamwe usanga bavunira ibiti mu matwi, kubibwirwa bikaba nko kugosorera mu rucaca cyangwa gucurangira abahetsi.

    Ibyo ari byo byose buri mubyeyi w’Umunyarwanda agomba kwitabira guhesha abana be inkingo zose nk’uko ziteganywa na Minisiteri y’Ubuzima muri gahunda yayo yo kurwanya indwara z’ibyorezo mu bana bato. Izo nkingo ni izo kurwanya indwara zikurikira: igituntu, imbasa, kokorishi, agakwega (tetanosi), akaniga, impiswi, iseru n’izindi.

    Gukingira abana bikorwa kuri gahunda. Iyo umwana akivuka ahabwa urukingo rw’igituntu n’urw’imbasa. Yamara ukwezi n’igice agahabwa urw’imbasa, kokorishi, agakwega bamwe bita tetanosi, akaniga, umwijima wo mu bwoko bwa epatite B, pinemokoke hamwe n’urw’impiswi. Ku mezi abiri n’igice akingirwa nanone imbasa, kokorishi, agakwega, akaniga, umwijima, umusonga n’impiswi. Iyo umwana yujuje amezi atatu n’igice ahabwa urukingo rw’imbasa, kokorishi, agakwega, akaniga, umwijima, umusonga n’impiswi. Yongera gukingirwa agize amezi ikenda aho ahabwa urukingo rw’iseru na rubeyore. Iyo agejeje ku mezi cumi n’atanu, ni ukuvuga umwaka n’amezi atatu ahabwa urukingo rw’iseru ari na rwo ruheruka izindi muri uru ruhererekane rwazo. Iyi gahunda y’inkingo ikwiye gufatwa nk’amata y’abashyitsi, ikitabirwa, abantu bakareba ko bakubita inshuro izi ndwara ziba zishaka kubibasira ngo zibamire bunguri. Abashinzwe kubika no gutanga inkigo na bo bagomba kubikorana ubwitonzi n’ubushishozi kugira ngo zitangwe mu buryo bwujuje ubuziranenge.

    Abavumbuye izi nkingo hatibagiwe na Leta y’u Rwanda izidutegurira ikazitwishyurira ndetse ikanazidukangurira dukwiriye kubakurira ubwatsi. Aha kandi ntawakwibagirwa ko zose zitangirwa ubuntu binyujijwe muri gahunda za Minisiteri y’Ubuzima. Mu rwego mpuzamahanga haracyashakishwa n’izindi nkingo z’indwara z’ibyorezo nka SIDA, ebora, kanseri, diyabete n’izindi. Reka tubitege amaso kuko “Ntawuvuma iritararenga”.

    Twibuke kandi ko kwirengagiza gufata inkingo byakururira umuntu akaga gakomeye kuko bishobora kumuzanira ubumuga bukomeye cyangwa se n’urupfu. Urukingo ni ingabo y’ubuzima, kandi “kwirinda biruta kwivuza.”

    Byateguwe hifashishijwe imfashanyigisho ya Minisiteri y’Ubuzima, Gahunda yo gukingiza umwana.

    I. Ibibazo byo kumwa umwandiko

    1.Ni ibiki mu mwandiko bavuga ko byagiye byibasira ubuzima bw’abantu?

    2.Rondora indwara z’ibyorezo zavuzwe mu mwandiko.

    3.Sobanura uburyo indwara z’ibyorezo zishobora kwirindwa uhereye no ku bivugwa mu mwandiko. 4.Sobanura akamaro k’inkingo.

    5.Erekana indwara zavuzwe mu mwandiko zitarabonerwa urukingo. Mu mwandiko bavuga ko hari gukorwa iki kuri izo ndwara?

    6.Wavuga iki ku buryo bwo kubika no gutanga inkingo ubihuza n’ubuziranenge?

    7.Gahunda y’inkingo igenewe abana gusa? Byerekane wifashishije umwandiko.

    8.Hari abantu bamwe birengagiza gahunda y’inkingo. Wumva hari ingaruka mbi byatera? Sobanura igisubizo cyawe.

    II. Inyunguramagambo

    1.Shaka ibisobanuro by’amagambo akurikira ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:

          a) Ibisumizi                                     g) Kugosorera mu rucaca

          b) Umusubizo                                 h) Kokorishi

          c) Kugenda nka nyomberi             i) Rubeyore

          d) Urukingo                                      j) Akanigae) Ubumuga

          k) Agakwega                                     f) Kuvunira ibiti mu matwi

    2.Shaka impuzanyito z’aya amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:

          a) Kugarizwa                                             b) Amagara

    3.Shaka imbusane z’aya magambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:

            a) Aba kera

            b) Abana

            c) Rimwe na rimwe

    III. Umwitozo wo gukoresha amagambo mu nteruro

    Umunyeshuri nakoreshe neza amagambo mu nteruro ziboneye

    Koresha aya magambo dusanga mu mwandiko mu nteruro wihimbiye:

    a) Ibyorezo                   c) Kubungabunga        e) Ubuziranenge

    b) Impuguke                d) Kugosorera mu rucaca

    IV. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko

    1.Erekana ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka ziri muri uyu mwandiko.

    2.Iyo urebye aho mutuye usanga gahunda y’inkingo yitabirwa ite?

    3. Nyuma yo gusoma uyu mwandiko ni izihe nama ugiye gutanga aho mutuye kugira ngo iyo gahunda yo kwitabira inkingo irusheho kunozwa?

    4.Ibivugwa muri uyu mwandiko bihuriye he n’ubuzima busanzwe bwa buri munsi mu rwego rwo guharanira ubuzima bwiza?

    V. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro

    Kungurana ibitekerezo:

    Insanganyamatsiko:

    “Kudakingirwa ntacyo bitwaye nta n’ingaruka byagira ku buzima.”

    Umwitozo wo kwitoza kuvugira mu ruhame:
    Buri munyeshuri nakore umwitozo wo kwimenyereza kuvugira imbere ya bagenzi be.

    Ukurikije ibyo wumvise muri uyu mwandiko, geza kuri bagenzi bawe ibyo utekereza uhereye ku ngingo yo guharanira ubuzima bwiza.

    Inshamake y’ibyizwe muri uyu mutwe wa kabiri

    Muri uyu mutwe twasesenguye imyandiko ivuga ku nsanganyamatsiko y’ubuzima. Twabonye ko ubuzima bw’imyororokere bugomba kwigishwa abana bakiri bato, baba abahungu ndetse n’abakobwa. Ibi bikazabafasha kumenya uko bitwara mu gihe k’imihindukire y’imibiri yabo kandi bikanabafasha no kurwanya ingorane zaterwa no kudasobanukirwa imikorere y’imibiri yabo. Mu kubungabunga ubuzima kandi harimo no kwitabira gahunda y’inkingo kuko zituma ubuzima bw’umwana bugira umutekano n’ubudahangarwa kuva akiri mu nda ya nyina kugeza igihe avutse no mu mikurire ye.

    Mu kibonezamvugo twabonye imikoreshereze y’amasaku mu nteruro. Twabonyemo amwe mu magambo akunze gutera ihinduka ry’ubutinde bw’imigemo n’imiterere y’amasaku by’amagambo mu nteruro, nk’ibyungo na na nka, ibinyazina ngenera bifite igicumbi –a ndetse n’indangahantu “i”. Twabonye kandi n’amwe mu mategeko arebana n’iyo mihindukire y’amasaku.

    Isuzuma rusange risoza umutwe wa kabiri

    Isuzumwa rikorwa n’abanyeshuri bose kandi buri munyeshuri agakora ku giti ke yubahiriza amabwiriza yahawe.

    Umwandiko: Ubuzima bw’umuntu

    Ubuzima bw’umuntu bukenera ibintu binyuranye kugira ngo bushobore kubungabungwa no kuzira umuze. Muri ibyo byose habamo kugenera umubiri wacu ibikwiye byose, birimo no kuwurinda indwara z’ibyorezo twitabira gahunda y’inkingo. Habamo kandi no gutangira kwigisha umuntu ibijyanye n’imiterere ndetse n’imibereho ye kuva akiri muto. Twabyitwaramo dute rero ngo dushobore kurengera ubuzima bwacu?

    Mu by’ukuri ntawudakeneye kubaho neza. Ni yo mpamvu ubuzima bwa muntu bugomba kwitabwaho kuva akiri mu nda ya nyina umubyara. Ni muri urwo rwego umugore utwite agomba kwitabira gahunda yo kwipimisha igihe cyose akimara kumenya ko yasamye. Ibi biberaho kugira ngo uwo mubyeyi ahabwe inama zose ndetse n’amabwiriza bireba umugore utwite. Agomba guhabwa inama, imiti cyangwa inkingo byose bimuteganyirizwa muri icyo gihe cyose cyo gutwita kugeza igihe azabyarira.

    Igihe umubyeyi amaze kwibaruka uruhinja, agomba kwitwararika agakurikiza amabwiriza yose ahabwa n’abaganga ku bijyanye n’imikurire y’umwana. Agomba kubika neza ifishi y’ikingira, kandi akitwararika kujya ayirebaho kenshi kugira ngo amenye neza ko itariki y’ikingira rikurikiraho yegereje. Nta mwana ugomba kuvutswa ayo mahirwe, kuko bishobora kumukururira akaga gakomeye mu gihe ke kiri imbere. Umwana udahawe inkingo uko bikwiye bishobora kumuviramo kwibasirwa n’indwara z’ibyorezo zishobora kumutera ubumuga butandukanye cyangwa se bikaba byanamuviramo urupfu.

    Hari abamugazwa n’imbasa cyangwa bagahitanwa n’igituntu, akaniga ndetse na mugiga. Ni kuki rwose twakwemera ko ibyo byorezo biduhekura kandi byarabonewe inkingo? Si umwana gusa kandi ukeneye inkingo kuko n’abakuze bajya bazihabwa iyo bibaye ngombwa, nk’igihe hateye indwara z’ibyorezo nka tetanosi, indwara y’umwijima... Abasirikari n’abaporisi bagiye mu bikorwa byo kubungabunga amahoro mu bice binyuranye byo ku isi na bo bateganyirizwa inkingo ngo badahurira n’izo kabutindi mu mashyamba zikabanyuza mu ryoya. Ku bana b’abakobwa bujuje imyaka 12 kandi na bo bakingirwa kanseri y’inkondo y’umura. Abana b’abakobwa bagomba kwitabwaho, kuko kera wasangaga umwana w’umukobwa atitabwaho, ndetse n’igihe akuze akaba umugore ugasanga akandamizwa n’umugabo we, ntahabwe agaciro nk’uko bikwiriye. Nyamara ari we mutima w’urugo, akwiye kuzuzanya n’umugabo we bakaruteza imbere.

    Si inkingo gusa zitabwaho mu kurengera ubuzima. Abana bagomba kwigishwa ibijyanye n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere bakiri bato. Kuko bibafasha kumenya imihindagurikire y’imibiri yabo uko bagenda bakura n’uko bagomba kubyitwaramo. Ubuzima bwacu rero buri mu biganza byacu. Icyakora haracyari indwara z’ibyorezo zigishakirwa inkingo. Harimo SIDA yigize akateye idutwara abantu umusubizo, za ebora tujya twumva hamwe na hamwe muri Afurika. Hari kandi za diyabete, indwara zifitanye isano n’umutima n’umuvuduko w’amaraso, n’izindi.

    Abantu bagomba no kwirinda ibindi bibi byose byashyira ubuzima bwabo mu bibazo nk’umwiryane, ubwiyahuzi, ubusinzi, ubusambanyi, ibiyobyabwenge ndetse n’ibindi. Bagaharanira kugira ubuzima bwiza, bita ku isuku, gukangukira gukunda umurimo no kuwunoza kuko ari byo bizabakura mu gihirahiro bikabageza ku iterambere rirambye. Abantu bose muri rusange, bagomba kwibuka gufata amafunguro yujuje ubuziranange kuko bitabaye bityo, bakayafata yangiritse cyangwa yararengeje igihe, utujuje ubuziranenge na byo byabakururira akaga gakomeye.

    Muri iki gihe tugezemo rwose ntidukwiye kurangara ngo indwara zitwibasire uko zibonye cyangwa ngo twishore mu bidakwiye. Ahubwo twese nk’abitsamuye duhagurukire rimwe tubirwanye twivuye inyuma kandi tuzabitsinda burundu, ubuzima bwacu buzire umuze busagambe.

    I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
    1.Sobanura impamvu umugore utwite agomba kwitabira gahunda yo kwipimisha igihe cyose akimara kumenya ko yasamye.

    2.Ni izihe ngaruka umwana udahawe inkingo uko bikwiye ashobora guhura na zo?

    3.Erekana indwara zigenerwa inkingo zavuzwe mu mwandiko.

    4.Uyu mwandiko hari aho uvuga ku buringanire n’ubwuzuzanye. Byerekane wifashishije n’amagambo y’umwandiko.

    5.Uhereye no ku bivugwa mu mwandiko, sobanura akamaro ko kwigisha abana bacu ibijyanye n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere bakiri bato.

    6.Erekana ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka zikubiye muri uyu mwandiko.

    7.Erekana ibice bigize uyu mwandiko.

    8. Vuga irindi somo mu yo mwiga rifitanye isano n’ibivugwa muri uyu mwandiko unasobanure impamvu.

    II. Inyunguramagambo
    1.Shaka ibisobanuro by’amagambo cyangwa amatsinda y’amagambo akurikira ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:

             a) Akitwararika d) Biduhekura
             b) Kuvutswa e) Kabutindi
             c) Kwibasirwa

    2.Tanga impuzanyito z’aya magambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:

             a) Kubungabungwa                           d) Mu gihirahiro
             b) Kunyuza mu ryoya                        e) Busagambe
             c) Umusubizo                                     f ) Kwibaruka

    3. Shaka imbusane z’aya magambo yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:

                    a) Umwiryane                     b) Gutangira            c) Nyinshi

    III. Ikibonezamvugo
    Andukura izi nteruro ugaragaza ubutinde bw’imigemo n’imiterere y’amasaku:

    1.Uriya mukobwa yiga i Save.

    2.Ubuzima bw’umuntu bukenera ibintu binyuranye.

    3.Twirinde indwara z’ibyorezo twitabira gahunda y’inkingo.

    4.Mu by’ukuri rero ntawudakeneye kubaho.

    5.Ni yo mpamvu ubuzima bwa muntu bugomba kwitabwaho guhera umwana akiri mu nda ya nyina umubyara.

    6.Umwana udahawe inkingo nk’uko bikwiye ashobora no gupfa.

  • Umutwe Wa 6: Umuco w’amahoro

    Umwandiko: Ingaruka za jenoside


    Nk’uko buri gikorwa cyose cyaba kiza cyangwa kibi kigira inkurikizi, aho jenoside yagiye iba hose ku isi hagiye hagaragara ingaruka mbi nyinshi kandi zikomeye. Ingero zatangwa zirimo gutakaza abantu benshi kandi b’ingeri zose. Hari ukwangirika k’umuryango, ihungabana ku bayirokotse. Izahara ry’ubukungu tutibagiwe ipfunwe n’ikimwaro ku bayikoze. Iryo pfunwe rikaba intandaro y’ihakana n’ipfobya ryayo n’ibindi. Mu Rwanda na ho jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994 yagize ingaruka mu mibanire y’Abanyarwanda, ku bukungu n’imibereho myiza y’abaturage.

    Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi muri Mata 1994 yasize ingaruka zitabarika. Yashegeshe umuryango nyarwanda ku buryo bukomeye. Miriyoni irenga y’Abanyarwanda bahasize ubuzima mu gihe kitarenze amezi atatu gusa. Abantu bavukijwe ubuzima bazira uko bavutse ubwo imbaraga z’Igihugu zirahatikirira. Jenoside yasize imfubyi n’abapfakazi benshi. Yasize inshike ahandi imiryango irazima rwose ku buryo nta n’uwo kubara inkuru warokotse. Jenoside kandi yasize urwikekwe mu Banyarwanda. Icyakora Leta yashyizemo imbaraga nyinshi ngo ikumire amacakubiri yongere yunge Abanyarwanda. Ibyo ibikora binyuze cyanecyane muri Komisiyo y’Igihugu y’Ubumwe n’Ubwiyunge ifite mu nshingano zayo ubumwe n’ubwiyunge bw’Abanyarwanda. Leta y’u Rwanda kandi yashyizeho amategeko atavangura inagenzura iyubahirizwa ryayo.

    Mu rwego rw’ubukungu u Rwanda rwarasenyutse ku buryo bukomeye, igipimo cy’ubukungu kigwa hasi cyane, ibikorwa remezo birangirika harimo amashuri n’amavuriro, inganda, amasomero n’ibindi. Banki zarasahuwe cyane. Bavuga ko Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi muri Mata 1994 ikirangira, Banki Nkuru y’Igihugu yari irimo inote z’ijana gusa na zo zibarirwa ku ntoki. Si ibi gusa kandi kuko hari n’ikibazo gikomeye cyo gufasha abarokotse Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi muri Mata 1994 basizwe iheruheru na yo kongera kwiyubaka. Ibyo byakozwe hatibagiwe gutunga imfungwa n’abagororwa benshi cyane bakoze icyaha cya jenoside n’ibindi byaha biyishamikiyeho. Ubwo kandi ni na ko Leta y’u Rwanda yitaga no ku bandi Banyarwanda batishoboye.

    Jenoside yahungabanyije umutekano w’Igihugu. Wakwibaza uti: “Ihungabana ry’umutekano rihuriye he n’ingaruka za jenoside? Abakoze jenoside bagerageje guhunga kandi ntibatuza. Bakomeje kugerageza guhungabanya umutekano w’Igihugu inshuro zitari nke. Mu gukomeza kuyihakana no gushaka gusibanganya ibimenyetso hakorwa ibikorwa bibi byo guhungabanya umutekano w’abayirokotse.

    Mu ruhando mpuzamahanga u Rwanda rwagize ipfunwe. Igihugu cyabayemo jenoside mu rwego mpuzamahanga gisigarana ipfunwe ku buryo bukomeye ndetse rimwe na rimwe kigahabwa akato cyanecyane abagikomokamo. Abantu bose b’icyo gihugu basigara bareberwa mu ndorerwamo y’ubwicanyi. Ni ko byagendekeye n’Igihugu cyacu aho Abanyarwanda bagendaga hirya no hino ku isi wasangaga bafatwa nk’abicanyi bigatuma badahabwa ibyo bakeneye nk’uko bikwiye.

    Ingaruka za jenoside ni nyinshi cyane urebye aho yagiye ikorwa hose. Ku bw’ibyo rero, jenoside ikwiriye kurwanywa mu buryo ubwo ari bwose n’aho ari ho hose. Ingengabitekerezo yayo igakumirirwa kure. Ikigeretse kuri ibyo, jenoside ihitana abantu bazira uko bavutse. Birababaje kuziza umuntu uko yisanze kandi ataranabihisemo.

    Byateguwe hifashishijwe: Komisiyo y’Igihugu yo Kurwanya Jenoside, Ikiganiro ku ihakana n’ipfobya rya Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda 1994, Kigali, 2015.

    I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko

    1.Rondora nibura ingaruka enye za Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi ku Gihugu cyacu.

    2.Vuga nibura ibintu bibiri by’ingenzi Leta y’u Rwanda yakoze ngo igarure ubumwe n’amahoro mu Banyarwanda?

    3.Jenoside yaba yaradutwaye abantu bangana iki?

    4.Jenoside ivugwa mu mwandiko yakozwe mu gihe kingana iki?

    5.Ni iyihe mpamvu y’ibanze igaragara mu mwandiko yo guhakana no gupfobya jenoside?

    6.Ni ikihe kimenyetso simusiga kigaragaza ko jenosine yasize ubukungu bw’u Rwanda buri hasi bikabije ?

    7.Rondora nibura izindi ngaruka enye za Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi zitavuzwe mu mwandiko.

    II. Inyunguramagambo

    1.Sobanura amagambo akurikira ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko:

           a) Jenoside                       d) Gushegesha

           b) Ihungabana                e) Inshike

           c) Ipfobya                         f ) Kuzima k’umuryango

    2.Garagaza amagambo ari mu mwandiko ahuje inyito n’aya akurikira:

         a) Kwishishanya, umwe yumva ko undi yamugirira nabi.

         b) Kwisanga nta kintu ugifite bitewe n’icyago runaka cyaguteye.

         c) Gukumirwa kubera ko wanzwe.d) Nyinshi ku buryo bukabije.

    3.Garagaza imbusane z’aya magambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:

             a) Ipfunwe                b) Rwarasenyutse

    III. Umwitozo wo gukoresha amagambo mu nteruro

    Umunyeshuri nakoreshe neza amagambo mu nteruro ziboneye.

    Uzuza interuro zikurikira wifashishije amagambo yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko.

         a) Kana yariye umwenda w’abandi none agira .................... ryo kujya mu bandi.

         b) Icyaha cya .................... kibasira inyoko muntu.

         c) Leta y’u Rwanda yashyizeho amategeko ahana abagaragayeho .................... ya jenoside.

         d) Ibyaha bya jenoside byasigiye abantu ....................

         e) Komisiyo y’Igihugu y’ .................... n’ .................... yagize uruhare rukomeye mu kunga Abanyarwanda.

    IV. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko

    1.Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka ziri mu mwandiko.

    2.Ukurikije ingaruka zavuzwe mu mwandiko n’izitavuzwe, urumva hari ikindi cyaha kiruta gukora jenoside?

    3.Mubona ari iki cyakorwa mu rwego rwo gukumira jenoside?

    V. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro

    Kujya impaka

    Muge impaka kuri iyi nsanganyamatsiko ikurikira:

    Nta mpamvu yo gukiranura abantu barwanye utazi icyo bapfa kuko ushobora guhurira n’ibibazo mu mirwano yabo. Ibyiza ni ukwikuriramo akawe karenge inzira zikigendwa maze ukabaha rugari bakesurana. N’ubundi Abanyarwanda bari barabivuze ngo: “Usenya urwe umutiza umuhoro”. Umuntu utekereza atya uramushyigikiye cyangwa ntimuhuje imyumvire? Wifashishije ingero zifatika, sobanura uruhande ubogamiyemo.

    Inyandiko mvugo

    Soma iyi nyandiko mvugo y’inama, uyisesengure utahura inshoza n’uturango twayo.

    Inyandiko mvugo y’inama yo ku wa 25 Werurwe 2016

    Ku wa 25 Werurwe 2016, mu nzu y’Akagari k’Amahoro ko Murenge wa Muramira habereye inama yigaga ku cyumweru ngarukamwaka cyo kwibuka Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994. Hari hatumiwemo abayobozi b’imidugudu yose igize ako Kagari hamwe n’abahagarariye imiryango n’abafatanyabikorwa ba Leta bakorera muri ako Kagari.

    yo nama yatangiye saa tatu z’igitondo iyobowe n’Umuyobozi w’Akagari.

    Ingingo z’ibyari ku murongo w’ibyigwa:

    - Gukusanya ibikoresho no gushyira kuri gahunda abazatanga ibiganiro

    - Gutegura abazatanga ubuhamya

    - Utuntu n’utundi.

    Uko inama yagenze

    Abari mu nama bamaze kwemeza ingingo zari ku murongo w’ibyigwa, umuyobozi w’inama yatangije inama buri ngingo itangwaho ibitekerezo kandi ishakirwa umwanzuro.

    Ingingo ya mbere:
    Gukusanya ibikoresho no gushyira kuri gahunda abazatanga ibiganiro

    Kuri iyi ngingo abafashe ijambo muri iyo nama bose bahurizaga ku kuba icyunamo kireba Abanyarwanda bose, bityo ko ibikoresho bizakenerwa bidakwiye kugurwa cyangwa gukodeshwa, kuko hafi ya byose abaturage babitunze mu ngo zabo. Hemejwe rero itsinda ry’abakorerabushake bazakusanya ibizakenerwa muri icyo cyumweru k’icyunamo kandi bakazibuka kubitirura. Hashyizweho n’urutonde rw’agateganyo rw’abazatanga ibiganiro.

    Ingingo ya kabiri:
    Gutegura abazatanga ubuhamya

    Kuri iyi ngingo yo gutegura abatangabuhamya, hafashwe umwanzuro wo guha umwanya umwe mu barokokeye mu Kagari k’Amahoro, n’undi umwe mu bantu bireze bakanemera icyaha nyuma bakarangiza igihano cyabo, bakazaba ari bo batanga ubuhamya bwabo mu gihe k’ibiganiro.

    Muri iyo nama, hari hanajemo Nyakubahwa Umunyamabanga Nshingwa bikorwa w’Umurenge. Nuko aboneraho gusaba abari aho bose kumva ko ibikorwa by’icyunamo bakomeza kubigira ibyabo. Yasabye akomeje ko abarokotse jenoside bakwiye kurushaho kwegerwa, bagasurwa, bagafatwa mu mugongo kuko bituma bakomeza kugira ikizere cyo kubaho.

    Ingingo ya gatatu:
    Utuntu n’utundi

    Mu tuntu n’utundi, umuyobozi w’inama yibukije ko igihe k’icyunamo ari igihe cyo kwitwararika. Buri muntu akazirikana ko atari igihe cyo kwinezeza ahubwo ari icyo kwitabira ibiganiro, maze abantu bakazirikana amateka yaranze u Rwanda, bagashakisha icyatuma ibyiza tumaze kugeraho bidasubira inyuma. Anabibutsa umuturage bemeranyijwe kuzajya kuremera.

    Inama yasojwe saa sita z’amanywa, umuyobozi w’inama ashimira abaturage ko bitabiriye inama bose kandi bakahagerera igihe. Abashimira cyane ibitekerezo byubaka batanze. Nuko abaturage na bo bataha bishimiye ko na Nyakubahwa Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Umurenge yaje kwifatanya na bo muri iyo nama.

    Ibibazo ku nyandiko mvugo y’inama

    1. Buri mwandiko ugira umutwe, intangiriro, igihimba n’umusozo. Umaze gusoma iyi nyandiko mvugo, garagaza aho buri gice kigarukiye n’ibigikubiyemo.

    2. Iyi nyandiko mvugo urabona itandukaniye he n’umwandiko ntekerezo wize.

    3. Rondora uturango tw’iyi nyandiko mvugo.

    Inshoza y’inyandiko mvugo

    Inyandiko mvugo nk’uko inyito ibivuga ni inyandiko igaragaza ibintu runaka byavuzwe. Inyandiko mvugo ikubiyemo ibyavugiwe mu nama cyangwa mu kiganiro runaka. Habaho amoko abiri y’inyandiko mvugo:

                  - Inyandiko mvugo irambuye

                  - Inyandiko mvugo ivunaguye

    Inyandiko mvugo irambuye: Igaragaza ibitekerezo byose byatanzwe n’amazina y’ababitanze ijambo ku rindi. Igaragaza ndetse n’amarangamutima y’abagiye bafata ijambo.

    Urugero: Umuyobozi w’Akagari (...amazina ye...) arahaguruka avuga mu ijwi rifite ubukana ko nta kwihanganira ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside n’amagambo yose asesereza.

    Inyandiko mvugo ivunaguye: Igaragaza gusa ibitekerezo by’ingenzi byatanzwe hatitawe ku marangamutima ababitanze bagaragaje cyangwa abagiye batanga ibitekerezo byunganira.

    Imbata y’inyandiko mvugo

    Kimwe n’izindi nyandiko zose za gihanga, inyandiko mvugo igira ibice bine ari byo:Umutwe, intangiriro, igihimba n’umusozo.

    a) Intangiriro igaragaramo:

                                      - Itariki n’aho inama cyangwa ikiganiro byabereye

                                      - Uwayoboye inama cyangwa ikiganiro

                                      - Insanganyamatsiko

                                      - Abitabiriye(umubare wabo cyangwa ibyiciro barimo)

                                      - Igihe inama yatangiriye

                                      - Ibyari ku murongo w’ibyigwa.

    b) Igihimba kigaragaza uko inama yagenze ingingo ku ngingo:

    - Ibitekerezo byatanzwe (ndetse bitewe n’urwego rwayo hakagaragazwa n’ababitanze), mu nama cyangwa mu kiganiro kuri buri ngingo.

    - Ibyemezo n’imyanzuro byafashwe kuri buri ngingo.

    c) Umusozo ugaragaramo:

    - Gushimira abaje mu nama cyangwa ikiganiro

    - Igihe inama yarangiriye

    - Kugaragaza igihe bazongera guhura niba ari ngombwa

    - Kwibutsa impanuro yatanzwe mu ijambo ry’umushyitsi mukuru

    - Icyaba cyakurikiyeho. (Urugero: Nyuma y’ikiganiro hakurikiyeho gufata amafoto y’urwibutso, kwakira abatumirwa...)

    Ibyitabwaho mu gukora inyandiko mvugo

    - Uwandika inyandiko mvugo agomba gukurikira ibivugwa, mu bwitonzi n’ubushishozi. Ntagomba kugira ibindi arangariramo.

    - Kwandika ibitekerezo n’ibindi byose byakozwe uko bigenda bikurikirana kandi nta cyo akuyeho cyangwa yongeyeho.

    - Kwandika nyiri igitekerezo iyo ari ngombwa bitewe n’ubwoko bw’inyandiko mvugo yakozwe.

    - Gukoresha ngenga ya gatatu. Uwandika ntagomba kubyiyerekezaho.

    - Kudashyiramo ibitekerezo bye bwite, agomba kwandika ibitekerezo byatanzwe n’abitabiriye inama, akirinda kugira ibyo ashaka kugorora azanamo amarangamutima ye bwite.

    Urugero: Kwandika ngo yasaga n’ushaka kuvuga ko...cyangwa se ngo witegereje neza wabonaga... urebye yashakaga kuvuga ko... Ibyo ntibyemewe.

    - Uwandika inyandiko mvugo agomba kwitoza kwandika vuba kugira ngo hatagira igitekerezo kimucika.

    Ikitonderwa:

    Inyandiko mvugo ni inyandiko ivuga ibyabaye, uko byagenze nta cyo ihinduyeho. Ishobora gukorwa n’umuntu witabiriye inama kugira ngo atazibagirwa ibyayibereyemo cyangwa igakorwa igenewe abantu batitabiriye inama kugira ngo bamenye uko inama yagenze n’imyanzuro yafatiwemo.

    Umwitozo ku nyandiko mvugo

    Andika inyandiko mvugo y’inama witabiriye yabereye mu kigo cyawe maze uzayigeze kuri bagenzi bawe.

    Umwandiko: Jenoside ntikongere ukundi!
    Iyi foto twayiherewe uruhushya n’ubuyobozi bw’urwibutso rwa jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda rwa Gisozi.

    Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi mu Mata 1994 yamaze kwemezwa ku rwego mpuzamahanga ko ari Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi. Ntabwo ari intambara cyangwa amakimbirane yabaye mu Rwanda. Ubundi muri rusange jenoside ni umugambi w’ubwicanyi ndengakamere ugamije kurimbura burundu abantu bo mu bwoko ubu  n’ubu, idini runaka cyangwa itsinda ry’abantu bafite icyo bahuriyeho nk’aho batuye n’ibindi.

    Hari ubwicanyi bwabaye hirya no hino ku isi bugahitana imbaga, abenshi bavuga ko bushobora kwitwa jenoside. Ariko jenoside zemewe n’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ni Jenoside Yakorewe Abayahudi ku Mugabane w’Uburayi ikozwe n’Abanazi na Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda muri Mata 1994. Umwihariko wa Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi bo mu Rwanda mu mwaka wa 1994, ni uko yo yakozwe n’Abanyarwanda, igakorerwa Abanyarwanda kandi ikanahagarikwa n’Abanyarwanda. Yishe kandi abantu benshi mu gihe gito. Mu minsi ijana gusa abicanyi bari bahitanye Abatutsi barenga miriyoni bose.

    Jenoside rero si ikintu gipfa kubaho nk’impanuka. Jenoside irategurwa, hagategurwa abazayishyira mu bikorwa ndetse bakanashakirwa ibikoresho. Kugira ngo jenoside ishoboke igomba kuba ishyigikiwe na Leta, kuko bitabaye ibyo Leta yayihagarika. Leta ni yo iba ifite ubushobozi; iba ifite ingabo n’abaporisi ndetse ikagira n’uburyo buhagije bwo kwigisha abaturage ibinyujije mu nzego zitandukanye z’ubuyobozi. Ikindi kandi ni yo ifite ubushobozi bwo gufata ingamba zo kuyikumira ishyiraho ibihano bikwiye ku muntu uwo ari we wese wagerageza kuyitegura cyangwa kuyikora. Ibyo rero ntibyakozwe ahubwo uko habagaho igeragezwa rya jenoside, abayikoraga bahabwaga ibihembo bitandukanye birimo kuzamurwa mu ntera, cyangwa kugabirwa imitungo y’abo bishe aho kugira ngo bahanwe.

    Abantu benshi bibaza impamvu ituma abantu bamwe biyemeza gufata intwaro bakica abandi. Mu by’ukuri nta mpamvu n’imwe cyangwa urwitwazo rwakagombye kubaho rwo gukora jenoside. Icyakora abayikora akenshi baba bashaka kugundira ubutegetsi bagashyira imbere inzangano no kurema amacakubiri mu bo bayobora. Bityo bagatangira kubiba ingengabitekerezo yayo mu baturage.

    Ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside ni urusobe rw’ibitekerezo bigaragarira mu myifatire, imvugo, inyandiko n’ibindi bikorwa bigamije cyangwa bihamagarira abantu kwanga abandi hashingiwe ku bwoko, inkomoko, ubwenegihugu, akarere, ibara ry’umubiri, isura, igitsina, ururimi, idini, cyangwa ibitekerezo bya poritiki, bikozwe mu gihe gisanzwe cyangwa mu gihe k’intambara. Abategura jenoside bafata ibibazo igihugu gifite bakabeshyera itsinda rimwe ry’abaturage ko ari bo ba nyirabayazana.

    Mu rwego rwo gukumira no kurwanya jenoside rero ni ngombwa ko Leta ifatanyije n’abaturage bayo bagomba gushyira imbaraga mu gukumira no kurwanya ingengabitekerezo yayo. Nyuma yo kurwanya jenoside n’ingengabitekerezo yayo, hashyirwaho n’ibihano ku bayiteguye n’abayikoze, ndetse no ku bagerageza kongera kuyikora. Hagomba no kubaho ingamba zo kurwanya ihakana n’ipfobya byayo. Ba nyiri ukuyitegura baba barateguye n’uko bazayihakana. Aha umuntu yatanga urugero ku Gihugu cyacu aho usanga hari abantu bashaka guhakana no gupfobya Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi muri Mata 1994.

    Bamwe barihandagaza bakavuga ko itabaye rwose. Bayita andi mazina: ubwicanyi, intambara, amahano, ibyabaye n’ibindi. Hari n’abayemera ariko bakagabanya cyane umubare w’abo yahitanye. Abo bose ni abo kwamaganirwa kure. Inzira zikoreshwa muri iryo hakana n’ipfobya byayo, zirimo itangazamakuru, muri bamwe mu bahanga n’abashakashatsi, impuguke, mu mategeko, mu miryango mpuzamahanga, mu bayikoze n’abafashe imirage yabo. Tugomba kurwanya uburyo bwose bukoreshwa n’abahakana ndetse bagapfobya jenoside.

    Uburyo burambye bwo gukumira jenoside ni uguca umuco wo kudahana no gucira imanza abakoze jenoside maze abayikorewe bakabona ubutabera. Hakwiye gushyirwaho ibigo bikora ubushakashatsi kuri jenoside, gushishikariza ibindi bihugu kwibuka no gushyiraho amategeko ahana icyaha cya jenoside n’ingengabitekerezo yayo, kwita ku muryango mu rwego rwo kuwugira ingoro y’amahoro n’urubuga rwo kurandura ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside. Igikomeye ariko kurusha ibindi ni ubukangurambaga buhoraho no kugira urwego rw’uburezi umuyoboro w’ibanze w’ingamba zihashya ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside n’amacakubiri.

    Jenoside ikwiriye kurwanywa uhereye ku ngengabitekerezo yayo n’ibindi bikorwa byose cyangwa imyifatire byayiganishaho. Jenoside mu buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose, ntikongere kubaho ukundi, ari mu Rwanda ndetse no mu mahanga.

    Byateguwe hifashishijwe Komisiyo y’Igihugu yo Kurwanya Jenoside, Kurwanya Jenoside n’ingengabitekerezo yayo, Kigali, 2014.

    I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko

    1.Jenoside ni iki?

    2.Wifashishije umwandiko, vuga jenoside ebyiri waba uzi zabaye ku isi.

    3. Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda yaba ifite uwuhe mwihariko ugereranyije n’izindi?

    4.Ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside ni iki?

    5.Ni uruhe ruhare urwego rw’uburezi rwagira mu kurwanya ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside?

    6.Ushingiye ku mwandiko, sobanura ibitera jenoside, ingaruka zayo n’uko wumva yakumirwa.

    7.Uburyo burambye bwo gukumira jenoside buvugwa mu mwandiko bwaba ari ubuhe?

    8.Ni ibihe bikorwa bifasha gukumira jenoside no kurwanya ingaruka zayo ujya ubona bikorerwa aho utuye?

    II. Inyunguramagambo

    Shaka ibisobanuro by’amagambo akurikira ukurikije uko yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:

       a) Umwihariko           d) Urusobe              g) Nyirabayazana

       b) Gukumira               e) Bikakaye              h) Ingoro

       c) Impanuka                f ) Ubukangurambaga

    III. Umwitozo wo gukoresha amagambo mu nteruro

    Umunyeshuri nakoreshe neza amagambo mu nteruro ziboneye.

    1.Wifashishije rimwerimwe muri aya magambo, himba interuro ngufi kandi ziboneye:

                     a) Nyirabayazana                     c) Urusobe

                     b) Ingoro                                    d) Amahano

    2.Uzuza interuro zikurikira wifashishije amagambo yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:

    a) .................... Yakorewe .................... mu Rwanda muri Mata 1994 yamaze iminsi .................... gusa ihitana imbaga y’abantu.

    b) Twese tugomba kurwanya .................... ya jenoside tukayirandurana n’imizi yayo yose.

    c) Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yarateguwe, ntiyabayeho nk ....................

    d) Amashuri agomba kutubera .................... unyuzwamo ingamba zo gukumira jenoside, ntizongere .................... ukundi.

    IV. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko

    1.Tahura ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka ziri mu mwandiko umaze gusoma.

    2.Ku bwawe, wumva ari ibihe bikorwa wakora bigashishikariza abandi gufasha abafite ibibazo baterwa n’ingaruka za jenoside.

    3.Ni iki ubona wakwirinda nk’urubyiruko kugira ngo uzabe mu Rwanda ruzira jenoside, ahubwo u Rwanda rwimakaza umuco w’amahoro?

    V. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro

    Guhanga umwandiko
    Hanga umwandiko mu mirongo makumyabiri (20) kuri imwe mu nsanganyamatsiko zikurikira witaye ku ikeshamvugo n’imyandikire yemewe y’Ikinyarwanda:

            - Amahoro y’igihugu ahera mu muryango

            - Ikosa rikosojwe irindi riteza amakimbirane

            - Guca umuco wo kudahana no kubahiriza amategeko bikemura amakimbirane


    Umukoro wo gusomera mu isomero
    Gana isomero uhitemo umwandiko uvuga ku muco w’amahoro uwusome maze uzatangire inshamake y’ibyo wasomye mu ruhame, mu ishuri ryawe.

    Ikinyazina kibaza

    Nyuma yo gusoma izi nteruro zikurikira, itegereze amagambo yagaragajwe mu ibara ry’umukara tsiri maze ugire icyo uyavugaho mu rwego rw’imiterere yayo n’umumaro afite mu nteruro.

    a) Uburyo burambye bwo gukumira jenoside bwaba ubuhe?

    b) Ni izihe nzira zikoreshwa muri iryo hakana n’ipfobya ryayo?

    c) Muri ibi byose umwanzuro ukaba uwuhe?

    d) Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994 yahitanye inzirakarengane zingahe?

    e) Ni bangahe bashobora kwemera guha imbabazi umuntu utazibasabye?

    Inshoza y’ikinyazina kibaza

    Ikinyazina kibaza ni ijambo riherekeza izina rikagira ingingo yo kubaza.

    Intego y’ikinyazina kibaza

    Ikinyazina kibaza kigira ibicumbi bibiri ari byo: “-he” na “- ngahe”. Ikinyazina kibaza gishobora kugira indomo, indangakinyazina n’igicumbi, ariko hari n’ikigira indangakinyazina n’igicumbi. Mu mpine ni (D-Rkz-C cyangwa Rkz - C)

    Urugero:

                 - Ni izihe nzira zikoreshwa muri iryo hakana n’ipfobya ryayo?

                    izihe :i-zi-he

                - Uburyo burambye bwo gukumira jenoside bwaba ubuhe rero?

                    Ubuhe: u-bu-he

                - Muri ibi byose umwanzuro ukaba uwuhe?

                    Uwuhe: u-wu-he

                - Ni ayahe masaka agomba kugosorwa.

                     Ayahe : a – ya – he

    Ikitonderwa: Iki kinyazina kibaza gishobora gutakaza indomo iyo gikurikiye izina.

    Urugero: - Umuntu wuhe?

                           Wuhe: ø – wu – he

                     - Amata yahe?

                          Yahe: ø – ya – he

                     - igiti kihe?

                         Kihe : ø – ki – he

                     - urugo ruhe?

                          Ruhe : ø – ru – he

    Imbonerahamwe y’ibinyazina mbaza

    Ikitonderwa:  Hari amagambo abaza ashobora kwitiranywa n’ibinyazina mbazaAha twavuga nka ryari?he?iki?nde?

    Ingero:     - Jenoside ivugwa yabaye ryari?
                      - Ni nde mwana watubwira zimwe mu ngaruka za jenoside?
                      - Ni iki gituma umuntu atinyuka gukora amahano?

    Ikinyazina mboneranteko

    Nyuma yo gusoma izi nteruro zikurikira, itegereze amagambo yagaragajwe mu ibara ry’umukara tsiri maze ugire icyo uyavugaho mu rwego rw’imiterere yayo n’umumaro afite mu nteruro.

            a) Ba Nkurunziza baje.
            b) Za dodo ni imboga rwatsi.
            c) Cya mahuma kirakangitse cyane.
            d) Twa bushari turadwinga cyane.

    Inshoza y’ikinyazina mboneranteko
    Ikinyazina mboneranteko ni ijambo rijya imbere y’izina ridafite indomo cyangwa izina rigizwe n’igicumbi gusa ritagaragaza indomo n’indanganteko. Ikinyazina mboneranteko kinajya imbere y’amazina bwite igihe hari ibintu byinshi cyangwa abantu benshi bahuriye kuri iryo zina.

    Ikinyazina mboneranteko kandi gikoreshwa hagamijwe gutubya, gutubura cyangwa kugaya ikintu. Icyo gihe kibanziriza izina maze iryo zina rigahita rita indomo iyo riyifite. Kerekana inteko izina rishyizwemo ari na yo mpamvu bamwe bakita ikinyazina ndanganteko.

    Ingero:

          a) Nawe rero ubwo uri za bakinnyi! (nt. 10)
          b) Ba Rukarabankaba(nt. 2)
          c) Ka Mugabo karaje(nt. 12)
          d) Twa bushari (nt. 13)
          e) Za feri (nt. 10)
          f ) Ba data (nt. 1)
          g) Cya Mukunzi (nt. 7)
          h) Rwa Rutura (nt. 11)
          i) Bya dodo (nt. 8)
          j) Bariya bana bigize za magabo (nt. 10)

    Intego y’ikinyazina mboneranteko
    Ikinyazina mboneranteko kigira igicumbi –a. Intego y’ikinyazina mboneranteko igizwe n’uturemajambo tubiri ari two indangakinyazina n’igicumbi. Mu mpine ni Rkz - C

    Ingero:
                - Ba Rukarabankaba
                   ba: ba – aa→ø/-J
                - Twa bushari
                   twa: tu – a u→w/-J
                - Cya Mukunzi
                   cya: ki – a i→y/-J, ky→cy mu nyandiko
                - Bya dodo
                    Bya: bi – a i→y/-J
                - Bariya bana bigize za magabo.
                    za: zi – a i→ø/-J

    Umwitozo ku kinyazina kibaza n’ikinyazina mboneranteko

    Buri munyeshuri ku giti ke, nakore neza umwitozo ku binyazina.

    1.Garagaza ibinyazina mboneranteko n’ibinyazina bibaza biri mu nteruro zikurikira ubiceho akarongo, unagaragaze intego zabyo n’amategeko y’igenemajwi:

    a) Ba Mukamurigo bazanye ibiseke bingahe?

    b) Ni uwuhe murima wahaweho umugabane?

    c) Za nka Uwamwiza yakowe ni zingahe?

    d) Aya mazi wayavomye ku iriba rihe?

    e) Umuco w’amahoro ugomba kuranga abahe bantu?

    2.Kora interuro ebyirebyiri zirimo ikinyazina kibaza n’ikinyazina mboneranteko.

    Inshamake y’ibyizwe muri uyu mutwe wa gatandatu

    Muri uyu mutwe wa gatandatu « umuco w’amahoro », imyandiko irimo iganisha ku kwimakaza umuco w’amahoro ifatiye ku kurwanya jenoside n’ingengabitekerezo yayo. Imyandiko yerekanye ko jenoside ari ubwicanyi ndengakamere bwibasira abantu bafite icyo bahuriyeho nk’ubwoko, akarere, idini n’ibindi. Twabonye ububi bwa Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi muri Mata 1994; mu gihe kitarenze amezi atatu gusa yari ihitanye abarenga miriyoni. Twabonye kandi zimwe mu ngaruka zayo aho ubukungu n’imibanire y’Abanyarwanda yahungabanye bikabije.

    Mu bumenyi rusange bw’ururimi twabonye ko inyandiko mvugo ari inyandiko igaragaza ibyabereye mu nama cyangwa ikiganiro. Uyandika yandika ibitekerezo byatanzwe ku ngingo ziri ku murongo w’ibyigwa kandi akirinda kugira icyo ahindura cyangwa yongeramo.

    Mu kibonezamvugo twabonye ko ikinyazina mbaza gifite inyito yo kubaza. Kigira ibicumbi bibiri ari byo “–he” na “-ngahe.” Ikinyazina kibaza gishobora kugira indomo, indangakinyazina n’igicumbi, ariko hari n’ikigira indangakinyazina n’igicumbi. Mu mpine ni (D-Rkz-C cyangwa Rkz - C). Twabonye kandi n’ikinyazina mboneranteko cyo kigira igicumbi –a ihorana ubutinde kandi kigira uturemajambo tubiri ati two: indangakinyazina n’igicumbi. Mu mpine ni Rkz – C.


    Isuzuma rusange risoza umutwe wa gatandatu

    Isuzumwa rikorwa n’abanyeshuri bose kandi buri munyeshuri agakora ku giti ke yubahiriza amabwiriza yahawe.

    Umwandiko: Tubabarire abaduhemukiye
    Nyuma ya Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi muri Mata 1994, imibanire y’Abanyarwanda yarahungabanye ku buryo bukomeye. Urwikekwe n’inzangano biragwira. Inzego zose zakoze uko zishoboye ngo zibanishe Abanyarwanda binyuze mu gusaba imbabazi no kubabarirana. Ikibazo cyari gisigaye cyari ukwibaza abazihana abo ari bo no kumenya abafite inshingano yo kubabarira.

    Ubusanzwe hasaba imbabazi uwakosheje hakababarira uwakosherejwe. Igihe cyose umuntu yiyumvamo ko yakoreye nabi mugenzi we cyangwa yarakosheje muri rusange aba akwiriye guhaguruka agasaba imbabazi uwo yahemukiye. Muri Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi muri Mata 1994, abishe cyangwa basahuye bakagombye gusaba imbabazi abo bahemukiye. Gusa ntibyoroshye kuko na byo bisaba ubutwari. Rimwe na rimwe ushobora no gusaba imbabazi nabi bigahinduka gukomeretsa ya nzirakarengane. Ni byiza kugisha inama abayobozi n’abakuru bagafasha mu guhuza uwahemutse n’uwahemukiwe. Ba bicanyi batinya kwirega no kwemera icyaha kuko icyaha bakoze ari icyaha ndengakamere. Umuntu wese aho ava akagera atinya ibihano nyamara uwemeye icyaha agasaba imbabazi agabanyirizwa ibihano.

    Ni ryari uwahemukiwe akwiriye gutanga imbabazi? Igihe cyose azisabwe akwiriye kuzitanga. Icyakora kubera akamaro kanini n’inyungu bigirira uwatanze imbabazi, ni byiza kubabarira mbere y’uko usabwa imbabazi. Icya mbere biruhura umutima kuko rwose nta ko uba utagize. Icya kabiri bitinyura uwahemutse kuko rimwe na rimwe aba afite ubwoba n’ipfunwe imbere y’uwo yahemukiye.

    Hari n’abataragize uruhare muri Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi muri Mata 1994 ariko bafite ipfunwe kubera ibyaha byakozwe na bene wabo. Aha twavuga nk’ababyeyi bagize uruhare muri Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi muri Mata 1994 none abana babo bakaba bagendana icyo gisebo. Ariko se ni uwuhe mwana waba waragize ubutwari bwo gusabira imbabazi ababyeyi be? Ibyo ni na ko byagendekeye ababyeyi bafite abana bakoze jenoside. Ababyeyi basabira abana babo imbabazi se ni bangahe? Ni ubutwari bukomeye gusaba imbabazi z’ibyo utakoze nyamara bivana urwikekwe mu miryango yahemukiranye.

    Ubusanzwe uwahemutse akwiriye gufata iya mbere akegera uwo yahemukiye akamusaba ubwiyunge. Uwahemukiwe na we ntagomba guheranwa n’agahinda. Ashobora gufata iya mbere agasanga uwamuhemukiye akamutinyura bigatuma ufite intimba ishira vuba. Bifitiye umumaro buri wese gusaba imbabazi no kuzitanga kandi ugize bwangu agatanga undi ni we ushira intimba cyangwa ipfunwe byamushenguraga umutima.

    I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko

    1.Gusaba imbabazi bimariye iki uwahemutse?

    2.Gutanga imbabazi bimariye iki uwahemukiwe?

    3.Rondora ibyiciro bitatu bigirwa inama muri uyu mwandiko.

    4.Ni iki wakora kugira ngo Abanyarwanda bakomeze kubana neza nyuma ya Jenoside yabaye mu Rwanda?

    II. Inyunguramagambo

    1.Sobanura aya magambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:

          a) Ipfunwe                  c) Inzirakarengane

          b) Urwikekwe             d) Icyaha ndengakamere

    2.Tanga imbusane y’aya magambo yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:

          a) Ubutwari                 b) Urwango             c) Intimba

    III. Ikibonezamvugo

    1.Garagaza ubwoko n’inteko by’amagambo yaciweho akarongo:

             a) Ariko se ni bangahe babitinyutse?

              b) Bya bakame biryarya izindi nyamaswa.

              c) Ariko se ni uwuhe mwana waba waragize ubutwari bwo gusabira imbabazi ababyeyi be?

    2.Garagaza ibinyazina mboneranteko byakoreshejwe muri izi nteruro zikurikira:

                 a) Yigize za masore ngo ntiyakwikoza umweyo.

                 b) Cya Mugabo ni igisore pe!

                 c) Genda uzane za karuvati ndende.

    3.Garagaza ibinyazina bibaza muri izi nteruro:

                  a) Ni bangahe bagize ubutwari bwo gusaba imbabazi?

                  b) Uwasabye imbabazi akatirwa igifungo k’imyaka ingahe?

    4. Garagaza uturemajambo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi yakoreshejwe kuri aya magambo:

                  a) Ba data badutoza kwirinda ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside.

                  b) Uravuze ngo ni abantu bangahe bagiye ku wuhe mugabane ?

                  c) Abakoze za jenoside zose ku isi ni abagome.

                  d) Ni izihe ngorane wahuye na zo?

    IV. Ihangamwandiko

    Hanga umwandiko mu mirongo makumyabiri n’itanu (25) kuri imwe muri izi nsanganyamatsiko zikurikira:

    a) Vuga ku ngaruka nibura enye za Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi muri Mata 1994 n’icyo ubona gikwiriye gukorwa ngo Abanyarwanda babane mu mahoro.

    b) Vuga ku bintu nibura bibiri bishobora gutera amakimbirane mu muryango uvuge n’uburyo bwo kuyakumira.