Course: Entrepreneurship

Topic outline

General
UNIT1 :AGRIBUSINESS AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Key Unit Competence: To be able to develop agri-business activities
and know their contribution towards socio-economic development.
Introductory activity
Case study
Mahoro is a Teacher training college graduate and an orphan.
After her parents died in 2005, she continued with the agricultural
work that her parents used to do turning it into family business.
Mahoro had to assume all the responsibilities looking after her 3
siblings/brothers and sisters.
She started from one cow, a small farmland using her knowledge
in entrepreneurship obtained in TTC, and O’level sought advice
from her immediate relatives. Her relatives advises her to apply
for a loan in Umurenge Sacco and luckily she was granted a loan
after presenting a good business plan, she had in mind expanding
and while having a dream of being self-employed.
Some of her friends discouraged her by advising her to apply
for the job and go to teach but she kept deaf ear, at first,
she invested almost half of the loan in growing sorghum
but the season wasn’t favorable and the scorching sun destroyed everything.
Mahoro didn’t give up the next season she changed to Irish potatoes
and she harvested over 10 tones; since then Mahoro has been able to buy
a commercial house in the trading centre, pays taxes to the government
and looks after her siblings and they are all university graduates.
Mahoro has secured a contract from Nakumatt to supply vegetables
and she has a plan to start processing her output to be able to conquer international market.
Questions
a. Identify ways in which Mahoro’s farming activity is different
from other farmers as usually done in your locality.
b. What motivated Mahoro to undertake the above activities?
c. Suggest the contribution of agribusiness to the economic development of the country
d. In which situation can the government assist the youth to benefit more
from agribusiness activities?
1.1. Meaning of agri-business, Socio-economic development, and agri-business activities
Activity 1.1
1. Explain the meaning of agri-business
2. Using your knowledge acquired in O’ Level, explain the concept of socio-economic development.
1.1.1. Meaning of agri-business, Socio-economic development
The term “agri-business” is delivered from two words namely agri
(which means agriculture) and business. Agriculture;
is the art of cultivating and growing the plants and livestock
for the survival of an individual or a family. After a long time people
doing agriculture just for their survival only, they experienced a lack
of monetary income and they started thinking of how they can produce
more for selling purposes hence Agribusiness.
Agribusiness therefore is a combination of agriculture and business.
It is defined as an activity of growing plants, live stocks,…
for commercial purposes. This may include the dealing in agrichemicals,
breeding, crop production, distribution, farm machinery, processing,
and seed supply, as well as marketing and retail sales.
Eventually, Agribusiness involves in the production and selling
of agricultural products to earn a profit. The size of agribusinesses
differs from micro businesses to large businesses.
Example of some activities that an entrepreneur can do in agribusiness
1. Tree nursery. A tree nursery can be a great investment
when done in right way
2. Fish farming. Fish farming is an ideal business idea
for investors with available land, and it does not always require a body of water.
3. Dual crop farming.
4. Dairy farming.
5. Herb gardening.
6. Bee farming.
7. Aquaponics....
8. Micro greens farming.
9. Urban agriculture. You don’t need a huge space to get into the agriculture business
10. Vegetable farming
11. Livestock feed
12. Fruit growing
1.1.2. Socio-economic development
This is a multi-dimensional process of transformation involving
accumulated qualitative and quantitative changes in an economy
leading to better standards of living. Social economic development
involves cultural changes, social changes, economic transformation,
education reforms and it is a continuous process covering a long period of time.
Socio-economic development involves economic growth which
should eventually lead to changes in peoples way of life, attitude,
fairer distribution of the country’s wealth and provision of essential needs like food,
shelter, clothing, higher standards of living, changes in occupational structure
towards self-reliance and radical changes in political institutions
and administrative structure with the aim of giving greater opportunities
to the masses in the decision making.
Agribusiness is one of the drivers of socio-economic development in developing
countries and it is on this note that it should be embraced and taken advantage
of by government institutions concerned to ensure that optimum out through
support and sensitization of the youth.
Agribusiness has an impact on practically all the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
According to the Food Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO),
over 70 per cent of the world’s food needs are met by small farmers.
Agriculture is the economic sector that employs most people in the world,
and the main source of food and income for many people living in poverty.
Thus, investing in agriculture is not only one of the most effective strategies
to improve food security and promote sustainability but it is also essential
to many countries’ economic development.
Practicing agribusiness in Rwanda requires serious analysis.
As you observe the map above, different agricultural activities
are conducted in various areas; one needs to scan the environment before investing.
There are some crops that are grown here but that cannot survive there…
(e.g.: Arish Potatoes are grown better in North than in south).
Therefore, entrepreneurs should recognize that not every
agribusiness venture is viable everywhere unless
if you avail some of the key climatic conditions to that surface
(E.g.: irrigation practiced in dry areas) though the type of soil will also mater.
Another point to note is that, though most people believe that agribusiness
is best done on extended/ wider surfaces, people should be aware that even
on a single square meter (1m2 ) one can do agribusiness for instance
mushrooms, Legumes, various vegetables, …… and as well, poultry does not require big surfaces.
As entrepreneurship student teachers, you have to be very inquisitive and think out of the box.
a. Livestock/ Animal rearing
This type of agri-business involves in the rearing and selling of different types
of animals for beef, milk and hides and other products. Animals commonly kept include:
cattle, sheep, goats, hens, pigs and camels
b. Crop production
In this type of production crops are produced and sold, they include;
coffee, tea, cassava, bananas, cotton, maize, beans, potatoes, tobacco etc.
c. Poultry keeping:
An entrepreneur in this type of agribusiness concentrates
on the keeping and selling of birds for meat, eggs, feathers and skins.
The types of bird commonly kept in Rwanda include: chicken, ducks, turkeys, Guinee fowls etc.
d. Floriculture.
Entrepreneurs in this type of agribusiness grow and sell flowers
e. Aquaculture.
In this type of agribusiness, entrepreneurs deal in fish farming, crocodile farming etc.
f. Horti-culture:
Entrepreneurs dealing in this business, grow fruits and vegetables.
g. Apiculture:
Entrepreneurs in this business involve in bee keeping for honey.
Application activity 1.1
Study the photos below and answer the question thereafter
Question:
1. Describe agri-business activities illustrated in the photos above.
2. Conduct a research on agri-business activities provided
in the photo above, analyze them and come up with the ones that suit your school locality.
1.2 Contribution of agribusiness towards socio-economic development
Activity 1.2
In your own understanding, explain different benefits people in your community
have enjoyed/benefited or gained from agribusiness activities.
Agriculture is crucial for Rwanda’s growth and reduction of poverty,
as the backbone of the economy,
it accounts for 39 percent of gross domestic product (GDP),
80 percent of employment,
63 percent of foreign exchange earnings, and 90 percent
of the country’s food needs.
The following are some of the contributions of agribusiness
to the economic development of the country:
• These businesses provide food for the community
and people are able to survive on food produced.
• They provide employment chances to the people in the community
and this helps to reduce on unemployment in Rwanda. Agribusiness employs
the biggest percentage of people
• Provide raw materials/inputs to other industries in the country
for instance wheat providers supply inputs to Azam industries to produce
wheat flour etc.
• They act as sources of income to the population.
People get money which they use to buy essential goods thereby increasing
on their standards of living.
• They use bi-products like rubbish, husks etc.
which would have otherwise been dangerous to the environment
there by conserving it from damage.
• Provide foreign exchange through the sale of goods on foreign markets
• Provide market to other industrial products e.g. fertilizers, farm tools
• Act as a source of income to the government in form of taxes
• Some areas are developed because of agricultural activities
and products from such areas e.g. roads are developed.
However, though agribusiness has a lot of contributions,
we should bear in mind that people who practice it meet with/face so many challenges.
Therefore, here are some of the challenges faced and the possible solutions:
Challenges faced in Agribusiness and possible solutions:

Application activity 1.2
1. Think about any 3 agri-business activities in your school locality, and discuss their
contribution towards socio-economic development of Rwanda.
1.3 Youth employment in agri-business
Activity 1.3
With clear examples, explain the meaning of youth employment.
1.3.1. Meaning of youth employment
There is no legal reference to define the term “youth”. Individuals are either under aged,
entirely dependent or adults and thoroughly responsible for what they do.
According to the criteria on recognized by the United Nations, the youth
comprises of people that are between 15 and 19 years old (adolescents)
and those who are aged between 20 and 24 (young adults).
Youth meaning varies from one society to another and has evolved depending
on political, economic and socio-cultural contexts. In that case, a young person
is that person who is considered as such by the society”. In Rwanda, the youth is
made up of persons aged between 14 and 35.
Youth employment is the situation of young people who are looking for jobs,
are able to find jobs, with the age range being that defined by the United Nations as 15–24 years old.
Note. Given that a third of Rwandans, about 3.7 million individuals are aged 15 to 34,
and youth employment is a critical policy issue.
In Rwanda, the land is the main factor of production and is, as a result,
due to the fact that plots are becoming smaller and smaller.
The land is too small to be rationally used by the population that still
employs anachronistic techniques that we know. This is the reason why
the promotion of youth employment should also target non-agricultural
activities both in rural an urban areas such as rural production oriented,
sewing, leather works, cycle repairing, construction, carpentry, electricity,
bricks production, sports equipment production, cyber café, electronic
workshop and activities that require greater labor force (Haute Intensité de Main d’Oeuvre/ HIMO),
A good entrepreneur who invests in area of agriculture should have in mind that,
Rwanda is in situation that 42 % of the youth aged between 14 and 35 are either
unemployed or only work on seasonal small scale agriculture. Excessive needs
in terms of land find expression in that on family owns less than one hector for
its agricultural activities, which is the line below which one cannot meet their
nutritional basic needs. To invest in agribusiness, there is a need to think big
to bring new technologies in agriculture or to think the way of modernizing
the agriculture or practice agriculture on small space, for example greenhouse
farming, market gardening, small space gardening ,etc.
1.3.2. Benefits of youth employment
With youth underemployment rates the highest they have been in 40 years
it is more important now than ever to embrace and explore the benefits that
young people bring
• New energy and perspective: Young employees can bring fresh perspective
and a different way of thinking to your business. Most young workers are eager
to learn, build their experience and apply their skills in the workforce.
This enthusiasm is great for team building, productivity and workplace moral.
Younger employees will also give you an advantage if you want to target
the millennial market as they understand how to reach and communicate with their peers.
• Workforce development: Young people are used for learning. If they have just come out
of school or tertiary education, they will still retain a mindset that will help them absorb
training more readily. As they don’t have a huge amount of previous experience young
people are essentially a ‘blank slate.’ This affords/gives their employer an opportunity
to develop a workforce of young people specifically trained to meet their organization’s needs.
• Affordability: More often than not, wages for a young employee are less expensive
than those for an older more experienced worker. There are also options for formal
trainee and apprenticeships which can be of great benefit to both employers and young people.
• Technology advancement & early adoption: Millennial have grown up around technology.
Their natural affinity for tech and their ability to apply and understand different
technologies quickly sets them apart from other generations in the workforce.
Hiring young people has a positive and important impact in driving business forward
in the adoption and use of new software and technology
• Adaptability & agility: When unexpected circumstances arise, younger
people are better equipped to respond to sudden change, this can be of great
benefit in the shifting landscape of the modern-day workplaces where process,
technology and priorities are constantly changing. With economic,
social and political boundaries in a state of flux, adaptability gives young
people an advantage in a work environment that is more agile, changeable
and fast paced than ever before.
• Youth employment builds young people’s self-esteem and self-confidence;
• It develops ability of the youth to manage personal and social relationships;
• Offering worthwhile and challenging new experiences at work and outside work place;
• It provides learning opportunities to enable young people to gain knowledge and develop
new skills;
• Building young people’s capacity to consider risks and consequences and make informed
decisions and take responsibility
• Helps young people to develop social awareness and a sense of social solidarity form
their work environments.
• It gives young people a voice in decision-making which affect their lives;
• Enhances young people’s role as active citizens and preserving culture.
• When young people are employed, the crime rate is reduced, idle resources
are exploited and generally the living standard is improved.
Application activity 1.3
As a TTC graduate, you are requested by your village leader to address citizens
in your village about the youth employment.
Describe the benefits of youth employment towards community development
that will be entailed in your speech.
Skills Lab -1-
1. After learning about different agribusiness activities in your community,
you are required to think and come up with different modern methods
that can be applied to improve on productivity of agribusiness products
and promote youth employment.
2. Scan your home environment or elsewhere, and come up with possible
agribusiness activity that you can undertake after school and suggest its role
to your personal & family economic development.
End of unit assessment
Assume you are a TTC leaver and you have been selected as a district youth leader.
During a campaign about “Youth involvement in agribusiness activities”,
you are requested to advise youths on scalable agribusiness activities.
Required:
a. Identify any two agribusiness activities that you can do in your home locality.
b. Describe the methods that you can use to make it a real profitable business
than survival and discuss their contribution towards socio-economic development.
UNIT 2:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
Key Unit Competence: To be able to prepare EIA report as a tool for
preventing negative effect of business activities on the environment.
Introductory activity
Case study: Rwanda’s government through Rwanda Environment
Management Authority (REMA) and environmental impact assessment report (EIA)
guidelines expects entrepreneurs to be cautious and careful with goods produced,
the technology used, the materials used for the production
and their probable impact on human health and the environment.
If the product/ project does not meet the requirements of the general
expected standards, then it is not permitted for further production
and the owner will have to change the technology and the structure of the product.
Rwanda has tremendously grown in areas of urbanization and the infrastructure,
economic activities for example furniture workshops (timber), charcoal stores,
bottled water production etc. If not well addressed are bound to impact
negatively on the environmental attributes of the project areas
and its surroundings like water pollution, air, land pollution,
deforestation etc. Kigali being the capital city of the country,
it continues to have the most economic activities and population
with such economic situation, the economy and the environment
are bound to be affected negatively and positively thus entrepreneurs
intending to start any project have to prepare appropriate Environmental
Impact Assessment reports showing most sustainable and cost effective
way of mitigating any negative impact that may arise as a result of the
implementation of the proposed project.
Questions:
Referring to the above case study, answer the following questions.
a. Using your previous knowledge of entrepreneurship and as a student
who intends to start a small brick laying project in the holidays summarize
the positive and negative effects your project may
have on the environment and surrounding?
b. What strategies would you propose to the entrepreneurs
in Kigali to mitigate the likely challenges as a result of the projects started?
c. Identify the importance of Environmental Impact
Assessment report for business idea you intend to start in your community.
2.1 Definition of Environment and Effects of business activities on the environment

Activity 2.1
Consider this: Many buildings are built from materials
that do not come from renewable sources. Office buildings have
a huge appetite for electricity to power lighting, air conditioning,
computers, printers, and photocopiers. Equipment may be left on 24 hours a day,
seven days a week-even when no one is working.
Offices consume vast amounts of paper. Even with more offices recycling paper,
a large amount of paper waste still goes to landfill sites or incinerators.
In addition to paper, offices produce a lot of other waste, including equipment
(especially computers), because companies regularly upgrade their equipment
to stay competitive. Electronics such as photocopiers and computers
can end up in landfills, where they do not break down and,
even worse, can leach harmful chemicals into the ground and water.
Rush-hour traffic jams in towns and cities are full of people trying to
get to work-wasting time and polluting the atmosphere.
Questions
1. In your own words what is the environment?
2. What activities mentioned in the case study that affect the environment?
3. Identify the would-be positive effects of the above activities on the environment?

2.1.1 Definition of Environment
The term Environment is derived from a Latin word “Environia”
which means to surround. It refers to both abiotic (physical or non-living)
and biotic (living) environment. The word environment means surroundings,
in which organisms live. Therefore; environment is the sum total of conditions
that surrounds us at a given point of time and space. It is comprised
of the interacting systems of physical, biological and cultural
elements which are interlinked both individually and collectively.
Environment is the total sum of conditions in which an organism
has to survive or maintain its life process. It influences the growth
and development of living forms.
Business environment is the total sum of all external and internal
factors that influence a business. Business environment is the combination
of internal and external factors that influence a company’s operating situation.
The business environment can include factors such as:
clients and suppliers; its competitors and owners; improvements
in technology; laws and government activities; market, social and economic trends.
i) According to P. Gisbert “Environment is anything immediately
surrounding an object and exerting a direct influence on it.”
ii) According to E. J. Ross “Environment is an external force which influences us.”
2.1.2 Effects of business activities on the environment
Positive effects of business activities on the environment include:
• Saves on cutting down forests for fuel.
• Reduction on carbon emissions which depletes the ozone layer.
• Reduction on soil fertility loss and leaching of minerals.
• Reduces water loss from the soil.
• More forest cover which improves the air we breathe in.
• Reduction on desertification and leads to more rain.
• Makes environment appealing and more beautiful.
• Increased vegetation cover which improves the quality of air.
• Improved drinking water quality, household sewage connection,
and improved hygiene practices.
• Results into taxes which the government earns as revenue to set up
social amenities such as schools, hospitals, roads and
provide security to the country.
• Results into production of goods that satisfy people’s needs
thereby improving the society’s well-being.
• Creation of employment opportunities for the people
thereby improving their standards of living.
• Corporate social responsibility activities such as sponsoring sports activities,
planting of trees, building of schools and hospitals which help the community.
• Business activities promote infrastructural development
in the society such as road construction, schools, and houses for people
thus contributing to the development of the society.
Business activities that positively affect the environment include:
• Reuse, reduce, and recycle activities that reduce wastage and other activities
that would affect the environment negatively.
• Afforestation: This involves planting trees which
helps regenerate the environment.

• Proper Waste management: This is the collection,
transportation and disposal of garbage, sewage and other waste products.
• Social responsibility: “Umuganda” literally translated as
‘coming together with a common purpose to achieve an outcome’.
Most business are involved in communal/collective work that protect the environment.
• Horticulture and floriculture: This involves planting of crops especially
flowers which beautify the environment.
• Building of terraces in hilly or mountainous terrain to decrease both erosion
and surface runoff thereby protecting the environment.

• Replacing non-decomposable materials with decomposable ones such as
polythene bags with paper bags. Paper bags can easily decompose
in soil there by protecting the environment.

Negative effects of business activities on the environment:
These include:
• Soil degradation: This refers to the destruction of soil fertility,
soil nutrients composition (organic and inorganic)
resulting from overgrazing, over cultivation, deforestation,
mining and quarrying and contamination from disposal
of harmful waste products (industrial wasted oils and chemicals).
• Industrialization: Although industrialization is important
for the economic growth and development of a society,
it is also harmful to the environment. Amongst other things,
industrial processes cause climate change, water, air and soil pollution;
health issues, extinction of species, and so on.

• Deforestation: Some business use trees in their operations
for production of goods and services, e.g. carpentry workshops,
construction, businesses and household’s clear large tracts
of forests to make farms, roads and railways.

• Heating and air conditioning systems
pump greenhouse gas emissions from offices
into the atmosphere and use up vast amounts of electricity.
• Poor waste disposal: Offices produce a lot of waste
including equipment which end up in landfills,
where they don’t breakdown and, even worse,
can leach harmful chemicals into the growth and water.
• Depletion of resources: Businesses use a lot of natural resources
in their operations. For example, manufacturing businesses
deplete minerals, lumbering depletes forest resources,
fishing depletes/reduces the water resources and mining
and quarrying destroys and degrades land.
• Pollution (air, water, land): Businesses emits a lot of carbon dioxide,
smoke, ozone depleting gases, dust Sulphur-dioxide and
so on which is dangerous for animal and plant respiration.
• Displacement of people: The establishment of businesses
displaces people which affects the balancing of the ecosystem
causing over population in given places and hence
affecting the natural environment.
• Rush-hour traffic jams: In towns and cities are full
of people trying to get to work-wasting time and polluting the atmosphere.
• Vibration: This is the result of movement and running
of heavy industrial machines. These vibrations produced greatly
weaken buildings leading to collapse of such affected building.
Business activities that negatively affect the environment
The business owners can carry out activities
that affect the environment negatively.
How are the business activities eco-friendly
when it comes to the environment and its natural resources?
You may be surprised by some specific examples of ways
the working world damages the environment:
Business activities that negatively affect the environment include:
• Charcoal burning: This is done to get charcoal for sale. This business activity
leads to deforestation (the cutting down of trees). The trees are burnt and,
in this process, fumes are emitted in the atmosphere leading to air pollution.
• Construction: Businesses clear land to construct business buildings.
In this process, they cut down trees and at the same time degrade the soil.
• Swamp reclamation: This is the clearing of swamps for various purposes
such as settlement, farming and so on. Swamp reclamation leads
to the destruction of the ecological cycle and wildlife habitats.
• Industrialization: This activity leads to the emission of poisonous
fumes into the atmosphere (air pollution). It also leads to land
pollution when waste products of business activities are deposited on land.
Water pollution can also occur.

• Agriculture: This is the growing of crops and rearing of animals.
Poor methods of farming such as overgrazing and over cropping
lead to soil degradation.
• Bricklaying: This is the modeling of bricks from
soil and clay for sale. This activity leads to soil degradation.
• Fishing: This is the extraction of animals from water bodies
for sale and consumption. Bad fishing methods lead to the fishing
of young fish and extinction of certain fish species from water bodies.
• Mining: This is the extraction of minerals from the soil.
Mining leads soil degradation, soil erosion and displacement of people.
• Lumbering: This is the cutting of trees for commercial purposes.
As trees are cut down, the soil is left bare and this can lead to soil erosion and reduced rain.

• Packaging: Most businesses have packaging materials for their goods
such as plastic bottles, polythene bags, glasses and so on.
These packaging products are non-biodegradable and are harmful to the soil.
Application activity 2.1
Read the case study below and answer questions that follow.
But it is it is just a bottle of water
On the way to school, Sally and her mother picked up consumables
for her to use at school. Sally’s mother insisted on getting bottled water
for her daughter because of her strong belief that bottled water
was safer and cleaner than tap water. Back at the dormitory,
however, Sally’s new roommate, Jane, argued against this with
facts she had learned in class.
“Did you know that while tap water is frequently tested to maintain
public health and safety, bottled water has no guidelines for testing?
The Rwanda Standards Board can’t regulate all the water that is bottled
and sold within the country, which accounts for most of bottled water.
” Sally was taken back by her new room-mate’s comments on the
first day that they met.
“Ummmmh, ok, but it can’t be that bad,” she said.
Sally’s mother, on the other hand, admired Jane’s enthusiasm
and passion for the environment, and her knowledge of bottled water.
“So, what you’re saying is that you want to pay a lot more for untested
sealed water in bottles that are horrible for the environment,
especially since people don’t recycle?” said Jane.
“Water bottles are convenient ... anyway, I recycle ... sometimes,” said Sally.
Jane was shocked to hear that her new roommate didn’t recycle often.
What kind of person was she? “Do you know what happens
to the recycled water bottles?!” she asked.
Feeling momentarily brilliant, Sally said,”
They go into landfills, of course.”
“Yes, landfills that are filling quickly,” snapped Jane.
“We don’t have room for water bottles that could be recycled.
When water bottles are thrown in trash, not only do they fill landfills,
but they also increase air pollution and destroy our ozone layer.
When they are burned with the regular trash,
toxic fumes are emitted that are harmful to our health,
and these include greenhouse gasses that are harmful
to the environment.”
“Okay, okay, you made your point; I’ll recycle my water
bottles all the time,” said Sally.
“But you still won’t stop drinking bottled water!
Do you know where the water comes from?
A lot of companies get their water from aquifers,
many of which are running low. Water bottle companies
do bulk water exports, extracting groundwater at unsustainable rates.
And did you know that once an aquifer is emptied or polluted,
they are almost impossible to restore? Soon we will have some major water shortages.
” Sally was frustrated, already arguing with her roommate,
but she realized that Jane made a good point,
and was impressed with her knowledge.
But she still wondered why we didn’t hear about these effects
if they were so horrible and what could they do about it anyway.
Two weeks later Sally’s mother was in the super market back
in her hometown and reached for a case of bottled water.
She hesitated and thought “should I really be buying this water
if it is so bad for the environment?”
Questions
a. Should Sally’s mother buy the bottled water?
Support your answer.
b. How can you make society aware of the environmental
problems associated with bottled water?
c. What will be the future impact on the environment
if we continue to use bottled water like we do today?
2.2 Preventive measures to reduce negative effects of business
activities on the natural environment
Activity 2.2
Due to the different economic, political, social and environmental
changes in today’s economy, there’s need for proper planning for
any economic activity to be implemented. Entrepreneurs are expected
to follow proper EIA guidelines so as to avoid environmental,
human and economic risks.
Rwanda’s government through REMA ensures the protection
and sustainable management of environment and encourages
optimal use of natural resources. Different stakeholders have different
functions to perform in order to execute proper EIA procedures.
As a student of entrepreneurship, you have been approached
by MUTESI Chantal who is planning to start a project of brick laying in her society.
Advise her on what measures should she take to mitigate the likely environmenta
l effects caused by her project on the environment?
2.2.1 Introduction
It is undeniable /unquestionable that profitability
is the common goal amongst many businesses. Nonetheless,
while making a profit, there is one more thing that a business should strive for;
“being environment-friendly” in order to achieve success
while minimizing negative impacts on the environment.
2.2.2 Positive measures a business can employ in order
to reduce the negative effects of business activities on the environment.
The following are the positive measures a business can employ
in order to reduce the negative effects of business activities on the environment:
• Choosing energy saving equipment: The equipment used by the business is
a major source of environmental threats. With this, you should be cautious
in picking equipment, regardless of the nature of your business.
If you have vended laundry, consider buying equipment from
international companies like Continental Girbau.
The company has made a reputation for having washing machines,
extractors and dryers that use minimal water and energy without
compromising the outcomes.

• Picking right supplies: Aside from your equipment, your supplies will also matter.
Let us say that you have an industrial Laundromat. You should pick detergents that
do not contain harsh chemicals that will be toxic to the environment.
On the other hand, if you have a restaurant, use compostable take-out trays.
For those who offer janitorial services, use eco-friendly cleaning products.
• Training Employees: It is not enough that you have green equipment and supplies.
To truly become an advocate of environmental sustainability,
your workforce has to take part. That being said, companies should
also invest in educating their employees about what they can do to
be a part of the revolution. They should exert proactive efforts.
Collectively, this can do a lot for the betterment of the environment.
• Practicing Recycling: This is one of the most popular ways to show
your environmental concern. Aside from being good for the environment,
recycling can offer a number of business benefits, such as lowering costs
associated with disposal of waste, improving company image,
minimizing the need to purchase new supplies, and encouraging
creativity through thinking of ways to re-use things that would have been thrown away.

Improve energy efficiency: By minimizing the energy consumption
of your business, you are reducing your carbon footprint and doing
something good for the environment. One thing to consider is the use
of solar panels to harness an alternative source of energy to provide
the electricity needed by the business. Choose appliances with Energy
Star Certification. The implementation of the right energy strategies
will help achieve significant business growth.
• Harness technology: There are also many ways
to take advantage of technology to reduce the environmental
impact of your business. For instance, use teleconferencing
to meet with your potential clients rather than driving or flying.
Technology can also improve the efficiency of business processes,
making it possible to reduce wastage of resources.
• Reforestation programs
• Sensitization and education of the general public
about the importance of conserving the environment
• Soil conservation and management
• Following environment laws set by the government
By practicing the tips that have been mentioned above,
it will be easier for a business to demonstrate its concern
for the environment. In turn, this will be instrumental
in creating a positive brand image, and hence, will help the business
to achieve profitability while being eco-friendly.
Application activity 2.2
As a student of entrepreneurship suggest possible outcomes
that would result from businesses operating in Rwanda without
an environmental impact assessment report.
2.3 Meaning of EIA report and steps of preparing an EIA report
Activity 2.3
Case Study:

While entrepreneurs are undertaking economic activities
or setting projects, they have to be cautious to reduce adverse effects
on the environment and human beings. This can be done by replacing
and/or modifying planned activities to reduce negative impacts.
For example in the above picture where terraces are used to reduce soil
erosion and other environmental effects resulting from agricultural
activities therefore it is a mandate for all business people intending
to start projects to write an environmental impact assessment report
showing how the project will address the above negative effects while
accumulating sales and profits.
Questions:
a. According to your own understanding, what do you think
is an environmental impact assessment report?
b. Suggest the steps you think should be involved
in preparation of environmental impact assessment report.
2.3.1 Meaning of EIA report
An environmental impact assessment report is a detailed
document involving a systematic process for identifying,
predicting and evaluating the environmental effects of proposed
actions and projects. This process is applied prior to major decisions
and commitments with particular attention given to preventing,
mitigating and offsetting the significant adverse effects of proposed undertakings.
Historical background & Context of EIA in Rwanda
Environmental challenges in Rwanda date back several decades.
Recently, the government of Rwanda has undertaken strong
commitment to understand its current and future environmental
challenges as a necessary step in the pursuit for sustainable development.
Today, to effectively manage environmental challenges.
EIA was adopted to effectively manage environmental challenges such as:
• Soil erosion.
• Deforestation.
• Wetland drainage.
• Water degradation.
• Climate change and the loss of biodiversity.
The national environmental challenges are exacerbated
/intensifiedby the:
• Low levels of environmental awareness.
• Inadequate technical & human resources.
• Low intra-sectorial coordination on environmental issues.
Thus, these EIA guidelines should serve as a protocol
for use by various stakeholders involved in the conduct
of environmental impact assessment.
National Policy on EIA
The Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda adopted in June 2003
ensures the protection and sustainable management of environment
and encourages rational use of natural resources.
Various initiatives were taken by the Government of Rwanda (GoR)
to address the environmental issues; these include:
• Formulation of environmental policy (2003);
• Enactment of environmental Organic Law No. 04/2005 of 08/04/200 (2005);
• Establishment of Rwanda Environmental Management Authority (REMA),
under Organic Law No.04/2005 of 08/04/2005 Article 64, to coordinate
and oversee all aspects of environmental management for sustainable development.
• Other various socio-economic development policies and strategies such as
“Rwanda Investment and Exports Strategic Action Plan, 2005-2007”.
Vision 2020” calls for a well-regulated environment management system
that takes into account principles of sustainable development while
at the same time contributing to poverty reduction.
Note: EIA is an invaluable tool for environmental management
in a trans-boundary context, playing role in information dissemination
between Rwanda and neighboring countries and widening
the scope of understanding of environmental impacts beyond its borders.
EIA process in Rwanda provides a pretext and basis for future
international cooperation and conflict resolution concerning
environmental impacts at a regional level.
Objectives, Roles and Benefits of EIA in Rwanda
The main objective of EIA is to promote sustainable
development and ensure that environmental issues are given proper priority.
This is in line with that is fully committed in its pursuit for sustainable development
with the objectives of enhancing living standards of people in a short period
of time and obtaining true benefits to sustainably balance human needs
with nature for today’s and future generations.
The objectives of EIA are four-fold:
• To provide a national standardized process for development authorization.
• To protect Rwanda’s natural environment from potentially
significant and avoidable impacts caused by development projects.
• To invoke environmental consciousness and responsibility
for all development activities in Rwanda.
• To facilitate efficient and modern development activities
whilst considering the needs of present and future generations.
2.3.2 Steps of preparing an EIA report
EIA in Rwanda consists of the following procedures:
a. Project brief submission and registration: As a first step
in the EIA process, a developer proposing to start a project shall
notify REMA in writing by submission of a Project Brief.
The purpose of a project brief, which is to provide information
on the proposed activity so as to enable REMA and Lead Agencies
establish whether or not the activity is likely to have significant
impact on the environment, and thus determine the level of EIA necessary.
b. Scoping and consideration of alternatives: The responsibility
for scoping is done by developers (or their EIA experts)
in consultation with Lead Agencies and all relevant stakeholders.
Scoping is intended to establish important issues to be addressed
in the environmental impact and eliminate the irrelevant ones.
After scoping, REMA approves the terms of reference that would be used
for carrying out the environmental impact study.
c. Baseline data collection and analysis of initial state: Baseline data
describes status of existing environment at a location before intervention
of the proposed project. Site-specific primary data on and around
a proposed site should be collected by experts conducting
the environmental impact study to form a basis for future environmental monitoring.
d. Impact prediction and analysis of alternatives: Impact prediction
is a way of forecasting the environmental consequences of a project and its alternatives.
This action is principally a responsibility of an EIA expert.
For every project, possible alternatives should be identified
and environmental attributes compared. Alternatives should
cover both project location and process technologies.
Alternatives should then be ranked for selection of the most
optimum environmental and socio-economic benefits to the community.
Once alternatives have been analyzed, a mitigation plan should be drawn up
for the selected option and is supplemented with an Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
to guide the developer in environmental conservation.
e. Public hearing: After completion of EIA report, the public must be informed
and consulted on a proposed development. REMA may, if it deems necessary,
conduct a public hearing before EIA reports are appraised by its technical committee.
Any stakeholders likely to be affected by the proposed project are entitled to have access
to unclassified sections of the EIA report and make oral or written comments to REMA.
REMA shall consider public views when deciding whether or not to approve a proposed project.
f. Decision-making: During the decision-making and authorization phase,
EIA documents submitted to the Authority are reviewed
by two decision-making committees: a technical committee
and an executive committee constituted by REMA.
If the project is approved, the developer will be issued
with an EIA certificate of authorization, which permits implementation
of the project in accordance with the mitigation measures in the EIA
report and any additional approval conditions.
g. Environmental monitoring: Monitoring should be done during
both construction and operation phases of a project.
It is done not just to ensure that approval conditions are complied
with but also to observe whether the predictions made in the EIA
reports are correct or not. During implementation and operation of a project,
monitoring is a responsibility of the developer and REMA.
Application activity 2.3
For EIA certificate to be finally obtained from the authorities
(REMA offices of a given district), there is a process that developers have to go through.
Given your knowledge and background about EIA so far,
what process should one go through while preparing the EIA report?
2.4 Importance of EIA report
Activity 2.4
Kayitesi is a S6 leaver who has just started to operate a mining business
activity in Bugesera district. She has not been able to prepare any document
related to how the activity will have an effect to the environment both
positively and negatively, the district officials having obtained information
about her illegal activity.
She has been summoned/called by the district office to give clear
explanation to her activities in case she suffers punishment from REMA.
Questions;
1. As a student of entrepreneurship whom Kayitesi has approached for advice.
Advise her by identifying the importance of preparing an environmental
impact assessment report
2. What are the likely consequences of not submitting the EIA report to REMA
before starting any business activity?
Importance of the environmental impact assessment
report includes the following:
• It is a key component of a more systematic and objective
approach to environmental issues.
• Provides a framework for promotion of efficient
decision-making in project approval.
• Enables implementation of environmental safeguards to mitigate
significant negative impacts.
• Avoid ecological damage and large-scale irreversible
loss of natural resource.
• An invaluable tool for environmental management
in a trans-boundary context.
• Provides a basis for future international cooperation
and conflict resolution concerning environmental impacts
at a regional level.
• Enables incorporation of environmental considerations
in design and site selection for a project or development activities.
• Providing information beneficial to decision making.
• Enhancing responsibilities of relevant parties in the development process.
• It helps in mitigating and minimizing environmental damage.
• Helps to void costs and delays in implementation of projects
that would arise from unanticipated environmental problems.
• Makes developmental projects more financially and economically efficient.
• Provides active contribution towards sustainable development in the country as a whole.
Application activity 2.4
What is essential in an EIA? (Select all that apply):
a. That it allows decision makers to assess a project’s impacts
in all its phases.
b. That it allows the public and other stakeholders to present
their views and inputs on the planned development.
c. That it contributes to and improve the project design,
so that environmental as well as socioeconomic measures are core parts of it.
Skills Lab -2-
1. The government is running a youth empowerment program
aiming at making youths start strong, viable and sustainable projects
in their communities. One of the conditions is that for the youth
to qualify for the program is to develop EIA report of the project
that will be supported. Using the above information (about EIA report),
write a simple EIA report for the project you would present to the government
to win the above support.
2. Design an EIA report for the business club activities
End of unit assessment
Mahoro a TTC graduate in the recent world vision competitions
for entrepreneurship presented a business to start a tea processing
project extracted from avocado seed and won 5 million Rwandan francs.
Mahoro has approached you as a friend to seek for advice before
going ahead with her project. So, she presents to you the following questions:
a. Identify the positive and negative impacts such a project
may have on the surroundings/environment.
b. Suggest the possible strategies that Mahoro can apply to reduce
the negative effects of the above project on the environment.
c. What major steps will Mahoro have to include in the environmental
impact assessment report to be submitted to REMA. d.
Explain the importance of such a report to the general development of the business.
UNIT 3: CUSTOMS DECLARATION
Key Unit Competence: To be able to develop an ethical behavior towards customs system.
Introductory activity
The government of Rwanda has reinforced a policy of obligatory deductions
for imported and exported products; it is possible for the Government
to tax products which are not manufactured in the country.
Based on your previous knowledge about Rwandan customs,
gained from S.3 unit 6 as well as knowledge about taxes in business gained
from year 2, answer the following questions:
a. In your own understanding, what is the meaning of customs
and customs declaration?
b. Briefly explain the different types of customs declaration
available on different border points in Rwanda.
c. Discuss the various documents/forms that are used in customs declaration.
d. Identify reasons why goods are declared before entering into the country.
3.1 Meaning of customs and customs declaration
Activity 3.1
1. Explain the term customs.
2. In your understanding, what do you think normally
happens at the Customs?
3. “Goods to declare”. Based on this statement,
what do you think customs declaration means.
Customs: The word customs mean a government agency
entrusted with enforcement of law and regulations to collect
protect import-revenue, to regulate and document flow of goods
in and out of the country. Customs are also referred to as
the official organization or department responsible for collecting
taxes on goods especially on goods leaving or entering the country
and preventing illegal trade.
Customs declaration: This is a statement showing goods being
imported or exported on which duty will have to be paid.
It is also a necessary document to facilitate the acceptance,
verification and payment of taxes before the goods can be handed
over to the importer; it also referred to as the practice used by customs
officers to clear goods into a country and levy tariff including clearance
procedures such as documentation and inspection,
method of determination of goods clarification, and method
of assigning its value as the base for an Advalorem tariff.
Application activity 3.1
Determine the differences between customs
and customs declaration.
3.2 Declaration of goods in customs and customs offices in Rwanda.
Activity 3.2
Observe the map below, and answer the questions that follow.

Questions:
a. Identify the main customs offices in Rwanda
located on the map above?
b. Mention any other customs offices in Rwanda
you know that are not mentioned above.
Customs declaration is the practice used by customs
officers to clear goods into a country and levy tariff
including clearance procedures such as documentation
and inspection, method of determination of goods clarification,
and method of assigning its value as the base for an Advalorem tariff.
Customs Offices
The history of taxes in Rwanda indicates that tax legislation
was inherited from colonial regimes. During the second republic,
the administration and accountability of taxes in Rwanda
was initially under the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning.
This was later on vested into Rwanda Revenue Authority (RRA)
that was established by law N0 15/15 of 8th November 1997.
The authority was established by the government to restore,
to improve its resource mobilization capacity and strengthen
the main economic institutions of the country while providing
the public with better quality and courteous services in order
to mobilize more resources, the authority is therefore
required to assist taxpayers in understanding and meeting tax obligation.
The main customs offices in Rwanda include:
• Akanyaru-Bas • Akanyaru-Haut • Butare
• Buziba • Gatuna • Gikondo
• Gatsata oil Depots • Kagitumba   • Kabuye oil Depots
• Nshili, Rusumo, Kaniga • Aerogare-Kigali   • Cyanika
• Gisenyi-Corniche   • Rutete   • Gisenyi poids-lourds
• Kabuhanga   • Bugarama • Bweyeye
• Cyangugu   • Kibuye   • Rusumo
• Buhita   • Kaniga • Kigali-poste
• Kigali-Poste   • Rwempasha   • Murago
• Rwabusoro • Kigali-Aeroport
Examples of goods cleared through customs in form of imports and exports:
- Cassitérite - Animal hides
- Tea - Coffee
- Machinery and equipment - Cement and construction materials
- Petroleum products - Foodstuffs
- Cassitérite - Tin
- Baskets and fine art - Mineral products: gold, wolfram, silver, Iron
- Security service in international peace keeping missions - Human capital experts: Technicians, researchers, etc.
Application activity 3.2
As a student of entrepreneurship give reasons why you
think there are many customs offices in Rwanda?
3.3 Documents used for declaration of goods in customs
Activity 3.3
Your friend, who lives in USA, has asked you to guide her or him
on how to export cars to Rwanda, as a student of entrepreneurship,
compile various documents needed during the customs declaration.
There are many documents used to declare goods which
have been brought on to the nation, since some goods may have limit,
customs excise tax or are banned from entry.
Those documents may include:
a. Transport invoice. A transport invoice is a non-negotiable commercial
document issued by a seller to a buyer.
The transport invoice identifies the following:
• Both trading parties
• lists, descriptions and quantities of items sold
• Date of shipment and mode of transport
• Prices and discounts (if any)
• Delivery and payment terms.
b. Transport document. A transport document shows information
about cargo that is being transported. Transport documents lie
at the heart of international trade transactions.
These documents are issued by the shipping line, airline,
international trucking company, railroad, freight forwarder
or logistics company.
To the shipping company and freight forwarder,
transport documents provide an accounting
record of the transaction, instructions on where
and how to ship the goods and a statement
giving instructions for handling the shipment.
There is a type of transport document for each mode of transport:
(CMR for road transport, Bill of Lading for shipping, etc.).
Goods carried in multimodal transport units (mainly containers)
use a document called FIATA multimodal Bill of Lading (FBL).
Below are main transport documents explained in detail what they are used for?
Who prepares them and to whom they are addressed?
i) CMR (Contract de Transport International des Merchandises par Route):
The CMR transport document is an international consignment note used by drivers,
operators and forwarders alike that govern the responsibilities and liabilities
of the parties to a contract for the carriage of goods by road internationally.
The carrier usually completes the form, but the sender (exporter) is responsible
for the accuracy of the information and must sign the form when the goods are collected.
The consignee will also sign the form on delivery,
which is essential for the carrier to be able to confirm the delivery of the goods
and to justify the payment for its services.
The CMR transport document is not a document of title and is,
therefore, nonnegotiable. This document is prepared by the exporter
and the freight forwarder and is addressed to the importer and the carrier.
ii) Air waybill: This is a transport document used for air freight.
An Air waybill (AWB) is a non-negotiable transport document
covering transport of cargo from airport to airport.
The Air waybill must name a consignee (who can be the buyer),
and it should not be required to be issued “to order” and/or
“to be endorsed” as it is not a title of property of the merchandise.
Since it is not negotiable, and it does not evidence title to the goods,
in order to maintain some control of goods not paid for by cash in advance,
sellers often consign air shipments to their sales agents or freight forwarders’
agents in the buyer’s country.
iii) Bill of Lading: This is a transport document for sea freight.
A Bill of Lading (B/L) is issued by the agent of a carrier to a shipper,
signed by the captain, agent, or owner of a vessel. A bill of landing shows the following:
• Written evidence regarding receipt of the goods (cargo).
• The conditions on which transportation is made (contract of carriage).
• Engagement to deliver goods at the prescribed port of destination
to the lawful holder of the bill of lading.
A Bill of Lading is both a receipt for merchandise and
a contract to deliver it as freight. There are a number of different types
of bills of lading and a number of regulations that relate to them
as a group of transport documents. Since this is a negotiable
instrument, the Bill of Lading may be endorsed
and transferred to a third party while the goods are in transit.
c. Goods invoice. A goods invoice is a document sent
by a seller to a buyer specifying the amount and cost
of goods that have been provided by a seller.
A goods invoice indicates what must be paid
by the buyer according to the payment terms of the seller.
Payment terms usually specify the period of time that a buyer
has to send payment to the seller for the goods and/or services
that they have purchased.
An invoice provides a detailed account of the goods
and a set of other information that can vary a bit depending
on the requirements in the country the invoice is issued
and the type of goods being sold. The goods invoice
has the description, quantity, selling price, freight, insurance,
and packing cost. The delivery terms and payment are also listed.
Usually, an invoice will include the following points of information
in order to be considered a legal invoice:
• The word ‘Invoice’
• A unique reference number: the invoice number.
• The date the product was sent or delivered (or the date the service was rendered).
• The date the invoice was sent.
• The contact information and name of the seller.
• The name and contact details of the buyer.
• The terms of payment (that explain the means of payment,
when the sum should be received, any cash discount
details for early payment, late payment fees, and so on).
• A line detailing the product/service.
• The cost per unit of the product (if this applies).
• The total amount that is owed.
Uses of invoices
The following are some of the uses of invoices:
• Invoices are used to request payment from buyers.
• Keep track of sales.
• Help control inventory.
• And facilitate delivery of goods and services.
• Invoices are also used to track expected future revenues.
• Help to manage customer relationships by offering favorable
payment options, such as extended time periods for payment
or discounts for early payment or cash payment.
Fig.3.4. A goods invoice is from a seller to a buyer showing the amount
and cost of goods that have been provided by a seller.
d. Packing list. The packing list is a more detailed version
of the commercial invoice but without price information.
It shows the quantity of each good in the shipment.

Fig.3.5: The packing list shows the goods in a consignment
with their respective quantities. No price indicated.
A packing list must include the following:
• Invoice number.
• Quantity and description of the goods.
• The weight of the goods.
• Number of packages.
• Shipping marks and numbers.
A copy of the packing list is often attached to the shipment
itself and another copy is sent directly to the consignee
to assist in checking the shipment when received.
Although not required for all transactions, it is required
by some countries and some buyers. A packing list is prepared
by the exporter and addressed to the importer,
the carrier and the import customs clearance.
e. Certificate of fumigation.
The certificate of fumigation also referred to as a “pest control certificate”
is the proof that wooden packing materials used in international
sea freight shipping such as wooden pallets and crates have been fumigated
or sterilized prior to international shipment.
The certificate of fumigation usually contains details such as
purpose of treatment, the articles in question, temperature range used,
chemicals and concentration used, and so on.
The certificate of fumigation as an international sea freight shipping
document is not a mandatory international shipping export document.
However, it assists in quick clearance of an international sea-freight
shipment upon the arrival to the destination.
The certificate of fumigation should be completed by a certified
vendor prior to international shipment and be submitted
to an international sea freight carrier shipping facility
in the country of origin of the international shipment.
f. Certificate of Origin
A “Certificate of Origin” is also called a “Form A”.
It certifies a shipment’s country of origin.
The Certificate of origin is commonly issued by a trade promotion office,
or a chamber of commerce in the exporting country.
This document is filled in by the exporter and certified
by a recognized issuing body, confirming that the goods
in a particular export shipment have been produced,
manufactured or processed in a particular country.
A certificate of origin is often required by customs authorities
of a country as part of the entry process. Such certificates
are usually through an official organization in the country
of origin such as the local chamber of commerce or a consular office.
The goods description must coincide with that provided
in the commercial invoice and in the packing list
(number, goods description, name of the consignor
and of the consignee, trademarks, etc.).
If the certificate of origin is not shown, the import customs may,
if it deems it necessary, accept the dispatching of goods.
In this case, the corresponding tariff would be applied to third countries
(non-preferential origin), without any tariff discount.
g. Phytosanitary certificate. Phytosanitary certificate
is a certificate stating that a specific crop was inspected
a predetermined number of times and a specified disease was not found.
An inspection certificate issued by a competent governmental
authority to show that a particular shipment has been treated
to be free from harmful pests and plant diseases.
The phytosanitary certificate must be issued before
the customs clearance for export and import.
It is granted for a period of sixty days covering the usual deadlines
for shipping and international freight.
Phytosanitary certificates are issued for the following commodities:
• Plants, bulbs and tubers, or seeds for propagation,
fruits and vegetables, cut flowers and branches,
grain, and growing medium.
• Plant products that have been processed where such products,
by their nature or that of their processing, have a potential for introducing
regulated pests (e.g. wood, cotton).
• Other regulated articles where phytosanitary measures are technically
justified (e.g. empty containers, vehicles, and organisms).
Importing countries should not require phytosanitary certificates
for plant products that have been processed in such a way that
they have no potential for introducing regulated pests,
or for other articles that do not require phytosanitary measures.
h. Delivery Note
Fig.3.7. A Delivery Note is one of the transport documents accompanying
the shipment of goods that list the description and quantity of goods delivered.
A delivery note accompanies the shipment of goods listing the description
and quantity of goods delivered. A copy of the delivery note, signed
by the buyer or consignee is returned to the seller or consignor as proof of delivery.
Delivery notes have a dual function for the exporter:
• Justify the removal of the products from its store
and proof credit delivery to the importer and therefore,
it is important that the importer signs the copy provided by the carrier.
For the importer, delivery notes serve to verify that the goods received
match those listed on the purchase order or contract.
• For the carrier, a delivery note is used as a proof of delivery of the goods.
i. Payment receipt.
It is a simple document that shows that payment was received
in exchange for goods or services. For example, a receipt can be
something as simple as what an individual gets after making
a purchase at the grocery store.
Businesses also use payment receipts for product delivery
or independent contractors, among others, to ensure that both parties
have proof that the goods or services were rendered. Some businesses
combine a receipt with an invoice, and will just make a notation
on the bottom of the existing document that payment was made;
this can make filing slightly easier.
The purpose of this receipt in any situation is to verify that
the correct amount was charged for the correct products or services.
A receipt shows the following:
• The name and address of the store.
• The date of purchase.
• Description of the item.
• The price paid and any taxes that were added in.
• Method of payment, such as cash, a check or credit card.
Anyone being given a receipt after a purchase should quickly
check to make sure that the amounts shown are correct;
this is especially true if a credit card was used for the purchase,
where a mistaken charge could be a big problem.
Receipts are used by buyers or customers to prove they paid for an item,
especially in return situations in which goods are faulty or defective.
j. Certificate of analysis

Fig.3.8. Certificate of analysis confirms that specific goods have undergone specified
testing with specified results and adhere to product specifications and standards of production.

Certificate of analysis is a document issued by a quality assurance entity confirming
that specific goods have undergone testing with specified results and adheres
to product specifications and standards of production of certain products
such as food products and drugs.
In international trade, a certificate of analysis is usually the result
of an agreement between the seller and the buyer, or a requirement
of one of their governments. The certificate of analysis is mostly used
for food products, wines and spirits, chemicals and pharmaceuticals.
Sometimes, as in the case of wine exports, there are countries that
require it at the import customs. This certificate can be issued by a certification authority.

k. Goods arrival notice.
A goods arrival notice is a document sent by a carrier or agent
to the consignee to inform him/her about the arrival of the shipment
and number of packages, description of goods, their weight, and
collection charges (if any). It is also called an arrival notice.
l. Warehouse handling invoice.
Warehouse handling invoice is a written document given by
a warehouse /keeper for items received for storage in his or her warehouse,
which serves as evidence of title to the stored goods.
The general rule is that warehouse receipts need not be in any particular form.
They must, however, contain the following information:
• Location of the warehouse and the place where the goods are stored.
• The date when the invoice was issued.
• The consecutive number of the invoices.
• Terms indicating whether the goods are to be delivered to the bearer of the receipt,
to a particular individual, or to a particular individual on his or her order.
• The storage rate or handling charges.
• Statement describing the goods or the manner in which they are packed.
• The signature of the warehouseman or his/her agent.
• The amount of advance payment made, if any.
• Any other terms which do not impair the warehouseman’s duty.
In situations where a warehouse handling invoice does not contain
these provisions, the warehouseman can be held liable in damages
to anyone who sustains financial injury because of the omission.

m. Assessment notice.
This is a document issued by a taxing authority
specifying the assessed value of a property.

n. Importation Permit or License
An import license is a document issued by a national government
authorizing the importation of certain goods into its territory.
Import licenses are considered to be non-tariff barriers to trade
when used as a way to discriminate against another country’s goods in order
to protect a domestic industry from foreign competition.
Each license specifies the volume of imports allowed,
and the total volume allowed should not exceed the quota.
Government may put certain restrictions on what is imported
as well as the amount of imported goods and services.
For example, if a business wishes to import agricultural
products such as vegetables, then the government may be concerned
about the impact of such importations of the local market and thus
impose a restriction. Import licenses are put in place because of the following reasons:
• To restrict outflow of foreign currency and improve a country’s
balance of payments position.
• To control entry of dangerous items such as explosives
, firearms, and certain substances.
• To protect the domestic industry from foreign competition.

Fig.3.10. Importation permit. A document issued by a national government authorizing
the importation of certain goods into its territory.
Summary of import documents used in Rwanda
• Air Way Bill (Airfreight) or Bill of Lading (Sea freight).
• Commercial Invoice(s) or equivalent document.
• Packing List.
• Import Declaration Form (IDF). (from the Importer).
• Importer’s Tax Identification Number (TIN) and VAT numbers.
• Duties and Taxes Exemption Certificates, if any.
• National Drug Authority Certificate / Permit for import of drug and pharmaceuticals.
• Phytosanitary certificates for import of agricultural products.
• Registration / De-registration Card of country of origin of old/used vehicles.
• Gift Certificates, if gifted to any organization eligible for duty free clearance.
• Passport of the individual for clearance of personal effects.
• Certificate of Origin – especially for goods imported from COMESA countries.
Application activity 3.3
Scenario:
During an international trade, Terimbere enterprise has imported
the following products outside Rwanda:
Oil from Tanzania, Sugar from Kenya, and cement from Zambia;
upon arrival at the customs, he was told that the importer
should pay customs duties in regard to importation procedures.
In line with the scenario above, describe the different documents
which can be used for the declaration of goods at the customs.
3.4 Types of customs declaration
Activity 3.4
Basing on your knowledge acquired form O’level,
answer the following questions.
Briefly explain on the following different types of customs declaration:
a. Import.
b. Temporary importation.
c. Warehouse.
d. In-transit.
Customs declaration is a form that is required by
most countries when a citizen or a visitor or goods are entering
that nation’s borders (called imports).
The purpose of the import form is to declare what goods
are being brought into the nation, as some countries
may have import quotas (limits), customs excise taxes,
or bans/embargos from entry on some goods or quantities of goods.
Main types of customs entry include:
a. Export customs declaration
This is an official document declaring designated goods
or service produced in one country to another which is
called C17 form. Export of goods often requires involvement
of customs authorities. An export’s counterpart is an importer.
Goods that may be exported in Rwanda.
b. Import customs declaration
Is a government document declaring designated goods
or service produced to be moved or sold into the country
from other countries. In order to facilitate trade,
RRA customs services department adopted some special regimes.
c. Temporary importation
Is the import of goods into another country or territory
for a limited period of time; such goods are generally
not subject to tariffs or similar fees, though they must
leave the country within a certain period of time.
Temporary importation means that goods may be used
in the country without payment of duty or VAT under
certain conditions and re-exported afterwards in
the same state as they were in at import.
d. Warehousing
A warehouse is a commercial building for storage of goods.
Warehouses are used by manufacturers, importer, exporter,
wholesalers, transport businesses, customs, etc. Warehouses
allow transport optimization along the supply chain,
and allow companies to work with an optimal inventory
(economic order quantity) regarding service quality.
e. Consumption entry
For goods to be offered for consumption in the importing country.
f. Formal entry
That is required to be covered by an entry bond
because its aggregate value exceeds a certain amount.
g. Informal entry
That is not required to be covered under an entry bond because
its value is less than a certain amount.
h. In-transit entry
This is customs declaration for the movement of goods
from the port of unloading to the port of destination,
under a customs bond. Transit refers to the movement of goods
entering or leaving the country’s borders under customs control .
i. Mail entry
For goods entering through post office or
courier service and below a certain value.
j. Person baggage entry
For goods imported as personal baggage.
Stakeholders involved in customs
Stakeholders involved in customs and their roles are explained below:
a. Rwanda Revenue Authority (RRA)
Rwanda Revenue Authority is concerned with the assessment
and collecting taxes on imported and exported commodities.
Rwanda Revenue Authority plays a very important role in raising
government revenue through imposing and collecting taxes
from both imported and exported commodities.
Rwanda Revenue Authority also regulates the economic activities
in favor of economic interests of an economy through
its activities of imposing and collection of taxes.
For this case, Rwanda Revenue Authority is a body which
is responsible for assessing and collecting taxes from imports
and exports in Rwanda.

b. Bureau of Standards
Bureau of Standards is concerned with the quality of commodities
being imported or exported. The standards of a commodity are
characteristics of a product and different prescription concerning
the same products such as size, name, labeling color and so on.
To be authorized to sell on the Rwanda territory, the manufacturer
has to bring proof that his product is standardized from Rwanda Standards Board.
Therefore, Rwanda Standards Board plays the following roles:
• Provides reference documents containing solutions to technical
and commercial problems concerning products, goods
and services which rise often in the relationship between economic,
scientific, technical and social partners.
• Improves the quality of products. This promotes competition
which leads to the consumption of quality products at a relatively lower price.
In Rwanda, it is the Rwanda Standards Board (RSB) that
deals with control of quality, state and condition of commodities
which are imported or exported. To achieve this,
Rwanda Standards Board has been well equipped with modem laboratories.
c. Clearing and forwarding agency
The clearing and forwarding agency are a body which
is concerned with controlling and imposing taxes on commodities
that cross borders of a country. Clearing and forwarding agencies
play a very important role in the statistical analysis of the nature,
the origin and the value of products that are received from foreign countries.
d. Warehousing agency and security bodies
The warehousing agency is concerned with imported commodities.
Imported commodities are stored in warehouses on a temporary basis
without being subjected to import duties and taxes. Warehousing
is concerned with storage facilities and protection of commodities
that are waiting to be consumed or used.
Therefore, warehousing agency plays the following roles:
• Protect imported commodities against theft and bad climate conditions.
• Prepare in advance against price fluctuations, for example,
if after a particular season, certain products are in abundance,
one must keep them to wait a stronger demand at a good price.
• Goods can be stored and repacked again for transporting
to the importer’s premises.
Application activity 3.4
The government of Rwanda through Rwanda revenue introduced
many types of customs declaration so suite different customer
needs as a move to diversify revenue collection which is a mandate
in the development of the country.
a. As a student of entrepreneurship identify the major types of customs
entry used by Rwanda revenue authority and explain how they can assist
in boosting national development.
b. Identify some of the stakeholders involved in customs declaration.
3.5 Procedures for clearing goods in customs
Activity 3.5
Basing on your knowledge acquired form O’level,
answer the following questions.
Briefly explain on the following different types
of customs declaration:
a. Import.
b. Temporary importation.
c. Warehouse.
d. In-transit.
You happen to have a friend on Facebook that wishes to invest in your country,
she has approached for advice on investment opportunities
and you have chosen to encourage her to invest in import trade.
Prepare a list of procedures that the investor friend will have to go
through to bring goods on Rwandan market.
Since 2012, the RRA has employed the One Single Electronic Window
– an online system for filing, issuing, and modifying export and import declarations.
Through scanning and uploading of key documentation such as certificates of origin
or quality and customs declarations, the system allows importers, exporters,
or their brokers to send or receive information or documents to the concerned
agencies related with the clearing process at one point without moving.
Customs clearance procedures include the following in Rwanda:
i) Obtain notice of arrival of the goods (avis d’arrivee).
ii) Submit goods arrival notice for verification by Rwanda bureau of standards.
iii) Obtain manifest.
iv) Submit import document to the clearing agent for tax calculation.
v) Pay import tax.
vi) Obtain an invoice for warehouse handling fees.
vii)Pay warehouse fees for goods handling.
viii) Obtain goods exit note.
In addition to documentary and physical verification at border posts,
importing taxpayers may be subject to Post-Clearance Audits (PCA).
Application activity 3.5
You have been appointed by your school to import goods from Asia,
describe the procedures of verifying and paying custom duties.
3.6 Importance of customs declaration
Activity 3.6
As a student of entrepreneurship, suggest reasons why you think
it is important for the country to have customs declaration?
You must declare any items to customs which you have acquired
from outside of the country when returning home
— or which you are importing, if you are visiting that country.
To declare something is to notify customs (usually in writing, via a form)
of items which you are required to declare.
Therefore, the importance of customs declaration includes the following:
• To ensure observance of laws. Laws on taxes, quality standards of goods
and services imported or exported are observed by customs authorities.
• Trade compliance and facilitation. Customs procedures also facilitate
smooth running of trade activities through regulating prices
and quantity of exports and imports.
• To protect economic interests. Customs procedures also protects economic
interest of an economy, through regulating what should be imported
and exported depending on the prevailing conditions.
• To protect the rights and interest of citizens and businesses.
This can be done through discouraging import so as to protect local
business from foreign competition and encouraging export.
• To ensure observance of revenue collection.
Taxes are collected on imports and exports from borders
of a country by customs authorities.
Application activity 3.6
With examples, analyze the importance of customs declaration to Rwanda
Skills Lab
Read the following scenario and answer questions that follow:
1. Umutoni is a major trader who exports her products to Uganda;
she has to clear her products at Gatuna border with customs office.
a. Prepare a role play describing some of the documents
she is likely to use during declaration.
b. Suggest reasons why it is important for her to clear goods
through customs before putting them on the market.
2. You are required to design a delivery note of your business
club to use in the recent contract secured from a local supplier.
End of unit assessment
1. a) Identify some of the challenges still encountered
by traders at customs points.
b) Suggest some of the measures to help people develop
a positive attitude towards customs declarations.
c) Arrange the following customs declaration procedures
in their appropriate order starting with the first :
i) Submit import document to the clearing agent for tax calculation.
ii) Submit goods arrival notice for verification by Rwanda bureau of standards.
iii) Pay warehouse fees for goods handling.
iv) Pay import tax.
v) Obtain notice of arrival of the goods (avis d’arrivée).
vi) Obtain manifest.
vii)Obtain goods exit note.
viii) Obtain an invoice for warehouse handling fees.
UNIT 4:EMPLOYEE RECRUITMENT PROCESS

Key Unit Competence: To be able to design a strategy for recruiting
workers in their businesses and prepare for job opportunities in the community.
Introductory activity
1. Explain the meaning of employee recruitment and selection.
2. Explain any 3 factors considered while recruiting employees/workers.
3. Describe procedures/stages in recruitment process.
4. Identify required documents to apply for a job.
4.1 Meaning of recruitment and selection process,
and factors considered to recruit workers
Activity 4.1
1. Using clear examples, explain the meaning of the following
terms as used in entrepreneurship: a. Recruitment b. Selection process
2. Assume you are selected by a start-up business in your home locality
and appointed as a human resource manager to help in recruiting new employees,
explain factors you will consider while recruiting employees/workers.
4.1.1 Meaning of recruitment and selection process

Recruitment: Refers to the overall process of attracting, shortlisting,
selecting and appointing suitable candidates for job
(either permanent or temporary) within an organization.
According to Edwin Flippo: “Recruitment is the process of searching
the candidates for employment and stimulating them to apply
for jobs in the organization “. Recruitment is the activity that
links the employers and the job seekers.
• The process begins when new recruits are sought and
ends when the new employees are hired.
• The result is a pool of application forms from which
new employees are selected.
Selection : On the other hand is a process whereby out
of the many job applicants, the best is taken to fill the vacancy.
Selection means reducing down the application pool by
using the screening tools such as test, assessment centers,
background and reference checks. During selection of employees,
the choice can be on the candidates both from within
the organization or from outside.
Every organization creates a selection process because organizations
have their own requirements. Although the main steps remain the same,
let us understand in brief how the selection process works:

4.1.2 Factors considered when recruiting workers / em/ployee

a. Size of the firm: The size of the organization affects the recruitment process.
If the organization is planning to increase its operations and expand its business,
it will think of hiring more personnel which will handle its operations.
Size of the firm also defines the recruitment scope and need.
Small firm’s Human Resource department has to handle less manpower.
As the organization grows wider, the recruitment complexities increase.
Recruitment process would become more time-consuming and needs
more focus and large data processing.
b. Human resource needs: Staffing is an ongoing process that begins
with finding the right people through proper planning, recruiting,
and selecting. But staffing does not end once employees are hired;
management must keep and nurture its people via training,
appraising, compensating, and implementing employment decisions
that determine such things as promotions, transfers, and layoffs.
When recruiting new workers, you have to think about the prospective
human resource needs that may arise due to new hires.
c. Employment costs: These costs fall into several broad categories:
• Recruiting expenses: Finding technically qualified people who are effective
in a rapidly growing start-up venture is not easy task.
This is a one-time cost in the total employee cost calculation.
Recruitment costs include advertising, fees for online recruiting services, etc.
• Basic salary: Basic salaries vary all over the place depending
on the industry and a variety of other factors.
Be sure to establish rational salary ranges given your growth plans.
This means that in most cases there should not be great salary
differentials between early hires and later employees.
• Employment taxes: In preparing a personnel budget,
be sure to include all the employment related taxes
such as professional income tax.
• Benefits: Basic salary and employment taxes are not enough.
In most cases, an employer will need to provide some benefits
such as life insurance, dependent care assistance,
tuition reimbursement, accommodation, and
any other possible allowance where applicable.
d. Age of employees:

Age of the worker is a very important criterion
to consider during the recruitment process.
This is because some duties require workers with strong physical
abilities while some others require those with wisdom.
To help your young and old employees find common ground,
you need to treat them as individuals and not just as members
of certain generational categories. Help them realize that they can
learn from their differences; e.g. driving is suitable for young
while research requires experiences people (old).
e. Employees’ skills: One of the easiest ways to select through candidates
is by looking at their skillset. Can they do the job and can they do it efficiently?
Skill can be easy to measure based on the facts in front of you
(resume, cover letter and interview). It is true that some tend to fabricate or
“stretch” their experience so a solid approach to confirm skills is to contact
previous employers and verify if the skills communicated match up with what
the previous employer(s) saw. Of course, if the candidate lacks experience
they should communicate and express a desire to learn and pick up those skills.
f. Employee’s experience: Work experience might be one of the most important
considerations you have for particular jobs at your facility.
Experience in particular areas such as answering busy telephone
lines or handling accounts, for example, can be essential for specific staff roles.
For other positions, work experience might not be absolutely necessary,
but a strong work background is always a good thing as it exemplifies/illustrates a good work ethic.
g. Nature of job: The nature of an employee’s work is best defined as the type
of work that he/she does. This can refer to the basic daily tasks carried out as part of a job
and can refer to other non-routine tasks that may be required.
Added together, the characteristics of these tasks comprise
the nature of an employee’s work.
The nature of this work may be summed up in the employee’s title
and taken into consideration during the recruitment process.
For example, a human resources manager is someone who manages a human resources
department and performs all of the tasks required of such a position.
h. Number of workers: When one is recruiting employees,
he/she has to consider both the number
of workers needed and available qualified applicants.
The number of workers a business recruits depends on different criteria
most importantly the available vacant positions and its corresponding budget.
i. Health conditions: A lot of job applications have a section saying
«Do you have any existing or prior medical condition that may affect
your ability to do the job»? Employees with good health conditions
are liked by recruiters.
j. Language: The language is one of the effective communication drives.
A candidate who can effectively communicate as many languages as possible
is advantageous in the recruitment process.
Application activity 4.1
Assume you are selected as one of the school business club leaders,
and you have a very strong income generating project at your
Teacher Training Center. Advise your business club on factors
to consider when recruiting employees.
4.2 Procedures/ stages of recruitment process of workers
Activity 4.2
Case study:
Umutoni, a human resource manager of Sweet bread bakery
was having the challenges of getting a suitable finance manager for the company.
She was advised to prepare job analysis. Furthermore, she was advised
to prepare a job description which outlines the responsibilities
and duties to be carried out by the financial manager.
Umutoni was also advised to prepare a job specification
which outlines the requirements, qualifications, expertise,
physical characteristics, for the financial manager.
All these were to appear on the job advert.
The task was so challenging, but she managed to come up with the documents,
and a suitable financial manager was got after the selection and interviews.
a. Describe the following stages as involved in recruitment process:
i) Job analysis
ii) Job description
iii) Job specification
iv) Job advertisement
b. Why do you think it is important to prepare the above documents?
If an organization needs to hire right employees, the following
stages should be put into consideration:
a. Conduct a job analysis: Job analysis involves establishing the nature of the job
(tasks, activities, responsibilities, and accountabilities)
which will also determine associated required talents
and competencies defining behavioral attributes for best performance.

A personnel manager has to undertake job
analysis to recruit the right person on the job.
b. Create a job description: Job description is a process of describing
the job to be performed. This is also referred to as a written statement
which outlines the duties and responsibilities involved in performing
a job such as who does what, when, where and why.
The main contents are the job purpose and the job tasks and responsibilities.
It informs employees exactly what is expected of them and provides
a useful document to refer to when you are evaluating an employee’s performance.
You can also use it to develop selection criteria,
identify training needs, and manage performance.
Example of a job description for a finance manager:

Main purpose of the job:
• Responsible for bookkeeping, auditing and
making financial reports for the business.
• Responsible for accountants, cashiers and workers
in the finance department. To take a supervisory role.
Main duties:
• Preparing pay rolls .
• Making financial reports for external auditors
and other stake holders.
• Advise the general manager and the managing
directors on financial issues.
• Supervise the subordinate staff .
• Advising staff when queries arise.
Occasional duties:
• Appointment of new staff.
• Training new staff in their duties.
• Training new staff on how to use new equipment.
Disciplining staff as and when required.
• Dismissing staff if necessary.
c. Create a job specification:
Job specification involves a definition of qualifications,
experiences and competencies required by the jobholder
and any other necessary information on the special demands made by
the job such as physical conditions, unusual hours or travel away from home.
Job specification sets out terms and conditions of employment such as pay,
employee benefits, general health, mental health, intelligence, aptitude,
memory, judgment, leadership skills, emotional ability, adaptability, flexibility,
values and ethics, manners and creativity, etc.
Example of a job specification for a financial manager:

Qualifications
Essential: Bachelor’s degree in finance and accounting.
Master’s degree in a related field will be an added advantage.
Experience:
Desirable minimum is 5 years’ experience of working in the finance department.
Skills:
• Communicating effectively with others.
• Ability to manage people.
Others
• Physical fitness, needs to be fit all day.
• Personal characteristics: Honest and responsible, friendly, helpful, organized, high integrity, etc.
• Computer literate with computerized accounting software packages e.g. Sage or Quick books.
d. Defining a job position:
This section contains providing general information about the job position.
The current or requested classification, working title, pay range,
exemption status, department name and number, position number,
percentage of effort, the job description summary, comparable positions, etc.
This is all about what responsibilities you might have.
e. Attracting the applicants (Job advertisement): Job advertising is a way organizations
communicate to attract new employees to work with them.
Recruitment advertisements typically have a uniform layout
and contain the following elements:
• Brief description of the organization.
• The title of the job advertised, the grade and
the manager to whom the job holder will report.
• Duties and responsibilities of the job holder.
• Skills and competences of the job holder.
• Conditions of educational qualification and
experience of that job position holder.
• The channel of communication used
for submitting the application.
• The timeline during which applications will be submitted.
• The channel of communication for feedback.
• Signature and the stamp of the organization manager
who is posting the advertisement. Some business organizations
use recruitment advertising agencies to receive professional
advice and also help them to recruit new workers.
They offer a service which they are paid for in return.
Examples of recruitment agencies in Rwanda include:
- Tohoza.com - Umurimo.com
- Jobs in Rwanda - NFT consult
- Ndangira.net
f. Selection: This is the process of getting human resources
into organizations’ departments, sections and jobs.
Human Resource Managers are responsible for recruitment
and selection which should be clear on the type of employees they are looking for.
Lack of clarity may lead to poor selection criteria and may result
in the wrong person being recruited for the job.
There are important steps in the process for effective
competence-based selection:.
• Development of competence models for selection.
• Determination of selection methods.
• Training of assessors.
• Assess job applicants.
• Validate the assessment methods.
• Development of a database for future use.
g. Hiring: After successfully completing all the previous stages,
an appointment letter will be issued by the employer to the worker.
A reference check is made about the candidate selected and
then finally he/she is appointed by giving a formal appointment letter.
h. Integrating the new employee to the organization/Orientation:
On-boarding helps to foster a positive first impression and increases
the likelihood that employees will buy into the corporate culture
and assimilate into the position. Properly executing the orientation
process can greatly increase the new employee’s satisfaction and
success, which bodes/ promises well for retention.
The following are essential five steps to effectively on board
new employees to your organization:
• Prepare the office for the new arrival
The first day on the job should be organized and scheduled
before the new workers come. Managers should build out a schedule
in advance that includes learning the job in particular and company policy
and process in general. Share this agenda with your new hire in advance.
Also, send a copy to all team members involved with the on -boarding process.
• Assign a mentor
One of the best facilitation strategies for on boarding is mentor relationship.
Mentors provide guidance that goes beyond traditional training.
Match up a seasoned employee with the new hire in the early stages of training.
A mentoring relationship will prove invaluable
to the new employee’s integration into the workplace.
• Make positive introductions a priority
Create good will toward the new hired by introducing
them to the current team with a short explanation
of the person’s expertise and qualifications.
This type of introduction helps current employees become familiar
and acceptance of the new person. Also, avoid statements that
create competitive or insecure feelings.
• Request feedback from new employee
Consistent feedback from the new employee is valuable
in knowing which facets of the on-boarding process work
and which ones need to be improved. Periodically,
ask for input on the training process, and measure its effectiveness.
• Provide a cohesive goal
From the beginning, every new employee or seasoned should understand
the company goals along with his or her specific tasks.
A common goal serves to create greater collaboration and harmony.
Facilitation strategies for integrating new employees require planning and follow-up.
The results bring a more engaged, dedicated employee and fewer workplace conflicts.
Application activity 4.2
1. Design a job description for one of the following;
a. A school business club cashier
b. Shop assistant
2. Design a job specification for your chosen job.
3. How do a job description and job specification help
to ensure the most suitable person for the job is recruited?
4.3 Required documents to apply for a job
Activity 4.3
1. TUYISHIMIRE is a senior six graduate. Having learnt about a job
advert by INYANGE Industries (a famous manufacturing company in Rwanda),
posted in the new times has approached you a fellow student for advice,
advise her pointing out the requirements to apply for the job.
2. a) Identify the difference between a curriculum vitae
and an application letter?
b) Identify the major parts that good curriculum vitae should have.
To prove that you are eligible for work and to apply for a job,
the following are some of the documents you will have to submit:
4.3.1. Application letter:
Writing an application letter will be the first correspondence
you are going to have with your possible employer.
The employer will definitely judge you on your application
letter if you are worthwhile being interviewed.
Always remember that any job competition is very tough.
Therefore, your application letter must stand out because employers
usually deal with hundreds of job applications for a single position.
Start your letter by adding your contact information at the top.
You want to make it as easy as possible for your prospective
employer to contact you and know who you are.
Before you begin your letter, make sure that you have the proper letter-head.
i) Name
ii) Address
iii) Phone number
iv) Email address
v) Personal website (if you have one)
• Include the company’s information: After you include your information,
you need to include the title of the employer to whom you are applying for the job,
the name of company and address. By including the contact information
of the company to which you are applying, you are showing that
you have taken the time to write a specific letter or application
to this company, and have done your research on the hiring manager for the position.
• Address your letter to the person whom you are writing:
To begin your letter, you want to be formal and start with a proper/correct address.
Once again, a simple “Dear Manager, Director”, etc. This will depend
on the information given from the advertisement.
• Salutations: These are greetings used in a letter; e.g. Dear Sir, Dear Madam.
• Subject line: This indicates the title or the position being applied for.
• Body of the letter: This has three distinct parts:
- In the first paragraph, you have to mention the job you are applying
for and where you saw the job listing.
- The next paragraph(s) are the most important part of your letter.
Remember how you gathered all that information about what employers
was seeking, and how you can meet their needs.
This is where you will share those relevant details
on your experience and accomplishments.
- The third and last part of the body of the letter will be your word
of appreciation to the employer; and you can also offer follow-up information.
• Complimentary close: Complete your letter with a polite close,
such as «Best» or «Sincerely, » followed by your signature and your name.
Notice: When you apply online through E-Recruitment;
follow the structure/ format provided to you.
Sample hint of an application letter
Name Address
Telephone number
Email Address
Month, Day, Year
Title of the authority receiving the application
Name of Organization
P. O. Box Address
Dear Mr. /Ms. /Dr. General Director
Subject line: Include the title /position you are applying for
Opening paragraph: State what position you are applying
for and a brief introduction about yourself;
how you learned of the organization or position,
and basic information or qualifications about yourself.
2nd paragraph: Indicate why you are interested in the type of work;
demonstrate that you know enough about the position
to relate your background to the position.
Mention specific qualifications which make you a good fit for the employer’s needs.
This is an opportunity to explain in more details relevant
items in your CV/resume. Refer to the fact that your CV/resume is enclosed.
Mention other enclosures if such are required to apply for a position.
3rd paragraph: Indicate briefly why you’re so passionate about the opportunity
you’re applying for. State that you would be glad if you are granted a job.
Thank the employer for her/his consideration in advance.
Sincerely,
(Your handwritten signature)
Your name typed
SAMPLE APPLICATION LETTER
Kigali City
Gasbo District
Kimironko Sector
Email: buteja@gmail.com
Phone: +250783344560
15th October 2019
To: Director of Rwanda
Microfinance Ltd Kigali
Dear sir/Madam,
Re: Application for job on position of cashier
I would like to apply for the position of cashier as per your advert
in Imvaho nshya no: 2345-4-2019 in the institution which is under your responsibility.
In fact, I am a young Rwandan of 25 years of age and I am an A2 certificate holder in Math,
Economics and Geography. As you can see from my curriculum vitae,
I have had two years experiences of working in that field such as education
and financial institutions. I work well in team on daily basis
and I am eager/enthusiastic to contribute to the growth of your institution too.
Although no specific IT qualification, I do have necessary key board skills
and necessary knowledge of the soft-ware that you use.
I am most interested in the situation that you are offering
and look forward to hearing from you.
Yours sincerely,
Signature
BUTERA Jane
4.3.2. Curriculum Vitae (CV):
The letters CV stand for curriculum vitae which in Latin means “Course of life”.
When used in a job seeking context, a CV is a brief history of your education,
work experience and activities, skills, accomplishments and
any other information relevant to getting a job.
A.CV writing and format tips:
i) Include relevant information only: Your CV should not include all
details about your life. Keep it simple, clear and neat.
ii) CV Length: While resumes are generally one page long, CV is longer.
Most CV are at least two pages long, and often much longer.
iii) Font and Size: Do not use ornate/decorative fonts that are difficult to read;
Times New Roman, Arial, Calibri, or a similar font is best.
Your font size should be between 10 and 12 points,
although your name and the section headings can be a little larger and/or bolded.
iv)Format: However, in deciding to organize the sections of your CV,
be sure to keep each section uniform.
For example, if you put the name of one organization in italics,
every organization name must be in italics.
If you include a sentence or two about your accomplishments in a position,
fellowship, etc., make a bullet list of each accomplishment.
This will keep your CV organized and easy to read.
v) Be accurate: No spelling or grammatical errors.
Be sure to edit your CV before sending it.
Check spelling, grammar, tenses, names of companies and people, etc.
Have a friend or career services counselor check over your CV as well.
vi)Be consistent: Punctuation, highlighting, verb tense, spacing etc.
should be verified.
vii) Spells out acronyms: The first time it appears,
put the acronym in parentheses and then use the acronym after that.
B. Elements of Curriculum Vitae
Not all curriculum vitae look the same.
But there are general sections that have to be included in almost all CVs.
However, one may choose to include only some sections because
others do not apply to his/her background or industry.
Include what seems appropriate for your area of specialty. In your CV you can include:
a. Contact information: At the top of your CV, include your personal
identification/name and contact information (address, phone number, email address, etc.).
b. Education background: This may include the school/institution
attended, dates of study, and degree received.
c. Work Experience: List relevant work experience;
this may include nonacademic work that you feel is worth including.
List the employer, position, and dates of employment.
Include a brief list of your duties and/or accomplishments.
d. Skills :
- Professional competencies relevant to the position for which you are applying.
- Computer skills.
- Language skills, etc.
e. References: In this part, include people who know you
and who might be contacted in case they need any information about you.
Lastly, end by certifying that the information is from the best of your knowledge.
Below is a sample of curriculum vitae (CV)
Curriculum Vitae
1. PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION
• Names: BUTERA Janet
• Date of Birth: 8/12/1995
• Gender: Female
• Nationality: Rwandese
• Marital status: Married
• Telephone: (+250) 738469764
• E-mail: butejane@yahoo.fr
• Contact address: P.o.Box 1010
Bugesera District
Eastern Province – Rwanda
2. EDUCATION BACKGROUND
3. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE

4. OTHER SKILLS ACQUIRED

5. LANGUAGES

6. HOBBIES

7. REFEREES

I, BUTERA Janet do declare that the above information is true to the best of my knowledge.
BUTERA Janet,
The manager,
BUTEJA Min Supermarket
4.3.3 Academic credentials/ relevant qualification papers
Credentials often refer to academic or educational qualifications,
such as degrees or diplomas that you have completed or partially-completed.
Credentials can also refer to occupational qualifications,
such as professional certificates or work experience.
These are examples of academic credentials:
• Secondary (high) school diploma
• College diploma
• Bachelor’s degree
• Master’s degree
• PhD or Doctorate degree
• Professional school degree (for example, for law, medicine, teaching)
A few organizations evaluate international academic credentials
to compare them to credentials you can get in your country.
You may need this for work or if you apply to a college, university or institute.
Application activity 4.1
Assume you want to apply for a post in any business company.
• Design an application letter
• Design your curriculum vitae.
Skills Lab
Bright Business club wants to expand by introducing other viable projects.
In efforts to ensure the club grows effectively, they will recruit a strong
marketing manager from one of the members in the club.
The key role of the marketing manager is to ensure the right
projects are implemented in the club.
1. As student teachers of entrepreneurship,
create a relevant job specification and make an
advert for the above position.
2. Discuss the importance of creating a job
specification for a given position.
End of unit assessment
1. You have come across an advertisement on the internet
about the need for Head of Security in a prominent shop.
Write an application letter to apply for the above post.
2. Gikundiro is a senior six level student who wants to start
a fruit processing business and she needs help from you to design
an advert for various posts in a fruit processing business.
UNIT 5:TEAM LEADERSHIP
Key Unit Competence: To be able to demonstrate a good
leadership strategy for leading teams in the business.
Introductory activity
There is no right or wrong way to answer this assessment.
It is for your own use during this unit.
You will read an element of competence listed in the left column.
Think about yourself: do you think you can do this?
How well? Read the statements across the top.
Put a check in column that best represents your situation.
At the end of this unit, you will take this assessment again.
5.1 Meaning of leadership and Qualities of a leader
Activity 5.1
1. Read the following paragraph and answer questions that follow.
Think about a time when you have been a leader.
It can be a leader of anything, a group task at school,
home or in your community, at a job, being a leader on a sports team...
a. How did you like playing that role?
b. What made it difficult or easy for you?
c. Based on your experience described above,
what do you understand by leadership?
2. a) Referring to your community, or country, name any three (3)
examples of leaders who you think are inspiring
(famous people or people from your community).
b) Describe the characteristics/qualities you think
make those leaders inspiring or effective.
5.1.1 Meaning of leadership
Leadership is the art of motivating/ influencing
a group of people to act towards achieving a common goal.
This leadership definition captures the essentials of being able
to inspire others and being prepared to do so.
Effective leadership is based upon ideas
(whether original or borrowed),
but will not happen unless those ideas can be communicated
to others in a way that engages them enough
to act as the leader wants them to act.
Put even simpler, a leader is the inspiration and director of the action.
He or she is the person in the group that possesses the combination
of personality and leadership skills that makes others
want to follow his or her direction.
5.1.2 Qualities of good leader
To help you improve your leadership skills,
here are examples of what makes a great leader.
a. Determination
A great leader has a never-ending determination.
He/she is the first one to initiate an idea and the last one to give up.
It is because of a leader’s determination
that projects are started and completed successfully.
b. Flexibility
A great leader can adapt to any situation.
He/she sees the situation from many different
angles and can adjust himself accordingly.
c. Resourcefulness
Generally, leaders do not always get what they want easily.
But since effective ones are creative, they think of ways
to get what they want. Besides, they collaborate with
the employees to fully utilize the available resources
in achieving the organizational objectives.
d. Creativity
He/she is characterized by critical thinking coming up
with effective ways of doing things right that do not require a lot of time,
effort or money but ending up successfully.
e. Self-confidence
People will follow a leader who believes in him or herself.
This does not mean being arrogant;
rather, it means trusting in yourself and your abilities.
f. Positive Attitude / Optimism
A great leader has a positive outlook and tries
to make the best out of everything.
g. Responsible
A great leader understands that whatever happens in his/her team
(whether good or bad) is his responsibility. He/she does not take
all the credit for work well done and does not blame others when there is failure.
h. Consistency / Reliability / Accountability
A great leader is dependable, always does his/her best,
takes action and delivers good results.
i. Planning ahead
A good leader knows what is up ahead.
He has good judgment in predicting what may happen
in the future and can make work decisions based on that.
j. Patience
A great leader is able to wait, to continue doing something
despite difficulties, or to suffer without complaining or
becoming annoyed.
Patience is enduring under difficult circumstances,
exhibiting endurance when under strain, especially
when faced with longer-term difficulties.
k. Being objective
A good leader does not take sides but is open to different opinions.
Personal feeling or opinions do not influence him/her
in considering and representing facts.
l. Perceptive
A good leader has an awareness of the people s/he is leading.
He/she has intuitive, understands people he/she is leading
or situations and shows sensitivity Briefly, what makes a great leader
is a mix of these qualities and many more others.
A person does not necessarily need to possess all the qualities
but one should at least strive to develop many of them.
m. Intelligent
An effective leader should have the ability
to think and come out with original/ personal ideas and ability
to make proper decision which may help in solving business problems.
An effective leader is also good communicator, honesty, disciplined,
exemplary as well as inspiring.
Application activity 5.1
Read the following extract from “Rwanda.
A remarkable turnaround of a nation, 2014, page 9)
and answer questions that follow:
To produce the desired outcomes, structural advantages have to interact with the agency
– social organization and leadership. Fortunately for GS RUGWIRO,
at the heart of its success has been focused on good leadership
to guide the institution through various reforms.
The head teacher and his colleagues have exhibited extraordinary
leadership values and skills aimed at navigating local difficulties
and external pressures to steer the institution to success.
Yet, its achievements are not singularly because of the intrinsic values
of its internal organization, the institution
– however, important these may be. Rather, they have largely
been because of institution’s ability to build a broad-based
collaborative relationship with other schools and social
wellbeing of staff in the school to sustain the momentum
for progressive change.
a. Do you describe GS RUGWIRO as a team?
Give reasons to support your response
b. From the extract, why do you think
GS RUGWIRO has a good leadership
c. Do you describe the head teacher of the above school
as an effective leader? Support your response with
four qualities from the extract.
5.2 Leadership styles
Activity 5.2
Analyze the Leadership styles below and answer questions that follow:
• The “Authoritarian” Leader/ Autocratic style/Authoritarian
• The “Persuading” leader:
• The “Consulting” Leader:
• The “Joining” Leader:
• The transformative leader:
Required:
a. Explain the meaning of each leadership styles above
b. Think and give examples of people you know who
tend to lead or have led in each of the leadership style explained above.
c. Describe when each leadership style would be appropriate to use
As a leader, it is important to understand the different styles of leading.
The style you choose will depend on the context in which you are working in,
the people you are working with, their needs and expectations,
whether or not you have a deadline, the task, etc.
The following are the most typical leadership styles:
a. The “Autocratic/Task-oriented/Authoritarian” style
• Identifies a problem, considers alternative solutions,
chooses one of them, and then tells followers what they are to do.
• May or may not consider what the group will think or feel about
the decision, but they clearly do not participate in the decision-making.
• Assigns roles.
• Relies primarily on his or her own judgment.
b. The “Persuading” style
• Like the “Authoritarian” leader, he/she makes the decisions
without consulting the group. Instead of simply announcing
the decision he or she attempts to persuade the group members
to accept the decision.
• Describes how the decision fits everyone’s interests.
c. The “Consulting/ Democratic” style
• Gives the group a chance to influence the decision from the beginning.
• Presents the problem and relevant background information,
and then asks the members for their ideas on how to solve the problem.
• May offer a possible solution for the group members’ reaction.
• Selects the solution the members regard as most promising.
d. The “Joining” style:
• Participates in the discussions as “just another” member agreeing
in advance to carry out whatever decision the group makes.
• Encourages group decisions.
• Allows for individual recognition.
• Tends to guide, not rule.
e. The transformative style
• Leader identifies the needed change.
• Creates a vision to guide the change through inspiration.
• Executes the change with the commitment of the members.
f. Laissez-faire leadership
• The leader makes the subordinates aware of the broad goals
and objectives of the business.
• The subordinates are left free to organize themselves
and make their own decisions.
• The leader totally trusts their employees/team
to perform the job themselves.
• The leader just concentrates on the intellectual/
rational aspect of his work and does not focus
on the management aspect of his work.
• This leadership style works only when the employees are skilled,
loyal, experienced and intellectual.
Appropriateness of each leadership style
a. The Authoritarian and persuading styles of leadership are most prevalent:
• In large groups.
• In passive groups.
• In groups, which seldom meet.
• At times when a quick decision or deadline must be met.
b. The Consulting style of leadership is most effective and/or prevalent:
• In large groups.
• In motivated groups.
• In organized groups.
c. The Joining style of leadership is most prevalent and /or effective:
• In small groups.
• In highly motivated groups.
• In groups that can deal with a less structured environment.
There might be a lot of brainstorming, trying things out
but switching direction as needed, etc.,
• In groups, which have a relatively high need for independence.
• In groups where the members have the necessary knowledge
and experience to deal with the problem.
• In groups where the members expect to share in decision-making.
d. The Transformative style of leadership is most effective and/or prevalent:
• In teams with different strengths and weaknesses.
• When you want team members to work through a problem
and arrive at a solution themselves (rather than giving them
the answer or direction straight away).
• When you want to get your team to engage through
providing direction and motivation.
• When you want to get your teams’ respect by being honest,
trustworthy, and driven.
Application activity 5.2
Analyze the scenarios below, and determine which leadership style
is more appropriate for the scenario and give reasons to support your choice.
a. You are at the workplace and suddenly the building where
the finished products are stored catches fire.
b. In the finance department, workers are complaining
that the rules and regulations in their department are
not favorable to all and therefore, need to be changed.
c. In your department, as a leader you want to introduce
computers because you believe they will improve on
the efficiency of the workers but they feel computers are not necessary,
as it is a wastage of the company’s money.
d. Recently, there have been changes in government policies that
automatically affect the performance of the business.
You as the managing director are to lead senior management to come up
with strategies to counter the effects of the new policies.
e. At school, all the classrooms are dirty and need to be cleaned.
f. Implementing government programs such as “Umuganda”
5.3 Team building

Activity 5.3
1. Explain the meaning of team building
2. Describe the characteristics of a good team
5.3.1 Meaning
A team is a group of people working towards a common goal.
Team Building involves the process of enabling the group
f people to reach their goals. It consists of steps like clarification of team goals;
identification of hindrances to goal achievements;
facing the identified challenges and enabling the achievement of the goals.
Team building is the action or process of causing a group of people
to work together effectively as a team, especially by means of activities
and events designed to increase motivation and promote cooperation.
This is a collective term for various types of activities used to enhance
social relations and define roles within teams, often involving collaborative tasks.
The formal definition of team-building includes:
• Aligning around goals
• Building effective working relationships
• Reducing team members’ role ambiguity
• Finding solutions to team problems
The effectiveness of team building differs substantially
from one organization to another.
The most effective efforts occur when team members are interdependent,
knowledgeable and experienced
and when organizational leadership actively
establishes and supports the team.
Effective team building incorporates an awareness
of team objectives. Teams must work to develop goals,
roles and procedures. As a result, team building is usually
associated with increasing task accomplishment,
goal meeting, and achievement of results within teams.
Note: The ability to work as part of a team is one of the most
important skills in today’s job market.
Employers are looking for workers who can contribute
their own ideas, but also want people who can work with others
to create and develop projects and plans.
Katzenbach and Smith (1993) list the following
requirements for building effective teams:
i) It should be small enough in the number of members.
ii) Adequate levels of complementary skills.
iii) Truly meaningful purpose
iv) Specific goal or goals.
v) Established clear approach to the team’s work.
vi) A sense of mutual accountability.
vii)Defined appropriate leadership structure.
5.3.2 Characteristics of a good team

• Clear goals: Clear goals are necessary so that all team members
understand the purpose and vision of the team.
• Defined goals: Goals should be defined so as team members
understand their job function for leaders to tap into
the skills and talents of group members.
• Open and clear communication: Effective communication will keep a team
informed and focused. It is important to focus on hearing message
before forming our own conclusions.
• Effective decision making: Awareness of various decision-making
methods can help a team member make efficient decisions.
Team members should select a method that works best them.
• Balanced participation: Full involvement of team members
is valued and sought. It is important that leaders define what type
of participation they expect from members.
• Valued diversity: Diversity of thinking, idea generating, problem solving
and experiences help to create an effective team.
• Cooperative relationship: Team members need to work together for the good of the team,
and understand that combining the skills of numerous people will produce
something that could not be created alone.
• Participative leadership: A good team is characterized
by shared leadership among team members at various times.
Application activity 5.3
Read the following activity and answer questions that follow.
You are the president of your school business club.
The District Youth leader has advised you that for your club
to win the upcoming competitions, the club should have
an overall impact on the school and community.
Club membership should comprise students from S1 to S6, but S4&5
members are not willing to accept students from other classes.
They claim that the new members will simply enjoy current club achievements
, and they will not bring much since most of the work has been done,
and projects are already running; the club is not united as well.
As the president:
a. What should you do to ensure the club is united?
b. What characteristics are required for the club to be successful?
5.4 Steps for building productive and effective teams
Activity 5.4
Using your own knowledge on team building, explain team building steps/ techniques.
Without team building skills, the manager risks limiting the productivity
of his/her employees to what each member can do on their own,
whereas if he/she fosters team building, he/she can unite teams
around a common goal, which will raise productivity as a result.
The following are five steps to buila productive and effective team:
Step 1: Establish leadership.
If your employees trust your judgment, they will work effectively
even when you are not around. Before you start team building,
you need to develop the right kind of leadership skills.
This doesn’t mean asserting authority, instead try
to foster trust through honesty and transparency.
Step 2: Establish relationships with each of your employees.
A manager tries to learn more about each member of his/her team,
their skillsets, how they are motivated and their likes and dislikes.
This knowledge is invaluable to managers as it allows them to match
each employee’s expertise and competencies to specific problems,
which will help increase their productivity and job satisfaction.
Step 3: Build relationships between your employees.
As a team starts to cooperate more, examine the way they work together
and take steps to improve communication, cooperation and trust amongst the team.
If there are any conflicts, try to resolve them amicably.
Listen to both sides of the argument and act as a mediator.
One way to do this is to brainstorm solutions,
which helps to empower your employees and may lead to new solutions to the problem.
Step 4: Foster teamwork.
Once relations with and between employees have been established,
it is time to help them work together effectively.
Encourage the team to share information,
both amongst them and within the wider organization.
Also, try to communicate more with the team.
This goes beyond simply holding meetings, and includes
things like being open to suggestions and concerns,
asking about each team member’s work and offering
assistance where necessary, and doing everything
to communicate clearly and honestly with the team.
Step 5: Set ground rules for the team.
Finally, begin officially establishing the team
through creating team values and goals,
as well as evaluating team performance alongside
individual performance. Be sure to include the team
in this process so that they know what is required and agree with it.
Team building is one of the most important responsibilities
a manager has. It isn’t something that can be achieved
in a short time and then forgotten. It is an ongoing organic
process that you will have to facilitate and guide.
Application activity 5.4
As a student representative, you have been challenged
to ensure that all students in your class participate
in a community day. However, most students are saying it their only time
to do private activities and thus have no time.
As a leader, how would you apply the steps for building productive
and effective teams to manage the above challenge?
5.5 Strategies for managing a team
Activity 5.5
Think of a situation at work, school or home where there is a new/
unfamiliar task for everyone to accomplish.
People are required to get themselves organized to accomplish it.
This particular task will need leaders to emerge and assume responsibilities,
manage people and the communication process for the success of the given activity.
Assume you are selected as the leader;
describe some strategies you will use to have the people accomplish the task.
Leaders can employ different strategies
while bringing people to work together and developing teamwork:
• Work with the team to develop a common goal.
• Nurture sense of belonging; focus on
what team members have in common.
• Help team members’ work together
to efficiently solve problems.
• Encourage members to set aside personal goals
and desires for the benefit of the team.
• Treat team members fairly and equally.
• Structure the work of the team in a simple &
logical fashion; distribute work fairly.
• Manage team efficiently so that work proceeds in a timely manner.
• Create an environment that supports
nd rewards openness, creativity, trust, mutual
respect and a commitment to provide high quality services.
• Value everyone’s contribution.
• Encourage discussion.
• Ensure all team members understand that
their ideas and opinions are equally important and relevant.
• Encourage people with different abilities
and personalities to work together.
• Value everyone’s contribution. Team members have different skills
and experience and so each team member must be given an opportunity
and feel that their contributions are valued.
• Empower team members. Delegating authority and empowering
the team to make decisions is more likely to pull together members
together and work collaboratively to achieve business goals.
• Resolve conflict within the team. Constructive conflict among team members
is a sign of a healthy team. However, unhelpful arguments and
conflict should be tackled for the team to stay focused.
• Celebrate team successes. When the team achieves a milestone or target,
you should encourage team members to celebrate their success together
act as an incentive to reach the next milestone or target.
Application activity 5.5
Mutoni has been voted as a youth representative in one of the sectors in Ngoma district.
In this sector, there are over 100 youths who have been asked by the executive to find
a viable project they can start that can solve the problem of unemployment.
This project will be financed by the sector.
The biggest issue they have however is they don’t agree with each other
on which project they would select. Assuming that you are
Mutoni, as their representative, what team management
strategies can you apply to solve the above given issue?
5.6 Importance of teams in business
Activity 5.6
Referring to your class group activities,
explain the importance of teams in business.
There are numerous advantages of teamwork in business.
Some of the genuine advantages are discussed below:
• Division of work and achieving set goals: Teamwork ensures
that there is an equal and fair distribution
of work within the organization.
A fair work distribution ensures that every person
or every working unit executes any task at hand,
with the best possible efficiency.
The division of work also ensures that the work is done
on time and deadlines are not extended hence achievement of set goals.
• Reduction of risk: When the task at hand is executed
with the maximum possible efficiency, there is a reduction in risk.
The best advantage of teamwork in business is that the burden
of failure is borne by all the members of the team
and it does not fall on the shoulders of just one person.
• Subordination of personal interest to organizational interest:
One of the biggest advantages of teamwork is that personal interest
is subordinate to organizational interest.
This ensures that all the team members put in the maximum
possible efforts into their work, thereby ensuring a high quality and timely output.
• Eases work:

Sharing the workload eases burnout.
Team members can provide emotional support to each other
because they often understand the demands and stress of
completing the work even better than managers.
This also helps workers to share the tasks according
to their ability differences.
• Easy management of workers: when workers are assigned
tasks in groups, it is easy to delegate some of the managerial
powers to team leader hence easy management of employees.
• Increases team work spirit:
Most modern businesses are structured around teams.
Even those with highly individualized jobs like graphic
design and publishing need active cooperation among
various members of the organization for a final product to emerge.
It is critical then for every member of the organization to understand
the concept of teamwork and to consider his or her job as part of a team effort.
Ways to encourage team spirit in the workplace:
1. Employ the right people
2. Eating lunch together
3. Organize social events
4. Workshops can also be useful
5. Sharing praise and feedback
6. Being inclusive
• Quick business growth: Teamwork can be the smartest strategy for growth as
it influences performance results and organizational objectives.
Teamwork makes people share the same goals and responsibilities
for outcomes, namely the common objective of an organization.
It also enhances effectiveness and productivity of a company which
would gain an organization more profit (Beal, 2003), etc.
Application activity 5.6
Using your college based club example,
analyze the advantages of the club working as a team.
Skills Lab Activity -5-
Read and analyse the scenarios
below and answer the questions that follow:
Scenario 1
Mushimiyimana is the leader of an organization that provides
computer services. She has realized that there is a problem with
the way they advertise their business. Sitting at her desk,
she lists some approaches they can take to improve their communications.
She then tells the other employees what they need to do without
asking for anyone else’s ideas.
Scenario 2
Abatoni is the manager of a catering service called Best Bakery.
They have been asked to prepare cakes for an upcoming wedding
of the daughter of a political leader. She decides that coconut
cakes will be the best and calls the staff together to discuss the order.
She informs them of the order and then launches into a speech
about all the advantages of making coconut cake.
Others express an interest in making vanilla cakes
but in the end Abatoni convinces them coconut is best.
Scenario 3
Karamuzi is the owner of a successful auto mechanic workshop.
A customer has brought a vehicle in that has multiple problems.
He asks his team to assess the problems and get back to him
with possible solutions. A few hours later they have a meeting
to discuss what they have found and what they propose.
They have a discussion, Karamuzi gives some advice and the team begins the repairs.
Scenario 4
Habimana runs a tailoring business in town. He has 5 employees.
With an upcoming holiday, they have many orders to fulfill.
Habimana gathers all the employees to get their opinions
on how to best manage the process so they can meet the deadlines.
In the end, they decide together to divide tasks amongst themselves.
Habimana and two others were tasked with cutting and shaping the cloth
while the other tailors would do the sewing. In the end they managed
to keep all of their customers satisfied.
1. Describe the leadership styles applied in each of the scenarios
above and give reasons to support your answers.
2. Role-play, justifying how this was the most appropriate style to apply.
3. In your school business club practices, imagine the situation
where your club president has inappropriately dictated the club members
to do something and come up with best advises on how better
he / she could influence the team members to accomplish the tasks.
End of unit assessment
1. Read and analyze the following scenarios and decide
which leadership style is depicted:
a. Juliet is the leader of an organization that provides computer services.
She has realized that there is a problem with the way they advertise their business.
Sitting at her desk, she lists some approaches they can take
to improve their communications. She then tells the other
employees what they need to do without asking for anyone else’s ideas.
b. Jean de Dieu is the owner of a successful auto mechanic workshop.
A customer has brought a vehicle in that has multiple problems.
He asks his team to assess the problems and get back
to him with possible solutions.
A few hours later they have a meeting to discuss
what they have found and what they propose.
They have a discussion, Jean de Dieu gives
some advice and the team begins to repair.
c. Peter runs a tailoring business in town.
He has 5 employees. With an upcoming holiday,
they have many orders to fulfill. Peter gathers
all the employees to get their opinions on how to best manage the process
so they can meet the deadlines.
In the end, they decide together to divide tasks amongst themselves.
Kwesi and two others were tasked with cutting and shaping
the cloth while the other tailors would do the sewing.
In the end they managed to keep all of their customers satisfied.
d. Keza is one of the leading members of the community
youth association in a rural area. Following the illness
of several community members, she decided it was necessary
for community members to have better access to potable water.
During weekly youth association meetings, she shared her vision
and got others interested in resolving the problem.
Together they researched different possibilities such as working
with local government offices to mobilize resources to install a borehole
(pipe drilled down to access clean water). During their association meetings,
Keza always recognized the effort individuals were making.
Eventually the youth were able to mobilize the resources
necessary to access clean water.
The youth and the community members were all inspired by
her commitment and hard work to make it happen.
2. Sheja is the manager of a catering service called Best Bakery.
They have been asked to prepare cakes for an upcoming
wedding of the daughter of a political leader.
Advise Sheja on how she would motivate her employees to successfully
complete the order in time and reveal which leadership style is suitable
for this scenario.
UNIT 6:BUSINESS PLAN FOR AN ENTERPRISE

Key Unit Competence: To be able to prepare a business plan
for the business they are running or intend to start.
Introductory activity
Mangada and Manuela are twin brothers and TTC graduates
they have always had a dream of being self-employed.
Mangada sought of starting a restaurant
and Manuela sought of starting a piggery project having
both knowledge of entrepreneurship from school,
they both secured financing from their parent as well as
personal savings accumulated while at school.
Mangada starts immediately and after a few months
the business started doing well but later before the year ended,
she was in a great loss and decided to close down.
Manuela took her time to discover and learn about the business
she intended to start and devised/developed a plan as laying strategies
on how to put the plan in action, she starts later after five months
a few challenges came her way but she never gave up.
She now has over 100 pigs and has recently secured a sausage making
machine and obtained enough market in Kigali to supply
her products as well as secured external market in Congo.
Questions
a. According to the case study what do you think is the secret of Manuela’s success?
b. Why do you think it is important for a person to plan before undertaking any action?
c. Suggest the elements that you would put into consideration while preparing a business plan?
6.1 Definition and Importance of the business plan
Activity 6.1
1. Using your previous knowledge obtained in O’level
about business plan, explain the meaning of a business plan.
Case study
Mugabo had a business idea of buying and selling boiled eggs
in his village where all people in this village were doing poultry farming.
Mugabo has got a loan of 30,000Frw from Umurenge Sacco Gatumba
and bought eggs, boiled them and started selling them but
unfortunately, he didn’t find any consumers to buy eggs.
After two days, all eggs were damaged and lost his capital.
Through this case study answer the following questions:
a. What do you think is the source of the loss of Mugabo’s capital?
b. Advise Mugabo on the challenges faced by his business.
c. Show Mugabo the importance of writing a business plan for his business.

6.1.1 Definition of a business plan
A plan is a proposed or tentative course of action worked
out beforehand for the purposes of accomplishing a goal.
It can also be described as a thought-out journey
that would take you to your desired destination.
Ideally, planning is looking into the future and putting
in place the means to reach that future.
It is setting goals and how to achieve them,
deciding on the end and the means to the end.
We should all be concerned about the future because
we will have to spend the rest of our lives there.
Future outcomes are a function of today’s decisions.
For anyone starting a business, a business plan is a vital
first step and every business requires a well-developed business plan.
The business plan is a planning tool that details the goals of the business
and gives the owner a path to follow.
It is a written summary of an entrepreneur’s proposed business venture
highlighting its goals and objectives,
and his skills, abilities and requirements to implement it.
It helps the owner to make judgments and decisions
on opportunities and threats by providing a framework
to assess the options. A business plan describes
how the business operates, how it is managed,
how it interacts in the marketplace, how it functions
financially and what its strengths and weaknesses are;
The business plan should be an integral part of
the management and oversight of a financial institution/organization.
It should therefore establish the institution’s goals and objectives.
6.1.2 Importance of the business plan
Business plan serves in the following ways:
• To attract investors. Whether you want to shop your business
to venture capitalists, or attract angel investors,
you need to have a solid business plan.
A poor presentation may anger their interest,
but they will need a well-written document they can take away
and study before they will be prepared to make any
investment commitment. Be prepared for your business plan
to be scrutinized; both venture capitalists and angel investors
will want to conduct extensive background checks and competitive
analysis to be certain that what is written in your business plan is indeed the case.
• To test the feasibility of a business idea: Writing a business plan is the best way
to test whether or not an idea for starting a business is feasible,
other than going out and doing it without having a plan.
In this sense, the business plan is your safety net.
Writing a business plan can save you a great deal of time
and money if working through the business plan reveals
that your business idea is unsustainable.
• To give your new business the best possible chance of success:
Writing a business plan will ensure that you pay attention
to both the broad operational and financial objectives
of your new business and the details,
such as budgeting and market planning.
• To secure funding, such as bank loans:
Having a business plan gives you a much better chance
of getting the money you need to keep operating or to expand.
You’re going to need both operating and start-up capital to start
a new business and you have no hope of getting any money from
established financial institutions such as banks without
a well-developed business plan.
• To make business planning manageable and effective:
A business plan is essential if you’re thinking of starting a business,
but it is also an important tool for established businesses.
Viable businesses are dynamic; they change and grow.
The company’s original business plan needs to be revised as new goals are set. etc.
When to write a business plan
A business is not something static. The business can change over time as
the business develops, and any particular business may have multiple
business plans as its objectives change. Sometimes people
often make the mistake of thinking of a business plan as a single
document that is just put together when someone is first
starting out and then set it aside.
A business plan should be written when thinking of going
into business, that is:
• Before starting a business
• When updating the business is required.
For example, from plastic to metal products.
• When new information is obtained. For example,
changing colours and size of the products
as a result of consumer’s complaints.
• When new experiences are gained.
Probably regarding new methods of production.
Users of a business plan and how they use it
Users of a business plan include but not limited to the following;
a. Business owners
As the owner, you already know the obvious reasons,
but there are so many other good reasons to create
a business plan that many business owners don’t know about.
Such important reasons include:;
• To create a new business.
This helps the entrepreneur to mobilize and coordinate resources.
• To better understand your competition.
• To better understand your customer.
• To assess the feasibility of your venture. How good is this opportunity?
• To document your revenue model.
Documenting the revenue model helps
to address challenges and assumptions associated with the model.
• To determine your financial needs.
This process is essential for raising capital for business
and for effectively employing the capital.
• To reduce the risk of pursuing the wrong opportunity.
Writing the business plan helps you assess the attractiveness
of this particular opportunity, versus other opportunities.
• To help you research and really know your market.
• To plot your course and focus your efforts.
The business plan provides a roadmap from which to operate,
and to look for direction in times of doubt.
• To position your brand. Creating the business plan
helps to define your company’s role in the marketplace.
• To judge the success of your business.
A formal business plan allows you to compare
actual operational results versus the business plan itself.
b. The Government agents
• The business plan made by entrepreneur helps the government
to assess the viability of a business to determinate specific
incentives like tax exemptions, credit guarantees and subsidies
that the government may give to the entrepreneur.
• The business plan helps the government to plan
for infrastructures and other services that it may want to put up.
• With business plan, the government ensures
which tax a business should be taxed.
• In some cases, the entrepreneur may want to borrow money
from financial institutions like, banks; such loans require the government
to guarantee basing on how good a business plan is.
c. The Managers
The importance of business plan to managers is as follows:
• Business planning is important to managers because
the whole point of management is to allow a business
to operate more efficiently and to be able to achieve its goals.
• Business plan helps managers allocate scarce resources appropriately.
• It enables managers to control the different aspects of their projects
and processes to ensure each task stays on course.
• Business plan also provides the framework for measuring
the progress of the different processes and tasks.
If there is no business plan, decisions will be taken each day
based simply on immediate needs. This will not allow the business
to move forward in an organized and purposeful way towards
its future goals. Such a business is unlikely to succeed
because it would have long range plan.
d. Employees
The business plan is important to the employees
of the business in the following ways:
• The business plan helps the workers to determine production
targets that they have to achieve within set periods.
• The business plan gives the employees assurance
about the duration of their employment. It gives them job
security because they know the expected life cycle of the business.
• The organizational plan helps define tasks and responsibilities
of each of the workers and so helps reduce conflict.
• The business plan helps employees to know
the mission and vision of the enterprise.
e. Financial institutions
A well-prepared business plan is vital when approaching
any financial institution for finance. It helps them to assess
whether it is appropriate to lend money to the business based
on revenue projections and other information included in the business plan.
Almost all the banks expect you to submit a business plan along with your loan application.
The following are what most financial institutions look for:
• Most financiers will closely look and verify the following
parts of your business plan: The balance sheet is probably
the first thing your loan officer will turn to. The balance
sheet records your assets, liabilities and capital.
• Along with the balance sheet, they will look very carefully
at the profit or loss and the cash flow, which should be
very closely related to the balance sheet and to each other.
• Bankers will also look for hard evidence of founders
and managers who know their business.
f. Investors
• A business plan attracts investors.
The business plan answers investors’ questions such as:
Is there a need for this product/service (is there a target market)?
What are the financial projections? What is the company’s growth or exit strategy?
Application activity 6.2
1. As a student teacher who has completed secondary studies :
a. Develop your personal plan for daily, weekly, monthly and yearly activities.
b. What business do you plan to do after your studies and in your life?
c. How and when do you plan to achieve your goal?
2. Think of a feasible business of your interest and identify
who will be the users of your business plan and explain how it will be used.
6.2 Elements of a business plan
Activity 6.2
Assume that you are selected by an NGO in Rwanda specializing
in entrepreneurship called Educate! to train youths on business planning.
Explain what will be entailed in your training presentation
as the main elements of a business plan.
Business plans vary in content according to their intended purposes,
but the basic format remains the same. It consists of three elements:
First, discuss the business model and describe your products and services.
Then place the business in its industry and discuss your intended marketplace,
including your target customers and how you will reach them,
beating your competition. Last, relate these plans to the real world,
discussing your contingency plans
and finishing off with spreadsheets detailing your anticipated sales,
costs of doing business and resulting profits.
Though, formats may vary, clarity is the most important quality of any business plan.
A successful business plan should have the following components:
a. Executive summary
The executive summary should be the first section of a business plan
after the table of contents, though it is typically written last
after all the other sections. Basically,
an executive summary discusses the following items:
• Business name, address and contact person.
• Business idea and goals:. This section provides an overview of the business project,
• Legal form: e.g. sole proprietorship, partnership, company.
• Marketing:This part looks at how the products or services of business will be sold.
Who will be the main target markets (customer groups)?
And what are the main elements of the proposed advertising
and promotion strategy for the firm?
• Operations:. This is concerned with where the business will be located.
How many staff will be needed and how they will be managed.
• Finances:. How much money is required to finance the plan,
where will such capital be obtained from and how it will be repaid.
How much profit the firm is expected to make by the end of the business plan time period?
b. Business description
The business description section of a business plan is another section,
coming after the executive summary.
The business description outlines vital details about your company, such as:
i) The name of a business: This is the official name of your business as registered
in the country where you do business.
ii) Contact address: This is the contact anyone can use to ask some
information about your business. It may be a phone number,
email, website, fax and the location address of the business, etc.
iii) Legal form: A legal form of business refers to businesses allowed
by the government to be run by business entrepreneurs.
The business owner must choose the legal structure of his business.
e. g. sole proprietorship, partnership, company, cooperative, etc.
iv)Types of business: The type of business refers to the nature of business-like agribusiness,
manufacturing; trading, service, etc.
v) Description of the business idea and market:
This section includes the following; -
Information about the owner: The first item in a plan should be written
in the description of business owner background, including name,
address, email, phone number, education, family status, sex etc. -
Mission statement: A clear mission statement that represent the purpose
of your business. Eg: To provide uncompromised quality product to our customers -
Objectives:. An outline of what you want to accomplish in the mediate future based on the data in the rest of the business plan as well as future growth goals. Eg: To increase the market share by 13% by the end of 2021 -
Vision statement : About how you envision the future of the company,
eg: Transforming the livelihood of the population.
- Business location: Where is the business / company and its headquarters? -
Business history: When did the business start or when do you plan to start
if it is a new business. What inspires you to start the business? -
Products or services and target market: A brief overview of what you plan to sell and to whom.
Description of market: Which include geographical area, type of customers, size of total market,
description of the competitors, market share for the new business, etc.
- SWOT analysis: The analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT analysis).
• -S- STRENGHT OF THE BUSINESS: These are aspects within the business that give it advantage
over other businesses. These can include:
- Skilled and motivated staff.,
- Modern equipment.
- Strong research team.
- Sufficient working capital.
- Excess capacity.
- Wide distribution network.
• -W- WEAKNESS OF THE BUSINESS: These are aspects within the business that limit
its capacity and its competitiveness. E.g.: Small market share.
- Inexperienced staff.
- Insufficient capital.
- Poor product image.
- Outdated production equipment.
- Poor financial management.
- Inappropriate distribution network.
• -O- OPPORTUNITIES OF THE BUSINESS: Aspects outside the business that are
likely to be of benefit to the business: e.g.: Favorable government policy.
- Increasing dement of the product.
- Other industries that complement the business.
- Improved infrastructure.
- Reduced taxes on such product.
- New channels of distribution.
- Invention of better technology.
• - T- THREATS OF THE BUSINESS: These are things outside
the business that are likely to affect the business negatively.
E.g.: Possibility of entry of new competitors.
- Change in government policy.
- Scarcity of raw materials.
- Declining of population ( reduction in demand).
- Negative changes in customers testes and preferences.
- Collapse of infrastructure.
- Raising costs of electricity.
- Economic depression.
Note: You should assess the above factors along comparing with those of the rivals.
In case your favoring factors are not as big as those of the competitors,
you will need to be very cautious in planning and running for your business.
Moreover, the following can guide your decisions:
1. If your strength is greater than your weaknesses, then advance.
2. If you observe more opportunities coming your way added
to your strengths please Invest more.
3. But if you mark weaknesses and you observe more threats ahead of you, please flee.
4. Finally, if your strength and weaknesses are similar to those of the rivals please compete.

c. Marketing plan
A marketing plan is a business document outlining market strategy and tactics.
It is often focused on a specific period of time (12 months) and covers a variety
of marketing related details, such as costs, goals and action steps.
The marketing plan is built from the results of the marketing research
and the specific value proposition of the product or a service.
For a business to grow it also needs a marketing plan,
therefore, the right marketing plan should identify the following:
• Who your target customers are.;
• How you will reach them, and finally.;
• How you will retain your customers so that they repeatedly buy from you.
• When done properly, the marketing plan will be the roadmap
to follow in order to get unlimited customers and dramatically
improve the success of the organization.
• How much are customers willing to pay?
• Product description, current production, distribution channel that will be used.,
• What are competitors’ prices? Forms of advertisement and pricing strategies to be used,
how the price will be determined? What is your price?
What promotion strategies are you planning to use? Etc.
d. Production plan
This consists of projected needs for manufacturing the proposed product.
It is then necessary to assess whether production at this scare is technically feasible.
The production plan mainly focuses on:
• A description of the product and what it does,
manufacturing process.,
• Product innovation, suppliers of raw materials, quality control,
nature of packaging, production staff,…
• Machinery, equipment and techniques used.
• Product development and substitution.
• Intangible assets and protection.
e. Financial plan
Financial plan is a statement that indicates
the balance sheets, income statements and
cash flow statements for the previous three years,
along with five years’ cash flow, income statements
and balance sheets forecasts.
It indicates costs of your business:
seed capital, sales forecasting
along with cost of operations,
selling and administrative costs.
Those financial statements found in this plan,
can show where your business was at a certain
period in the past, where it is right now
and provides you with the
information you need to make future decisions.
• It is important to keep your statements current
and to refer to them on a monthly basis.
• You should include the following financial
forms with projections for three to five years:
- Income statement
- Cash-flow projections
- Balance sheet
Other elements of the financial plan include:
• Expected source of finance
• Start-up budget: Capital and Expenditure
• Financial forecast /cash flow plan
• Opening Balance sheet
• A breakeven point analysis
• Payback period.
• Return on Investment.
- When making financial projections,
it is important to explain any assumptions
– how you determined the figures you used.
- If you are looking for financial assistance,
lenders will want to know where
you will get financing for your business
and how you will spend the money.
They will also want to see historical records
for the past three to five years.
f. Organizational plan
This part describes the form of business ownership,
the lines of authority and accountability
for members of the new venture.
It includes items such as:
• Form of ownership.
• Identification of business partners or
principal shareholders.
• Authority of principals.
• Management team and background.
• Roles and responsibilities of members of the organization.
• Decisions on the numbers or types of workers
that are required to operate the proposed business.
• Compensation i.e. salary, bonuses... that you offer
to the key members of the management team.
g. Action plan for implementing the business plan.
An action plan is the careful lay out of the sequenced
steps towards achieving the business goals.
This is the most crucial aspect for starting any business.
The main purpose of the action plan is to guide the entrepreneur
as a time table for implementing the business plan and to help him/her
become and remain focused in the implementation of his/her business.
The action plan in particular will help the entrepreneur to:
• Find road blocks in advance or expected challenges so as
to take appropriate steps to solve them.
• Locate sources of information and resources needed for the business.
• Obtain feedback on the progress towards enterprise established.
• An action plan co-ordinates efficient use of resources for the business.
• An action plan is used in implementation of planned activities.
• An action plan specifies how workers’ responsibilities and
tasks are traced and allocated.
• An action plan helps to monitor and evaluate work progress.
• It helps to discover business challenges and how to solve them.
Format of an action plan

Summary on the steps in preparing a business plan
Business plan preparation is a step by step process which
requires the entrepreneur to thoroughly follow and check
through a number of steps that are critical.
These steps include the following:;
• Select a business opportunity like service, trading
or manufacturing business.
• Conduct a market survey to assess the business opportunity
in terms of feasibility and viability.
• Gather the necessary relevant data like cost of machinery
and equipment, environmental protection regulations
and selling requirements, etc.
• Draft a business plan.
• Discuss the draft business plan with knowledgeable
or experienced personnel in a similar business.
• Finalize the plan and prepare an action plan for implementation of the business.
Application activity 6.2
1. Suppose you have a dream to start a small business after your studies.
Describe that small business you wish to start.
2. Suppose you want to open a restaurant in your home area:
a. Set the mission and vision statement of that restaurant
b. Set any three objectives of your business
6.3. Preparation of a business plan
A SAMPLE OF A BUSINESS PLAN

A POUTLY PROJECT PROPOSAL REQUESTING FOR FUND
Sub mitted By:
AKEZA R. Elsie
And
MUNEZERO D. Purity

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..........................................................................................................................
2. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................
3. PROBLEM STATEMENT / PROJECT LOCATION............................................................
4. VISION....................................................................................................................................................................
5. MISSION STATEMENT/GOAL...........................................................................................................
6. VALUES.................................................................................................................................................................
7. OBJECTIVES....................................................................................................................................................
8. ACTIVITIES.........................................................................................................................................................
9. JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT.............................................................................................
10. TIMELINE FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF ACTIVITIES FOR 2014-2015...............
11. PROJECT EXPECTED RESULTS....................................................................................................
12. MANAGEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT..............................
13. THE POULTRY BUDGET........................................................................................................................
14. CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................................................
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This is a poultry project specifically designed for eggs production.
It is planned to start with 2015 layer birds.
The Total project cost for the poultry project alone shall be
1, 456,041 Frw broken down as; 12,600 Frw for construction,
1,400,000 Frw for purchase of the chicks, 43,441 Frw for poultry feeds,
vaccines and drugs and other poultry accessories for 18 months.
For capacity building, water and electric installation,
administrative costs and labor cost for 18 months.
It is assumed that only 80% production shall be realized,
which means 1,620 trays of eggs shall be realized per month for 12 months on average.
The primary customers for the eggs shall be prominent egg traders
within and around Kigali City. The minor customers shall be the egg
venders who usually boil 10 to 15 trays of eggs and vend it at pubs,
market places and streets. The reason for the target market is that
egg production in Rubirizi and Nyacyonga cannot meet market demands.
To increase the sustainability of XYZ Poultry enabling it to continuously
support its mission, helping to improve the social economic welfare
and vulnerability of the Youths in Ndera Sector, Gasabo District.
In order to realize the above results, the following main activities must be implemented:
i) Contract the services of a builder to construct a chicken house
ii) Select and train youths, especially those out of school, to support the project
iii) Procure and rear chickens to lay eggs to be sold for consumption
iv) Continuously monitor and evaluate activities to ensure objectives are met.
If these activities are implemented, it will create a great impact in the lives of the project beneficiaries. In the first place, the project will create employment for at least 30 youngsters currently not employed in any productive venture. This employment will give them an alternative way to generate income and thereby decreasing their risk of transmitting and contracting HIV/STDs especially girls. In the second place, it will provide XYZ Poultry a secure source of funding for its program activities, allowing it to continuously sustain 20% of its current activities
In spite of these goals, XYZ Poultry lacks the financial resources necessary to realize this project. The project seeks 1, 050,000 Frw to aid in the start-up of this income generating project.
2. INTRODUCTION
Project Profile
XYZ Poultry is a project not affiliated/related to any religious,
political, or social grouping, but born out of the need to work
with teenage youth(s). It seeks to facilitate the youths to initiate
and create income generating projects, and as we all as creating
development initiatives to employ them. It was started
by AKEZA R. Elsie & MUNEZERO D. Purity in February 2018
to respond to the needs of Youths who were destitute
because of the various socio-economic reasons.
3. PROBLEM STATEMENT / PROJECT LOCATION
The problem at hand is that in many cases the project finds itself in financial needs particularly in addressing the physical, material and educational needs of the youth despite the fact that the project has a land (3 hectares), with water storage facilities. These locally available resources could be turned into a viable income generating project. In addition, some of the youth out of school are unemployed in productive venture so as to support themselves. This has not only put the project at a high risk of relying on donor funds to meet its basic needs, but also it will put some of the youth especially girls at an extremely high risk for contracting HIV and other STDs.
Against this background, we consultatively came up with the poultry project as income generating project as supplementary sources of income to XYZ Poultry. Furthermore, the project seeks to provide income generation projects for the youth, giving them an alternate way to support themselves and their dependents.
4. VISION
To be a passionate people extending God’s grace and hope in every community. The XYZ Poultry aims at becoming a reference of quality in food for future generations, working as a team in a socially responsible manner and using all our resources to respond correctly to the new demands raised by the market. Our work is focused on the constant development of new products and services, including all the processes that lead us to achieve an end product with functional capacity and a high nutritional standard, without incurring any extra expense for consumers.
Our aim is to continue to consolidate our market positioning through the growth of our customer portfolio, offering customized service and anticipating their demands. Continuous research, the development of new lines of work and new product presentations will allow us to improve our competitiveness and continue to be a company of reference in terms of quality and food safety. We intend to optimize our business results by promoting teamwork and professionalism, and upholding our social commitment to the ongoing development of our products and services in a sustainable manner, and with greater guarantees for the end user.
5. MISSION STATEMENT/GOAL
Its mission is to promote an environment in which the youths are cared for, supported, bodily, mentally, socially, morally, spiritually and with an emphasis on education, nutrition and social support to facilitate a meaningful life.
We will provide quality products for human consumption, certified in accordance with the strictest quality and food safety standards. Our commitment to continual development and innovation has allowed us to maintain a high competitive level and satisfy the needs of our final consumers. We strive to ensure that our customers grow with us in a setting of ongoing improvement, through joint efforts and by establishing bidirectional communications between them and our staff. We exert a proactive attitude, seeking the consolidation and recognition of our business project and maintaining our commitment to the sustainable development of our environment and a respect for nature.
6. VALUES
For sustainability, XYZ Poultry has adopted a series of values and undertakings which are shown in its day-to-day operations, and are defined through the following aspects:
- Customer focus - Teamwork
- Commitment to achieving results - Sustainability
- Interest in people - Corporate Social Responsibility
- Quality and Food Safety - Uprightness
7. OBJECTIVES
General Objective
To increase the sustainability of XYZ Poultry to continuously support its mission, promoting educational and health programs within the youths.
Specific Objectives
viii) i) To establish a business, raising and selling chicken and eggs (poultry products) and use its profits to help support the activities of XYZ Poultry
ii) To improve the economic welfare of the youths employing them to run and support the “poultry farming project”.
iii) To train the youths who have no opportunities to continue for secondary education in business and management so that they may successfully support their needs.
9. ACTIVITIES
• Procure materials for constructing a permanent poultry house with favorable conditions for raising chickens and eggs
• Contract builders to build a structure (poultry house) for raising chicken and eggs
• Contract the services needed for the installation of electricity
• Contract the services needed to install a water system
• Procure 2,000 chicks and the necessary food and supplies needed to support them
• Recruit and hire the agriculture extension officer to provide veterinary services to layer birds and to support the needs of the project
• Train selected the Youth, with the help of partner projects, in business, management and poultry farming
• Monitor and evaluate the activities of the poultry farm and its overall impact to its target group and XYZ Poultry as a project, reviewing the management of the project and the sale of poultry products
10. JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT:
The project is a three-fold strategy, in that it seeks to create a viable income generation project for XYZ Poultry, giving it an alternate way to support its daily activities and to improve the welfare of the Youth. The project will produce poultry products for sale and the proceeds will not only assist the project to meet the basic necessities of life for the youths such as medical care and scholastic materials, but also reduce the financial costs the project spends on buying these products for daily consumption. And it has been proved that poultry products are a cheap source of the protein which is vital in maintaining the immune system of HIV positive persons for as long as possible. This will be a great help to some of our youths who are living with HIV aids.
Second, the project seeks to create employment opportunities to some of the youth so that they cater for themselves and to some extent their dependents. With respect to multiplier effect, the activities of this project will be scaled up by non-members. Or the project will be a model for future income generation projects within the community and will be replicated by both XYZ Poultry and other indigenous Non-Government Project too in other localities.
11. TIMELINE FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF ACTIVITIES FOR 2014- 2015

12. PROJECT EXPECTED RESULTS
a. In the first year, the project will have 2,000 laying hens
that will produce eggs for sale.
At the end of the first year, the project will earn 25,480 Frw
from the sale of eggs to be used to assist in the costs of sustaining the project.
b. At the end of the second year, the project will earn 30,579,500 Frw
from the sale of eggs,
enabling it to sustain itself and realize a profit.
c. At the end of each hen’s egg-producing life, each hen will be put the market.
Profits realized from this will be reinvested into the project, as a part of ensuring
its sustainability and assisting project in running of its daily activities.
d. The project will create employment for at least 30 youth who are currently
not employed in meaningful activities. This employment will give them an alternative
way to generate income, decreasing their dependency on handouts,
and thereby decreasing their risk of transmitting and contracting HIV/STDs.
e. The project will provide the youth with practical skills in poultry keeping,
business, marketing, and management. These skills can be used in future jobs
or income generation activities of their own accord.
f. After the first year, the project will reduce the Project (XYZ Poultry)
dependence on donor funding, enabling it to sustain 50% of its current activities after
g. The project will be a model for future income generation projects
within the community and will be replicated by AKEZA R. Elsie & MUNEZERO D. Purity in other localities.
13. MANAGEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT
Project capacity
The project has the capacity to run the proposed project effectively.
In the first place, it has some experience in poultry keeping for about 1.5 years,
and it can collaborate with the district agricultural officer to conduct more training
to its staff so that they gain more skills and knowledge on how to rear chicken on a arge scale.
The project has a perennial source of water where it can obtain water during dry spell.
It has its pick-up vehicle which will be used to access its products to markets in Ndera Sector,
Kigali City, and other busy commercial centers like “Quartier Commercial,
Quartier Matheus” and in modern Hotels.
Institutional framework and linkages
In the first place, XYZ Poultry will partner with the Department of Agriculture
in Rwanda Agricultural Board (RAB) which has expatriates in agriculture
and animal husbandry.
The project will partner with poultry projects in Rubirizi in Kanombe Sector,
Kicukiro District which are also involved in poultry farming activities.
The project will draw on 67the experiences of these people to help in the training
and development of this project as it progresses.
These relationships will help to ensure this project is successful.
Implementation
The project will be executed by the AKEZA. R. Elsie & MUNEZERO D. Purity.
However, it will set up a separate project committee which will be responsible
for the day to day coordination and implementation of the project activities.
It will also be responsible for planning, supervising, monitoring
and reviewing all project activities.
Implementation of the project activities will call for close collaboration
with a wide range of partners such as potential buyers of poultry products,
sellers of animal feeds, agricultural District department,
Rwanda Agricultural Board (RAB) and the project funders.
This will enhance the opportunities for the realization
of the broad goals and objectives of this project.
Monitoring and evaluation
General monitoring and evaluation will be an on-going activity throughout the project life.
Monitoring will be routinely done through meetings monthly reports,
check lists, surprise visits and support supervision visits.
These reports shall indicate the constraints and challenges in the implementations
and necessary adjustments that had been taken.
Progress evaluation will be done through use of monthly quarterly reports,
steering committee meetings, annual report, registry records,
work plans indicating planned and accomplished activities,
functional accountability for project resources including equipment,
facilities, assets and activities.
Progress monitoring and evaluation will help the project team
to assess the extent to which implementation is meeting the set objectives.
This will enable the project team to revisit the objectives and priorities and
to find ways and means of improving the performance and better resource used .
Financial Management of the project
Finances accruing to this project will be entered into the proper books
of accounts when received.
A special account in the name of the project will be opened to cater for
only project funds. To ensure effective control, management
and monitoring of project funds,no single signatory will be allowed
to access project funds, and the signatories of this account will be three.
Under the consent of the three and approval of the committee funds will be
withdrawn from the bank and utilized for the intended purpose.
Books of accounts will be audited regularly through external auditors.
After auditing the project accounts, the auditors will submit an audit report,
which will satisfy the donors and the stakeholders that correct and
proper books of accounts have been be maintained.
There will be the project committee which exercises budgetary
control over project finances. This will be exercised through
the comparison of expenses estimated in the budget
with actual expenses incurred during the period.
Project Profit Projection
It is assumed that only 80% production shall be realized,
which means 374 trays of eggs shall be realized per week for 12 months.
That is to say 54 trays X 30 days X 12 Months = 19.440 trays of eggs in one year.
A tray of eggs goes at 1540 Frw. This means gross revenue of 29,937,600 Frw
shall be realized from the sale of eggs.
The off layers at the end of production shall be sold at 2800 Frw each,
raising additional revenue 5600 Frw. This implies that total gross revenue of 35537.6 Frw
shall be realized at the end of the production cycle in 18 months,
and this implies a net profit of 12417.3 Frw shall be made at the end of 18 Months.
Project sustainability
In the initial stage, the project will be sustained by the founder’s and a loan funds.
However, in the long run the project will finance itself.
Part of the funds will be used to execute the project while another percentage
will be re-invested in the poultry business to expand the project,
hence increasing sales and profits.
Through a capacity building workshops, the project staff will be empowered with
skills in treatment of layers and have appropriate knowledge on feeds.
14. THE POULTRY BUDGET

15. CONCLUSION
Now poultry business is a very popular business in Rwanda
and in Gasabo district in particular.
This business does not require huge capital and it requires small
amount of investment needed to start it.
Although the business has many existing competitors
in the market, but more still,
we have a high chance to succeed because the existing competitors
can`t fulfill the customers demand.
They are also failing to meet the customers need
in the perspective of service care.
So, we believe that choosing this business is our right decision.
Application activity 6.3
1. Suppose your friend wants to start a business of selling eggs,
prepare for him a business plan which he will present to Umurenge Sacco-Kabeza
in order to borrow money.
Skills Lab
Prepare the business description and marketing plan sections of a business plan
for business activity of your choice.
End of unit assessment
1. In your opinion, explain the meaning of business plan.
2. After your studies you have a dream to start a small business
and you have just started writing your business plan.
Explain how Rwanda Revenue Authority can use that business plan.
3. You have just established a mushroom growing business in your home area.
You intend to launch your business to create community awareness.
Prepare your launch program for the above-mentioned business.
4. Describe three challenges that a new enterprise might face.
5. A business that fails to plan will plan to fail. Discuss.
6. Explain the term “marketing mix” as used in business planning.
Bibliography
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Board, R. E. (2019). Entrepreneurship Student’s Book for Senior Five. Kigali: REB.
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BPP Professional Education (2005/2006) Marketing Fundamentals, Clm, UK.
Cardinal, R. (2015, June 23). HuffPost’s Must Reads Newslwtter.
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David H. Holt (2002). Entrepreneurship New venture creation, 6th edition. James Machison
Dianna (2006) .Teams: Teamwork and Teambuilding, Prentice Hall,New York
Fapohunda, T. (203). Towards Effective Team Building in the Workplace, p2-4.

Five Ways to Effectively Onboard New Employees. (2019, September 10).
Retrieved November 28, 2019, from Leadership: https://www.leadstrat.com/
J. Chris Leach and Roland W. Melcher Thompson (2006).
Entrepreneurial Finance, 3rd edition. South Western College Publishing.
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