UNIT 1: PEOPLE AND BUSINESSES
Key unit competence: To use the language learnt in the context ofpeople and businesses
Introductory activityPicture observation and interpretation
1. My name is Joy, what is your name?
2. Where did you study in ordinary level?
3. Why did you choose to study accounting?
4. Did you have time to think about other combinations?
5. Imagine that you have just graduated with your bachelor’s degree. What
would be the next step?
6. What would you tell about the activities that are taking place in fig.1, fig2,
and fig. 3?
7. Compare different businesses focusing on conjunctions of comparison
1.1 Self- introduction and others
1.1.1 Learning activities: Reading texts and picture analysisPre-reading activity
Observe the pictures and discuss.1. What is taking place in figures 1 and 2?
2. Why is it important for a manager to introduce a new employee to other
staff members?
3. Is it necessary to talk about your personal life information or your friend’s
personal life during introduction? If yes or no, give a reason.
4. Suggest some pieces of advice to the people who forget to introducetheir friends when they meet new people.
Text: A conversation between two teachers
Read the dialogue below and answer the questions that follow:
MONICA AND LUCILLE
Monica: We’re talking today with Lucille; she comes from a family of three kids.
Lucille, I hear you have a younger brother.
Lucille: Right. Five years younger.
Monica: And a sister?
Lucille: That’s right.
Monica: And you and your sister are twins. Is that right?
Lucille: That’s true. She was born eight minutes before me. I was the little one.
Monica: Well, tell us a bit about her name.
Lucille: Her name’s Laura.
Monica: Laura! So, Lucille, do you both resemble?
Lucille: We do, actually. A lot of people can’t tell us apart.
Monica: Really?
Lucille: But I wear glasses all the time. She only wears them for reading.
Monica: I see. Some people say twins like the same things. Is that true for you
two?
Lucille: Well, we both love Mexican food. We always have the same thing when
we go to restaurants. And let’s see… we like the same kinds of movies.
Monica: Anything else?
Lucille: Well, this is kind of funny. Sometimes we buy almost the same clothes.
Not because we want to. It just happens by accident. I go to visit her and she’s
wearing a shirt like mine. It’s always a surprise.
Monica: So how are you different from each other?
Lucille: Well, Laura’s a great dancer. And me, I can’t dance at all.
Monica: Anything else? Let’s see… her favourite colour is green; mine’s blue.
She loves football and I love baseball… I could go on and on.
Monica: Well, how about musical tastes?
Lucille: Oh yeah, I love classical music. But she really prefers pop. I actuallyplay piano, but she doesn’t play any musical instrument. I’d say she’s really moreComprehension questions
of a dancer than a musical person.
Monica: And how about your own marriages and families? Are they similar in
any way?
Lucille: Well, we both have two kids. I’ve got a boy and a girl. She has got two
boys and they are all studying in the same nursery school. But our husbands are
completely different, not at all alike.
Monica: Really! Well, thank you, Lucille Kennedy, for talking with us today about
you and your twin sister.
Lucille: Thank you. That was fun!Adopted from: https://dl.pearson.co.jp/resources/9780133810516/ teachers.pdf
1) How many people are speaking in the dialogue?Application activity 1.1.2
2) Does Lucille have a brother? Is he older than her or younger?
3) What is the name of the twin sister of Lucille?
4) Which things do those twins have in common?
5) Do you think the above conversation helped Monica to know Lucille?Why?
1. Vocabulary2. Composition writing
Use the following words and expressions to make your own sentences
a) Resemble
b) Tell apart
c) Funny
d) Fan
e) Classical music
f) Popg) Marriage
Compose a dialogue where a manager is introducing a new accountant toother staff members.
1.2 Describing people and businesses1.2.1 Learning activities: Reading and text analysis
Text: Rwanda commercial guide.
Rwanda is a small but growing market, with a population of nearly 13 million
people and a Gross Domestic Product (GDP, Current) of $10.354 billion,
according to the World Bank. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, Rwanda
enjoyed strong economic growth, averaging over seven percent GDP growth
annually over the last two decades. The Rwandan economy grew more than nine
percent in 2019 thanks to strong growth in industry, construction, services, and
agriculture. Rwanda enjoys relatively high rankings in the World Bank’s Ease of
Doing Business Index, which ranked Rwanda 38th out of 190 economies in the2020 report-second best in sub-Saharan Africa behind Mauritius.
Due to the COVID-19 outbreak, the Rwandan economy experienced its
first recession since 1994, with a 3.4 percent GDP contraction in 2020. In
February 2020, the World Bank reported that Rwanda was among the most
affected economies in Africa since the difference between pre-and post-growth
projections reached 8 percent. In May 2021, the IMF projected Rwandan GDP
growth to rebound to 5.1 percent by the end of 2021. Rwanda’s economic
recovery from the pandemic has been affected by delays in obtaining vaccines
and resurgences of infections driven by more contagious variants, promptingthe Government of Rwanda (GoR) to impose lockdowns from time to time.
The World Bank reported in July 2021 that Rwanda’s public debt increased from
61 percent of GDP in 2019 to 71.4 percent in 2020 and was expected to reach
81 percent in 2023. Public debt increased due to reduced revenue, the need to
support a struggling private sector and households impacted by lockdowns, and
general government expenses. The percentage of foreign assistance (external
grants and loans) in the country’s annual budget has dropped from over 80percent a decade ago to 33 percent in the 2021/2022 National Budget.
Leading sectors include energy, agriculture, trade and hospitality, and financial
services. Rwanda’s economy is overwhelmingly rural and heavily dependent
on agriculture. Strong growth in the services sector over the past decade,
particularly in construction and tourism, has contributed to overall economicgrowth. GNI per capita was $830 in 2019, according to the World Bank.
The government is seeking to turn Rwanda into a regional trade, logistics, and
conference hub. Pillars of this strategy include the construction of several
new international business class hotels, a convention centre in Kigali, a new
inland container terminal and bonded warehouse in Kigali. The government has
also invested in expanding the fleet for the national carrier Rwanda Air and theconstruction of the new Bugesera International Airport.
Rwanda’s principal exports (coffee, tea, cassiterite, coltan, wolfram, hides and
skins, and pyrethrum) decreased 10 percent in value and 8 percent in volume
between 2019 and 2020 due to reduced global demand from the COVID-19
pandemic, according to the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning
(MINECOFIN). Major markets for coffee exports are the United States and
Europe, while Middle Eastern countries and Pakistan are the main buyers of
Rwandan tea. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, tourism was the country’s
leading foreign exchange earner. In October 2020, the IMF predicted that
Rwanda’s tourism revenues would fall from $411 million in 2019 to only $82
million in 2020. Revenues from Rwandan strategic investments in meetings,
incentives, conferences/conventions and events/exhibitions (MICE) are
expected to recover slowly given disruptions to international travel patterns and
advances in teleworking.Adapted from International Trade Administration , (2021)
Comprehension questions1. What made the Rwandan economy grow more than nine percent inApplication activity 1.2.2
2019?
2. Why did the public debt increase during COVID 19 pandemic?
3. Mention the most important sectors that contribute to Rwanda’s economic
development.
4. How is Rwanda planning to transform her economy?
5. To what extent did COVID-19 pandemic affect Rwanda’s principalexports between 2019 and 2020?
Vocabulary, discussion and composition writing1. Vocabulary
Match words and expressions in column A with their meaning in column B
2. Discussion
Discuss how COVID 19 affected the economy of Rwanda.
3. Composition writing
Write a composition comparing businesses done by some of your familymembers. Make use of conjunctions such as while and whereas.
1.3 Talking about people at work
1.3.1 Learning activities: Reading and text analysis
Text: Building good work relationships
According to the Gallup organization, people who have best friends at work are
seven times more likely to be engaged in their jobs. But it doesn’t have to be
a best friend; Gallup found that people who simply have a good friend in the
workplace are more likely to be happy. What’s more, good work relationshipsare linked to better customer engagement and increased profit.
Having good work relationships is very important since human beings are
naturally social creatures. And when you consider that we spend one-third of
our lives at work, it’s clear that good relationships with colleagues will make our
jobs more enjoyable.
The more comfortable co-workers are around one another, the more confident
they’ll feel voicing opinions, brainstorming, and going along with new ideas,
for example. This level of teamwork is essential to embrace change, create, and
innovate. And when people see the successes of working together in this way,group morale and productivity soars.
Good work relationships also give you freedom. Instead of spending time
and energy dealing with negative relationships, you can, instead, focus on
opportunities – from winning new business to focusing on personal development.
Having a strong professional circle will also help you to develop your careerand open up opportunities that otherwise might pass you by.
A good work relationship requires trust, respect, self-awareness, inclusion,
and open-communication. When you trust your team members, you can be
open and honest in your thoughts and actions. And you don’t have to waste
time or energy “watching your back.” Teams working together with mutual
respect value one another’s input, and find solutions based on collective
insight, wisdom, and creativity. Self-awareness means taking responsibility for
your words and actions, and not letting your own negative emotions impact thepeople around you.
Apart from trust, respect, and self-awareness, inclusion also helps to build
good work relationship. This means that you don’t just accept diverse people
and opinions, but welcome them. On the other hand, open communication also
strengthens that relationship since all good relationships depend on open and
honest communication. Whether you’re sending emails or IMs, or meeting
face-to-face or on video calls, the more effectively you communicate with thosearound you, the better you’ll connect.
Comprehension questionsAdapted from (Mind Tools Content Team, 2021)
2. Why is it important to feel comfortable with co-workers?Application activity 1.3.2
3. Do you agree with the author that people spend one-third of their lives at
work? Justify your answer.
4. Explain how trust contributes to the productivity at work place.
5. How does self-awareness promote good work relationship?
6. Is accepting diverse people and opinions enough to promote good workrelationship? Explain.
Vocabulary and summary writing
1. Vocabulary
Give the meaning of the following words and expressions as used in the
above passagea) Engage
b) Relationship
c) Creature
d) Brainstorm
e) Innovate
f) Morale
g) Soar
h) professional circle
i) Self-awareness
j) Watch one’s back
k) Insight
l) Inclusion
m)IM2. Summary writing
In not more than 80 words, summarise the above passage.
1.4 Narrating different business places1.4.1 Learning activities: Reading and text analysis
Text: Different businesses
In Rwanda like in other countries, business people invest in different businesses.
Before investing, they have to identify investment opportunities. An investment
opportunity is any situation where you have the option of purchasing something
that has a chance to gain value in the future. Businesses that can be invested ininclude sport, tourism, food and ICT.
The term sports business refers to any off-field role related to managing or
facilitating sports. It incorporates a number of positions specific to the football
and sports industry, including sponsorship, broadcasting and athlete
management. But working in sports business offers a broader scope than this,
including working with and employing others in roles that companies from otherindustries have in order to maximise profit.
Apart from sports, people invest also in tourism. Tourism industry is a lucrative,
fast-growing segment of the world’s largest industry sector. In tourism one
should decide on which sector of tourism he/she would like to focus. So, there
are several options to choose from when it comes to establishing a business
in tourism. The options include transportation service, travel agencies, tour
operator, destination management company, accommodation, guided tours andtourist guide, and hospitality.
In addition, food business is also another investment opportunity. Food
business is any business, enterprise or activity that involves the handling of
food. The handling of food includes the making, manufacturing, producing,
collecting, extracting, processing, storing, transporting, delivering, preparing,
treating, preserving, packing, cooking, thawing, serving and displaying of food.
The top 5 most popular food businesses include: restaurant, food truck, bakery,coffee shop, and pet food.
The ICT sector also cannot be left behind as far as business is concerned. ICT
makes a business more efficient, effective and promptly respond to customers’
needs. ICT can assist business activities including design, manufacturing,
research and development, distribution and sales and feedback. Today, in
Rwanda people no longer need to go to the banks for money since they cannow send and receive money through MTN or Airtel money.
Comprehension questions
1. In your own words explain the phrase “investment opportunity”.
2. Give three example of how people can earn money from sports.
3. Mention top 3 most popular food businesses in your area.4. Explain how ICT can help to improve other businesses.
Vocabulary and debateApplication activity 1.4.2
1. Vocabularya) InvestDebate on the following motion: “ICT is doing more harm than good in
b) Incorporate
c) Sponsorship
d) Broadcast
e) Lucrative
f) Segment
g) Tour operator
h) Accommodation
i) Hospitalityj) Promptly
2. Debate
business”
1.5 Comparing different businesses
1.5.1 Learning activities: Reading and text analysis
Text: The difference between big businesses and small businesses
Creating a successful new business is a tough job, especially when a new
company has to compete against large, well-established businesses. While
small businesses and large businesses might operate in the same market, they
have significant differences that can have a large effect on business operations.
Small businesses not only differ in size from larger ones, but also tend to havedifferent legal structures, financing arrangements and market niches.
A business’s size can be measured by the number of employees that work for it
or by total sales within a defined period, but no specific line exists that separates
a big business from a small business. In Rwanda a small business is commonly
thought of as local restaurants, beauty shops, florists, and television repair
shops. Indeed, these types of business do follow a common small businesses
pattern. They often employ fewer than 35 people and have one of the following
elements: the managers are the owners of the business, the venture capital is
supplied by an individual or a small group of people controls the ownership and
the area of operation is mostly local.
A business’s legal structure determines how the business is managed, taxed
and whether owners are liable for business debts. Many small companies start
as sole proprietorships or partnerships, which give a sole owner or a group of
owners complete control over a company. Owners of sole proprietorships and
partnerships pay income taxes for business profit on their personal income taxreturns. They are also legally liable for business debts.
Large companies are often organized as corporations that pay taxes separately
from the owners. Large corporations have reporting responsibilities that most
small businesses do not have. Owners of corporations are shareholders who
vote to appoint executive board members but do not directly manage thebusiness.
Financing describes how a business raises money to fund operations and new
projects. New small businesses typically receive financing from the personal
savings of owners, small business loans from banks, and gifts or loans from
friends and family members. Well-established small businesses and medium sized
companies might be able to attract financing from outside investors and
money from venture capital firms. On the other hand, large corporations can
raise money by selling shares of stock to the public and by selling corporatebonds.
Another difference between small businesses and large companies is that small
companies often focus on a niche market, while larger companies tend to offer
more products and services to a wider variety of consumers. A small company
with only a few employees might be able to make enough money to survive by
selling a single product or service in a very specific market. As companies grow,
they tend to branch out into new markets and offer new products and servicesto increase sales and hire more employees.
Adapted from (Hamel, 2019)
Comprehension questions
1. Outline the four elements that one can base upon to tell whether a
business is small or big.
2. How can business’s size be measured?
3. What comes in your mind if you hear of a small business in Rwanda?
4. Differentiate small businesses from big ones in terms of ways taxes are
paid.
5. How do small and large businesses differ as far as ways of raise
money are concerned?
Application activity 1.5.2
Vocabulary and composition writing
1. Vocabulary
Give the meaning of the following words and expressions as used in the
above passage
a) Compete
b) Niches
c) Business pattern
d) Liable
e) Proprietorshipsf) Shares
2. Composition writing
Choose one topic out of the two given below and write a composition of
250 to 300 words.a) Starting a pharmacy is easier than starting a clinic.1.6. Language structure
b) In Rwanda, tourism earns more income in the north compared tothe south.
1.6.1. Present simple and past simple tenses
Present simple tense
Present simple tense, also known as simple present tense or present indefinite
tense is used to describe an action that is regular, true and normal. It could
equally be used to describe what is happening currently. \Present simple tense can be used for the following:
1) Repeated actions- For example:
- She walks to work every day.
- The train leaves the railway station daily.
2) Habits,
- They swim every evening.
- I get up early every day.
3) Things that are generally true.
- They speak Kinyarwanda at home.
- It shines a lot in summer.
4) Facts
- Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
- Birds have wings.
5) Something fixed in the future.
- The school choir leaves at 7:00pm in the evening.
- She performs her traditional song tomorrow morning.
Negative and interrogative forms of present tenseIn the simple present tense, negative and interrogative forms are made using the
auxiliary verb “do” for no auxiliary verbs.
The negative form
The negative form of the Simple Present is obtained by adding do not or does
not before the base form of the verb. Only the pronouns of the 3rd person
singular (he, she, it) are followed by does not. See the table below:
Interrogative form
The interrogative form of the Simple Present is obtained with the auxiliary do ordoes in front of the subject.
Application activity 1.6.2
Rewrite the following sentences as instructed
1. I work in London. (Rewrite in negative form)
2. She works in London. (Rewrite in interrogative form)
3. Mukamana is nineteen years old. (Rewrite in interrogative form)
4. I play football every weekend. (Rewrite in negative form)
5. The human body contains 206 bones. (Rewrite in interrogative form)
6. Kalisa goes to the cinema twice a week. (Begin: How often….)
7. The second term begins next week. (Rewrite in interrogative form)
8. It smells very delicious in the kitchen. (Rewrite in negative form)
9. George brushes her teeth twice a day. (Rewrite in interrogative form)10. We like singing. (Rewrite in negative form)
The negative and interrogative form of Past Simple Tense
To make negative sentences in the simple past we use the auxiliary ‘did not’ /
‘didn’t’ and the base form of the verb.ExamplesThe basic structure/formula for Simple Past Tense Interrogative sentences is:
a) I didn’t play football yesterday.b) They didn’t go to the theatre last month.
(Did (Aux. verb) + subject + first form of the verb + Object).
ExamplesExercise
a) Did they grow fast?b) Did she make noise?
Rewrite the following sentences as instructed
a) I saw a movie yesterday. (Rewrite in negative form)
b) I didn’t see a play yesterday. (Rewrite in affirmative form)
c) Last year, I travelled to Kenya. (Rewrite in negative form)
d) Last year, I didn’t travel to Burundi. (Rewrite in interrogative form)
e) Did you have dinner last night? (Rewrite in affirmative form)
f) She washed her car. (Rewrite in interrogative form)g) He didn’t wash his car. (Rewrite in affirmative form)
Nouns
1. Definition
A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing or an idea.
2. Types of nouns
There are different types of nouns: Proper nouns, Common nouns, Collective
nouns, Abstract nouns, Countable and Uncountable nouns.
Our focus will be on proper, common, abstract, collective (also known as mass
nouns), countable or uncountable nouns
a) Abstract nounsThese are nouns that:
Examples could be habits such as politeness, intelligence.
b) Collective nouns
These are used to represent a group of things, people and animals.
Examples include a flock of sheep, a gang of thugs, a crowd of people, a
fleet of trucks etc.
c) Common nouns
A word used to name general thing, people, places, ideas, events, or people:class, tables, desk, board
d) Proper nouns:
The name of a particular person, place animal or thing and some events.
They always begin with a capital letter.
e.g. Gatesi, Nyanza, Rwandair, January, Friday, Easter, Christmas, Id El Fitr, etc.e) Countable and uncountable nouns
Countable nouns
They are nouns we use to name people, animals or things that can be counted
using numbers: e.g. bottles, books, cups, boys, girls, etc.
Uncountable nouns
They are noun used to name people, animals or things that cannot be countedlike air, sand, wind, crowd, herd, etc.
Pronouns
I. Definition
Pronouns are words that are used to replace nouns. They act like nouns; they
are nouns substitutes.
We normally use pronouns to limit repetition of the nouns that they refer to.
II. Types of Pronouns
The types of pronouns include personal, indefinite, reflective, demonstrative,
relative, reflexive, reciprocal and possessive pronouns. This unit will howeverexploit personal, possessive and demonstrative pronouns.
1. Personal pronouns include:
They replace names of people, animals, things or ideas acting as subjects or
objects within sentences.
Examples: Mutesi likes wild animals. She visits them in the national parkduring the holidays.
2. Possessive pronouns.
They show that something or someone belongs to something or someone they
include: mine, yours, hers, his, ours, theirs.
Examples
a) Elisabeth and Catherine have their books.
b) Mine is on the desk. Jacob left his home.
c) Rosemary gave hers to Noah.d) Samuel and colleagues, do you have yours?
3. Demonstrative pronouns
They are words that are used to designate something specific within a sentence.
There are four demonstrative pronouns- this, that, these, those. This and that
refer to singular nouns and these and those identify plural nouns.
Examplesa) This was my mother’s ring.b) That looks like the car I used to drive.c) These are nice shoes, but they look uncomfortable.d) Those look like riper than the apples on my tree.
Articles
I. Definition
An article is a word that accompanies a noun to specify its grammatical
definiteness. Articles include a, an and the.
II. Types of Articles
There are two main types of Articles: the definite and the indefinite.
Indefinite Articles
Indefinite articles include a and an. They are used in several ways:
1) We use the indefinite articles (a and an) when we refer to any person orthing and not a particular one; i. e. a/an means any.
Example:
- She gave me a radio.- Kamali is afraid to use an escalator.
Note:
- Here the words “radio” and “escalator” in the examples above are referring
not to particular but to general items.
- We also use indefinite articles when we mention something for the firsttime: a/an means a certain.
Example:
A farmer approached an orange tree with an axe.
We use the indefinite article an when the word that follows it begins with a
vowel sound. A is used when the word that follows it begins with a consonantsound.
Examples:
- Her fiancé gave her a ring.
- The girl gave an answer.- I prefer working in a university.
The choice between a and an depends on pronunciation not on spelling.III. Pronunciation of articles:
Therefore, we say a university, a useful thing, an hour, an honest man… and
indefinite articles are only used with singular count noun.
A. Definite articles
The definite article “the” is used to refer to particular things or persons. It is used
in the following ways:
1) It can be used with both singular and plural nouns, unlike the indefinite
articles.2) It is used when we mention something that we had mentioned before.
Example: The farmer approached the pine tree with the axe he bought
yesterday.
3) We don’t put an article before the name of a country unless it starts
with united, for Example, the United States of America or the United
Kingdom; or its name contains the word Republic or Union, for example,
the People’s Republic of China.
4) When referring to languages, we use the in the following ways: we say
the English language and not English language; We say fluent in English
and not fluent in the English
5) Pronunciation of the:
- ‘the’ is pronounced |Òe| before nouns beginning with a consonant sound orarticulated/sounded letter like ‘h’.
Example:
- the climate, the beach, the museum, the trade-fair, the lake, the harbour,
the hotel, the hyena
- But the is pronounced |Òi| before nouns beginning with a vowel sound
and silent letters like h.
Examples:the exhibition, the orange, the honest man,
III. Zero articleB. Conjunctions: Whereas, While, When, Where
We call Zero article the non-expression of either a definite or indefinite article
before a noun phrase.
1. Generic/indefinite reference (mass and plural nouns)
(1) generic mass noun: Happiness is contagious.
(2) generic plural noun: Parks are beautiful places to visit.
They (People) want equal rights.
2. Indefinite reference with both plural and mass nouns.
(1) indefinite mass noun: I drink coffee.(2) indefinite plural noun: I saw cars.
The sentences below have been taken from the text above. Read them carefully
and explain the role of the words highlighted.1) A home is generally defined as a place where one lives permanentlyNotes:
2) The term nuclear family refers to the family group consisting of parents
and children, while extended family includes all those with kinship ties.
3) Nuclear family is composed of parents and siblings, whereas extendedfamily is made up of all people from the same ancestors.
A conjunction is a part of speech that is used to connect words, phrases,
clauses, or sentences. Conjunctions do not change in number, neither do they
in person. They are invariable grammar particles. Below are some conjunctions
that are used to contrast two similar things.
a) Whereas
Whereas is a conjunction which is used to highlight an important difference
between two similar things or facts.
When whereas comes at the beginning of a subordinate (dependent) clause,
we put a comma before it.
Examples1) Nuclear family is composed of parents and siblings, whereas extended
family is made up of all people from the same ancestors.
2) The term nuclear family refers to the family group consisting of parents
and children, whereas extended family includes all those with kinship ties3) People say ‘fries’ in America, whereas in Britain they call them ‘‘chips’’.
Note:Examples
When the clause with whereas comes before the main clause, we put a comma
after that main clause.
Examples:
Whereas an extended family is made up of all people from the same ancestors,
an nuclear family is composed of the parents and the siblings.
Whereas Bugesera isvery hot, Musanze is sometimes quite cold.Whereas street children don’t get affection, children in families get enough care.
b) While
1. Nuclear family is composed of parents and siblings, whereas/ while
extended family is made up of all people from the same ancestors.
2. Children in orphanages are sometimes sad, whereas/while children in
families are usually happy.
While can also be used to express time. In that case it introduces a time clauseand means at the same time or during the time.
Examples
1. While the kids were having a nap, the mom could have a relaxing bath.
2. I remembered I had forgotten to buy food while I was just leaving themarket.
c) When
Talking about the past
Examples:
When I was younger, there were no houses here.
Nobody spoke when she came into the room. Talking about the present
Examples:
When a new child is born, there is a lot of joy in family.
There is a lot of joy in family when a new child is born. Talking about the future
Note: In references to the future with when, we use the present simple or the
present perfect in the when-clause, not the future with shall and will:
Examples:When the new park opens, my father will take me there.
Not:
When I’ve finished my homework, I’m going to phone my dad.
Not:We can also use when to mean “considering that”.
Example:
What is the point of going out when we have to be at home by eleven o’clock?d) Where
Examples:Application activity 1.7.2
1) Where you find a lot of water, you will also find these beautiful insects.2) Where you have to pay a deposit, be sure to get a receipt.
Using conjunctions and articles in sentences
i. Choose the right words from the brackets to fill in gaps in each of the
sentences below.
1) Kariza, will you lay the table……. I help your sister with her math
exercise, please. (whereas/while)
2) The twins are very different: Kalisa is shy and reserved……. Kamana
is outgoing (openly friendly and responsive). (whereas/while)
3) My aunt Sophie is a doctor…Uncle Pete is a dentist. (whereas/
where)
4) I remembered my keys…I had left. (while/when)
5) Dad would like to have a holiday in Spain… Mom would prefer Italy.
(whereas/when)
6) Why carrying bed covers in Musanze…we have to sleep in a hotel.
(where/when)
7) A home is generally defined as a place…one lives permanently.
(where/when)
8) When my mother … I will tell her that you didn’t mop your room.
(comes, will come)
ii. Use a, an or the to fill the blanks in the following sentences. The first one
has been done for you
1) My mother considered it an hour to receive the reward promised by
the President.
2) Your car is very nice. Does it have … DVD player?
3) Kamali rested at home in … garden …whole morning.
4) Kalisa found … cat. … cat belongs to his neighbour.
5) Keza has got … job in … bank in Kigali.6) She is … useful person most of … time.
End of unit assessment
a. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1) Kamali and Kalisa often… to parties yesterday. (go)
2) Jenny sometimes …Monica. (meet)
3) In summer, children usually… in the garden. (play)
4) Kalisa …the board every day. (clean)
5) My sister…blue eyes. (have)
6) Bill…the window at night for it is always hot here. (open)
7) They all…dark blue pullovers when it is cold. (wear)
8) He always…the housework himself. (do)
9) My mum…shopping every Friday. (go)
10) I never…TV in the morning. (watch)
11) Fred…football last week. (play)
12) Hannah and Betty often…pizza. (eat)
13) Frank …Watching TV. (like)
b. Decide whether to use a, an, or the for each of the following sentences.
1) _____ flowers he gave me are beautiful.
2) Her dad sings her _____ song each night before she goes to bed.
3) Have you ever eaten _____ raw egg before?
4) Excuse me, do you have _____ time?
5) He had _____ exciting day today.
6) Bob forgot to bring _____ cake he baked.
7) Can you please return _____ records you borrowed?
8) Fred met _____ wonderful group of people last night.9) _____ people Scott met were also nice. Tell me _____ story!
c. Re-arrange the following conversation about self-introduction and others
to be meaningful.
• Nice to meet you too, Mrs. Smith.• I’m an engineer.
• Mrs. Smith, what do you do for a living?
• I work for Pentax International. What do you do?
• Oh. Where do you work?
• I teach English.
• Hi. Nice to meet you.
• Thank you. It was nice to talk to you!
• What do you teach?
• I’m a teacher.
• Robert, this is my friend, Mrs. Smith.
d. Write a 250 to 300-word composition explaining why business peopleshould pay taxes.