◄IriburiroUmutwe Wa 2: Ubuzima►

Umutwe Wa 1: Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye

  • Umutwe Wa 1: Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye

    Umwandiko: Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye hagati y’abashakanye


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    Hambere umugabo yari umutware w’umuryango mu gihe umugore yafatwaga nk’umucakara ukora ibyo ategetswe n’umugabo. Umugore yasabwaga kumvira no kubaha umugabo we muri byose n’igihe cyose. Ntiyashoboraga kumuvuguruza, kabone n’iyo yabonaga ko umugabo we atanze itegeko ridafututse. Babinogerezaga bavuga bati: “Amafuti y’umugabo ni bwo buryo bwe.” Mbese, umugore nta jambo yahabwaga mu rugo. Agaciro ke kahagariraga gusa ku kubyara. Nyamara wakwitegereza ugasanga afatiye runini abagize umuryango. Kudasangira ibitekerezo hagati y’umugabo n’umugore no kuniganwa ijambo byabaye akarande igihe kirekire. Abana bavutse bakabikuriramo, bakabifata
    batyo.

    Imyigishirize yo hambere na yo yakandamizaga igitsina gore. Abana b’abakobwa bakuraga batozwa kwibombarika no kuzitwararika ku mitungo no ku mategeko by’umugabo mu gihe barushinze. Naho abana b’abahungu bagatozwa ko ari abatware b’ibihangange, bakigira akari aha kajya he? Bagakura bica bagakiza. Ibyo byarabokamaga no kuzageza mu ngo zabo bamaze gushaka cyangwa bageze no mu zindi nzego z’imirimo. Abakobwa bakuraga bazi ko hari imirimo yabagenewe. Twavuga imirimo yo mu rugo, nko gukubura, kwita ku bana, gutegura amafunguro, gutereka amata no kuyacunda n’indi mirimo mbonezamubano. Naho abahungu bakamenyerezwa iyo gukenura amatungo, kuyobora ingo no kurengera Igihugu.

    Aho amashuri aziye, imyumvire y’ababyeyi yari uko umuhungu ari we ugomba kwiga gusa. Naho umukobwa akaguma mu rugo agakora ya mirimo yose yo mu rugo, bakabikuririza bavuga ngo: “Impamyabumenyi y’umukobwa ni umugabo”. Ugasanga ahubwo bihutiye kumushyingira imburagihe, bakanamushyingira uwo atazi atanigeze agira uruhare mu kumuhitamo. Bityo, wa muruho ukaba uramuboneranye. Iri kandamizwa ry’igitsina gore ryadindije iterambere mu nzego zinyuranye z’ubuzima bw’Igihugu.

    Uko iminsi yagiye isimburana, iyo myumvire yagiye ihinduka buhorobuhoro. Abantu babona ko ari ngombwa ko abagore na bo bahabwa ijambo, bakagira uruhare mu iterambere ry’umuryango. Ubuyobozi na bwo bwungamo, bushyiraho amategeko aha abantu bose amahirwe n’uburenganzira bingana mu bikorwa biteza imbere ingo n’Igihugu. Uku guha umugore ijambo agafatanya n’umugabo we kwatumye haba ubwisanzure mu bashakanye, maze akarengane kimukira uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muryango.

    Iyo utereye akajisho mu muryango iwacu usanga umugore yararenganuwe. Yahawe amahirwe angana n’ay’umugabo, ntiyakomeza guhezwa mu iterambere ry’urugo rwe. Umugore asigaye agira uruhare mu igenamigambi ry’urugo, akanajya inama n’umugabo we ku cyazamura urugo rwabo. Baruzuzanya mu kunoza imicungire y’umutungo w’urugo. Ni ukuvuga, kugena amafaranga bahahisha, ayo babitsa muri banki, n’ayo bashora mu mishinga ibyara inyungu. Uku gushyira hamwe kw’abashakanye gutera buri wese kumva ko adashobora gukoresha amafaranga y’urugo uko abonye bityo bigatuma bagera ku iterambere vuba.

    Muri iki gihe, ntibikiri ikibazo ko abagore n’abo bashakanye bungurana ibitekerezo ku bijyanye n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere. Baricara bakumvikana uko bakwiriye gufatanya mu kugena urubyaro no kuruteganyiriza ibyangombwa ruzakenera mu bihe bizaza by’ubuzima bwarwo. Si ibyo gusa kandi kuko usanga bajya inama y’uko urugo rwabo rwatera imbere hatabayeho kuvunishanya. Buri wese mu rugo arahihibikanira icyazana inyungu mu rugo. Umwe aca aha undi agaca aha, hanyuma bagahuriza hamwe ibyo bagezeho kandi bakabigiraho uruhare rungana.

    Nta vangura rikigaragara mu mirimo cyangwa mu guhezwa mu mirimo kuko byagaragaye ko ibitsina byombi bishoboye. Umugore asigaye ajya ku kazi nko kwigisha, gukora muri banki cyangwa mu buyobozi bwite bwa Leta, umugabo we yaba nta kazi afite agasigara mu rugo yita ku byaho byose. Iyo bombi bafite akazi k’umushahara, uwahembwe mbere ahahira urugo ay’undi yazaza agakora ibindi. Kwita ku bana bisigaye bireba ababyeyi bombi. Ubu nta mugabo ugisiganya umugore kujya gukingiza abana cyangwa kubavuza yemwe no kubasasira cyangwa kubabikira.

    Kwimakaza ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu ngo bituma buri wese yigirira ikizere mu kuyobora no gushakisha imibereho y’abagize umuryango. Ari umugabo n’umugore bose barashoboye kandi ingero ni nyinshi zibigaragaza. Iri hame rituma abana batozwa imirimo yose nta vangura cyangwa itonesha ribayeho. Mu gihe umukobwa adahari, umubyeyi ntazuyaze kubwira umuhungu we ngo akubure cyangwa ngo yoze ibikoresho byo ku meza cyangwa byo mu gikoni.

    Byari bikwiye ko buri wese ahabwa agaciro ke, ntihabeho ivangura. Abana baba mu muryango ufatanya na bo bakurana ubufatanye n’urukundo kuko babyigira ku babyeyi babo. Iyo ababyeyi buzuzanya burya bajya inama bakanazigama hanyuma abana babo na bo bakabigana. Bakabitangira bakiri bato. Bityo rero bagira ishyaka bakanatekereza kugera ku bintu bihanitse.

    Mu mashuri uburinganire bwateye imbere; abana bose bariga kandi batsinda kimwe. Iyo barangije kwiga, bakora imirimo inyuranye kandi bagatanga umusanzu wabo mu kubaka Igihugu mu buryo bungana. Imirimo itangwa hakurikijwe ubushobozi bafite. Abakobwa bo bashyiraho akarusho kuko mu mikorere yabo basanzwe bagaragaza ubwitonzi, ubushishozi, n’amakenga. Burya koko ngo ujijuye umugore aba ajijuye umuryango w’abantu muri rusange.

    Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye ni ngombwa mu iterambere ry’umuryango n’Igihugu muri rusange. Iri hame ntirikuraho inshingano za buri wese mu buzima, ahubwo rituma habaho guterana ingabo mu bitugu, abashakanye bagatahiriza umugozi umwe. Ugushyigikirana mu mirimo yo mu rugo, mu igenamigambi no mu micungire y’umutungo w’urugo no kujya inama hagati y’abashakanye bituma iterambere rikataza mu rugo rwabo. Kandi n’ubundi ngo: “Umwe arya bihora n’abagiye inama Imana irabasanga.”


    I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko

      1. Ni iki kigaragaza ko umwana yatoye umuco wo kuzigama?

      2. Ni hehe agaciro k’umugore kagaragariraga mu Rwanda rwo hambere? Ubu kagaragarira he?

      3. Vuga nibura ikiza kimwe cyo kuvuka ku babyeyi bashyira hamwe.

      4. Ngo gushyira hamwe kw’abashakanye bituma iterambere rikataza. Sobanura.

      5.Leta y’u Rwanda yakoze iki mu gushimangira ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muryango?

      6.Vuga imigani y’imigenurano nibura ibiri yavuzwe mu mwandiko.

      7.Rondora nibura ibintu bitatu bigaragaza ko mu muryango uyu n’uyu bumva neza ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye.


    II. Inyunguramagambo

    1.Sobanura amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:

                a) Akarande                     f) Kokama
                b) Igenamigambi            g) Guhabwa ijambo
                c) Umucakara                  h) Uburinganire
               d) Akari aha kajya he?     i) Ubwuzuzanye
               e) Kwibombarika

    2. Garagaza ijambo riri mu mwandiko risobanura nk’aya akurikira:

       a) Igihe gikwiriye kitaragera
       b) Imibereho mibi umuntu abamo igihe kirekire
       c) Ubwitonzi burimo n’igenzura butuma umuntu adapfa guhubukira ibintu.

    3.Garagaza amagambo abusanyije inyito n’aya akurikira:

      a) Gutahiriza umugozi umwe
      b) Ubwitonzi
      c) Uburinganire

    III. Umwitozo wo gukoresha amagambo mu nteruro

    Umunyeshuri akoreshe neza amagambo mu nteruro ziboneye.

    1.Himba interuro ngufi kandi ziboneye zirimo nibura rimwerimwe muri aya magambo:

          a) Uburinganire
          b) Ubwuzuzanye
          c) Kuzigama

    2.Uzuza izi nteruro wifashishije amagambo wungutse mu mwandiko.

       a) Iyo watangiye .................... dukeduke ukiri muto ugira ubukire.
       b) Kuraza umwana kugira ngo asinzire ni ....................

    IV. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko

    1.  Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka zikubiye muri uyu mwandiko.

    2.  Ushingiye ku bivugwa mu mwandiko, garagaza indi mirimo waba uzi cyangwa wabonye igaragaza uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muryango.

    3.  Ese nyuma yo kwiga uyu mwandiko ni iki wumva wungutse ku by’imibereho y’ababana mu muryango?

    V. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro

    Kungurana ibitekerezo

    Mu matsinda, nimwungurane ibitekerezo ku nsanganyamatsiko mwahawe, mwubahiriza uko bikorwa, hanyuma muhurize hamwe ibyo mwagezeho. Uyu mwitozo mushobora no kuwukorera hanze y’ishuri, mu gihe musubiramo amasomo yanyu.

    Insanganyamatsiko:

    Bivugwa ko “Imirimo yo mu rugo yose (Kumesera abana, gukubura, guteka, gusana urugo...) umugabo n’umugore bashobora kuyikora ku buryo bungana”. Hari rero abatabyumva gutyo bakavuga ko hari imirimo igenewe abagore n’indi igenewe abagabo. Wowe ubyumva ute?

    Ibiganiro mpaka

    Musome izi nteruro hanyuma muzitangeho ibitekerezo buri wese avuge uko yumva bikwiriye kumera.

    a)   Birashoboka ko umubyeyi w’umugabo yajyana umwana we kwa muganga umugore agasigara mu rugo atarwaye?

    b)  Ese hari imirimo ikwiye guharirwa abahungu n’ikwiriye guharirwa abakobwa? Yaba ari iyihe?

    Izi ngingo zigomba kugibwaho impaka kuko hari abakwemeranya na zo, abandi na bo bakabona ko ibyavuzwe bidafite ishingiro cyangwa bitakijyanye n’igihe. Nguko uko impaka zivuka. Impaka zivugwa aha ngaha ni ibiganiro bihuza impande ebyiri zitumvikana ku nsanganyamatsiko iba yatanzwe, kandi izo mpaka zikaba zigamije kugera ku mwanzuro runaka.

    Inshoza n’intego y’ibiganiro mpaka
    Ibiganiro mpaka bikorwa n’abantu benshi bagamije kungurana ibitekerezo ku nsanganyamatsiko runaka. Usanga bihuza impande ebyiri z’abantu bamwe bashyigikiye insanganyamatsiko abandi batayishyigikiye.

    Impaka zivugwa si izo kwiriza umunsi, si izibyara amacakubiri ahubwo ni impaka zigamije gushakira ikibazo igisubizo runaka no kugera ku mwanzuro wubaka no kugena umurongo ngenderwaho. Ibiganiro mpaka biba bigamije guhuza impande zombi ngo barebe icyo bakumvikanaho gikwiye gukurikizwa ku mpande zombi.

    Ibiganiro mpaka bibera mu mashuri byo bituma abanyeshuri baba intyoza mu kuvuga, bakaba imbonera mu gutega amatwi ibivugwa no mu gutanga ingingo zifite ireme. Bibatoza kutarondogora ahubwo bakagusha ku ntego kandi bakamenyera gukurikiranya ingingo bubahiriza inyurabwenge n’injyabihe y’ibivugwa. By’umwihariko, ibiganiro mpaka bitoza abanyeshuri kuvugira mu ruhame.

    Abagize ibiganiro mpaka
    Ibiganiro mpaka bigirwa n’amatsinda atatu hatabariwemo indorerezi. Uruhare rw’izo mpande zose ruba rukenewe mu migendekere myiza y’ikiganiro. Izo mpande zose kandi ni magirirane.

    a)  Uruhande rushyigikira insanganyamatsiko: Ni itsinda ry’abashyigikiye insanganyamatsiko. Ibitekerezo, ingingo n’ibisobanuro batanga bigomba kutanyuranya n’insanganyamatsiko.

    b) Uruhande ruhakana insanganyamatsiko: Ni itsinda ry’abantu batemera ibitekerezo n’ingingo bikubiye mu nsanganyamatsiko yatanzwe. Abafata umwanya wo kugira icyo bavuga, bagerageza kuyirwanya. Bagomba ariko kwifashisha ingingo n’ibisobanuro byumvikana ku buryo n’uruhande rwemeza rushobora kuva ku izima.

    c) Umuhuza cyangwa umuyobozi w’ikiganiro mpaka: Ni umuntu uba ushinzwe guhuza izo mpande zombi. Ashobora kuba umwe cyangwa benshi. Umubare w’abafasha umuhuza uterwa n’urwego rw’ikiganiro, igihe ibiganiro bizamara ndetse n’intego y’ibiganiro.

    Inshingano z’umuhuza
    Inshingano z’umuhuza zishobora kuba nyinshi ariko iz’ingenzi ni izi zikurikira:

         - Gusobanura insanganyamatsiko.

        - Gutanga umurongo ngenderwaho.

        - Gutanga umwanya w’amagambo kuri buri ruhande.

        - Gufasha mu kumvikanisha impande zombi.

    - Kugeza impande zombi ku mwanzuro.

    - Gufasha mu kubahiriza igihe.

    Ibyo umuhuza agomba kuba yujuje

    Umuhuza agomba kuba ari:

           - Inararibonye- Umuhanga mu byo baganiraho.

          - Azwiho kwihangana.

          - Kuba ashobora kuvuga rikumvikana.

          - Kuba azwiho kutabogama.

          - Kuba afite igitsure.

          - Kuba ari inyangamugayo.

    Ingero z’ibiganiro mpaka bishobora kubaho

    - Ibiganiro mpaka bibera mu mashuri abanza n’ayisumbuye, umuhuza ashobora kuba ari umuntu umwe ntabamufasha. Impamvu ni uko bimara igihe gito kibarirwa mu masaha.

    - Ibiganiro mpaka bitegurwa ku rwego rw’Igihugu cyangwa bihuje impande zishyamiranye mu ntambara, umuhuza agira abamufasha. Impamvu ni uko biba bisaba ubumenyi bwinshi bunyuranye nk’amateka, poritiki, ubukungu n’ibindi. Nta muntu rero waba inzobere mu bintu byose. Indi mpamvu ituma umuhuza agira abamufasha, ni uko bene ibyo biganiro bishobora no gufata igihe kirekire nk’ibyumweru cyangwa amezi.

    Abandi bashobora kugira uruhare mu kiganiro mpaka ni:

    - Umwanditsi: Yandika ibitekerezo biba byagiye bitangwa n’impande zombi zijya impaka ku nsangayamatsiko runaka.

    - Umucungagihe: Aba ashinzwe kureba niba abahabwa umwanya wo gutanga ibitekerezo ku mpande zombi bubahiriza igihe bahawe, ukirengeje akamuhagarika.

    - Abakemurampaka: Ni ababa bashinzwe kugaragaza uruhande rwatsinze n’uruhande rwatsinzwe. Iyo ari mu myitozo ibera mu mashuri batanga amanota bakurikije imyitwarire ya buri ruhande.

    - Indorerezi: Ni abantu bose baba bakurikiye kandi bateze amatwi impaka zirimo kuba. Abo uretse kumva, ntibagomba kwivanga mu biganiro; nta zindi nshingano baba bafite. Icyakora bemerewe kugaragaza amarangamutima ndetse bakaba babaza n’ibibazo, batagize uruhande babangamira.

    Uko ikiganiro mpaka gikorwa

    Buri ruhande rugerageza kugaragaza ingingo no gutanga ibitekerezo bifatika kandi rukabishimangira ndetse rukabisobanura. Ingingo zitangwa hifashishijwe ingero zifatika kandi zumvikana neza.

    Dore zimwe muri zo:

         a) Amagambo n’ibitekerezo byatanzwe n’abakomeye byerekeranye n’iyo nsanganyamatsiko.

         b) Ibyanditswe mu bitabo binyuranye.

         c) Ubumenyi bwigwa mu mashuri n’ahandi.

         d) Ubunararibonye bwa buri muntu...

    Umwitozo wo gukora ikiganiro mpaka:
    Muge impaka kuri iyi nsanganyamatsiko ikurikira:

    Insanganyamatsiko:
    - Ari abahungu cyangwa abakobwa, bose bashobora gukora imirimo yose yo mu rugo nta vangura. Ese hari iyo abahungu bashobora abakobwa ntibabe bayishobora?

    Umwandiko: Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu miyoborere

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    Kuva kera byagaragaye ko abagore n’abakobwa bahezwaga mu nzego nyinshi zifata ibyemezo. Ibyo byagaragariraga cyane mu mibereho y’umuryango. Iyo myumvire mibi igacengezwa mu bantu binyuze mu ngengamitekerereze y’Abanyarwanda nko mu mvugo za buri munsi no mu migani y’imigenurano. Bagiraga bati: “Nta nkokokazi ibika isake ihari”, ubundi bati: “Uruvuze umugore ruvuga umuhoro” n’indi migani mibi isa n’iyo.

    Iri hezwa rya ba nyampinga na ba mutima w’urugo ryagiye ridindiza iterambere ry’Igihugu cyacu. Iyo uhejeje umwari n’umutegarugori mu nzu hari ibitekerezo byakubaka igihugu uba upfukiranye. Mu Rwanda abagore bagaragaje ko bafatiye runini umuryango aho abagore bagira uruhare runini mu burere bw’abana. Cyakora hari bake bagiye bigaragaza mu zindi gahunda z’Igihugu.

    Mu ntyoza zafashaga kwamamaza no gukomeza amatwara y’ingoma harimo abasizi b’abagore. Umugabekazi Nyirarumaga ntawamwibagirwa mu nganzo y’ubusizi ku ngoma ya Ruganzu II Ndori. Hari n’intwari zatabariraga Igihugu zikarinda imipaka kuvogerwa. Mu mbanzirizakubarusha twavugamo nka Ndabaga wiyemeje gukura se ku rugerero. Kandi na ba Nyagakecuru mu bisi bya Huye cyangwa ba Nyabingi iyo mu Ndorwa ntibari boroshye! Izo ni ingero nke z’abakurambere ariko n’ubu hari abakomeje kwigaragaza ku buryo hari n’abashyizwe mu ntwari z’Igihugu. Nyamara ibyo ariko hari igihe byirengagijwe. Bavugaga ko nta mutegarugori wahagarara imbere y’abagabo ngo ategeke. Mu mashuri ubwo barahezwa ngo hari amasomo yahariwe abahungu n’ayahariwe abakobwa.

    Igihugu cyacu kimaze kubona ko ihezwa ry’Umunyarwandakazi ridindiza iterambere, kiyemeje gushimangira ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye. Ubu mu Rwanda umwana wese ni nk’undi. Ni mu gihe kandi u Rwanda rwimakaje uburezi budaheza. Gusa gahunda y’uburezi budaheza ntiyashyiriweho kuzamura umugore gusa ngo agire ubushobozi bwo kuyoborana na musaza we. Iyi gahunda igamije kwita ku mwana wese akiga neza kandi ibyo ashaka anashoboye. Yaba umukobwa cyangwa umuhungu, yaba abafite ubumuga cyangwa ubukene agomba gufatwa nka mugenzi we udafite ubusembwa cyangwa uturuka mu muryango wifashije.

    Igihugu cyacu kiyemeje guharanira uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muryango no mu miyoborere y’Igihugu. Itegeko nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda riha abagore nibura imyanya mirongo itatu ku ijana mu nzego zose z’Igihugu. Ubu mu ruhando mpuzamahanga Igihugu cyacu kiza mu myanya ya mbere mu kwimakaza uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye bw’ibitsina byombi. Igishimishije ni uko ayo mahirwe Abanyarwandakazi batayapfushije busa. Abari n’abategarugori ntibahwema kugaragaza ko impano zabo zari zarapfukiranwe. Mu mashuri ibyigwa byose babyiga babyumva. Iyo witegereje imitsindire yabo, besa imihigo kakahava! Ntibiheza bafatanya na basaza babo bakuzuzanya mu buzima bwa buri munsi.

    Mu nzego zose z’ubuyobozi baraganje; baragaragara mu mpuzamashyirahamwe n’impuzamiryango. Ngabo muri za Minisiteri na za Ambasade. Barayoboye kandi barabishoboye. Ngabo muri Sena no mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko, mu bayobozi b’Intara, ab’Uturere n’ab’Imirenge. Mu ngabo na porisi... Ubu ibihugu byinshi biza kwigira ku Rwanda ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu miyoborere. Mu bigo nderabuzima baratuvura bakaduha n’inama. Kandi mu mirimo yose amakenga yabo arushaho kubagira ingenzi.

    Tugomba twese kwimakaza ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye. Ubu ntawukwiriye kwihandagaza ngo avuge ngo: “Nta nkokokazi ibika isake ihari.” Kuko iyi mvugo nta gaciro ifite. Nta mubyeyi wavuga ngo kubera ko amafaranga abaye make ndajyana umwana w’umuhungu mu ishuri uw’umukobwa arorere kandi bose ari ingirakamaro. Kutumva neza iri hame cyangwa kuryirengagiza ni ubujiji bukomeye.

    I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko

    1.Vuga nibura umugani umwe ugaragaza ko umugore atagiraga ijambo mu ruhame mu gihe cyo hambere.

    2.Ni ikihe kintu k’ingenzi kigaragaza ko u Rwanda rushyigikiye bidasubirwaho ihame ry’uburinganire?

    3.Rondora ingero nibura eshatu zagaragazaga uburinganire n’uruhare rw’umugore mu buyobozi bw’Igihugu mu Rwanda rwo hambere.

    4.Ni iki cyavuzwe mu mwandiko kigaragaza ko ubu mu Rwanda hari uburezi budaheza?

    5.Ni ikihe kintu cyavuzwe mu mwandiko cyagereranyijwe n’ubujiji bukomeye?

    6.Mu Rwanda hashyigikiwe uburezi budaheza umuntu uwo ari we wese. Garagaza amagambo ari mu mwandiko abyemeza.

    7.Mu nzego z’ubuyobozi abagore bahariwe kangahe ku ijana?

    II. Inyunguramagambo

    1.Shaka ibisobanuro by’amagambo akurikira ugendeye ku mwandiko.

         a) Kwimakaza                     e) Ubusembwa

         b) Guhezwa                         f ) Mutima w’urugo

         c) Ingengamitekerereze    g) Uburezi budaheza

         d) Intyoza

    2.Garagaza andi magambo yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko asobanura:

        a) Umukobwa, umwari cyangwa umwangavu

        b) Umugore cyangwa umutegarugori

        c) Ubwitonzi bwo kudapfa guhubukira ibyo ubonye

        d) Kujya ku butegetsi.

    3.Garagaza amagambo abusanyije inyito n’aya akurikira:

          a) Ibibondo        b) Indashyikirwa      c) Kwimakaza        d) Ubujiji

    III. Umwitozo wo gukoresha amagambo mu nteruro

    Umunyeshuri akoreshe neza amagambo mu nteruro ziboneye

    1.Kora interuro ngufi kandi ziboneye wifashishije rimwerimwe muri aya magambo akurikira:

        a) Ibibondo                b) Nyampinga       c) Amakenga        d) Ubwuzuzanye

    2.Muri iki kinyatuzu harimo amazina arindwi ashobora kwitwa umuntu w’igitsina gore kuva avutse kugeza akuze. Yagaragaze unayakoreshe mu nteruro ziboneye.

    b 

    IV. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko

    1.Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka ziri muri uyu mwandiko.

    2.Sobanura ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye ugendeye ku mwandiko.

    3.Garagaza mu mwandiko ingingo zigaragaza umuco n’izigaragaza amateka. (Ibyakorwaga mu butegetsi mu Rwanda rwo hambere)

    4. Mu buzima bwacu bwa buri munsi ubona kubahiriza ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye bifite akahe kamaro mu nzego z’ubuyobozi ?

    V. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro

    Mu matsinda, nimwungurane ibitekerezo ku nsanganyamatsiko mwahawe, mwubahiriza uko bikorwa, hanyuma muhurize hamwe ibyo mwagezeho. Uyu mwitozo mushobora no kuwukorera hanze y’ishuri, mu gihe musubiramo amasomo yanyu.

    Insanganyamatsiko:
    Kutubahiriza ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye hagati y’ibitsina byombi byadindiza iterambere ry’umuryango n’iry’igihugu muri rusange.

    Amazina y’urusobe

    Itegereze aya mazina agaragara mu mwandiko ari muri izi mpushya ebyiri A na B, uyatekerezeho maze ugaragaze aho atandukaniye urebeye ku turemajambo tuyagize, imiterere n’ingano yayo.
    d

    Mu rurimi rw’Ikinyarwanda amazina arimo amoko atandukanye bitewe n’imiterere y’intego cyangwa uturemajambo twayo. Habaho amazina mbonera ndetse n’amazina y’urusobe.

    Amazina ari mu ruhushya rwa mbere ni amazina mbonera.

    Amazina y’umwimerere mu rurimi, adafite andi magambo akomokaho twavuga ko ari amazina mbonera asanzwe cyangwa amazina yoroheje. Imiterere y’intego zayo, igizwe n’uturemajambo tw’ibanze dutatu gusa ari two: indomo, indanganteko n’igicumbi (D-RT-C)

    Ingero: a) Umwana: u-mu-ana - u → w/-J          d) Isambu: i-ø- sambu Nta tegeko.
                  b) Abana: a - ba - ana - u → ø/-J            e) Abagore: a - ba - gore Nta tegeko.
                  c) Ibihugu: i-bi-hugu Nta tegeko.

    Amazina ari mu ruhushya rwa kabiri ni amazina y’urusobe.
    Amazina y’urusobe
    Izina ry’urusobe ni izina rimwe ariko rigizwe n’amagambo arenze rimwe. Iyo risesenguwe rigira intego cyangwa uturemajambo turenze utw’izina mbonera kuko rishobora kugira indomo ebyiri, indangazina ebyiri, ibicumbi bibiri. Rishobora kandi kuba rigizwe n’amagambo abiri yiyunze, ijambo ryiyometseho akabimbura cyangwa umusuma, inshinga n’ubundi bwoko bw’ijambo riyibereye icyuzuzo (mbonera cyangwa nziguro) , amazina abiri yunzwe n’ikinyazina ngenera.

    Ingero:
          Iterambere: gutera + imbere (inshinga n’icyuzuzo)
          Ingaramakirambi: ingarama + ikirambi (inshinga yiyunze n’izina)
          Abanyarwanda: Abanya + u Rwanda ( izina ririmo akabimbura)
          Abanyarwandakazi:abanya + u Rwanda + kazi ( izina ririmo akabimbura n’umusuma)
          Nyampinga: nya + impinga (izina ritangiwe n’akabimbura)

    Uturango tw’izina ry’urusobe
    Izina y’urusobe ni izina usanga rikomoka ku yandi magambo arenze rimwe ariko rikagira inyito imwe. Mu rwego rw’intego usanga ari izina rifite uturemajambo turenze utw’izina mbonera. Izina ry’urusobe rishobora kugira uturemajambo tw’izina twivanzemo utw’inshinga cyangwa ubundi bwoko bw’ijambo nk’ikinyazina, umugereka...

    Amoko y’amazina y’urusobe
      a) Amazina y’inyunge
      b) Amazina y’urujyanonshinga
      c) Amazina y’akabimbura
      d) Amazina y’imisuma
      e) Amazina ahujwe n’ikinyazina ngenera

    Amazina y’inyunge

    Izina ry’inyunge ni izina rigizwe n’amazina abiri yiyunze agakora izina rimwe. Muri ayo mazina abiri usanga irya kabiri riba risobanura izina riribanjirije. Amazina y’inyunge nubwo aba agizwe n’amazina abiri yiyunze agira inyito imwe itari igiteranyo cy’ayo mazina abiri yiyunze. Cyakora iyo irya kabiri rifutura irya mbere yandikwa atandukanye.

    Urugero:
    Imvugo shusho: iri jambo rigizwe n’amazina abiri ari yo imvugo n’ishusho.Itegeko teka: iri jambo rigizwe n’amazina abiri ari yo itegeko n’iteka.

    Amazina y’urujyanonshinga
    Aya mazina y’urujyanonshinga aba ashingiye ku nshinga yiyunze n’icyuzuzo cyayo, gishobora kuba icyuzuzo mbonera cyangwa icyuzuzo nziguro (izina, inshinga, ikinyazina, umugereka), agakora izina rimwe.

    Ingero:

    z

    Amazina y’akabimbura

    Ijambo“akabimbura” risobanura akajambo kabimbura ni ukuvuga kaza imbere. Ubusanzwe kubimburira abandi ni ukubabanziriza mu byo bakora. Izina ry’akabimbura rero ni izina rifite akajambo gato karibanjirije.

    Ingero:   - Nyakubahwa

                    - Nyiricyubahiro

                    - Nyiramahirwe

                    - Semasaka

                    - Rwamanywa

                    - Kanyana

                   - Mukasekuru

                   - Mwenese

                  - Umunyarwanda

    Utu tujambo duciyeho akarongo kimwe n’utundi tutarondowe ni “utubimbura”. Utubimbura dukunze gukoreshwa mu Kinyarwanda ni: a, ka, nya, nyiri, nyira, se, sa.

    Amazina y’imisuma

    Umusuma ni akajambo kongerwa inyuma y’irindi kakagira umumaro wo gusobanura neza iryo zina kagaragiye. Habaho umusuma kazi, azi, ndetse n’imisuma igaragaza isano nka rume, kuru, kuruza...

    Ingero:   - Inkokokazi            - umunyarwandakazi

                    - Umugabazi           - ikintazi

                   - Nyirarume             - sogokuru

    Amazina ahujwe n’ikinyazina ngenera

    Amazina y’ingereka ni amazina y’urusobe agizwe n’amazina abiri yunzwe n’ikinyazina ngenera. Ayo mazina abiri yunzwe n’ikinyazina ngenera ntagira inyito ebyiri, ahubwo arema inyito imwe n’ubwo aba agizwe n’amagambo abiri.

    Ingero:  

    - Insina z’amatwi: aya mazina “insina” na “amatwi” yunzwe n’ikinyazina ngenera “za” kandi inyito yayo ni imwe, asobanuye ikintu kimwe.

     - Amaso y’ikirayi: aya mazina “amaso” na “ikirayi” yunzwe n’ikinyazina ngenera “ya” kandi asobanuye ikintu kimwe.

    - Inkondo y’umura: aya mazina “inkondo” na “umura” yunzwe n’ikinyazina ngenera “ya” kandi afite inyito y’ikintu kimwe.

    Ikitonderwa: Hari amazina aranga amasano abantu bafitanye na yo abarirwa mu mazina y’urusobe. Ayo mazina atandukana bitewe n’uvuga (muri ngenga ya mbere), ubwirwa (muri ngenga ya kabiri) ndetse n’uvugwa (muri ngenga ya gatatu).

    Urugero:

    Ngenga ya mbere:

              Databukwe, databuja, marume, masenge, sogokuru, nyogokuru

    Ngenga ya kabiri:

             Sobukwe, sobuja, nyokorome, nyogosenge

    Ngenga ya gatatu:

             Sebukwe, sebuja, nyirarume, nyirasenge, sekuru, nyirakuru

    Intego y’amazina y’urusobe

    Amazina y’urusobe agira intego zitari nk’iz’izina mbonera. Ashobora kugira uturemajambo tw’izina twivanzemo ubundi bwoko bw’uturemajambo. Izina ry’urusobe rishobora kugira indomo ebyiri, indangazina ebyiri, ibicumbi bibiri cyangwa rikagira indomo, indanganteko n’igicumbi ariko hakiyongeraho intego z’andi moko y’amagambo ashobora kwihagikamo cyangwa akaza inyuma y’igicumbi nk’icyuzuzo. Twavuga nk’utubimbura, ibinyazina, imigereka...

    Amazina y’urusobe asesengurwa nk’uko andi mazina asanzwe asesengurwa bitewe n’ubwoko bwayo, ndetse buri jambo rigasesengurwa hagaragazwa intego zaryo. Iyo izina ry’urusobe ari izina ry’urujyanonshinga hagomba ubushishozi kuko hari igihe inshinga ishobora kuba yiyunze n’ijambo ridahinduka nk’ umusuma cyangwa umugereka. Icyo gihe amagambo asanzwe atagoragozwa yandikwa uko yakabaye. Amazina yubakiye ku tubimbura na yo agomba ubushishozi kuko utubimbura tutagira intego.

    Iyo rimwe mu magambo agize izina ry’urusobe rikomoka ku nshinga icyo gihe iryo jambo risesengurwa hakurikijwe inkomoko yaryo.

    Dore uko bikorwa:Umucasuka: ni izina rigizwe n’amagambo abiri : Umuca n’isuka. Umuca ni ijambo rituruka cyangwa rikomoka ku nshinga guca, naho isuka ni izina mbonera.

    Mu kugaragaza intego umuca rirasesengurwa ukwaryo n’isuka ukwaryo:

    umuca: u-mu-ci-a

    isuka: i-ø-suka

    Ni ukuvuga ko uturemajambo duteye dutya:

    Umucasuka: u – mu – ci – a – ø – ø – suka i→ ø/-J

    Andi magambo twatangaho ingero:

    Impuzamiryango: rigizwe n’amagambo abiri ari yo : « impuza » rituruka ku nshinga guhuza inkomoko yayo ikaba « guhura », n’imiryango.

    i-n-hur-y-a-ø-mi-ryango n→m/-h, mh→mp mu nyandiko, r+y→z

    Umunyarwanda: iri ni ijambo ryubakiye ku kabimbura “nya”n’ijambo u Rwanda.

    u-mu- nya - ø - ru-and- a u→ w/-J

    Nyiricyubahiro: iri ni ijambo ryubakiye ku kabimbura « nyiri » n’ijambo « icyubahiro».

    nyiri – ø – ki – ubah – ir – o i→ y/-J, ky→cy mu nyandiko

    Nyiramahirwe: iri ni ijambo rigizwe n’ akabimbura “nyira” n’ijambo “amahirwe”.

    nyira – ø – ma – hir - w - e

    semasaka: iri ni ijambo rigizwe n’ akabimbura se n’ijambo “amasaka”.

    se – ø – ma - saka

    Ubwirakabiri: iri ni ijambo rigizwe n’ijambo “ubwira” rituruka ku nshinga kwira n’ikinyazina nyamubaro “kabiri”.

    u – bu – ir – a – ka – biri u→ w/-J

    Imbonekarimwe: iri ni ijambo rigizwe n’ijambo “imboneka” rituruka ku nshinga kuboneka na yo ituruka ku nshinga kubona, n’ikinyazina nyamubaro “rimwe”.

    i – n – bon – ik – a – ri – mwe n→ m/-b, i→ e/- Co-

    Umugiraneza: iri ni izina rigizwe n’amagambo abiri “ umugira” bituruka ku nshinga kugira, n’umugereka w’uburyo “neza”.

    u – mu – gir – a – neza

    Insina z’amatwi: aha harimo amazina abiri “insina n’amatwi” yunzwe n’ikinyazina ngenera “za”.

    i – n – tsina – zi – ø – a – ma - twi t→ ø / n- s, i→ ø/-J

    Amazina agaragaza amasano abantu bafitanye:

    Ingero:

    - Databukwe: aha harimo amazina abiri “data” n’ijambo “ubukwe”.

    ø – ø – data – ø – bu – ko – e o→ w/-J

    - Marume: aha harimo amazina abiri “mama” rikoreshwa muri ngenga ya mbere rigahindura ishusho “ma” n’umusuma ugaragaza isano “rume”.

    ø – ø – ma – rume

    - Masenge: aha harimo amagambo atatu: “mama”, “se” n’ikinyazina ngenga “nge”.

    ø – ø – ma – ø – ø – se – n – gi – e i→ ø/-J ma ni impundurantego ya “mama”.

    - Sogokuru: aha harimo amazina abiri “so” na “kuru”iva kuri ntera mukuru.

    ø – ø – sogo – ø – kuru sogo ni impundurantego ya “so”

    - Nyokobuja: aha harimo amazina abiri “ nyoko” riva kuri mama muri ngenga ya kabiri, n’ijambo “ubuja”.

    ø – ø – nyoko – ø – bu – ja

    - Nyirabuja: aha harimo amazina abiri “nyira” riva kuri mama muri ngenga ya gatatu n’ijambo “ubuja”.

    ø – ø – nyira – ø – bu – ja

    Nyirasenge: ø – ø – nyira – ø – ø – se – n – gi – e

    - Sekuru: ø – ø – se – ø – kuru

    Umwitozo ku mazina y’urusobe

    Umunyeshuri ku giti ke akore neza umwitozo ku mazina y’urusobe.

    1.Tahura amazina y’urusobe yakoreshejwe mu nteruro zikurikira uyaceho akarongo.

        a) Abanyamategeko ni bo bakemura ibibazo byarenze abunzi.

        b) Umwana ubana na nyirakuru amenya byinshi.

        c) Uburingarire bugira uruhare mu iterambere.

        d) Umuntu nyamuntu agomba kuba umugiraneza aho ari hose.

        e) Hambere mu mashuri umunyarwandakazi yarahezwaga cyane.

    2.Shaka amazina y’urusobe ane maze uyakoreshe mu nteruro mbonezamvugo.

    3.Garagaza uturemajambo tw’aya mazina n’amategeko y’igenamajwi.

          a) Umushoramari                 d) Umunyamugisha                   g) Nyirakuru

          b) Abategarugori                  e) Ikimenyabose                         h) Nyokobukwe

          c) Inkandagirabitabo           f ) Ubugwaneza                           i) Nyogosenge

    Inshamake y’ibyizwe muri uyu mutwe wa mbere

    Imyandiko yo muri uyu mutwe ivuga ku buringanire n’ubwuzuzanye hagati y’abashakanye haba mu mirimo inyuranye cyangwa mu micungire y’umutungo ndetse no mu buyobozi. Ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye ryihutisha iterambere ry’umuryango n’iry’Igihugu muri rusange. Leta y’u Rwanda ishyigikiye bidasubirwaho uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye, ndetse ishyiraho ingamba ziha umugore uburyo bwo kugira uruhare haba mu kwiyubakira Igihugu no mu nzego z’imiyoborere.

    Mu bijyanye n’ubumenyi bw’ururimi, twabonye ikiganiro mpaka icyo ari cyo, ikiba kigamijwe mu kiganiro mpaka tunabona uko gikorwa.

    Mu kibonezamvugo twabonyemo inshoza y’amazina y’urusobe. Izina ry’urusobe ni izina rigira uturemajambo turenze utw’izina mbonera. Mu moko y’amazina y’urusobe harimo amazina y’inyunge, amazina y’urujyanonshinga, amazina y’utubimbura, amazina y’imisuma n’amazina y’ingereka. Twabonye ko habamo amwe agaragaza amasano abantu bagirana. Twabonye uturango twayo n’uko bagaragaza intego zayo.

    Isuzuma rusange risoza umutwe wa mbere

    Isuzumwa rikorwa n’abanyeshuri bose kandi buri munyeshuri agakora ku giti ke yubahiriza amabwiriza yahawe.

    Umwandiko: Inzego z’ubuyobozi mu Rwanda


    Igihugu cyacu ni Igihugu giharanira iteka kwiteza imbere. Ibi bikagaragarira mu bufatanye n’ubwuzuzanye mu nzego zinyuranye z’ubuyobozi. U Rwanda nk’Igihugu kigendera ku mategeko rugaragaramo inzego z’ubuyobozi zigabye mu mashami atatu y’ingenzi ari yo Ubutegetsi Nshingategeko, Ubutegetsi Nyubahirizategeko n’Ubutegetsi bw’Ubucamanza. Muri izi nzego zose kandi hagaragaramo uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye bw’ibitsina byombi ndetse n’ibyiciro binyuranye by’Abanyarwanda. Itegeko riteganya nibura mirongo itatu ku ijana by’abagore mu nzego zose z’ubuyobozi kandi abafite ubumuga na bo barahagarariwe.

    Dukurikije imiterere y’inzego muri iki Gihugu cy’u Rwanda mu mwaka wa 2017, urwego rw’Ubutegetsi Nshingategeko rugizwe n’Inteko Nshingamategeko igabanyijemo imitwe ibiri ari yo Umutwe w’Abadepite n’Umutwe w’Abasenateri. Iyi mitwe yombi ikagira inzego ziyishamikiyeho. Aha twavuga nka za komisiyo zinyuranye zishinzwe inzego zitandukanye zirebana n’ubuzima bwose bw’Igihugu. Urugero nka komisiyo y’imibereho myiza y’abaturage, iy’ubukungu, iy’amategeko, iy’uburezi n’izindi. Abagore bagaragara muri izi nzego zavuzwe ndetse no muri izi komisiyo.

    Ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye ntiryirengagijwe mu buyobozi bw’iyi mitwe yombi. Mu nteko hagaragaramo Abanyarwandakazi batari bakeya. Bagira uruhare mu gutegura imishinga y’amategeko Igihugu kigenderaho no kuyajyaho impaka bashingiye cyanecyane ku bitekerezo bakura mu baturage. Izina ryabo ribivuga neza ko ari “Intumwa za rubanda”.

    Urwego rw’Ubutegetsi Nyubahirizategeko na rwo rugabanyijemo amashami menshi atandukanye. Hari za Minisiteri n’ibigo bya Leta binyuranye. Muri za Minisiteri twavuga iy’Uburezi, iy’Ingabo z’Igihugu, iy’Ubutegetsi bw’Igihugu, iy’Umutekano, iy’Ubuhinzi n’Ubworozi, iy’Ibikorwa Remezo, iy’Ububanyi n’Amahanga, iy’Ubuzima, iy’Imari n’Igenamigambi, iy’Abakozi ba Leta n’Umurimo, iy’Uburinganire n’Iterambere ry’Umuryango n’izindi. Ariko izikuriye zose ikitwa Minisiteri y’Intebe. Hari ibigo bishamikiye kuri za Minisiteri bikazifasha kwegereza abagenerwabikorwa bazo serivisi bakeneye. Zimwe mu ngero twatanga ni nk’Ikigo k’Igihugu Gishinzwe Guteza Imbere Uburezi, Igishinzwe Guteza Imbere Ubuhinzi, Igishinzwe Kwihutisha Iterambere, Igishinzwe Imiyoborere, Igishinzwe Ururimi n’Umuco n’ibindi.

    Mu rwego rwo kwegereza abaturage ubuyobozi, Minisiteri y’Ubutegetsi bw’Igihugu ishingira ubuyobozi ku muturage uhereye ku rwego rw’Imudugudu, ikageza ku Tugari, Imirenge, Uturere, Intara n’Umujyi wa Kigali. Mu bayobozi b’izi nzego zose higanjemo abagore kandi bayobora neza. Uru rwego rw’Ubutegetsi Nyubahirizategeko ni rwo rushyira mu bikorwa amategeko yose yatowe n’Urwego rw’Ubutegetsi Nshingategeko mu gihe amaze kwemezwa no gushyirwaho umukono na Nyakubahwa Perezida wa Repubulika agatangazwa mu Igazeti ya Leta y’u Rwanda.

    Urwego rwa gatatu ari na rwo rwa nyuma ni Urwego rw’Ubutegetsi bw’Ubucamanza. Ni urwego rwigenga ugereranyije na ziriya ebyiri zibanza. Nk’uko izina ribivuga, uru rwego ni rwo rushinzwe ibikorwa bifitanye isano n’ubutabera ndetse n’impapuro bijyana. Ni muri iki kiciro dusangamo amategeko, ubwoko bwayo ndetse n’uko agomba gukurikizwa tutibagiwe n’ibihano biteganyirizwa abanyuranyije na yo. Muri ibyo bihano tukibuka ko mu Gihugu cyacu igihano cy’urupfu cyakuwemo.

    Ni intera ishimishije mu muco w’amahoro no kugira ubutabera bugamije kunga no gukosora uwafuditse. Abahamwe n’icyaha bakatirwa igifungo, ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryabyo rikubahirizwa n’Urwego rw’Igihugu Rushinzwe Imfungwa n’Abagororwa. Imfungwa ni abakatiwe igifungo cya burundu naho abagororwa ni abakatiwe igihe runaka k’igifungo cyarangira bagasubira mu buzima busanzwe.

    Muri izo nzego zose z’ubuyobozi ihame ry’imiyoborere myiza, iryo kunoza imikorere, iryo kwegereza abaturage ubuyobozi no gukorera mu mucyo ndetse n’iry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye ni bimwe mu byo Leta y’Ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda yimirije imbere.

    I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko

    1.Rondora inzego eshatu z’ubutegetsi mu Rwanda uko zarondowe mu mwandiko.

    2.Vuga nibura inshingano imwe ya rumwe mu nzego z’ubutegetsi mu Rwanda.

    3. Ni iki cyavuzwe mu mwandiko kigaragaza ko u Rwanda rufite ubuyobozi budaheza igitsina gore?

    4.Ni uruhe rwego rushinzwe gushyiraho amategeko no kugena ibihano ku batayubahirije?

    5.Imfungwa zitandukaniye he n’abagororwa?

    6.Ni ryari itegeko ritangira gukurikizwa?

    II. Inyunguramagambo

    1.Sobanura amagambo cyangwa imvugo zikurikira zigaragara mu mwandiko:

        a) Kugaba amashami

        b) Kwirengagiza

        c) Abagororwa

        d) Yimirije imbere

    2.Tanga imbusane z’aya magambo:

       a) Iterambere

       b) Ubutabera

       c) Kwegereza

    3.Koresha aya magambo wungutse mu nteruro ngufi kandi ziboneye.

    a) Kugaba amashami

    b) Kwirengagiza

    c) Abagororwa

    III. Ikibonezamvugo

    1.Vuga ubwoko bw’amazina aciweho akarongo mu nteruro zikurikira:

        a) Urwego rw’Ubutegetsi Nyubahirizategeko na rwo rugabyemo amashami menshi atandukanye.

        b) Mu nteko hagaragaramo Abanyarwandakazi batari bake.

        c) Ngo igihano cy’urupfu gikwiriye guhabwa uwavukije ubuzima inzirakarengane.

    2.Tahura amazina y’urusobe agaragara muri izi nteruro uyaceho akarongo:

        a) Ubuyobozi bufite igenamigambi ryiza bwihutisha iterambere.

        b) Abanyamahanga benshi batangarira indangagaciro zacu.

    3.Garagaza uturemajambo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi yakoreshejwe kuri aya magambo yandikishije ibara ry’umukara tsiri:

        a) Ubuyobozi bufite igenamigambi ryiza bwihutisha iterambere.

        b) Abanyamahanga benshi batangarira indangagaciro zacu.

    IV. Ubumenyi rusange

    1.Ikiganiro mpaka ni iki?

    2.Vuga unasobanure uruhande rumwe mu bagize ibiganiro mpaka.

    3.Kuki rimwe na rimwe biba ngombwa ko habaho ibiganiro mpaka mu mashuri yisumbuye?

    V. Ihangamwandiko

    Hanga umwandiko mu mirongo itarenga makumyabiri n’itanu (25) kuri imwe muri izi nsanganyamatsiko:

             a) Akamaro k’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu iterambere ry’Igihugu.

             b) Leta y’u Rwanda yashimangiye ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye.

    ◄IriburiroUmutwe Wa 2: Ubuzima►