Topic outline
UMUTWE WA 1: KUBUNGABUNGA UBUZIMA
Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
- Gusesengura umwandiko agaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi ziwukubiyemo.
- Gutegura no kuvuga ikiganiro mbwirwaruhame.- Kwandika neza inyuguti n’ibihekane by’Ikinyarwanda.
I.1. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko: Kwirinda
biruta kwivuza
Igikorwa 1.1
Soma umwandiko ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranya cyangwa inyito afite mu mwandiko kandi usubize n’ibibazo byawubajijweho.
I.1.1 Gusoma umwandikoSoma umwandiko ukurikira:
Ku wa gatandatu wa nyuma w’ukwezi kwa Nyakanga, abaturage bo mu Mudugudu wa Bukunzi bazindukiye mu muganda, basibura imiyoboro y’amazi iri mu mudugudu wabo. Umuganda urangiye umuyobozi w’umudugudu abasaba kwicara hamwe ngo umuyobozi ushinzwe imibereho myiza mu kagari kabo abagezeho ikiganiro yari yabateguriye.
Bakimara kwicara, ushinzwe imibereho myiza mu murenge wabo yarahagurutse, abaturage bose bamwakira nk’intore bishimye. Yatangiye agira ati: “Baturage mutuye mu Mudugudu wa Bukunzi, nongeye kubasuhuza, nimugire amahoro! Niba nibuka neza maze kubasura inshuro eshatu cyangwa enye muri iki gikorwa
cy’umuganda, tukaganira ku nsanganyamatsiko zinyuranye. N’uyu munsi rero ndagira ngo mbamenyeshe ko nateguye kubaganiriza ku nsanganyamatsiko igira iti: “Dusobanukirwe zimwe mu ndwara ziterwa n’umwanda, dufatanye kuzirwanya.”Ndifuza ko ntakwiharira ijambo ahubwo ko twakungurana ibitekerezo
kuri izo ndwara ndetse n’ingamba twafata ngo tuzikumire mu mudugudu wacu.
Nyuma yo kuvuga insanganyamatsiko y’ikiganiro, yakomeje abaza abaturage umwe ku wundi icyo indwara ziterwa n’umwanda ari cyo. Abaturage bamwe bavuze ko ari indwara ziterwa no kurya ibiribwa cyangwa kunywa ibinyobwa bitujuje ubuziranenge, abandi bavuga ko ari indwara ziterwa n’isuku nke. Yakomeje avuga ko nk’impiswi, macinya n’inzoka zo mu nda zishobora guterwa ku kutayasukura uko bikwiye, ndetse ko na tirikomonasi ishobora guterwa no
kudasukura neza imyanya ndangagitsitsina. Nanone kandi ngo kutoga buri munsi, kwambara imyenda itameshe, kuryama mu bintu bitameshe, kudasukura aho tuba bishobora gutera indwara nk’ubuheri, ise, indâ n’amavunja aterwa n’imbaragasa.
Ushinzwe imibereho myiza y’abaturage mu murenge yabwiye abaturage ko indwara ziterwa n’umwanda zigira ingaruka kuko zitera imfu nyinshi kandi zikadindiza iterambere ry’igihugu. Izo ndwara ziravurwa zigakira ariko ibyiza ni ukuzirinda aka wa mugani ugira uti: “Kwirinda biruta kwivuza” kandi ngo: “Amagara arasesekara ntayorwa”. Yasabye abaturage gusenyera umugozi
umwe,bakarwanya bivuye inyuma indwara ziterwa n’umwanda, bagira isuku muri byose, ntihabeho ba ntibindeba. Abasaba kandi ko uwo zagaragayeho yajya yihutira kujya kwa muganga kugira ngo avurwe.
Mu gusoza,ushinzwe imibereho myiza y’abaturage mu mu rengeyashimiye abaturage, anabasaba kurushaho kubungabunga ubuzima bwabo bahashya icyo ari cyo cyose cyaba intandaro y’indwara ziterwa n’umwanda kugira ngo bahorane ubuzima buzira umuze.
I.1.2 Gusobanura amagambo
Shaka mu mwandiko amagambo udasobanukiwe, uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranya.
I.1.3 Kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
Subiza ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Ni izihe ndwara ziterwa n’umwanda zavuzwe mu mwandiko?
2. Ni iki cyakorwa ngo hakumirwe indwara ziterwa n’umwanda?
3. Ukurikije ibivugwa mu mwandikoko, garagaza uburyo butandukanye dushobora kwanduramo indwara ziterwa n’umwanda.
4. Garagaza ingingo z’ ingenzi ziri mu mwandiko.
5. Huza ibivugwa mu mwandiko n’ubuzima busanzwe.
6. Ni izihe indwara ziterwa n’umwanda zitavuzwe mu mwandiko? Ni gute twazirinda?
2. Gira icyo uvuga ku ndwara ziterwa n’umuwanda n’uburyo zakwirindwa.
I.2. Amabwiriza y’imyandikire y’ikinyarwanda: Inyajwi,ingombajwi, inyerera n’ibihekane
I.2.1 Imyandikire y’inyajwi
Haseguriwe imyandikire y’ubutinde n’amasaku, inyajwi z’Ikinyarwanda zandikishwa inyuguti zikurikira: a, e, i, o, u.
Gukurikiranya inyajwi mu myandikire isanzwe mu Kinyarwanda birabujijwe, uretse mu nyandiko ya gihanga yubahiriza ubutinde n’amasaku, mu ijambo (i) saa ry’iritirano ribanziriza amasaha, mu marangamutima, mu migereka n’inyigana birimo isesekaza, na bwo handikwa inyajwi zitarenze eshatu.
Ingero:
- Saa kenda ndaba ngeze iwawe.
- Irangamutima “yooo”!
- Umugereka: Ndagukunda “cyaneee”!
- Inyigana “pooo”! ; “mbaaa”!
I.2.2 Imyandikire y’inyerera
Inyerera ni ijwi ritari inyajwi ntiribe n’ingombajwi, ariko rifite uturango rihuriraho n’inyajwi n’utundi rihuriraho n’ingombajwi. Ayo majwi ajya kuvugika nk’inyajwi, nyamara kandi ugasanga yitabaza inyajwi nk’ingombajwi kugira ngo avugike neza.
Iki ni cyo gituma yitwa inyerera. Inyerera z’Ikinyarwanda zandikishwa inyuguti w na y.
Ingero
- Uwiga aruta uwanga.
- Iyange yatakaye.
I.2.3 Imyandikire y’ingombajwi
Ingombajwi z’Ikinyarwanda zandikishwa inyuguti imwe. Ni izi zikurikira: b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, m, n, p, r, l, s, t, v, z.
Ikitonderwa
- Inyuguti “l” ikoreshwa gusa mu izina bwite “Kigali”, umurwa mukuru wa Repubulika y’u Rwanda, mu ijambo “Repubulika”, mu ijambo “Leta”no mu mazina bwite y’amanyamahanga y’abantu n’ay’ahantu, urugero nka Angola, Londoni, Lome, Lusaka, Buruseli, Aluberi...
- Inyuguti “l” izaguma gukoreshwa mu mazina bwite y’amanyarwanda y’abantu n’ahantu yari isanzwe ikoreshwamo kandi bayiswe mbere y’aya mabwiriza.
I.2.4 Imyandikire y’ibihekane
Ibihekane by’Ikinyarwanda byandikishwa ibimenyetso bikurikira:
bw (bg): ubwanwa, Kabgayi
cw: icwende, imicwira
dw: kudwinga, kudagadwa
fw: igufwa, igifwera
gw: kugwa, umugwaneza
by: kubyibuha, kubyuka
cy: gucyocyora, gucyaha
jy: urujyo, kujyana
ny: inyana, inyungu
my: umurimyi, imyugariro
hw: amahwa, umuhwituzi
jw: kujijwa, ijwi
kw: gukwa, umukwabu
mw: umwana, umwuga
nw: umunwa, akananwa
pfw: gukapfakapfwa
pfyw: byakapfakapfywe
pw: gukopwa, icapwa
rw: umurwi, urwuri
shw: umushwi, gushwana
shyw: ishywa, umwishywa
sw: umuswa, Igiswayire
tsw: kotswa, kwatswa
tw: ugutwi, umutware
vw: bwahovwe
zw: gusozwa, guhazwa
nsy: insyo, insya
nty: intyoza, ntyariza
mbw: imbwa, imbwebwe
mfw: imfwati
mpw: impwempwe
mvw: kumvwa
ndw: kurindwa, gukundwa
ngw: ingwate, ingweba
njw: injwiri, nyanjwenge
njyw: kubonjywa
nny: kunnyega, umukinnyi
pfy: bakapfakapfye
py: gupyipyinyura, gupyinagara
ry: kuryama, uburyarya
sy: gusya, urusyo
ty: gutyara, ityazo
vy: zahovye
byw: gutubywa
myw: kuramywa, kurumywa
ryw: kuryarywa
vyw: guhovywa
mb: imbuto, imbabura
mf: imfashanyo, imfura
mp: impamvu, impapuro
mv: imvura, kumva
nd: inda, indodo
ng: ingoma, ingona
nj : injishi, injereri
nk: inkoko, inka
ns : konsa, insina
sh: ishu pf: ipfundo
ts: itsinda
nsh: inshuti, inshishi
shy: ishyamba
nshy: nshyira, inshyimbo
nkw: inkware, inkweto
nshw: nshwanyaguje, nshwekure
nshyw: inshywa
nsw: inswa, konswa
ntw: intwari, intwererano
nzw: kuganzwa, kugenzwa
mvyw: arahomvomvywa (n’iki?)
mbyw: guhombywa, kuvumbywa
nt: intama, intore
nz : inzu, inzuki
ncy : incyamuro, incyuro
nyw: kunywa, kunywana
mby: imbyino, imbyaro
mpy: impyisi, impyiko
mvy: barahomvye
ndy: indyi, indyarya
njy: injyana, injyo
Ikitonderwa
a) Usibye “bg” mu ijambo “Kabgayi” ingombajwi z’ibihekane zitari muri uru rutonde zirabujijwe.
b) Ibihekane “kw”, “gw”, “hw”, bikurikiwe n’inyajwi “o” cyangwa “u”ntibyandikwa; mu mwanya wabyo handikwa “ko”, “ku”, “ go”, “ gu”, “ho”, “hu”.
Ingero:
- Kwanga koga ni bibi.
- Kubaka ni ukugereka ibuye ku rindi.
- Pariki ya Nyungwe ibamo inguge nyinshi.
- Ngwije na Ngoboka bava inda imwe.
- Korora inkwavu n’inkoko bifite akamaro.
- Iyo ngiye kwinjira mu nzu nkuramo inkweto.
- Mariya ahwituye Hoho kugira ngo yihute.
- Mahwane aragesa amahundo.
c. Ibihekane “jy” na “cy” byandikwa gusa imbere y’inyajwi “a”, “o” na “u”.
Imbere y’inyajwi “i” cyangwa “e” handikwa “gi”, “ge”, “ ki”, “ke”.
Ingero:
- Umugi ntuyemo ufite isuku.
- Gewe / ngewe ntuye mu magepfo y’u Rwanda.
- Njyanira ibitabo mu ishuri, ngewe ngiye gukina.
- Njyana kwa masenge.
- Iki ni ikibabi k’igiti.
- Ikibo cyuzuye ibishyimbo.
d) Ibihekane bigizwe n’ingombajwi “ts”, “pf” na “c” zibanjirijwe n’inyamazuru byandikwa mu buryo bukurikira: “ns”, “mf”, “nsh”.
Ingero:
- Iyi nsinzi turayishimiye.- Imfizi y’inshuti yange.
I.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko: Indwara
z’ibyorezo
Igikorwa 1.3
Soma umwandiko ukurikira, ushake ibisobanuro by’amagambo yatanzwe wifashishije inkoranyamagambo hanyuma usubize n’ibibazo byawubajijweho.
I.3.1 Gusoma umwandikoSoma umwandiko ukurikira:
Muyobozi w’Ikigo Nderabuzima cya Bwiza
Bayobozi b’utugari,
Bayobozi b’imidugudu,
Baturage mutuye mu Murenge wa Bwiza,
Nongeye kubasuhuza, nimugire amahoro.
Nyuma y’iki gikorwa cy’umuganda cyari cyaduteranyirije hano, nk’uko mubimenyerereye haba ikiganiro ku nsanganyamatsiko runaka. Uyu munsi icyo kiganiro turakigezwaho n’Umuyobozi w’Ikigo Nderabuzima cya Bwiza. Madamu Muyobozi w’Ikigo Nderabuzima cya Bwiza, uyu mwanya ni uwawe kugira ngo
ugeze ku baturage ikiganiro wabateguriye.
Urakoze kumpa umwanya.
Bwana Muyobozi w’Umurenge,
Bayobozi b’utugari,
Bayobozi b’imidugudu,
Baturage b’Umurenge wa Bwiza, nimugire amahoro.
Nyuma y’iki igikorwa cy’umuganda, tugiye kuganira ku ndwara z’ibyorezo n’ingamba zo kuzirinda. Sintwara umwanya munini, ngiye kubaganiriza iminota mike ishoboka. Ndabanza nsobanure indwara z’ibyorezo icyo ari cyo, mvuge kuri zimwe mu ndwara z’ibyorezo, uko zikwirakwira, nsoreze ku ngamba zo kuzirwanya no kuzirinda.
Bayobozi,
mugenzi we amukozeho, basomanye, bakoranye imibonano mpuzabitsina, igihe cyo konsa, igihe cyo kubyara, mu gutanga amaraso, kongera ingingo mu mubiri w’umuntu n’ibindi. Mu buryo buziguye, indwara yinjira mu mubiri w’umuntu inyuze mu biryo yariye, mu mazi yanyoye mu bikoresho binyuranye byanduye,
mu mwuka yahumetse, ikindi kandi agakoko gatera indwara gashobora kunyura mu dusimba no mu zindi nyamaswa, mu ivumbi cyangwa mu bitonyanga by’imvura. Ngira ngo murumva ko hari inzira zitandukanye twakwanduriramo indwara z’ibyorezo.
Bayobozi,
tugiye guharanira kubungabunga ubuzima bwacu duhashya indwara z’ibyorezo.
Baturage b’Umurenge wa Bwiza,
Indwara z’ibyorezo ni indwara zishobora guhitana umubare munini w’abantu mu gihe gito; zibasira imbaga ku buryo haboneka umubare udasanzwe w’abagaragaza izo ndwara mu gace runaka ndetse no mu gihe runaka. Indwara bayita icyorezo igihe yakwiriye mu gace runaka, mu gihugu cyangwa ku isi yose.
Zimwe mu ndwara zibasiye abantu zikitwa ibyorezo twavuga nka korera, marariya, macinya, igituntu, sida, ebora na kovidi-19 yakwirakwiye ku isi yose mu gihe gito. Indwara z’ibyorezo zishobora kwandura ku buryo butaziguye no ku buryo buziguye. Ku buryo buziguye, indwara ikwirakwira iyo agakoko kayitera kinjiye mu muntu gaturutse mu ndiri yako bityo kagahita gakwira mu mubiri.
Umuntu rero ashobora kuba imwe mu ndiri y’agakoko bityo akaba ashobora kwanduza
Baturage b’Umurenge wa Bwiza,
Aha mushobora kumbaza muti: “Ni izihe ngamba twafata kugira ngo turwanye indwara z’ibyorezo cyangwa se tuzirinde?” Iyo hamaze kumenyekana imvano y’indwara n’uburyo bwayo bwo gukwirakwira, hafatwa ingamba zihamye zo kuyirwanya. Niba indwara iterwa n’umwanda kuyirinda ni ukugira isuku, niba
yanduzwa n’udukokoko bisaba kutwirinda no gusenya indiri zatwo, niba indwara ifite urukingo kuyirinda bisaba kwikingiza kugira ngo igihe yakugezeho itakuzahaza cyangwa ngo iguhitane. Nitwimakaze umuco w’ubuziranenge twirinda ibiribwa cyangwa ibinyobwa byahumanye cyangwa ibyarengeje igihe. Tugirire isuku
umubiri wacu n’ahodutuye. Twirinde udukoko nk’imibu itera marariya, dutema ibihuru, dusiba ibizenga by’amazi ishobora kororokeramo, turara mu nzitiramibu, dutera imiti n’ibindi. Ku ndwara zandurira mu mibonano mupuzabitsina, abantu
bagomba kwirinda imibonano mpuzabitsina idakingiye. Ikindi kandi ni uko abantu bagomba kwitabira gahunda y’inkingo uko yateganyijwe. Zaba inkingo zihabwa abana bato ndetse n’izitangwa ku bantu bose mu bihe bidasanzwe by’ibyorezo.
Bayobozi,
Baturage bo mu Murenge wa Bwiza,
Nababwiye ko ntari bwizimbe mu magambo. Indwara z’ibyorezo zitwara
ubuzima bw’imbaga nyamwinshi, zigateza urusobe rw’ibibazo. Nimucyo dusenyere umugozi umwe, tuzirwanye twivuye inyuma. Nihagira ugaragaza ibimenyetso runaka by’imwe mu ndwara z’ibyorezo, dutangire amakuru ku gihe kugira ngo abashinzwe gufata ingamba bazifate mu maguru mashya. Niba kandi
wagaragaweho ibimenyetso by’indwara y’icyorezo, ihutire kujya kwa muganga kugira ngo ukurikiranwe amazi atararenga inkombe. Bityo urokore ubuzima bwawe n’ubw’abo washoboraga kwanduza.Murakoze mbashimiye uburyo mwanteze amatwi nkaba nizera ko twese hamwe
I.3.2 Gusobanura amagambo
Sobanura amagambo cyangwa amatsinda y’amagambo akurikira:
- Kwibasira imbaga
- Gufata ingamba
- Indiri
- Intandaro
- Gucurwa inkumbi n’indwara
I.3.3 Kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
Subiza ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Ni ryari tuvuga ko indwara ari icyorezo?
2. Ni uruhe ruhare ibidukikije bishobora kugira mu kwanduza indwara z’ibyorezo?
3. Ni iyihe nama wagira umuntu wagaragaraweho n’indwara y’icyorezo?
4. Uhereye ku bumenyi rusange usanzwe ufite, tanga urugero rw’indwara y’icyorezo
umuntu ashobora kwanduza undi:
a) Amukozeho
b) Amusomye
c) Bakoranye imibonano mpuzabitsina
a) Mu gihe cyo konsa
e) Mu gihe cyo kubyara
5. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi ziri mu mwandiko.
6. Garagaza ingamba Leta y’u Rwanda yafashe mu kurwanya icyorezo cya kovidi-19.
I.4. Imbwirwaruhame
Igikorwa 1.4
Ifashishe umwandiko “Indwara z’ibyorezo”, ukore ubushakashatsi maze usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Tahura ubwoko bw’umwandiko “Indwara z’ibyorezo”.
2.Tahura inshoza, uturango n’imbata byawo.
3. Ni ayahe mabwiriza agenga ubu bwoko bw’umwandiko.I.4.1 Inshoza y’imbwirwaruhame
Imbwirwaruhame ni ijambo umuntu ategura akarigeza ku bantu benshi, bakirinda kumurogoya, ahubwo bakamutega amatwi. Imbwirwaruhame ishobora kuba ndende cyangwa ngufi bitewe n’intego yayo. Imbwirwaruhame zivuga ku nsanganyamatsiko
zinyuranye: izibwiriza iby’idini, izivuga ibya poritiki, izo kwizihiza iminsi mikuru, izikangurira abantu igikorwa runaka n’ibindi. Ni yo mpamvu imbwirwaruhame zishobora kuvugirwa ahantu hanyuranye nko mu nsengero, mu ishuri, mu nama
n’ahandi.
I.5.2 Uturango tw’imbwirwaruhame
Imbwirwaruhame irangwa n’amagambo y’icyubahiro ahamagara ababwirwa kugira ngo bitabire gutega amatwi. Ayo magambo atangira imbwirwaruhame kandi akagenda agaruka nyuma y’ingingo runaka.
Amagambo y’icyubahiro akunze gukoreshwa agaragara mu mbonerahamwe ikurikira ni:
Imbwirwaruhame ishobora kubanzirizwa n’ijambo rivunyishiriza ugiye kuyivuga.
Urugero:
Umwandiko w’imbwirwaruhame “Indwara z’ibyorezo”.
I.5.3 Imbata y’imbwirwaruhame
Imbwirwaruhame igizwe n’ibice bine: intangiriro, igihimba n’umwanzuro.
1. Intangiriro
Mu ntangiriro uvuga imbwirwaruhame abanza kuvuga abanyacyubahiro bari aho n’abo ubutumwa bugenewe ahereye ku w’imena muri bo akurikije ibyubahiro byabo, gusa akirinda kubavuga mu mazina yabo bwite. Uvuga imbwirwaruhame
kandi ageza indamukanyo ku bo abwira.
Mu ntangiriro kandi ni ho utanga ikiganiro agaragaza insanganyamatsiko ari buze kuvugaho, ndetse akamurika n’ingingo ariburambure, asa n’utera amatsiko abamuteze amatwi. Iki gice ntikigomba kuba kirekire.
2. Igihimba
Iki gice ni cyo gice fatizo k’imbwirwaruhame. Ni muri iki gice utanga ikiganiro arambura ingingo yateguye kuvugaho, akazikurikiranya neza ashingiye ku buremere bwazo. Ibi bituma abamutega amatwi batarambirwa kuko aba yahereye ku ngingo zibafitiye akamaro cyane. Iyo bibaye ngombwa ko hari ingero zitangwa, uvuga
imbwirwaruhame akoresha ingero zijyanye n’abo abwira cyangwa aho avugira. Kubera ko iki gice gishobora kuba kirekire, utanga ikiganiro mbere yo kujya ku yindi ngingo ashobora kugenda akoresha amagambo yo gukangura abo abwira yo ngera kubavuga mu byubahiro byabo.
3. Umwanzuro/ Umusozo
I.5.4 Amabwiriza agenga imbwirwaruhame
1. Uko imbwirwaruhame itegurwa n’uko isomwa
Mbere yo gutanga ikiganiro mbwirwaruhame, ugitegura agomba kumenya ibi bikurikira:
- Ni ngombwa kumenya abo agiye kubwira imbwirwaruhame abo ari bo n’aho ababwirira.
- Ni iki bashobora kumva? Bari mu kihe kigero k’imyaka? Bakora iki? Ni iki bahuriyeho?
- Gutegura imbwirwaruhame.
- Kumva neza insanganyamatsiko y’imbwirwaruhame byaba ngombwa akanasoma ibitabo binyuranye bivuga kuri iyo nsanganyamatsiko.
- Gukusanya ibyo azavuga mu ngingo zinyuranye z’imbwirwaruhame ashingiye ku byo yasomye cyangwa yabajije abandi.
- Gushaka intego z’ikiganiro ke akanakora imbata y’ikiganiro ke.
2. Imyifatire n’imyitwarire y’uvuga imbwirwaruhame
Utanga ikiganiro mbwirwaruhame agomba kuba:
a) Yambaye imyambaro idakojeje isoni.
b) Kumenya guhagarara neza imbere y’abandi nta mususu.
c) Kuvuga imbwirwaruhame ye adategwa.
d) Kuraranganya amaso mu bo abwira, kirazira kubatera umugongo no kuba imbata y’urupapuro.
e) Kurangurura ijwi kugira ngo imbwirwaruhame yumvikane.
f) Kuvuga atarandaga cyane kugira ngo abamuteze amatwi batarambirwa kandi ntiyihute cyane mu mvugo kugira ngo ibyo avuze birusheho kumvikana.
g) Kwirinda imvugo nyandagazi.
h) Kugenda atanga ingero zihuye n’ikigero cy’abo abwira cyangwa se icyo bakora.
Ikitonderwa:
Utegura imbwirwaruhame ayitegura yandika, akazayivuga asoma ibyo yanditse, mu rwego rwo kwirinda kuvuga ibiterekeranye no kwisubiramo bya hato na hato. Hashobora kuvugwa imbwirwaruhame ihanitse cyangwa idahanitse, umuntu
akayivuga atayiteguye. Ibyo ni iby’abafite iyo mpano si ibya buri wese kuko bigira abahanga babyo. Ibyo bigaragarira cyanecyane nko mu misango y’ubukwe, ku minsi mikuru, mu birori runaka.
I.5. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa mbereSoma umwandiko hanyuma usubize ibibazo biwukurikira.
Umwandiko: Inkingo n’akamaro kazo
Kuva muntu yabaho, ubuzima bwe bwagiye bwugarizwa n’indwara
nyinshi zirimo n’iz’ibyorezo. Ngizo za mugiga, iseru, akaniga, imbasa, kovidi-19 n’izindi. Kera ubuvuzi butaratera imbere, indwara z’ibyorezo zibasiraga abantu, zikabica umusubizo. Icyakora, impuguke n’abashakashatsi mu by’ubuzima ntibahwemye gushakisha icyatuma izo ndwara zidakomeza kwibasira abantu. Ni muri urwo rwego havumbuwe imitin’inkingo binyuranye.
Hari inkingo zihabwa abagore batwite n’izihabwa abana mu bihe bitandukanye.Zimwe mu nkingo zihabwa abana ni izikingira igituntu, imbasa, kokorishi, agakwega (tetanosi), akaniga, impiswi, iseru n’izindi. Hari kandi inkingo zihabwa abantu mu gihe bibaye ngombwa. Nk’iyo hadutse icyorezo (kovidi-19, ebora, mugiga, epatite B...) cyangwa abantu bagiye mu ngendo zitandukanye aho bashobora guhuriramo n’indwara z’ibikatu. Abana b’abakobwa bujuje imyaka cumi n’ibiri na bo bahabwa urukingo rwa kanseri y’inkondo y’umura. Mu rwego mpuzamahanga haracyashakishwa n’izindi nkingo z’indwara z’ibyorezo nka sida, kanseri, diyabete n’izindi.
Buri mubyeyi w’Umunyarwanda agomba gukingiza abana be inkingo zose nk’uko ziteganywa na Minisiteri y’Ubuzima. Gukingira abana bikorwa kuri gahunda. Iyo umwana akivuka ahabwa urukingo rw’igituntu n’urw’imbasa. Yamara ukwezi n’igice, agahabwa urw’imbasa, kokorishi, agakwega bamwe bita tetanosi, akaniga, umwijima wo mu bwoko bwa epatite B, pinemokoke hamwe n’urw’impiswi. Ku mezi abiri n’igice akingirwa nanone imbasa, kokorishi, agakwega, akaniga, umwijima, umusonga n’impiswi. Iyo umwana yujuje amezi atatu n’igice ahabwa urukingo rw’imbasa, kokorishi, agakwega, akaniga, umwijima, umusonga n’impiswi. Yongera gukingirwa agize amezi ikenda aho ahabwa urukingo
rw’iseru na rubeyore. Iyo agejeje ku mezi cumi n’atanu, ni ukuvuga umwaka n’amezi atatu ahabwa urukingo rw’iseru ari na rwo ruheruka izindi muri uru ruhererekane rwazo.Izo nkingo zose rero zifite akamaro gakomeye ko kurinda no gukumira indwara zitarinjira mu mubiri w’umuntu. Zifite akamaro kandi ko kubaka ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri ku buryo n’iyo indwa yinjiyemo itazahaza umuntu.Gahunda y’inkingo ikwiye gufatwa nk’amata y’abashyitsi, ikitabirwa,
abantu bakareka kuyikerensa, kuko kwirengagiza gufata inkingo byabakururira akaga gakomeye nk’ubumuga cyangwa se urupfu. Ikindi abantu bagomba kumenya, ni uko inkingo zose z’ibanze zitangwa ku buntu, nta kiguzi bisaba.
Abashinzwe kubika inkingo, bagomba kuzibika neza mu buryo bwujuje ubuziranenge kugira ngo zitangirika, zikaba zagira ingaruka ku buzima bw’abantu. Abashinzwe gukingira na bo bagomba kubikorana ubwitonzi n’ubushishozi kugira ngo hatagira uwo biviramo kurwara cyangwa kumugara.Muri make, inkingo zifitiye abantu akamaro kanini kuko zibarinda
kwandura no kuzahazwa n’indwara zinyuranye. Bityo rero, abantu bakwiye kwitabira gukingirwa no gukingiza abana kuko urukingo ari ingabo y’ubuzima, kandi “kwirinda biruta kwivuza.”
i. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesenguraumwandiko
1. Sobanura uburyo indwara z’ibyorezo zishobora kwirindwa uhereye ku bivugwa mu mwandiko.
2. Sobanura akamaro k’inkingo ku buzima bw’umuntu.
3. Erekana indwara zavuzwe mu mwandiko zitarabonerwa urukingo n’ibivugwa ko biri kuzikorwaho.
4. Wavuga iki ku buryo bwo kubika no gutanga inkingo ubihuza n’umuco w’ubuziranenge?
5. Erekana ingingo z’ingenzi ziri muri uyu mwandiko.
ii. Inyunguramagambo
1. Koresha aya magambo dusanga mu mwandiko mu nteruro wihimbiye:
a) Ibyorezo
b) Impuguke
c) Kubungabunga
d) Kugosorera mu rucaca
iii) Imyandikire
1. Kosora imyandikire mu nteruro zikurikira
a) Mukabgizayaguzetelefoninyinci.
b) Yoooooo! Ese mwaragwaye.
2. Andika ijamboririmo igihekane
a) vy
b) nsy
c) mfw
d) mpw
iii. Imbwirwaruhame
a) Ni akahekarangok’ingenzik’imbwirwaruhame?
b) Vugaibyitabwahombereyogutangaimbwirwaruhame.c) Vugaine mu myifatire irangaumuntu utanga ikiganirombwirwaruhame.
UMUTWE WA 2: UBURINGANIRE N’UBWUZUZANYE
Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
- Gusesengura umwandiko ku buringanire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muryango atahura ingingo z’ingenzi ziwukubiyemo.
- Guhina umwandiko yasomye ahereye ku ngingo z’ingenzi ziwugize.- Kwandika yubahiriza amabwiriza y’imyandikire y’Ikinyarwanda.
II.1 Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko: Umuryango waMigambi
Igikorwa 2.1
Soma umwandiko ukurikira, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranyamagambo kandi usubize n’ibibazo byawubajijweho.
II. 1.1 Gusoma umwandikoSoma umwandiko ukurikira:
Umugabo Migambi yari atuye mu Kagari ka Rutare.Yabanaga n’umugore we Mukarwego ndetse n’umukobwa wabo Kankindi. Yakundaga gufatanya n’umugore we imirimo ndetse bakajya inama. Ubwo bufatanye bwatumye batera imbere. Nyuma yaje kugira umurengwe, yishora mu ngeso mbi z’ubusinzi, gukubita umugore no kumuharira imirimo yose. Iterambere ryabo ritangira kuyoyoka.
Umunsi umwe, Migambi yavuye mu kabari hakiri kare, asanga Mukarwego yoza amasahani. Icyo gihe umwana muto yarariraga, intama yona amasaka yari arunze mu rugo. Migambi abonye ibintu byinshi byandagaye ku mbuga, abaza umugore we impamvu y’ako kajagari. Ubwo umugore atangira kumusobanurira ko byatewe n’imirimo myinshi. Migambi na we aho kumwumva, uburakari
bubabwinshi, nuko akuramo ishati, atangira gufunga amakofe ngo amukubite nk’uko yari asanzwe abigenza. Muri ako kanya, abona umukobwa we Kankindi ahingutse mu bikingi by’amarembo, ari kumwe n’umuhungu biganaga mu mwaka wa kane w’amashuri yisumbuye, avuye ku ishuri.
Ubwo Migambi isoni ziramukora,ahita yambara ishati ye yinjira mu nzu. Mukarwego we ariruhutsa ati: “Bana ba, ni Imana y’i Rwanda ibangoboreye, Migambi yari agiye kunyica!”
Kankindi yinjira mu nzu, asanga se yicaye mu ruganiriro aramusuhuza. Amwereka Karangwa umunyeshuri bigana, bagiye gufatanya umukoro. Se aramubwira ati: “Nta kibazo mwana wa! Ni byiza”. Migambi akomerezaho abwira Kankindi ati: “Ko mbona utishimye?” Kankindi ati: “Ikimbabaje ni uko nsanze mwongeye kurwana nanone. Dawe, ibi bizakomeza gutya kugeza ryari? Birambabaza kuba muhora murwana kandi mupfa ubusa. Bintera ikimwaro mu maso y’abo twigana”.
Ubwo ako kanya nyina arinjira na we yicara mu ruganiriro, maze Migambi asubiza umukobwa we ati: “Erega ntabwo dupfa ubusa ibi byose bituruka ku mafuti ya nyoko.” Mukarwego we yakurikiranaga ikiganiro yinumiye. Kankindi asubiza se ati: “Umva dawe, ibyo ushaka ko mama akora, ntiyabishobora wenyine. Icyakemura ibibazo biri muri uru rugo ni uko mwamenya ibijyanye n’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muryango”. Se amusamira hejuru ati: “Ibyo se kandi uzanye wabikuye he? Bishatse kuvuga iki?”
Karangwa wari wateze amatwi yumiwe, asaba ijambo ngo agire icyo abivugaho. Aravuga ati: “Iyo bavuze kuringanira, ntabwo baba bashaka kuvuga kureshya, cyangwa kugira imbaraga z’umubiri zingana. Nta n’ubwo baba bashaka kuvuga kunganya amafaranga cyangwa imitungo, ndetse si n’umubare w’amashuri abantu bize. Iyo bavuze uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye, baba bavuze gufashanya,
kunganirana no kugira uburenganzira bungana imbere y’amategeko. Abagore n’abagabo bakagira uburenganzira bumwe, bagafatwa kimwe, ntihabeho kubuzwa ibintu ibi n’ibi kubera ko umwe ari umugore cyangwa ari umugabo.”Migambi aramusubiza ati: “Ese ibyo bihuriye he n’ibiri iwange aha, aho umugore wange nishakiye ansuzugura,ntakore ibyo mba namutegetse, bigatuma duhora mu
nduru?”
Kankindi na we amubwira ko igisubizo k’icyo kibazo kiri mu bwuzuzanye. Niko gutangira agira ati: “Mu by’ukuri, umugabo n’umugore baremewe kuzuzanya, ari na cyo gituma batandukanye. Ni ngombwa ko umugabo ashakana n’umugore. Mu rugo barunganirana mu gutekereza icyateza imbere umuryango.
Umugabo n’umugore bagafatanya imirimo bakaba magirirane. Umwe yita ku wundi, akamurengera, akanamurinda. Ni inshingano baba bariyemeje igihe basezeranaga. Ubufatanye bwabo n’ubwumvikane ni byo bituma batera imbere. Iyo bitabaye ibyo, urugo rusubira inyuma, rugahora mu nduru, rugakena.
Amagambo ya Kankindi yibukije Migambi ibintu byinshi. Nuko yifata mu gahanga, azunguza umutwe.
Niko kugira ati: “Bana ba, ibyo muvuze byose ndabyumvise kandi ni ukuri. Kuva ubu ngiye guhinduka, nongere mere nka kera, niteze imbere, mfatanye na Mukarwego wange.” Akimara kuvuga ibyo, akanyamuneza kaza mu maso ya Mukarwego. Niko kureba umugabo we ati: “Ibyo uvuze ni ukuri cyangwa uragira ngo unezeze aba bana bawe gusa, ejo uzabe wasubiye ku kawe?” Migambi arahaguruka ati: “Reka wenda mbivuge mpagaze ndetse ngusabe imbabazi. Mbivugiye aha sinzongera kugukubita no kugutererana mu mirimo yose. Ikindi kandi nzabwira na bagenzi bange bahinduke bamere nkange”.
Nuko Mukarwego, n’ibyishimo byinshi ahobera umugabo we. Kankindi na Karangwa na bo babibonye bakoma mu mashyi. Kankindi ibyishimo bimurenga amarira ashoka mu maso.
II.1.2 Gusobanura amagambo
Shaka mu mwandiko amagambo udasobanukiwe maze uyasobanure wifashishije
inkoranya.
II.1.3 Kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
Subiza ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Vuga impamvu y’ingenzi yatumaga Migambi atera amahane, akarwana ageze mu rugo rwe.
2. Ni iki cyateraga Mukarwego kutubahiriza ibyo Migambi yifuzaga byose?
3. Sobanura akamaro k’umuco wo kuzigama n’ingaruka zo kutazigama zivugwa mu mwandiko.
4. Tanga ingingo z’ingenzi zigaragara mu mwandiko.
5. Ni ibihe bikorwa bibangamiye uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muryango nyarwanda? Hakorwa iki kugira ngo izo mbogamizi zicike burundu?
6. Wakemura ute ibibazo by’amakimbirane mu muryango nyarwanda biterwa no kutubahiriza ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye?
2. Ni uruhe ruhare rw’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu iterambere ry’umuryango n’iry’igihugu muri rusange?II. 2. Ihinamwandiko
Igikorwa 2.2
Uhereye kubumenyi ufite sobanura inshoza y’ihinamwandiko, usobanure uburyo rikorwa, amabwiriza arigenga n’akamaro karyo.
II.2.1. Inshoza y’ihinamwandiko
Ihinamwandiko ni igikorwa cyo kuvuga mu magambo make igitekerezo cyangwa ingingo ziboneka mu mwandiko wasomye ariko wibanda ku z’ingenzi.
Ihinamwandiko kandi ni uburyo bwo gukora mu nyandiko inshamake y’umwandiko wasomwe uhereye ku ngingo z’ingenzi ziwugize.
II.2.2. Uburyo bwo gukora ihinamwandiko
Hari uburyo bubiri bukoreshwa mu guhina umwandiko:
1) Ihina ry’igika ku gika: ni uburyo bwo gufata igitekerezo kiri muri buri gika ukakivuga mu mirongo mike ishoboka, ukurikije uko ibika bikurikirana kuva ku ntangiriro kugera ku musozo.
2) Ihina rusange: ni uburyo bwo gufata igitekerezo nyamukuru kivugwa mu mwandiko, ukakivuga uhereye ku ngingo z’ingenzi zigishamikiyeho mu magambo makeya.
II.2.3. Amabwiriza y’ihinamwandiko
Uhina umwandiko agomba kubahiriza ingingo zikurikira:
- Kumva neza insanganyamatsiko iri mu mwandiko;
- Kuvuga ku bitekerezo biri mu mwandiko nta bindi yongeramo avanye hanze yawo;
- Kumvikanisha igitekerezo muri make;
- Kutandukura ibiri mu mwandiko uko byakabaye;
- Gukoresha imvugo yabugenewe yirinda imvugo nyandagazi;
- Gukoresha imvugo yoroheje yumvwa na buri wese.
II.2.4. Akamaro k’ihinamwandiko
Ihinamwandiko rikorwa kubera impamvu zikurikira:
- Gusuzuma niba umuntu yumvise insanganyamatsiko ikubiye mu mwandiko.
- Kumenyereza umuntu kuvuga mu nshamake ibitekerezo bikubiye mu mwandiko mu magambo ye kandi atarondogoye.
- Gutoza umuntu umuco wo kurobanura iby’ingenzi mu byo yumvise cyangwa yasomye akabivuga arasa ku ntego.
Imyitozo
Subiza ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Uhereye ku byo umaze kwiga mu ihinamwandiko, urabona ari ryari ushobora gukenera gukora inshamake?
2. Vuga muri make umwandiko “Umuryango wa Migambi”, uhereye ku ngingo zawo z’igenzi.
II. 3 Amabwiriza y’imyandikire y’ikinyarwanda:
Imyandikire y’amazina bwite, imikoreshereze y’utwatuzon’inyuguti nkuru
a) Kankindi na Karangwa basobanuriye Migambi ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye.
b) Kankindi ati: “Mu by’ukuri, umugabo n’umugore baremewe kuzuzanya.”
c) Banki Nkuru y’Igihugu ni yo igenga andi banki n’ibigo by’imari.
d) Umugabo Migambi yari atuye mu Kagari ka Rutare.
e) Perezida Bayideni (Biden) aba i Washingitoni (Washington).
II. 3.1 Amazina bwite
1) Amazina bwite y’ahantu afite indomo
Amazina bwite y’ibihugu n’ay’uturere afite indomo, yandikwa atandukanye n’iyo ndomo; iyo ndomo ikandikwa mu nyuguti nto, keretse iyo itangira interuro.
Ingero:
- A Marangara n’i Gisaka ni tumwe mu turere twa kera tuvugwa mu mateka y’u Rwanda.
- U Rwanda rurigenga.
- U Mutara wera ibigori, ibitoki n’ibishyimbo.
- U Bubirigi buri mu majyaruguru y’uburasirazuba bw’u Bufaransa.2) Amazina bwite y’abantu arenze rimwe
Amazina bwite y’abantu arenze rimwe akurikirana muri ubu buryo: habanza izina yahawe akivuka, hagakurikiraho andi mazina y’inyongera.
Ingero:
- UWASE Ikuzo Laurette
- VUBI Pierre
- KARIMA Biraboneye
- MUNEZERO Salima
3. Amazina bwite y’abantu n’ahantu y’amavamahanga
Amazina bwite y’abantu n’ahantu y’amavamahanga atari ay’idini n’amazina bwite y’ibihugu n’ay’uturere y’amahanga yandikwa uko avugwa mu Kinyarwanda, nyuma bagashyira mu dukubo uko asanzwe yandikwa mu rurimi akomokamo.
Ingero:
- Enshiteni (Einstein)
- Kameruni (Cameroun Cameroon)
- Shumakeri (Schumacher)
- Wagadugu (Ouagadougou)
- Ferepo (Fraipont)
- Ositaraliya (Australie / Australia)
- Cadi (Tchad)
4. Amazina y’idini
Amazina y’idini yandikwa nk’uko yanditswe mu gitabo k’irangamimerere akaza akurikira izina umuntu yahawe akivuka cyangwa izina rindi rifatwa nka ryo. Izina rya mbere ryandikwa mu nyuguti nkuru naho izina ry’idini rikandikwa mu nyuguti ntoya, ritangijwe inyuguti nkuru.
Ingero:
- KARERA John
- KEZA Jane
- KAMARIZA Jeanne
- RUTERANA Abdul
- MFIZI Yohana
5. Amazina bwite yari asanzweho
Amazina bwite yatanzwe kandi yakoreshejwe mbere y’aya mabwiriza akomeza kwandikwa uko yari asanzwe yandikwa.
Ingero:
- Intara y’Amajyepfo
- Umujyi wa Kigali
- Akarere ka Rulindo
- Akagari ka Cyimana
- Umurenge wa Cyeru
II. 3 2. Imikoreshereze y’utwatuzo
1. Akabago/akadomo (.)
Akabago cyangwa akadomo gasoza interuro ihamya ndetse n’interuro iri mu ntegeko/itegeka.
Ingero:
- Migambi yabanaga n’umugore we Mukarwego.
- Kankindi yigaga mu mwaka wa kane w’amashuri yisumbuye.
2. Akabazo (?)
Akabazo gasoza interuro ibaza.
Ingero:
- Ibi bizakomeza gutya kugeza ryari?
- Ese abashakanye bagomba gufatanya imirimo?
3. Agatangaro (!)
Agatangaro gasoza interuro itangara. Agatangaro gashyirwa kandi inyuma y’amarangamutima.
Ingero:
- Mbega ukuntu Mukarwego yari yaragowe!
- Kankindi yakemuye amakimbirane neza pe!
- Yooo! Mbega byiza!
- Nawe ngo uri za makobwa!
4. Akitso (,)
Akitso gakoreshwa mu nteruro kugira ngo baruhuke akanya gato. Gakoreshwa kandi barondora
Ingero:
-Umunyeshuri ushaka kujijuka, yirinda gusiba, ntakubagane mu ishuri kandi agakurikiza inama z’ umwarimu.
- Abagiye inama, Imana irabasanga.
- Mukarwego yakoraga imirimo yose yo mu rugo: gukubura, guhinga, kwahirira amatungo, guteka, kuhagira abana n’ibindi.
5. Uturegeka (…)
Uturegeka dukoreshwa iyo berekana irondora ritarangiye. Dukoreshwa kandi mu nteruro barogoye cyangwa iyo mu nteruro hari ijambo bacikije.
Ingero:
- Mu rugo rwa Kinyarwanda habaga ibikoresho byinshi: ibibindi, ibyansi, ishoka,
ibitebo, isekuru…
- Baragenda ngo bagere ku Ruyenzi bahahurira na mwene... simuvuze
nzamuvumba!
- Nyamara mu menyeko uwanze kumvira … Mwacecetse ariko.
6. Utubago tubiri (
Utubago tubiri dukoreshwa mu nteruro iyo hari ibigiye kurondorwa cyangwa gusobanurwa. Dukoreshwa kandi inyuma y’ingirwanshinga “-ti”, “-tya” n’ijambo “ngo” iyo bagiye gusubira mu magambo y’undi uko yakabaye.
Ingero:
- Mukarwego yakoraga imirimo yose yo mu rugo: gukubura, guhinga, kwahirira amatungo, guteka, kuhagira abana n’ibindi.
- Kankindi asubiza se ati: “Umva dawe, ibyo ushaka ko mama akora,
ntiyabishobora wenyine.”
- Kankindi arakomeza ngo: “Icyakemura ibibazo biri muri uru rugo ni uko mwamenya ibijyanye n’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muryango.”
- Inka yabira itya: “Mbaaa”.
7. Akabago n’akitso (;)
Akabago n’akitso dukoreshwa mu nteruro kugira ngo batandukanye inyangingo ebyiri ziremye kimwe kandi zuzuzanya.
Urugero:
- Gusoma neza si ugusukiranya amagambo; gusoma neza ni no kumva ibyo usoma.
- Migambi yirirwaga mu kabari; yatahaga nijoro.
- Kuba umugabo si kunywa inzoga; kuba umugabo ni ukwita ku rugo rwawe.
8. Utwuguruzo n’utwugarizo (“ ”/« »)
Utwuguruzo n’utwugarizo dukikiza amagambo y’undi asubirwamo uko yakabaye, ashobora kuba ateruwe n’ingirwanshinga “-ti”, “-tya” n’ijambo“ngo”.
Utwuguruzo n’utwugarizo dukikiza imvugo itandukanye n’imvugo isanzwe, cyangwa ingingo igomba kwitabwaho.
Dukikiza inyito ikemangwa, amazina nteruro n’amazina y’inyunge agizwe n’amagambo arenze ane.
Dukikiza kandi amagambo y’amatirano atamenyerewe mu Kinyarwanda.
Ingero:
- Karangwa yungani Kankindi ati: « Iyo bavuze kuringanira ntibaba bavuze kureshya; baba bavuze gufashanya no kugira uburenganzira bungana imbere y’amategeko. »
- Nuko ya “nyamaswa” iravumbuka maze havamo umusore mwiza.
- Ubwo “Inshyikanya ku mubiri ya rugema ahica” aba arahashinze.
- Ibyo nabisomye kuri “interineti”.
- “Izi mpaka numva ari urujeje
Nkaho mbyaye ijana ry’abantu
Aho ntizishaka kunjisha
Ngo zinjandike mu matiku
Umutima uteshwe icyo nawutoje.”
Ijoro ry’urujijo, Rugamba Sipiriyani.
9. Akuguruzo n’akugarizo kamwekamwe (‘’)
Akuguruzo n’akugarizo kamwekamwe dukoreshwa iyo utwuguruzo n’utwugarizo twinjira mu tundi mu nteruro.
Urugero:
Umugaba w’ingabo ati: “Ndashaka ko ‘Inshyikanya ku mubiri ya rugema ahica’ aza
hano”.
10. Udukubo
Udukubo dukikiza amagambo cyangwa ibimenyetso bifite icyo bisobanura cyangwa icyo byuzuza mu nteruro. Banadukoresha iyo bashaka kwerekana uko amazina bwite y’amanyamahanga yanditswe mu Kinyarwanda bayandika mu ndimi akomokamo. Dukikiza kandi umubare wanditse mu mibarwa mu nteruro iyo uwo
mubare wabanje kwandikwa mu nyuguti.
Ingero:
- Umuyobozi w’Akarere yabwiye abaturage ko kugira ngo barwanye inzara, bagomba gushoka ibishanga (impeshyi yari yabaye ndende) kandi kwirirwa
banywa bakabifasha hasi.
- Bisimariki (Bismarck)
- Koreya (Korea)
- Kamboje (Cambodge)
- Igihembo twumvikanyeho ni amafaranga y’amanyarwanda ibihumbi magana atanu (500 000 Frw).
11. Akanyerezo (-)
Akanyerezo gakoreshwa mu kiganiro kugira ngo berekane ihererekanywa cyangwa iyakuranwa ry’amagambo.
Urugero:
- Wari waragiye he?
- Kwa Migabo.
Akanyerezo gakoreshwa kandi bakata ijambo ritarangiranye n’impera y’umurongo, bikurikije imiterere y’umugemo.
Urugero:
- Semarinyota yansabye ko tuzajyana
i Rukoma, ariko sinzamwemerera.
- Kanakoreshwa imbere n’inyuma y’interuro ihagitse.
Urugero:
Ejo nzajya mu misa - sinzi niba wari uzi ko nsigaye njyayo - ntuzantegereze mbere ya saa sita.
12. Udusodeko ([ ])
Udusodeko dukikiza intekerezo cyangwa igibanuro bongeye mu mvugo isubira mu
magambo y’undi.
Urugero:
Yaravuze ati: “Sinshobora kurara ntariye inkoko [ayo yari amirariro], keretse narwaye”.
Dukoreshwa kandi berekana ibyo banenga mu magambo y’undi.
Urugero:
Yaranditse ati: “Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi ruvugwa n’abatu [ikosa] benshi muri Afurika yo hagati”.
Tunakoreshwa mu magambo y’undi mu kugaragaraza ko hari ayavanywemo cyangwa yasimbutswe.
Urugero:
Aravuga ati: “Nimureke abana bansange [...] ntimubabuze”.
13. Agakoni kaberamye (/)
Agakoni kaberamye gakoreshwa mu kwandika amatariki, inomero z’amategeko. Gashobora kandi gukoreshwamu mwanya w’ijambo cyangwa.
Ingero:
- Kigali, ku wa 15/10/2012.
- Itegeko N° 01/2010 ryo ku wa 29/01/2010.
- Koresha yego/ oya mu gusubiza ibibazo bikurikira.
II. 3. 3 Imikoreshereze y’inyuguti nkuru
Inyuguti nkuru zikoreshwa aha hakurikira:
1. Ku nyuguti itangira interuro.
Urugero:
Ifuni ibagara ubucuti ni akarenge.
2. Nyuma y’akabago, akabazo n’agatangaro.
Ingero:
- Twese duhagurukire kujijuka. Wabigeraho ute utazi gusoma? Ntibishoboka.
- Ntoye isaro ryiza shenge wee! Reka nge kuryereka nyogokuru.
3. Nyuma y’ingirwanshinga “-ti”, “-tya”, n’ijambo “ngo” batangira amagambo
y’undi asubiwemo uko yakabaye. Ariko inyuguti nkuru ntitangira amagambo asubirwamo iyo uwandika yayatangiriye hagati mu nteruro yakuwemo.
Ingero:
- Kankindi aravuga ati: “Mu by’ukuri, umugabo n’umugore baremewe kuzuzanya.”
- Igihe Kankindi yavuga ati: “umugabo n’umugore baremewe kuzuzanya”, Migambi yararakaye.
4. Ku nyuguti itangira imibare iranga iminsi, amazina y’amezi n’ay’ibihe by’umwaka.
Ingero:
- Ku wa Gatanu, ku wa Gatandatu.
- Ugushyingo gushyira Ukuboza
- Mu Rwanda haba ibihe bine by’ingenzi: Urugaryi, Itumba, Iki (Impeshyi) n’Umuhindo.
5. Ku nyuguti itangira amazina bwite y’abantu, ay’inzuzi n’ay’ahantu, kabone nubwo indomo itangira izina ry’ahantu yaba yatakaye.
Ingero:
- Rutayisire atuye i Huye hafi ya Cyarwa.
- Mu Mutara hera ibigori.
- I Washingitoni (Washington) ni ho hari ikicaro cya Banki y’Isi.
- Uwitwa Enshiteni (Einstein) yari umuhanga cyane.
6. Ku nyuguti itangira amazina y’imirimo, ay’inzego z’imirimo n’ay’amashyirahamwe.
Ingero:
- Minisiteri y’Ubuhinzi n’Ubworozi;
- Umuryango w’Abibumbye;
- Koperative Dufatanye;
- Banki Nkuru y’Igihugu yakoze inoti nshya ya magana atanu;
- Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Akarere.
7. Ku nyuguti itangira amazina y’impamyabushobozi, ay’icyubahiro, ay’inzego z’ubutegetsi, ay’ubwenegihugu n’amoko, ay’indimi, ku mazina y’ibikorwa byamamaye mu mateka no ku nyuguti itangira ijambo “Igihugu” iyo rivuga u Rwanda.
Ingero:
- Dogiteri Karimanzira
- Nyakubahwa Perezida wa Repubulika
- Umurenge wa Nyarugenge
- Abanyarwanda barimo Abasinga n’Abagesera
- Dukwiye guteza imbere Ikinyarwanda.
- Mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y’Isi Yose hapfuye abantu benshi.
- Bwana Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikora w’Umurenge wa Busasamana.
8. Ku nyuguti itangira umutwe w’inyandiko, igitabo cyangwa ikinyamakuru.
Ingero:
- Nujya mu mugi ungurire Imvaho Nshya.
- Musenyeri Kagame Alegisi ni we wanditse Indyoheshabirayi.
9. Izina bwite ry’umuryango cyangwa irindi rifatwa nka ryo riri ku ntangiriro no ku mpera y’inyandiko (nk’ibaruwa, nk’itegeko, nk’inyandiko mvugo, nk’umwirondoro, nka raporo...) no mu rutonde rw’amazina y’abantu, ryandikwa ryose mu nyuguti nkuru. Nyamara rikandikwa mu nyuguti nto uretse inyuguti iritangira yandikishwa inyuguti nkuru mu mwandiko.
Ingero:
- GAHIRE Rose
- UMURISA Keza
- BUTERA Simoni
- Nagiye kwa Gahire Rose anyakira neza.- Rutayisire atuye i Huye hafi ya Cyarwa.
Imyitozo
Subiza neza ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Amazina bwite y’ahantu afite indomo yandikwa ate? Tanga ingero eshatu. Shyira utwatuzo dukwiye mu nteruro zikurikira:
a) Yagiye ku isoko agura amashu ibirayi ibishyimbo n’ibitoki
b) Twatanze amafaranga igihumbi na magana abiri 1200
3. Kosora interuro zikurikira:
a) Yababwiye ati, nzarya duke ndyame kare!
b) Yageze muri Cameroni,
c) Umubarankuru yavaga inda imwe nabahungu batatu
d) Abana babahungu nabo bari barakurikije se ntibafashe mushiki wa bo.
e) Mbega ukuntu cyuzuzo yahiye agakongoka.
4. Ni ryari izina bwite ry’umuryango ryandikwa n’inyuguti nto uretse inyuguti iritangira? Tanga urugero.II. 4 Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa kabiri
Soma umwandiko ukurikira usubize ibibazo byawubajijweho.
Umwandiko: Akanyoni katagurutsentikamenya iyo bweze
Mu mpera z’icyumweru gishize, iwacu haje abantu batari basanzwe bahagenda maze ngira amatsiko yo kumenya ikibagenza mu rugo rwacu. Ndabegera, ndabasuhuza, mbabaza ikibagenza. Bambwira ko bashaka ababyeyi bange, ko bifuza kuganira na bo uburyo bagaze ku iterambere.
Narabakiriye mbereka aho bicara mu ruganiriro, mpamagara ababyeyi, barasuhuzanya, abaranibwirana. Umushyitsi w’umugabo ati: “Nge nitwa Mutake naho uyu turi kumwe ni umugore wange, yitwa Mugeni.” Data ababwira ko yitwa Majyambere, mama na we ababwira ko yitwa Munezero.
Bamaze kwibwirana, Mutake yateruye ikiganiro avuga ikibagenza. Ati: “Tumaze igihe twumva abantu benshi bavuga ko urugo rwanyu rwiteje imbere. Ngo mwarahinduye imibereho yanyu n’iy’imiryango muturanye, mugira n’uruhare rukomeye mu iterambere ry’akarere kanyu. Ni byo kandi koko n’ugeze aha amaso aramwihera.” Umugore we na we yungamo ati: “Ni byo pe! Ntubeshya mugabo wange. Aka gace twagezemo, biragaragara ko kateye imbere rwose!
Tuje kubagisha inama kugira ngo natwe tubigireho.”
Data amaze kumva ikibagenza mu rugo rwacu, arahaguruka ajya kubereka ibikorwa umuryango wacu wagezeho. Data abereka urutoki rwacu rwa kijyambere, ikawa, ibiraro by’inka za kijyambere n’ikimoteri kinini kijyamo imyanda yose yo mu rugo. Mama yagize ati: “Ibi tubikesha ubwumvikane dufitanye kuko dutahiriza
umugozi umwe, tukajya inama, tukungurana ibitekerezo, tugafatanya imirimo yose, tukiha intego n’imihigo tugenderaho ndetse tugakurikiza inama abayobozi batugira kandi umwe akabera undi imboni. Muri make urugo rwacu rurangwa n’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye.”
Data akomeza ikiganiro agira ati: “Muzi ko Leta yacu idahwema kudushishikariza gukora cyane, gukorera mu mashyirahamwe no gukorana n’amabanki. Tugenda dukora imishinga tukayimurikira amabanki cyangwa ibigo by’imari iciriritse, tukaka inguzanyo, bityo tugakora ibikorwa byacu. Ikindi, amafaranga tubonye yose,
yaba make cyangwa menshi, tuyakoresha ibidufitiye inyungu, andi tukayabitsa muri banki, kugira ngo twirinde kwaya.”
Umugore wa Mutake akimara kumva ibyo, arahindukira areba umugabo we, aramubwira ati: “Ntiwumva abandi icyo baturusha? Na ho wowe utwo ubonye twose utujyana mu kabari, ukagaruka ubyina, nyamara bugacya wicira isazi mu jisho. Ntiwemera ko tujya inama, ahubwo iyo utagiye mu kabari nta karimo na kamwe udufasha.” Data yumvise amagambo y’uwo mugore yuje agahinda,
abwira Mutake ko akabari gasenya katubaka, cyanecyane iyo ukagiyemo utakemuye ibibazo byose byo mu rugo kandi ko iyo nta bufatanye, nta kujya inama, mu rugo nta terambere rishobora kuhaba.
Mutake yumvaga ibyo ateze amatwi, asa n’uwibaza cyane. Nibwo asabye ijambo bararimuha, araterura ati: “Nimundeke numvise. Ni byo koko ubwenge buza ubujiji buhise. Kuva ubu sinzasubira mu kabari, ngiye gukora ntikoresheje, nirinde inshuti z’akabari zisenya. Sinzongera gusuzugura inama z’umugore wange. Uwagira inshuti yagira nkamwe. Munyunguye inama yo gukorana na banki. Ndava aha njya gufunguza konti, nzage mbitsa amafaranga make nzajya
mbona aho kuyajyana mu kabari.”
Mutake n’umugore we Mugeni badusezeraho barataha, natwe dusigara tunejejwe n’uko abantu basigaye baza kutwigiraho.
i) Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
Uru rugendo abashyitsi bakoreye kwa Majyambere, rwari rugamije iki? Rwaba rwarabagiriye akamaro? Sobanura.
Urugo rwa Majyambere rurangwa n’ubufatanye hagati y’umugabo n’umugore. Mbese aho wiga ubona hari ubufatanye hagati y’abakobwa n’abahungu mu ishuri? Sobanura.
Gukora imirimo yose ku bagore n’abagabo byakwihutisha bite iterambere ry’Igihugu?
Nyuma yo kwiga ibijyanye n’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muryango, ni uwuhe musanzu watanga mu kwimakaza ihame ryabwo?
ii) Inyunguramagambo
1. Simbuza amagambo atsindagiye ari muri izi nteruro andi bihuje inyito yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko ukora isanisha riboneye.
a) Urugo rutarimo ubwumvikane hagati y’umugabo n’umugore rupfusha ubusa umutungo warwo.
b) Buri rugo rukwiye kugira aho rushyira imyanda mu rwego rwo kurengera ibidukikije.
2. Kora interuro ziboneye ukoresheje amagambo akurikira:
a) Umutungo
b) Igihombo
c) Gutahiriza umugozi umwe
iii) Ibibazo ku myandikire y’IkinyarwandaKosora igika gikurikira, wubahiriza imyandikire yemewe y’Ikinyarwanda.
Umubyeyi KANAKUZE akimara gutangiza ishuri umwana we UWASE SHIMWA yibwiragako atazongera kuvunika aha uburezi n’uburere umwana we ahubwo ko bizajya bikorwa n’umwarimu kw’ishuri. Uwo mubyeyi yitaga cyanecyane ku gushaka aho akura amafaranga yo kugura ibikoresho n’imyambaro by’ishuri n’ayo kumwishyurira ishuri. ukwiye kwirengagiza inshingano afite ku mwana. Ababyeyi
bafite inshingano zo gutoza abana ba bo imico itandukanye irimo kubaha abakuru n’abato, kugira isuku y’umubiri n’iyaho baba. Kanakuze akimara kumva impanuro bahawe yarumiwe maze ati mbega ukuntu narangaye. Uburezi n’uburere ni inshingano za buri wese pe.
Kuva ubu ngiye kujya nita ku burezi n’uburere bw’umwana wange kugirango nawe azavemo umwana ubereye igihugu.UMUTWE WA 3: UBUREZI N’UBURERE
Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
- Gusesengura umwandiko uvuga ku burezi n’uburere hagaragazwa ingingo z’ingenzi ziwugize.
- Gusesengura amazina mbonera n’amazina y’amatirano.
- Gutegura ikiganiro mpaka no kujya impaka n’abandi mu bwubahane.
- Kwandika yubahiriza amabwiriza y’imyandikire y’Ikinyarwanda.
- Gukoresha mu nteruro impuzanyito, imbusane, imvugwakimwe, ingwizanyito n’impuzashusho.
III.1. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko: Kabayiza mu
ihuriro
Igikorwa 3.1
Soma umwandiko ukurikira, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranya cyangwa inyito afite mu mwandiko kandi usubize n’ibibazo byawubajijweho.
Mu mudugudu wa Gahinga hari ingimbi n’abangavu biga mu bigo by’amashuri binyuranye. Mu kiruhuko, mu masaha ya nimugoroba barahuraga bakungurana ibitekerezo ku nsanganyamatsiko zinyuranye. Kabayiza, umwe mu ngimbi zari zituye muri uwo mudugudu ntiyagiraga amahirwe yo kujya mu ihuriro nka bagenzi
be kuko ababyeyi be bamubwiraga ko yaba agiye gucumba urugomo. Yahoraga abinginga ngo na we agende, bakamutsembera, ibyo bikamubabaza cyane.
Igihe kimwe, yinginze ababyeyi ngo ajyane na bagenzi be mu ihuriro, baramwemerera ariko bamusaba ko navayo ababwira ibyo yungukiyemo. Nuko agenda yishimye. Ageze mu ihuriro, bamwakirana urugwiro. Ntibyatinze umusangiza w’amagambo yakira umusaza Kanyamibwa bari batumiye ngo abaganirize ku nsanganyamatsiko y’uwo munsi ari yo “Uburezi n’uburere mu
Rwanda rwo hambere”. Yasabye buri wese gukurikira atuje kandi yandika ikibazo yifuza kuza kubaza nyuma y’ikiganiro. Kanyamibwa yatangiye agira ati: “Mu Rwanda rwo hambere Abanyarwanda bari bafite irerero gakondo ari ryo torero. Iryo torero ryatangirwagamo uburezi n’uburere ku ngimbi zaturutse hirya no hino mu Gihugu. Batozwaga ibijyanye n’umuco nyarwanda. Byagiriraga akamaro buri wese ku giti cyabo ndetse n’umuryango nyarwanda muri rusange. Uwavaga mu itorero yabaga afite indangagaciro nyarwanda nko gukunda Igihugu, gukunda umurimo, ubumuntu, ubunyarwanda
n’ibindi”. Kanyamibwa yakomeje ababwira bimwe na bimwe mu byigirwaga mu itorero.
Icya mbere bigiragamo ni ukwimakaza umuco w’imibanire myiza bakabana nk’abavandimwe badahemukirana. Yabasobanuriye ko intore yimakazaga umuco w’amahoro iharanira kubana neza n’abandi. Intore wasangaga ari inshuti zikomeye, zishyize hamwe ku buryo na nyuma y’ubuzima bwo mu itorero ubucuti bwakomezaga bitewe n’inyigisho bahabwaga zatumaga bumva kari abavandimwe. Mu itorero kandi nta vangura ryarangwagamo. Mu kubigisha
iyi ndangagaciro y’imibanire myiza barashotoranaga mu biganiro kugira ngo barebe uko uwo bashotoye yifata. Iyo byamurakazaga baramusekaga kugeza igihe abicitseho. Iyi nyigisho yatumaga abitabiriye itorero hagati yabo ubwabo babana mu mahoro.
Icya kabiri bigishwaga kiza ni ugukunda Igihugu. Batozwaga ibyivugo bigizwe n’ibigwi n’ibirindiro by’intwari za kera z’ibirangirire. Babifataga mu mutwe kugira ngo babashe guhimba ibyabo ndetse bizatume na bo bagira ubwo butwari. Ibyo byatumaga bavamo intwari z’Igihugu mu buryo butandukanye. Urugero ni nk’abatabazi n’abacengeri bemeraga gupfira Igihugu ku bushake kugira ngo kibone umutsindo. Ibi byagaragazaga urukundo rukomeye rwo kwitangira Igihugu. Ni na ho havuye umugani uvuga ngo “Wima amaraso Igihugu, imbwa zikayanywera ubusa”. Icya gatatu kandi intore zigiraga mu itorero ni amateka y’Igihugu n’Ikinyarwanda nk’ururimi n’umuco. Zigaga uko umuntu yifata n’uko avuga imbere y’abamuruta n’abo aruta ndetse n’imbere y’umwanzi kugira ngo amwime ikico. Intore zatozwaga uko zifata imbere y’abo ziyobora n’abaziyobora. Zatozwaga ubuvanganzo bunyuranye nk’ibyivugo maze mu nkera y’imihigo bakivuga ibigwi n’ibirindiro. Intore kandi zigaga kuvuga neza no kutizimba mu magambo.
Icya kane, mu itorero abahungu batozwaga gukoresha intwaro zitandukanye n’ubuhanga bwo kurwana. Muri byo twavuga nko gufora umuheto, kumasha, gukinga ingabo, gutera icumu, gusimbuka, gukirana, kuzibukira n’ibindi. Ibi kwari ukugira ngo igihe baba basakiranye n’umubisha bazirwaneho, ntazabafate mpiri.
Bigaga kandi amategeko y’intambara. Muri yo harimo ko kwica abagore n’abana no gufata ku ngufu abagore n’abakobwa byaziraga. Ikindi kandi bamenyaga ko cyaraziraga kuyitanga, kabone n’ubwo yaba iribwa cyangwa iryana.
Abakobwa bo ntibajyaga mu itorero ahubwo bajyaga mu rubohero ari byo twagereranya n’itorero kuri bo. Bahabwaga impanuro zirimo kwiyubaha, kubaha abandi, kuzavamo abagore babereye u Rwanda, kuzamenya kurera Igihugu no kujya inama zubaka imiryango yabo. Bahigiraga kandi imirimo itandukanye nko kuboha ibyibo, ibiseke n’imisambi, ndetse no gusengainkangara n’ibindi.
Mu nshamake, Kanyamibwa yababwiye ko itorero ryari rifite akamaro ntagereranywa mu burezi n’uburere mu Rwanda rwo hambere. Abavaga mu itorero basakazaga umuco mwiza baryigiyemo aho batuye. Nta ntore yitwaraga nabi ivuye mu itorero ahubwo wasangaga intore n’utaratojwe batandukanye cyane. Intore zabaga zifite inshingano yo kwigisha rubanda batagiye mu itorero,
zibagaragariza urugero rw’umuco mwiza, ndetse zimwe zigashinga ayandi matorero ku misozi.
Kanyamibwa yashoje ikiganiro ingimbi n’abangavu bo mu mudugudu wa Gahinga bagifite amatsiko yo kumenya byinshi ku nyigisho zatangirwaga mu itorero. Ibyo byatumye bamubaza ibibazo byinshi. Kabayiza ni we wabimburiye abandi kubaza. Yabajije ibibazo byiza maze Kanyamibwa na we amusubiza abivuye imuzi. Kabayiza asobanukirwa neza ibijyanye n’uburezi n’uburere mu Rwanda
rwo hambere.
Kabayiza yageze mu rugo asobanurira ababyeyi be ibyo yungukiye mu ihuriro ku nsanganyamatsiko y’uburezi n’uburere bw’ingimbi n’abangavu mu Rwanda rwo hambere. Ababyeyi be banejejwe n’izo nyigisho nziza ingimbi n’abangavu bo mu mudugudu wa Gahinga bigira mu ihuriro. Kuva ubwo, ntibongera kumubuza kurijyamo ahubwo bakajya bamuhwitura ngo adakererwa.
I.1.2. Gusobanura amagambo
Shaka mu mwandiko amagambo udasobanukiwe, uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranya cyangwa inyito afite mu mwandiko.
I.1.3. Kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
Subiza ibibazo bikurikira:
1.Rodora bimwe mu byo abahungu n’abakobwa batozwaga mu itorero no mu rubohero byavuzwe mu mwandiko.
2. Ni akahe kamaro itorero ryari rifite mu burezi n’uburere mu Rwanda rwo hambere?
3. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi zigize umwandiko.
4. Kuba abahungu baratorezwaga mu itorero abakobwa mu rubohero byerekanaga iki mu myumvire y’Abanyarwanda? Kuri ubu bimeze bite?
5. Utekereza ko itorero n’urubohero byagiraga uruhe ruhare mu kurema Umunyarwanda wuzuye indangagaciro z’umuco nyarwanda?6. Gereranya itorero ryo mu gihe cyo hambere n’itorero ryo muri iki gihe.
Imyitozo
1. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro.
a) Kuzibukira
b) Umutsindo
2. Ijambo “itorero” rifite inyito zinyuranye. Rikoreshe nibura mu nteruro eshatu uriha inyito zitandukanye.
3. Wubahiriza isanisha rikwiye, uzuza interuro zikurikira ukoresheje aya magambo: abatabazi, gufata mpiri, gufora umuheto.
a) Abajura bagiye kwiba mu kigo cyacu……………………….
b) Kera abahigi ………………. barasa inyamaswa
c) ……………….. bari bafite ubwitange bukomeye mu Gihugu.
4. Utekereza ko itorero mu Rwanda rwo hambere ryagiraga uruhe ruhare mu kurema Umunyarwanda ubereye u Rwanda.III.2 Amazina gakondo n’amazina y’amatirano
Igikorwa 3.2
Kora ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza y’amazina gakondo n’iy’amazina y’amatirano, intêgo yayo n’imvano y’amazina y’amatirano.
III.2.1. Amazina gakondo
1. Inshoza y’izina gakondo
Izina gakondo ni izina ry’umwimerere mu Kinyarwanda rivuga ridakomoka cyangwa ritatiwe mu ndimi z’amahanga.
Ingero: Igiti, umuvure, amasaka, ibishyimbo...
2. Intêgo y’izina gakondo
Amenshi mu mazina gakondo agizwe nk’uturemajambo dutatu tw’ibanze indomo, indanganteko n’igicumbi, ari na yo yitwa amazina mbonera. Ni ukuvuga ko izina gakondo atari izina ry’urusobe kandi atari izina rikomoye ku nshinga cyangwa ku bundi bwoko bw’amagambo. Intego y’izina gakondo rero ni : indomo, indanganteko (indangazina), n’igicumbi:D+RT+C
a) Indomo (D) Ni akaremajambo kagizwe n’inyajwi iterura izina. Indomo buri gihe isa n’inyajwi y’akaremajambo kayikurikira iyo gahari. Mu Kinyarwanda inyajwi zishobora kuba indomo ni eshatu: i, u, a.
Ingero: ikivuguto, amasaka, umuvure
b) Indanganteko/ Indangazina : RT/Rzn
c) Indanganteko/indangazina ni akaremajambo kerekana inteko izina ririmo. Ako karemajambo ni ko kagena uturemajambo tw’isanisha. Indanganteko zihinduka bitewe n’inteko izina ririmo.
Ingero:
Abangavu batorezwaga mu rubohero.
Uburezi bufite ireme burakenewe.
Indanganteko z’amazina zigabanyije mu nteko cumi n’esheshatu. Dore urutonde
rw’inteko n’indanganteko zirimo:
nt.1: mu
nt.2: ba
nt.3: mu
nt.4: mi
nt.5: ri
nt.6: ma
nt.7: ki
nt.8: bi
nt.9: n
nt.10: n
nt.11: ru
nt.12: ka
nt.13: tu
nt.14: bu
nt.15: ku
nt.16: ha
c) Igicumbi (C)
Igicumbi ni igice k’izina kidahinduka kibumbatiye inyito y’ibanze y’izina. Mu Kinyarwanda izina gakondo iryo ari ryo ryose rigira igicumbi.
Ikitonderwa:
- Amazina adafite indanganteko igaragara na yo intego yayo ni D+RT+C uretse ko RT igaragazwa n’ikimenyetso -Ø- . Iki kimenyetso gihagararira akaremajambo kabura mu turemajambo tw’ibanze.
Urugero: ishyari: i-Ø-shyari i-: Indomo -Ø-: ni indanganteko -shyari:
igicumbi
- Hari amazina gakondo atagira indomo n’indanganteko. Ingero: data, nyina, mushiki, dodo, so
Mu gusesengura ayo mazina, uturemajambo tutagaragara duhagararirwa
n’ikimenyetso -Ø-
Urugero: data: Ø-Ø-data
3. Amategeko y’igenamajwi akoreshwa mu izina gakondo
Imbonerahamwe ikurikira ikubiyemo amwe mu mategeko y’igenamajwi akoreshwa mu izina gakondo.
Uko ibimenyetso byakoreshejwe bisomwa:
Ingero:
u→w/-J: bisomwa ngo u ihinduka w iyo iri imbere y’inyajwi.
a→ø/ -J: bisomwa ngo a iburizwamo iyo iri imbere y’inyajwi.
k→g/-GR: bisomwa ngo k ihinduka g imbere y’ingombajwi y’indagi.
a+i→e: bisomwa ngo iyo a ihuye na i bihinduka e
p→ø/m-f: bisomwa ngo p iburizwamo iyo iri hagati ya m na f
III.2.2. Amazina y’amatirano
1. Inshoza amazina y’amatirano
Izina ry’iritirano ni izina ritari karemano muri urwo rurimi, ni izina ryavuye mu zindi ndimi z’amahanga.
Ingero:
a) Amazina yatiwe mu Gifaransa
Amashu: choux
Amakoperative: cooperative
Karoti: carotte
Inanasi: ananas
b) Amazina yatiwe mu Giswayire
Igitabo: kitabu
Indege: ndege
Akazi: kazi
Isahani: sahani
c) Amazina yatiwe mu Cyongereza
Ishati: shirt Akabati: akabati
Amasogisi: socks
uburingiti: blanket
d) Amazina yatiwe mu Iringara
Umusoro (gusora): mosolo
Inkaranka(ubunyobwa): kalanka
Umusara(umurimo): mosala
e) Amazina yatiwe mu Ikigande
Igikaju (igisheke): ekikajo
Igikwasi: ekikwasi
Indogobe: endogoyi
Amashanyarazi: amasanyarazi
2. Imvano y’amazina y’amatirano Ingero:
Kuva kera Abanyarwanda bashyikiranaga n’abaturage b’ibihugu bidukikije, bitewe n’ubucuti ubuhake, guhaha cyangwa gushyingirana, bigatuma Ikinyarwanda kinjiza amagambo y’amatirano. Ikindi kandi, kuva mu ntangiriro y’ikinyejana
cya makumyabiri, abanyaburayi batangiye kuza mu Rwanda bazanywe n’amadini, ubukoroni, ubucuruzi n’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro, ubuhinzi n’ibindi bituma zimwe mu ndimi z’i Burayi zinjiza amagambo mu Kinyarwanda.
3. Intêgo y’amazina y’amatirano
Intêgo y’amazina y’amatirano ni kimwe n’intego y’amazina gakondo (D-RT-C). Izina ry’iritirano iyo rigeze mu Kinyarwanda, rishakirwa inteko kandi rishobora no guhabwa indomo. Iyo ritahawe indomo, ntirigire n’indanganteko igaragara, utwo turemajambo duhagararirwa n’iki kimenyetsoø. Amazina y’amatirano akunze kuba mu nteko ya 9 akagira ubwinshi mu nteko ya 6 cyangwa iya 10.
Ingero:
- Isahani: i-ø-sahani nt.9/ amasahani: a-ma-sahani nt.6/isahani nyinshi nt.10
- Terefoni: ø-ø-terefoni nt.9/ amaterefoni: a-ma-terefoni nt.6/terefoni nyinshi nt.10
- ø-ø-tereviziyo nt.9/amatereviziyo: a-ma-tereviziyo nt.6/tereviziyo nyinshi nt.10- Ishati: ishati nt.9/amashati: a-ma-shati nt.6/ ishati nyinshi nt.10
Imyitozo
1. Tahura amazina gakondo ari mu gika gikurikira:
Abakobwa bo ntibajyaga mu itorero ahubwo bajyaga mu rubohero. Bahabwaga impanuro zirimo kwiyubaha, kubaha abandi, kuzavamo abagore babereye u Rwanda, kuzamenya kurera Igihugu no kujya inama zubaka imiryango yabo. Bahigiraga imirimo itandukanye nko kuboha ibyibo, ibiseke n’imisambi, ndetse no gusenga inkangara n’ibindi.
2. Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati y’amazina y’amatirano n’amazina gakondo?
3. Tanga ingero z’indimi nyafurika zatije Ikinyarwanda amagambo.
4. Garagaza intêgo y’amazina mbonera gakondo akurikira ugaragaze
n’amategeko y’igenamajwi:
a) Amenyo
b) Umuhungu
c) Inzembe
d) Imfuruka
e) Umweyo
f) Inzuzi (uruyuzi)
g) Ibyashara
h) Icyashara
i) Agaterefonij) Umwarimu
III. 3 Ibiganiro mpaka
III.3.1. Inshoza y’ikiganiro mpaka
Ikiganiro mpaka ni igikorwa cyo kuganira ku nsanganyamatsiko runaka bamwe bayishyigikira abandi bayivuguruza/bayihakana. Icyo kiganiro kiba kiyobowe kandi buri ruhande ruba ruhatanira guhiga urundi mu gutanga ibitekerezo neza. Ibyo bigatuma buri ruhande rutsimbarara ku murongo w’ibitekerezo rwahisemo. Ikiganiro mpaka kigira abantu bafite inshingano zinyuranye zituma kigenda nezakandi cyubahiriza igihe cyagenwe.
III.3.2 Uko bategura ikiganiro mpaka n’uko gikorwa
Mbere yo kwinjira mu kiganiro mpaka, abashyigikiye insanganyamatsiko n’abatayishyigikiye bamenyeshwa insanganyamatsiko, bagahabwa umwanya wo gukora ubushakashatsi buhagije, begeranya ingingo bari bushingireho/ bazashingiraho kugira ngo bahige abo bari buge impaka.
1. Abagize ikiganiro mpaka
- Umuyobozi: Umuyobozi w’ikiganiro avuga insanganyamatsiko iza kugibwaho impaka, agateganya igihe ikiganiro kiri bumare. Agena umubare w’abagomba kugira uruhare mu kiganiro kugira ngo bataba benshi, bityo ibitekerezo bikagora iyobora. Umuyobozi w’ikiganiro ashobora kuba umwe cyangwa bakaba babiri
bitewe n’abajya impaka uko bangana n’imiterere y’insanganyamatsiko.
- Umwanditsi: Ni uwandika ibitekerezo bitangwa na buri ruhande.
- Abashyigikiye insanganyamatsiko: ni itsinda/ uruhande rw’abajya impaka ariko bemeranya n’insanganyamatsiko. Ibitekerezo, ingingo ndetse n’ingero batanga, byose biba biyishyigikira insanganyamatsiko igibwaho impaka.
- Abahakana insanganyamatsiko: ni itsinda/ uruhande rw’abajya impaka ariko bahakana insanganyamatsiko. Ibitekerezo, ingingo ndetse n’ingero batanga, byose biba bihakana insanganyamatsiko kabone n’ubwo baba bazi ukuri, barakwirengagiza.
- Abake murampaka: Ni itsinda ry’abantu begeranya ibihamya ko uruhande runaka rwatsinze urundi.
- Umuhwituzi: ni umuntu wibutsa ko igihe cyagenewe igikorwa iki n’iki cyarangiye.
- Indorerezi: ni itsinda ry’abantu bitabiriye ikiganiro mpaka. Nta nshingano zindi bagira uretse kureba no kuryoherwa n’ikiganiro. Cyakora bashobora guhabwa ijambo bakagira uruhande bashyigikira bitewe n’uko bumva insanganyamatsiko.
Abajya impaka bicara barebana. Ibi bituma ntawubangamirwa cyangwa ngo aterwe icyugazi na mugenzi we. Ni byiza ko abajya impaka babanza kwibwirana.
2. Uko ikiganiro mpaka gikorwa
Umuyobozi w’ikiganiro mpaka atangiza ikiganiro, atanga amabwiriza ku bitabiriye ikiganiro ari abajya impaka ndetse n’indorerezi kandi akirinda kugira uruhande abogamiraho. Mu kiganiro mpaka, ntawiha ijambo; arihabwa n’umuyobozi w’ikiganiro. Nyuma y’ayo mabwiriza, avuga insanganyamatsiko iri bugibweho
impaka, maze agaha umwanya abagiye kujya impaka, bagatangira gutanga ibitekerezo byabo.
Iyo abajya impaka bamaze guhabwa umwanya, barisanzura, itsinda rikajya risimburana n’irindi mu gutanga ibitekerezo. Ufashe ijambo bwa mbere, asobanura uko yumva insanganyamatsiko, akabona gutanga ibitekerezo bye. Iyo arangije kuvuga, umuyobozi w’ikiganiro aha ijambo uwo mu rundi ruhande udashyigikiye insanganyamatsiko. Uyu na we abanza gusobanura insanganyamatsiko, agasenya ibitekerezo by’uwamubanjirije, akabona gutanga ibitekerezo bijyanye n’umurongo itsinda rye ryihaye.
Nyuma y’aba babiri babanza kuri buri tsinda, umuyobozi w’ikiganiro agenda aha ijambo umuntu umwumwe uvugira buri tsinda, bakagenda basimburana kugeza igihe umwanya bagenewe urangiye. Aba na bo ugiye kuvuga, abanza gusenya igitekerezo cya mugenzi we. Mu gusenya ingingo z’uwakubanjirije, uzisenyesha
ibitekerezo bifite ingufu kurusha ibyatanzwe. Nubwo abajya impaka baba bagomba gusenyana mu bitekerezo, ufashe ijambo ashaka gusenya igitekerezo cy’undi agomba kubikora mu kinyabupfura no mu bwubahane atajya impaka za ngo turwane. Iyo amaze kubisenya, avuga uko abyumva. Uko umwe mu bajya impaka atanze ibitekerezo, ni ko umwanditsi agenda abyandika. Umwanditsi agomba kwandika muri make ingingo zose zitangwa n’impande zombi akirinda gushyiramo ibitekerezo bye.
Abari mu kiganiro ntibaba bagomba gutandukira insanganyamatsiko. Umuyobozi w’ikiganiro agarura mu murongo abashatse gutandukira bajya mu bindi. Mu gihe batanga ibitekerezo, uvuga aba agomba gushira amanga akagaragaza ko ingingo atanga azihagazeho ku buryo abamwumva babona ko yifitiye ikizere mu byo avuga. Uri mu kiganiro mpaka, ntagira umususu, nta n’ubwo atungurwa igihe abajijwe n’uwo ku rundi ruhande. Ahora yiteguye kandi ntiyerekane ko ikibazo abajijwe kimunaniye. Bityo igihe avuga, agomba guhanga amaso abo abwira n’abandi bose
bari aho, akarangurura ijwi kugira ngo yumvikanishe igitekerezo ke.
Mu gihe batanga ibitekerezo, umuhwituzi agenda agenzura ko igihe cyo kuvuga cyubahirizwa. Iyo uhawe ijambo atubahirije igihe, umuhwituzi amenyekanisha ko igihe kirangiye, hanyuma umuyobozi w’ikiganiro akaka ijambo uvuga. Indorerezi na zo zigomba kugaragaza umutuzo, zikirinda urusaku, gukomera no gukomera amashyi abatanze ibitekerezo byabo. Iyo umwanya w’abajyaga impaka urangiye, indorerezi zihabwa ijambo zikavuga uko zumva insanganyamatsiko.
Mu gusoza ikiganiro mpaka, umwanditsi asoma ingingo zatanzwe na buri ruhande ku nsanganyamatsiko. Abakemura mpaka na bo bagashingira ku ngingo zagiye zitangwa na buri tsinda, bagashingira ku myitwarire bagaragaje n’uko bakoreye hamwe nk’itsinda maze bakagaragaza uruhande rwatsinze urundi. Hanyuma umuyobozi w’ikiganiro, agashimira abagize uruhare bose mu kiganiro mpaka,
akaboneraho kuvuga igitekerezo cyari kigamijwe, hatangwa iyo nsanganyamatsiko, akaba yakongeraho ibitekerezo bitavuzwe.
III.4 Amabwirizay’imyandikire: Ikata n’itakara ry’inyajwi,amagambo afatana n’adafatana
Igikorwa 3.4
Ushingiye ku bumenyi ufite, kora ubushakashatsi maze ugaragaze
Amabwiriza agenga ikata n’itakara ry’inyajwi, amagambo afatana n’adafatana mu myandikire y’Ikinyarwanda.
III.4.1 Ikata n’itakara ry’inyajwi
1. Ikata ry’inyajwi zisoza ibinyazina ngenera n’ibyungo “na” na “nka”:
Inyajwi zisoza ikinyazina ngenera n’ibyungo “na” na “nka” zirakatwa iyo zikurikiwe n’ijambo ritangiwe n’inyajwi ariko inyajwi isoza ikinyazina ngenera gikurikiwe n’umubare wanditse mu mibarwa ntikatwa.
Ingero:
- Wakomerekejwe n’iki?
- Ntakibyara nk’intare n’ingwe.
- Umubare w’amashuri y’imyuga uriyongera.
- Nyereka uko batsa tereviziyo n’uko bayizimya.
- Umwaka w’ibihumbi bibiri na cumi n’ibiri
- Umwaka wa 2012.
2. Inyajwi zisoza amagambo ntizikatwa
Urugero:
Kabya inzozi
3. Inyajwi “i” isoza akabimbura “nyiri”, n’inshinga mburabuzi “ni” na “si” ntizikatwa.
Ingero:
- Nyiri ubwenge aruta nyiri uburyo
- Amasunzu si amasaka
- Icyatumye ejo ntaza iwawe ni uko natashye ndwaye.
4. Ijambo “nyiri” iyo riri mu mazina amwe n’amwe y’icyubahiro rifatana n’ijambo ririkurikiye
Urugero:
- NyiricyubahiroMusenyeri arahageze.
- Nyirubutungane Papa azasura u Rwanda.
5. “Nyira” ivuga “nyina wa” ikoreshwa mu mazina, ifatana n’ijambo ibanjirije
Urugero:
- Nyirabukwe aramukunda.
- Nyirasenge ararwaye cyane.
6. Inyajwi itangira amazina bwite n’amazina rusange akurikiye indangahantu “mu”na“ku” iratakara, keretse mu izina ritangirwa n’inyajwi “i” ikora nk’indanganteko.
Ingero:
- Mu Mutara higanje imisozi migufi.
- Mu Kagera habamo ingona.
- Amatungo yanyuze mu murima.
- Kwita ku nka bigira akamaro.
- Abana bavuye ku iriba bajya mu ishuri.
- Banyuze mu ishyamba.
7. Inyajwi zisoza indangahantu “ku”na “mu”ntizikatwa kandi zandikwa iteka zitandukanye n’izina rikurikira
Ingero:
- Amatungo yanyuze mu murima.
- Kwita ku nka bigira akamaro. Amagambo afatana n’adafatana
III.4. 2 Amagambo afatana n’adafatana
1. Amazina y’inyunge harimo n’amazina bwite y’inyunge yandikwa afatanye.
Ingero:
- Umwihanduzacumu
- Rugwizangoga
- Umukangurambaga
- Umuhuzabikorwa
- Amayirabiri
2. Mu bisingizo, mu byivugo no mu migani, amazina nteruro agizwe n’amagambo arenze ane (4) yandikwa atandukanyijwe kandi agashyirwa mu twuguruzo n’utwugarizo.
Urugero:
Ubwo “Inshyikanya ku mubiri ya Rugema ahica” aba arahashinze.
3. Amagambo mfutuzi yandikwa atandukanyijwe n’amagambo afuturwa.
Ingero:
- Inama njyanama
- Umuco nyarwanda
- Umutima nama
- Umutima muhanano
- Inyandiko mvugo.
4. Ibyungo “na” na “nka” bikurikiwe n’ibinyazina ngenga bivuga nyakuvuga na nyakubwirwa (ngenga ya 1 n’iya 2) byandikwa mu ijambo rimwe ariko bikandikwa bitandukanye n’ibinyazina ngenga muri ngenga ya 3.
Ingero:
- Ndumva nawe umeze nkange.
- Ndabona natwe tumeze nkamwe.
- Ndumva na we ameze nka bo.
- Ndabona na ko kameze nka bwo.
5. Iyo ikinyazina ngenera gikurikiwe n’ikinyazina ngenga byandikwa mu ijambo rimwe.
Ingero:
- Umwana wange ariga.
- Umurima wacu urera.
- Ishati yawe irashaje.
- Amafaranga yabo yarashize.
6. Impakanyi “nta” yandikwa ifatanye n’inshinga itondaguye iyikurikiye ariko iyo ikurikiwe n’ubundi bwoko bw’ijambo biratandukana.
Ingero:
- Iwacu ntawurwaye
- Muri iri shuri ntabatsinzwe
- Ya nka ntayagarutse
- Ugereyo nta gukerererwa kubaye.
- Nta we mbona
- Nta cyo ndwaye
7. Ibinyazina ngenga ndangahantu “ho”,“yo”,“mo (mwo)” n’akajambo “ko” bifatana n’inshinga bikurikiye, keretse iyo iyo nshinga ari “ni” cyangwa “si”.
Ingero:
- Wa mugabo nimusangayo turagenderako ntitugaruka.
- Ya nama yayivuyemo hakiri hare.
- Kuki yamwihomyeho?
- Ni ho mvuye.
- Si ho ngiye.
8. Akajambo “ko” kunga inyangingo ebyiri kandikwa gatandukanye n’amagambo agakikije.
Ingero:
- Umwarimu avuze ko dukora imyitozo.
- Ndatekereza ko baduhembye.
9. Urujyano rurimo ijambo “ngo” kimwe n’ibinyazina:“wa wundi”, “bya bindi”,“aho ngaho”,“uwo nguwo”, n’ibindi biremetse nka byo byandikwa mu magambo abiri.
Ingero:
- Kugira ngo wa wundi adasanga wagiye, ukwiye kuba ugumye aho ngaho.
- Bwira uwo nguwo yinjire.
- Fata aka ngaka, ibyo ngibyo bireke.
10. Ijambo “ni” rikurikiwe n’inshinga ifite inshoza yo “gutegeka” cyangwa iyo “guteganya” ryandikwa rifatanye na yo.
Ingero:
- Nimugende mudasanga imodoka yabasize.
- Nimugerayo muzamundamukirize.
11. Amagambo yerekana ibihe yandikwa mu ijambo rimwe: “nimunsi”, “nijoro
(ninjoro)”, “nimugoroba”, “ejobundi”.
Ingero:
- Aragera ino nijoro.
- Araza nimugoroba.
- Yatashye ejobundi.
12. Ijambo “munsi”ryerekana ahantu na ryo ryandikwa mu ijambo rimwe.
Urugero:
Imbeba yihishe munsi y’akabati.
13. Amagambo “ku” na “mu” yandikwa atandukanye n’ikinyazina ngenera ndetse
no mu magambo “ku wa” na “mu wa” abanziriza itariki cyangwa umubare mu izina ry’umunsi.
Ingero:
- Sindiho ku bwabo.
- Navutse ku wa 12 Ugushyingo.
- Azaza ku wa Mbere.
- Yiga mu wa kane.
14. Ijambo “(i) saa”, rikurikiwe n’umubare byerekana isaha byandikwa mu magambo atandukanye.
Ingero:
- Abashyitsi barahagera saa tatu.
- Isaa kenda nizigera ntaraza wigendere
15. Imigereka ndangahantu iremewe ku ndangahantu “i” (imuhira, iheru, iburyo, ibumoso, ivure, ikambere, imbere, ibwami, inyuma…) n’amagambo akomoka kuri “i” y’indangahantu ikurikiwe n’ikinyazina ngenera “wa”, n’ikinyazina ngenga yandikwa mu ijambo rimwe.
Ingero:
- Nujya iburyo ndajya ibumoso.
- Mbwirira abari ikambere bazimanire abashyitsi.
- Nuza iwacu nzishima.
16. Indangahantu “i” ikurikiwe n’izina bwite ry’ahantuyandikwa itandukanye n’iryo zina.
Ingero:
- I Kirinda haratuwe cyane.
- I Muyunzwe ni mu majyepfo.
17. Inshinga mburabuzi “-ri”iyo ikoreshejwe mu nyangingo ngaragira yandikwa itandukanye n’ikinyazina kiyibanziriza n’ikiyikurikira.
Ingero:
- Itegeko rihana umuntu uwo ari we wese wangiza umutungo wa Leta.
- Ibyo ari byo byose sindara ntaje kukureba.
- Sinzi uwo uri we.
- Nimumbwire abo muri bo.
18. Amagambo afatiwe hamwe akarema inyumane y’umugereka, inyumane y’icyungo, cyangwa iy’irangamutima akomoka ku binyazina bitakibukirwa amazina bisimbura, yandikwa afatanye. Nyamara iyo ahuje ishusho n’izo nyumane kandi ibinyazina bikerekeza ku kintu kizwi cyangwa kibukwa mu buryo bugaragara, byandikwa bitandukanye.
Ingero:
- Niko? Uraza?
- Uko arya ni ko angana.
- Urahinga nuko uteza.
- Uku kwezi ni uko guhinga.
- Amutumaho nuko araza.
- Ukuboko ashaka ni uko.
19. Amagambo ashingiye ku isubiramo yandikwa afatanye.
Ingero:
Perezida yavuze ijambo arangije abari aho amashyi ngo: “Kacikaci”!
Babwire bage binjira umwumwe.Mugende babiribabiri.
Imyitozo
Kora imiyitozo ikurikira:
1. Amagambo aranga igihe yandikwa ate? Tanga ingero eshatu.
2. INdimi zose zandikwa zigira amabwiriza agenga imyandikire yazo. Ni izihe ngingo z’ingenzi amabwiriza y’imyandikire y’Ikinyarwanda yibandaho?
3. Kosora interuro zikurikira aho ari ngombwa:
a) Umwarimu yahageze saamunani.
b) Tugiye kumva twumva amashyi ngo kaci kaci!
c) Urarya ni uko utabyibuha.
d) Tuzasoza umwaka w’aashuri kuwa 25 nyakanga.e) Iga ibyongibyo kugirango uzatsinde neza.
III.5. Inyunguramagambo
Igikorwa 3.5
Shingira ku bumenyi ufite, ukore ubushakashatsi maze usobanure: impuzanyito, imbusane, imvugwakimwe, ingwizanyito n’impuzashusho kandi utange n’ingero.
III.5.1. Inshoza y’inyunguramagambo
Mu Kinyarwanda inyunguramagambo ni urwunge rw’amagambo umuntu akenera kugira ngo abashe gusobanukirwa no gusabana n’abandi mu mvugo cyangwa mu nyandiko.
III.5.2 Amatsinda y’inyunguramagambo z’Ikinyarwanda
Inyunguramagambo z’IKinyarwanda zishyirwa mu matsinda bitewe n’isano zifitanye. Bityo, hakaboneka impuzanyito (imvugakimwe), imbusane, imvugwakimwe, ingwizanyito n’impuzashusho.
1. Impuzanyito
Impuzanyito ni amagambo ahuje inyito. Ni ukuvuga ko ayo magambo aba atavugitse kimwe, atanandikwa kimwe ariko ahuje igisobanuro ku buryo rimwe ryasimbura irindi mu nteruro imwe igitekerezo ntigihinduke.
Ingero:
- Abana=urubyaro
- Indyo=igaburo=ifunguro.
- Uruhinja= ikibondo
- Ibyago=amakuba
- Kurya= gufungura=kwica isari=gukora ku munwa
- Ishoka=indyankwi=imarabiti=inshenyi=inshabiti
- Kuzahaza= kurembya=kunegekaza
- Umuhanzi=umuhimbyi
- Gupfa= kwitaba Imana=gutaha
- Umukambwe= umusaza
2. Imvugwakimwe
Imvugwakimwe ni amagambo yandikwa kimwe kandi agasomwa kimwe ariko nta ho ahuriye mu bijyanye n’inyito cyangwa igisobanuro. Ni ukuvuga ko ayo magambo
aba asa mu rwego rw’imyandikire n’imivugirwe ariko adafitanye igisobanuro kimwe. Ikiyatandukanya, ni imvugiro aba yakoreshejwemo.
Ingero:
Umugabo
- Umugabo batanga bakora imibare
- Umugabo: umuntu w’igitsina gabo.
Kubyara
- Kubyara umwana
- Kubyara ku igisabo/isekuru/ingoma
- Kubyara umuntu yari yashobewe (kumugoboka)
Inka
- Itungo ryo mu rugo
- Amasaro bakinisha igisoro
- Izo bakoresha mu mukino w’ikibariko (imbata)
Imbata
- Imbata y’umwandiko
- Imbata y’itungo
- Imbata (ikibariko) bakina
3. Impuzashusho
Impuzashusho ni amagambo yandikwa kimwe ariko adasomwa kimwe kandi nta ho ahuriye mu bijyanye n’inyito cyangwa igisobanuro. Ni ukuvuga ko ayo magambo aba asa (ahuje ishusho mu nyandiko isanzwe) ariko uko avugwa ndetse n’igisobanuro
nta ho bihuriye. Ayo magambo atandukaniye ku butinde bw’imigemo n’imiterere y’amasaku.
Ingero:
Inkoko
- Inkoko: Itungo
- Inkoko: Igikoresho bagosoza imyaka.
Imyenda
- Imyenda: imyambaro
- Imyenda: amadeni
Inda
- Inda: igice cy’umubiri
- Inda: udusimba tujya mu myenda
Gutara:
- Gutara: Gushyira ibitoki mu rwina
- Gutara: gukusanya ibintu bitatanye cyane
Ikiraro
– Ikiraro: Iteme bambukiraho
– Ikiraro: Inzu y’inka cyangwa andi matungo
Gutaka
- Gutaka: Gusakuza bitewe n’ikikubayeho
- Gutaka: Gushyira imitako ku kintu
Guhuma
- Guhuma: Kurwara amaso
- Guhuma: Kuvuga kw’impyisi
4. Ingwizanyito
Ingwizanyito ni ijambo rifite inyito nyinshi kandi izo nyito zikaba zifitanye isano muzi. Ni ukuvuga ko ibisobanuro byaryo biba bifite aho bihuriye.
Ingero:
Umuti :
Umuti w’ibibazo
Umuti uvura indwara
Gusoma :
Gusoma ibitabo
Gusoma misa
Gusoma umuntu
Gusoma ikinyobwa
Gusoma impyisi (Inshoberamahanga)
Gutera:
Gutera umupira
Gutera icumu
Gutera inyoni
Gutera amagi
Gutera ubwoba
Gutera umupira
Gutera icumu
Gutera inyoni
Gutera amagi
Gutera ubwoba
Gutera umugeri /ikofe
Gutera ibiti
Gutera umuti
Gutera inzugi
Gutera ipasi
5. Imbusane
Imbusane ni amagambo afite inyito zinyuranye. Ni ukuvuga ko inyito zayo zivuguruzanya mu ngingo abumbatiye. Mu Kinyarwanda bakunda gukoresha iki kimenyetso ≠ bagaragaza imbusane.
Ingero:
Kuzamuka≠ kumanuka
Kugaya≠ gushima
Abagore ≠abagabo
Cyoroshye ≠ kigoye
Kirekire ≠ kigufi
Umuhungu ≠ umukobwa
Ubugwari ≠ ubutwari
Ubukire ≠ ubukeneAmanywa ≠ ijoro
Imyitozo
1. Simbuza mu nteruro zikurikira amagambo ari mu mukara utsindaye impuzanyito zayo.
a) Umuturanyi wacu Kanakuze yabyaye abana babiri.
b) Witera amabuye muri kiriya giti kirimo ibyiyoni utangiza ibidukikije.
c) Nagiye kwa Sogokuru nsanga adahisha amazi uruho.
2. Hitamo rimwe mu magambo wahawe ari mu dukubo, wuzurishe interuro zikurikira imbusane zayo (munini, gutsinda, guhaga, ubushyuhe)
a) Abakinnyi b’umupira w’amaguru mu kigo cyacu bakunda.............................
b) Iyo abana bavuye ku ishuri baba.........................cyane.
c) Mu bihugu by’i Burayi ...................................bumara igihe kirekire.
d) Uyu murima.........................ni wo wezemo ibigori bingana kuriya?
3. Koresha buri jambo muri aya akurikira mu nteruro eshatu ku buryo rigira ibisobanuro binyuranye.
a) Gutera
b) Gusoma
4. Koresha buri jambo muri aya akurikira mu nteruro ebyirebyiri zifite inyito zigaragaza ko ayo magambo ari impuzashusho.
a) Kuvura
b) Guhishac) Gushima
III.6 Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa gatatu
Umwandiko: Umutego mutindi
Iribagiza yari umukobwa w’uburanga kavukire n’ubupfura bihebuje. Yarangwaga n’imyambarire itigana iya kizungu bikabije kuko we yikundiraga imyambaro gakondo, kandi agakunda ibara ry’idoma muri rusange. Ku murimo we wo kwakira abantu mu Kigo Ndangamuco yakoragamo, yashimwaga n’abantu bose.
Umunsi umwe yazindutse ajya ku kazi ke nk’uko byari bisanzwe. Akihagera, asanga umuyobozi we Gashyeke yahageze ari mu biro. Ni ko kumuhamagara, undi na we aramwitaba.
Akimugera imbere aratangira ati: “Ndagushimira ubwitange n’umurava byinshi bikuranga mu kazi, ku buryo nsanga uri umukozi w’indashyikirwa.” Ubwo Gashyeke yabikoze agira ngo abone aho amuhera amwiyegereza bage bagirana ikiganiro kihariye buri gihe. Nyamara Iribagiza utari uzi ikibyihishe inyuma aramusubiza ati: “Murakoze kumbwira ibyiza mumbonaho mu kazi, nange
nzakomeza kubabera umukozi mwiza ukorana umurava igihe cyose.”
Nyuma y’igihe gito, shebuja Gashyeke amutumaho mu biro bye, ngo amuzamure mu ntera, kubera imikorere ye myiza. Amugira umwungiriza we wa hafi ngo age yakira ubutumwa bw’akazi bwose abe ari we ubusubiza. Ibyo byashimishije Iribagiza wumvaga ari byiza gushimirwa imyitwarire ye no kugirirwa ikindi kizere
agahabwa inshingano nshya.
Ntibyatinze shebuja amutumaho nk’ibisanzwe ariko afite undi mugambi kuri we. Yari yarabuze aho yamuhera kuko yari azwiho ubwitonzi n’ukwiyubaha gukomeye kandi akubaha buri wese. Ubwo Gashyeke amuhereza ibaruwa y’ubutumwa bw’akazi bwagombaga kumara iminsi itanu bari i Rubavu bombi. Iribagiza abwira ababyeyi be iby’ubutumwa bw’akazi yahawe kuko nta na rimwe
yabahishaga gahunda ze z’akazi kubera ikizere yabagiriraga. Se abubonye agira amakenga. Yahise ahamagara umuporisi bari baziranye wakoreraga i Rubavu kuzamukurikiranira umutekano w’umukobwa we nagera muri Serena Hoteri. Ibyo yabikoze mu ibanga atamenyesheje Iribagiza ndetse na nyina. Bageze kuri Hoteri bari bateguriwe gucumbikamo, Iribigiza ahabwa urufunguzo rw’icyumba yagombaga kuraramo. Nyamara ntiyari azi ko umuyobozi we Gashyeke yahawe n’abakozi ba Hoteri urundi rufunguzo rw’icyumba ke kugira ngo bimufashe kugera ku mugambi
mubisha wo kumufata ku ngufu yari yateguye. Igicuku kinishye, Gashyeke aranyonyomba maze akingura buhorobuhoro icyumba cya Iribagiza. Yiroha mu buriri, aba yambuye iribagiza ikanzu yo kurarana y’umweru yari yambaye, ashaka kumufata ku ngufu, batangira kugundagurana ari nako Iribagiza ataka atabaza.
Umuporisi wari wasabwe gukurikiranira hafi umutekano w’Iribagiza, aba yumvise Iribagiza ataka, arira, yihutira kujya kureba icyo abaye. Asaba abakozi ba hoteri gufungura icyo cyumba, batungurwa no gusanga Iribagiza arwana n’umuyobozi we ashaka kumufata ku ngufu. Bamwambika amapingu ndetse n’uwamufashije muri uwo mugambi na we atabwa muri yombi, bashyikirizwa inzego zishinzwe guhana ibyaha by’ihohotera. Porisi yasize yihanangirije abakozi
ba hoteri ko badakwiye guha icyuho abagizi ba nabi baba bashaka gukorera ibikorwa by’ihohoterwa mu macumbi yabo. Bongeraho ko uzafatwa azahanwa by’intangarugero.
Kuva ubwo Iribagiza yahise ashinga ihuriro rirwanya ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina kandi riharanira kwimakaza umuco wo kubahiriza uburenganzira bw’ikiremwa muntu muri rusange.
i. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko.
Subiza ibibazo bikurikira.
1) Ni nde munyarubuga mukuru uvugwa muri iyi nkuru?
2) Ni iki cyateye Gashyeke kuzamura Iribagiza mu ntera nk’umukozi
w’indashyikirwa?
3) Ni iki cyapfubije umugambi mubisha Gashyeke yari yateguye?
4) Ni izihe ngingo z’ingenzi zivugwa muri uyu mwandiko? Sobanura mu nshamake buri ngingo.
5) Vuga muri make uburyo abahohotera abandi bashobora gushyira ubuzima bwabo mu kaga.
6) Ni iki wakwigira ku myitwarire ya se wa Iribagiza?
ii. Ibibazo by’inyunguramagambo
1) Huza ijambo riri mu ruhushya rwa mbere n’imbusane yaryo iri mu ruhushya rwa kabiri
2) Ongera usome umwandiko “Umutego mutindi”, ushakemo impuzanyito z’amagambo akurikira:
a) Arafungwa
b) Imyifatire
c) Imirimo
d) Intangarugero.
3) Koresha buri jambo muri aya akurikira mu nteruro ebyiri zifite inyito zinyuranye.
a) Ikirere
b) Intama
4) Andika interuro igaragaza indi nyito y’ijambo ryanditse n’umukara tsiri.
Rukundo ni we utera indirimbo mu itsinda ndirimbamo.
iii. Ibibazo by’ikibonezamvugo
1. Soma igika cya mbere cy’umwandiko “Umutego mutindi”utahuremo amazina
gakondo n’amazina y’amatirano.
2. Garagaza intego n’amategeko y’igenemejwi by’amagambo yanditse mu mukara tsiri.
a) Umutegomutindiushibukana nyirawo.
b) Iribagiza yambaraga imyenda y’ibara ry’idoma.
c) Iribagiza yaguze imodoka nziza.
d) Umuporisi yatabaye Iribagiza.
iv. Ibibazo ku biganiro mpaka
1. Ni izihe nshingano waba ufite uramutse ugizwe umuyobozi w’ikiganiro mpaka?
2. Ni akahe kamaro ko gukora ibiganiro mpaka?
v. Ibibazo ku myandikire y’Ikinyarwanda
1. Kosora interuro zikurikira aho biri ngombwa:
a) Umukobwa wa nge yanga gukina nabandi.
b) Umwenda wumweru wandura vuba.
2. Subiza Yego cyangwa Oya
a) Amagambo abanziriza itariki cyangwa umubare mu izina ry’umunsi yandikwa: “kuwa” na “muwa”
b) Inyajwi “i” isoza akabimbura “nyiri” irakatwa iyo ikurikiwe n’ijambo ritangiwe n’inyajwi.
c) Ikinyazina ngenga ndangahantu “ho” cyandikwa gifatanye n’inshinga gikurikiye.
d) Icyungo “nka” cyandikwa gifatanye n’ibinyazina ngenera ngenga muri ngenga ya mbere n’iya kabiri
UMUTWE WA 4: UMUCO NYARWANDA
Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
- Gusesengura umwandiko agaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi ziwugize.
- Kurondora no gusobanura ingeri z’ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda.
- Guhanga yigana zimwe mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda.- Gukina bigana imisango y’ubukwe
Igikorwa cy' umwinjizo
Ushingiye ku bumenyi ufite ku muco nyarwanda, sobanura ingeri z’ubuvanganzo bwo muri rubanda, sobanura uko ubukwe bwa kinyarwanda bwakorwaga ndetse n’uko umuhango wo kwita izina wakorwaga.
IV.1 Gusoma, kumva no gusesengura umwandiko: Ruhinyuza
Igikorwa 4.1
Soma umwandiko ukurikira, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranya cyangwa inyito afite mu mwandiko kandi usubize n’ibibazo byawubajijweho.
IV. 1.1 Gusoma umwandikoSoma umwandiko ukurikira:
Kera habayeho umugabo akitwa Ruhinyuza Rwahinyuje Imana. Umunsi umwe yagiye kwiba asanga umugore nyiri urugo yabyaye aryamye asinziriye. Yinjiye mu nzu yumva Imana irimo gutuka umwana imubwira iti: “Mwana wange uravutse, ariko uzicwa n’ihembe ry’inzovu”. Ruhinyuza abyumvise arivugisha ati:
“Imana irabeshya.” Ntiyaba akibye, aratambuka ajya aho uwo mugore aryamye, afata icyuma, agicisha mu mara ya wa mwana wavutse uwo munsi arangije arigendera.
Bene urugo bakangutse, umubyeyi ngo arebe umwana, asanga amara ye ku buriri. Abwira umugabo ati: “Byuka umwana yapfuye”. Umugabo arabyuka aracana, amatara yari ataraza acana mu ziko. Baterura umwana, basanga ni intere. Bamushyira ku ziko, bazana ikiremo k’impuzu, bakubita muri ya mara babusubiza mu nda barahwanya. Bakajya basenga bagira bati: “Imana ntiyanga kugondozwa yanga guhemuzwa, twizeye ko uyu mwana azakira”. Bamurekera aho, umwana baramuvura arakira. Aba aho ngaho, arasohoka, agera aho kwicara, agera iyo akambakamba, agera iyo ahaguruka, wa mugabo kandi akajya aza kuneka kuko yumvise Imana ivuga ngo: “Mwana wange ndagututse uzicwa n’ihembe ry’inzovu”.
Umwana aba aho, amaze gupfundura amabere, wa mugabo yenga
inzoga, aragenda ajya gusaba wa mukobwa. Baramumwemerera bati: “Tuzamugushyingira.” Umugabo arakwa, amaze gukwa, ati: “Ndashaka gushyingirwa”. Umugabo arashyingirwa. Amaze gushyingirwa abwira abagaragu be ati: “Umva rero bagaragu bange, nk’uko nshyingiwe uyu mwana w’umukobwa, uyu mwana
w’umukobwa ntakigenze; uyu mwana w’umukobwa ntakagire ubwo ajya mu muryango w’inzu; ntakagire ubwo ajya mu rugo; azajya mu rugo mumuhetse; azajya mu gikari mumuhetse; kandi ntazahinga. Umugore yibera aho ngaho aratinya, aratinyuka; yasohoka agahekwa, yajya kwituma agahekwa, yasubira mu nzu agahekwa.
Umugore arabyara. Amaze kubyara bibera aho ngaho, bukeye abahigi barahiga. Ngo bamare guhiga nyamugore yumva umuhigo. Abwira abagaragu ati: “Ihiii, nimumpeke nge kureba.” Abagaragu bati: “Hama aho ngaho ntibishoboka, kujya kureba umuhigo ntibishoboka, hama aho ngaho, ntabwo bigushishikaje.
Abagenda baraza kukubwira”. Umugore ati: “Oya nimumpeke munshyire mu gikari”. Burya koko nyamwanga kubwirwa ntiyanze kubona! Umugore baramuheka no mu gikari. Umugore areba umuhigo, abahigi bari bahetse impyisi. Umugore arabareba, bimwanga mu nda, umugore ashingura ukuguru mu ngobyi,
agushinga ku rugo. Agushinze ku rugo, ashinga mu ihembe ry’inzovu. Umugore arongera ashingura ukuguru ati: “nimunjyane imuhira, sinzi ikintu kinyishe mu kirenge”. Bamusubiza mu nzu, umugore ariko ataka avuga ngo “Nyamwanga kumva ntiyanze no kubona”. Guhera ubwo abyimba ikirenge, umugabo ngo
aze barabimubwira. Umugabo ati: “Ese ye, byagenze bite? Uyu mugore mwamujyaniye iki mu gikari?” Abagaragu be baramusubiza bati: “Uyu mugore yari yatubwiye turamuhakanira aranga. None rero nta kundi twari kubigenza”.
Nuko bigeze igihe cya nijoro umugore arapfa, amaze gupfa baramuhamba. Bibera aho ngaho barabasura, kwa sebukwe bazana ibiyagano. Bavuye ku kirirarira cy’urupfu, nanone benga inzoga, uwo mukwe atumira kwa sebukwe, atumira bene wabo bo kwa sebukwe na ba nyirarume b’umugore. Bahageze, abatekerereza ukuntu yagiye kwiba, agasanga Imana irimo gutuka umwana wavutse, na we agakata uwo mwana mu nda, agasiga amara ari hasi; ukuntu
Imana nanone yamusannye, kandi ko icyo yamututse ari ihembe ry’inzovu akaba ari cyo azize. Arabashima ati: “Nukonuko kandi nshimye Imana, abantu mwese mwemere Imana, Imana ni yo iriho kandi ni yo ishobora byose, iyakaremye ni yo ikamena”. Si ge wahera hahera Ruhinyuza.
IV.1.2 Gusobanura amagambo
Soma umwandiko “Ruhinyuza”, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranyamagambo cyangwa uko yakoreshejwe mu
mwandiko.
IV.1.3 Kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
Subiza ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Izina ry’umujura uvugwa mu mwandiko rihuriye he n’ibiwuvugwamo?
2. Ruhinyuza ageze mu rugo yari agiye kwibamo byamugendekeye gute?
3. Ni iyihe mpamvu yatumye Ruhinyuza asaba uriya mukobwa?
4. Ese ibyo Imana yatutse umwana byabaye ukuri? Sobanura.
5.Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi zigize umwandiko “Ruhinyuza”6. Garagaza ingengo z’umuco nyarwanda zigaragara mu mwandiko.
Imyitozo
1. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro ziboneye, ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko.
a) Impuzu
b) Bimwanga mu nda
c) Gupfundura amabere
2. Simbuza amagambo y’umukara tsiri ari mu nteruro zikurikira imbusane zayo.
a) Ruhinyuza yabwiye sebukwe agasanga Imana irimo gutuka umwana.
b) Ruhinyuza yategetse abagaragu kutazemerera umugore we kuva mu rugo.
c) Umukwe wabo yajyanye n’umugore we iwabo.
3. Ukurikije ibyo Imana yatutse umwana kandi bikaba, ese wemeranywa n’uyu mwandiko ko umuntu avuka Imana yaramuteguriye ibizamubaho? Sobanura.
IV.2 Ingeri z’ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda
Igikorwa 4.2
Kora ubushakashatsi ugaragaze inshoza n’uturango by’ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda, uburondore kandi usobanure ingeri zabwo.
IV.2 1. Inshoza n’uturango by’ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri
rubanda
Ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda ni ibihangano byahimbwe n’abantu ba kera, bakaba barahimbaga batandika, bakabifata mu mutwe. Ibyo bahimbaga babishyikirizaga ab’igihe cyabo bikabizihira mu bitaramo, bakagenda babiraga abo
basize, babihererekanya mu mvugo. Ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda bwabaga bwarabaye gikwira kandi nta muntu bwitirirwaga ko yabuhimbye.
IV.2 2. Ingeri z’ubuvanganzo bwo muri rubanda
Ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda hakubiyemo ingeri zikurikira:
1. Ibitekerezo byo muri rubanda
Ibitekerezo byo muri rubanda byahimbaga bifatiye ku muntu runaka wabayeho cyangwa utarabayeho. Ibitekerezo byo muri rubanda bigira amakabyankuru ariko ibikorwa biba bibera muri iyi si isanzwe. Mu bitekerezo byo muri rubanda hagaragaramo ingingo z’amateka.
Ingero:
- Igitekerezo cya Semuhanuka
- Igitekerezo cya Nyirarunyonga
- Igitekerezo cya Ngunda
- Igitekerezo cya Serugarukiramfizi
- [...]
2. Imigani miremire
Umugani muremure ni umwandiko uteye nk’inkuru. Uvuga ibintu by’ibihimbano n’ibitangaza, bibera mu isi y’impimbano. Ntawamenya igihe n’ahantu nyakuri byabereye. Imigani ifatira ku bintu bifatika no ku bintu bidafatika nk’abantu, ibintu, ibikoko, imana, urupfu n’ibindi. Imigani miremire kandi ivugisha ibivuga n’ibitavuga.
Ingero:
- Ruhinyuza
- Nyashya na Baba
- Nyamutegera ikizaza
3. Imigani migufi (imigenurano)
Umugani mugufi cyangwa umugani w’umugenurano ni interuro ngufi ivuga ibintu ku buryo bw’inshamarenga. Uyibwiwe ayumva ahereye ku cyo uwuciye arenguriyeho, yaba adasanzwe awuzi ntiyumve icyo abwiwe. Umugani mugufi uba ugamije kuburira, kwigisha, guhanura.
Imigani y’imigenurano ikubiyemo insanganyamatsiko zinyuranye z’uturango tw’umuco nyarwanda nk’uburezi n’uburere, imibanire, ubucuti, imyemerere, ubwisungane cyangwa ubufatanye n’ibindi.
Ingero:
- Utazi ubwenge ashima ubwe.
- Utazi akaraye ifumbwe araza ifu.
- Utumviye se na nyina yumvira ijeri.
- Akebo kajya iwa mugarura.
4. Insigamigani
Insigamigani ni ingeri y’ubuvanganzo bwo muri rubanda ikubiyemo ibitekerezo bifatiye ku muntu wakoze ikintu iki n’iki cyangwa se ikintu cyabaye mu gihe runaka bigahinduka iciro ry’umugani. Ishobora kuba kandi iyo mvugo ubwayo, umuntu cyangwa ikintu yakomotseho. Insigamigani zirimo insigamigani nyirizina n’insigamigani nyitiriro.
Insigamigani nyirizina ni izakomotse ku bantu bazwi neza.
Ingero:
- “Ndatega zivamo” yakomotse kuri Ntambabazi wa Rufangura
- “Nguye mu matsa” yakomotse kuri Rugaju rwa Mutimbo
- “Ngiye kwa Ngara” yakomotse kuri Nyiramataza Mukarukari
- “Yarezwe bajeyi” yakomotse kuri Bajeyi ba Sharangabo
Insigamigani nyitiriro ni ibindi bintu rubanda bagenuriyeho bakabiheraho babigira iciro ry’imigani.
Ingero:
- “Kuvuga ni ugutaruka” yagenuriwe ku mpyisi.
- “Mpuriye he n’ibiguruka?” Yagenuriwe ku gikeri.
5. Ibisakuzo
Ibisakuzo ni umukino wo mu magambo ugizwe n’ibibazo n’ibisubizo bishimisha abakuru n’abato kandi birimo ubuhanga. Ibisakuzo byagiraga abahimbyi b’inzobere bahoraga barushaho kunoza no gukungahaza uwo mukino.
Buri gisakuzo kiba gifite imvugo yacyo yabugenewe, kikicwa mu magambo yacyo bwite, kandi gishobora no kugira ibisubizo byinshi.
Abasakuza bagenda bakuranwa mu gusakuza. Usakuza agira ati: “Sakwe, sakwe”, usakuzwa agasubiza ati: “Soma.” Iyo uwasakujwe atinze gufindura igisakuzo, uwamusakuje aramubwira ati: “Kimpe”. Uwasakujwe arasubiza ngo: “Ngicyo”, ubwo uwagisakuje akakica.
Ingero:
6. Indirimbo z’inanga zo muri rubanda
Indirimbo z’inanga zo muri rubanda zivuga ibintu bireba imibereho yacu ya buri munsi. Mu Rwanda rwo hambere indirimbo z’inanga zari mu bihangano bikesha ibirori n’ibitaramo. Bityo inanga abana bayigiraga ku babyeyi babo cyangwa ku baturanyi.
Ingero:
- Imitoma ya Rujindiri.
- Nyirabisaba ya Sebatunzi.
7. Uturingushyo tw’abasizi
Ni utubango tugufi, tutagoye, duhimbye ku buryo bw’ibisigo. Utwo tubango twagenewe kuganira cyangwa gutoza abana gufata mu mutwe.
Urugero:
Ibitotsi
Ibitotsi ni ibiragi, bigomba ibirago,
Usinzira utiziguye imuhira
Uwazindutse akagusumbya akantu.
Ijoro ni intatirikaba intambara,
Ryageza igihe k’igicuku rikagucuragiza,
Impyisi igatera umurozi akaza.
8. Amagorane
Ni imvugo ikurikiranya amajwi menshi asa kandi avugwa ku buryo bwihuse, utabimenyereye akaba yavugishwa.
Urugero:
Aka kago k’akagera
Karimo akagore k’akageni
Karimo akagega k’akagegemeza
Karimo agakoko k’agakokokazi
Ntikaraye amazi kayaraye kayaraye.
9. Ibisingizo by’inyamaswa
Byitwa ibisingizo ariko uko bivugitse ntibiba bishimagiza byanze bikunze iyo nyamaswa. Hari ibivuga inzoka, impyisi (Bihehe)... Akenshi biba ari bigufi.
Ingero:
- Umunyamerwe
- Ikivugo k’inturo
- Ikivugo k’imbeba
10. Ibyivugo by’amahomvu
Ibyivugo by’amahomvu cyangwa ibyivugo by’abana ni ibyivugo bigufi abana bivuga bagamije gusetsa no kwidagadura muri rusange. Ibi byivugo bivugirwa mu bitaramo byo mu miryango, si mu bitaramo by’ingabo. Impamvu babyita amahomvu ni uko
mu by’ukuri ibyo birata biba bitarabayeho.
Ingero :
- Nagiye ku rusenge ibitugu ndabitigisa, imyambi ndayisukiranya, abo twari
kumwe ndabacyaha, nitwa cyaradamaraye.
- Ndi inkubito idatinya, ndi Nyambo sinkenga, Mucyo wa Rudatinya, ndi umuhungu ntibyijanwa.
10. Urwenya na byendagusetsa
Urwenya ni inkuru zisetsa ku buryo umuntu uzibariwe ababaye cyangwa arakaye acururuka. Izi nkuru hari ushobora kuzibarirwa zimuvuga nabi akarakara. Byendagusetsa n’imigirire cyangwa imyifatire y’umuntu runaka itera abantu guseka.
Urugero:
Umugabo yafashe inuma ngo age kuyirya iramubwira iti: “Reka nkubwire ikintu kimwe, nako bitatu hanyuma ubone kundya.” Icya mbere: Ikintu cyakugeze mu ntoki ntikikaguhende ubwenge ngo ukirekure. Icya kabiri: Ntukababazwe n’icyo wakoze. Irongera iti: “Ndekura nkubwire icya gatatu k’ingenzi.” Arayirekura irigurukira.
Inuma iti: “Waba umupfu urakanyagwa.” Na bibiri bya mbere ntiwabyubahirije none nkubwire ikindi?
11. Ibisigo by’ubuse
Ibisigo by’ubuse ni bisigo bihimbitse nk’ibisetso bisa n’ibisebanya. Ni inganzo yaba yaravukiye mu matorero y’intore, aho wasangaga abantu biga kuvuga neza, bagacyocyorana ntihagire urakara. Uwarakaraga muri ibyo biganiro bamwitaga igifura kitazi kuba mu bandi bahungu cyangwa akitwa umunyamusozi. Abahimbaga
ibisigo by’ubuse, babaga bagambiriye gusetsa.
Mu basizi bazwi baba barakenetse inganzo y’ibisigo by’ubuse harimo Musenyeri Alegisi Kagame. Yaje guhimbazwa n’iyi nganzo y’ibisigo by’ubuse maze arayigana ahimba umuvugo muremure yakubiye mu gatabo yise “Indyoheshabirayi”.
Ingero z’ibisigo by’ubuse
- Baryohewe ubudasigaza
- Babyirukanye ingoga mu gutamira.
- Indyoheshabirayi
- (...)
12. Ubuvanganzo bujyanye n’imyuga n’imihango
Mu Rwanda hari ubuvanganzo bushingiye ku mirimo, ibirori n’imihango. Muri bwo twavugamo ubushingiye ku bworozi bw’inka nk’ibihamagaro, indirimbo z’inka zigizwe n’amahamba, amabanga, imyoma, indama, inzira n’ibyisigo no ku bworozi bw’inzuki nk’amavumvu. Hari kandi ubuvanganzo bushingiye ku buhinzi
nko kwidoga, kwisiga no kuvuga isuka; hakaba ubushingiye ku buhigi nk’amahigi ndetse n’ubushingiye ku mirimo ikorerwa mu mazi hifashishijwe amato nk’amasare.
Ubuvanganzo bushingiye ku birori n’imihango harimo imisango y’ubukwe, indirimbo z’umuhuro (ibihozo) n’imbyino (ikinimba, imparamba, ibyishongoro, imishayayo,iz’intore, imbyino z’imandwa, igishakamba...).
Umwitozo
1. Garagaza uturango tw’ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda.2. Ni akahe kamaro k’ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda ?
Umukoro
Hanga wigana imwe mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo nyemvugo zikurikira:
- Uturingushyo tw’abasizi
- Amagorane
- Urwenya- Ikivugo cy’amahomvu
IV.3 Gusoma kumva no gusesengura umwandiko: Isabwa rya
Mukandahiro
Igikorwa 4.3
Soma umwandiko ukurikira, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranyamagambo cyangwa inyito afite mu mwandiko kandi usubize n’ibibazo byawubajijweho.
IV.3.1 Gusoma umwandikoSoma umwandiko ukurikira:
Hari mu gitondo, mu rugo rwo kwa Rugendo biteguye isabwa ry’umukobwa wabo Mukandahiro. Nyuma yo gutegura ibyicaro no kwicaza abasangwa, abashyitsi baba barahasesekaye babukereye. Bahabwa ibyicaro n’ababishinzwe, maze baratangira baraganira:
Umuhuza w’imisango: Nk’uko mubibonye, mu kanya haje umushyitsi. Ntaratwibwira nubwo nge mbona amaso atari aya, icyakora yahindutse, uko yari asanzwe atemberera muri uru rugo ndabona atari ko yaje. Yaje agaragiwe n’imbaga, kandi ubundi yazaga wenyine. Nyakubahwa umukuru w’umuryango wa Rugendo rero, aba bashyitsi baje si nge wabaha ikaze mu rugo rwawe
kandi uhibereye, reka nguhe umwanya ubahe ikaze.
Umusangwa mukuru: Tubahaye ikaze bashyitsi bahire. Mu muryango wa Rugendo mudusanze twibereye mu busabane busoza umwaka. Amazimano arahari, abahungu bange nibabazimanire, nimwumva mushize inyota muritahira
dusigare mu busabane bwacu.
Umuhuza w’imisango: Nyamara nubwo ntasoma ku mitima y’abantu, ariko uyu mushyitsi ndabona asa n’urimo gusaba ijambo, reka tumuhe umwanya.
Umukwe mukuru: Murakoze, mbere na mbere mbanje kubashimira uko mwatwakiriye muri ubu busabane bwanyu. Abo twazanye nimumfashe tubashimire. (Amashyi ngo kacikaci!) Muragahorana amazimano. Hambere twagize umugisha, Imana itanga iwacu ndetse n’iwanyu iraturemera, iduhangamo urukundo, imaze kutwita amazina tuvuye mu ngaragu, iduha kubyara hungu na kobwa, iduha gutunga no gutunganirwa. Mu bana rero bavutse mu muryango wa Bazinura, ari na wo mpagarariye, harimo abahungu n’abakobwa, ariko umwe mu bahungu yaraje aransanga angezaho ikifuzo ko atagishaka gukomeza kwitwa ingaramakirambi, ko twamushakira akitwa umugabo. Tumushakira umuranga, aza aha iwanyu ararambagiza, aturangira umugeni muri uru rugo. Muri make, twaje kubasaba umugeni witwa Mukandahiro.
Umusangwa mukuru: Ko hano tugira ba Mukandahiro benshi, urifuza Mukandahiro wuhe? Dufite Karine, Viviyana, Suzana na Virijiniya. Abo bose ni ba Mukandahiro.
Umukwe mukuru: Ndasaba Mukandahiro Virijiniya.
Umusangwa mukuru: Umugeni uramuhawe ariko ni umukobwa. (Ako kanya amashyi ngo kacikaci!) Umukobwa wacu ni Mutumwinka. Nta kindi narenzaho, ibindi nawe urabyibwiriza.
Umukwe mukuru: Uhawe inka akura ubwatsi ariko uhawe umugeni arashimira. Ndagira ngo ngushimire mbikuye ku mutima. Uragahore ubyara abakobwa. Nzanira iyo nzoga mwana wange mushimire! Uyu muryango mpagarariye uzira kurongora abakobwa tutakoye. Ndi imbere yawe kandi n’imbere y’umuryango, reka nisubirire mu mwanya wange munkoshe.
Umusangwa mukuru: Yeee! Inyana umunani zirara imfizi mu mahembe. Ngira ngo urabyumva. (Amashyi ngo kacikaci! Abagore bavuza impundu).
Umukwe mukuru: Abakirana batangana berekana aheza kugira ngo hatagira uvunika Hirya aha mpagira urwuri. Nazanye n’umutahira wange Kanuma, haguruka sha! Ngwino unyegere. Icyo bashaka ni inyana umunani. Jyana n’umushumba wabo, arebe imigongo yazo, ingeso zazo, arobanure mu ishyo inyana umunani.
Umushumba: Nk’uko yabibabwiraga ni ko nabisanze. Inyana umunani nazishimye nzigejeje mu rwuri rwacu. Ni inyana nziza, zifite imigongo miremire n’ibibero byiza; mbese nazishimye.
Umusangwa mukuru: Ubwo inkwano zawe zashimwe, umugeni uramuhawe. Wicare ugubwe neza, ariko nge mfite impungenge. Ko mbona imbere aho wicaranye n’abasaza bafite uruhanga ruharaze imvi nk’izange, sinzi niba uwo usabira ari umwe muri abo ngabo!
Umukwe mukuru: Ndasabira umuhungu wa Bazinura witwa Karinda. Nubwo tutazanye, naketse ko muri bunsabe ko abaramutsa mutumaho nkoresheje ikoranabuhanga. Reka muhamagare. Tebuka sha! (Umusore aze agaragiwe n’abamuherekeje, asuhuze Umusangwa mukuru.)
Umusangwa mukuru: Ndabona umukwe wacu ari intarumikwa. Akwiye umukobwa wacu koko.Umukwe mukuru: Hanyuma se ko maze kukwereka umusore wacu, wowe ntiwanzanira uwo mukazana wacu akaturamutsa?
Umusangwa mukuru: Yewe, ni byo koko, reka ba nyirasenge
bamumpamagarire aze, dore ko aba ari mu gikari ahugiye mu mirimo. (Umugeni aze agaragiwe n’abaherekeza be barimo ba nyirasenge na ba nyina wabo… asuhuze umusangwa
mukuru, maze amushyikirize umukwe mukuru, na we amushyikirize umukwe w’ukuri. Amashyi n’impundu bibe uruhurirane!)
Umukwe mukuru: Mu gihe wanyakiraga nkiza, nari mfite ubutumwa maze kubagezaho natumwe na Bazinura. Ariko kandi, yambwiye ati: “Ngaho genda ungire mu Kivugiza ubandamukirize, usabe umugeni, nange nsigaye aha n’abasaza n’abakecuru tugutegereje. Nuza kugabana, ucyuye umunyafu, ugaruke umbwire niba urugendo wagize kwa Rugendo rwaguhiriye”. Ndagira ngo munyemerere ngende hakibona, nsange abo basaza n’abakecuru, mbabwire
ko mwampaye umugeni. Mbafashe kwitegura kugira ngo ejo cyangwa ejobundi nzagaruke gutebutsa. Muragahorana Imana.
Umusangwa mukuru: Wazanye n’abagore b’amajigija, wazanye n’abagabo b’ibikwerere, wazanye n’ababyeyi bonsa, wazanye n’abagabo b’ibihame, wazanye n’abasore n’inkumi, wazanye n’abana. Reka abangu bange bazane impamba yabo
(Abasore babiri bahereze umukwe mukuru akanozangendo hanyuma umusangwa mukuru na we amuhereze). Iyi nkwihereye yo, uyigeze mu rugo ni iya Bazinura wagutumye. Ugende uyimushyikirize, kibe ikimenyetso cy’uko wageze aho yagutumye.
Umukwe mukuru: Sinongera kwicara kuko burya uhawe impamba, arahaguruka akagenda. Ariko reka mbanze nsabe umuhungu wange aherekeze umugeni we. Umva sha! Herekeza uwo mukobwa, umugeze ku muryango wa se. Hari inkingi yitwa kanagazi, ufite uburenganzira bwo guhita kuri iyo nkingi yonyine. Ku rusika
rw’umugendo ni ho abashyitsi bagarukira. Mu ndaburano ni aha se kuko imbere ari aha nyina. Mu ruhimbi ni ah’abakobwa. Namara kukwereka intebe uzajya wicaraho waje kwa sobukwe, uhite ugaruka uze dutahe. Ejo cyangwa ejobundi nzazana inzoga yo gutebutsa baduhekere. (Umusore aherekeze umugeni we, amugeze aho yasabwe kugera hanyuma agaruke batahe).
IV.3.2 Gusobanura amagambo
Soma umwandiko “Isabwa rya Mukandahiro”, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije wifashishije inkoranyamagambo cyangwa inyito afite mu mwandiko.
IV.3.3 Kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
Subiza ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Umukwe mukuru ageze kwa Rugendo yasanze bakoranyijwe n’iki? Ese koko icyo bavuga mu mwandiko ni cyo cyari cyabakoranije? Sobanura igisubizo cyawe.
2. Ni iyihe ngingo igaragaza ko umukwe mukuru yishimiye amazimano?
3. Ni iyihe mihango y’ubukwe bwa Kinyarwanda ivugwa muri uyu mwandiko? Yandike uyikurikiranya uko ikurikirana.
4. Ni izihe ngingo zivugwa mu mwandiko zigaragaza ko umuhungu usabirwa yari ageze mu gihe cyo gushaka koko?
5. Uwavuga ko uyu mwandiko ufitanye isano no gucyocyorana mu buryo bwa
gipfura yaba yibeshye? Tanga ingero ebyiri ziherekeza igisubizo cyawe.6. Umuhango wo gutebutsa uba ugamije iki mu bukwe bwa kinyarwanda?
Umukoro
Mutegure kandi mukine mwigana imisango y’ubukwe bwa kinyarwanda.
IV.4 Gusoma, kumva no gusesengura umwandiko: Kamana yitwa izina
Igikorwa 4.4
Soma umwandiko ukurikira, usobanure amagambo yatanzwe wifashishije inkoranyamagambo cyangwa inyito afite mu mwandiko kandi usubize n’ibibazo byawubajijweho.
IV.4.1 Gusoma umwandikoSoma umwandiko ukurikira :
Hari ku munsi wa munani, Nyiramana amaze iminsi ku kiriri yarabyaye, nuko Kagabo, umugabo we, atumira abaturanyi, ararika abana b’abahungu n’ab’abakobwa. Abo bana babaha inkonzo, bajya mu murima guhinga. Umurima wari wabanje gutabirwa n’abakuru kugira ngo worohe. Abana bamaze guhinga, abakobwa batera intabire imbuto y’uburo n’inzuzi. Barangije gutera, nyirabukwe
wa Nyiramana azana amazi mu gacuma, ayasuka ku rushyi, ayabatera, agira ati: “Nimuhingure imvura iraguye”. Abana bose baherako barataha.
Bageze mu rugo basanga babateguriye intara, barambuyeho urukoma, bashyiraho ibishyimbo bicucumiyemo imboga, babumbabumyemo utubumbe twinshi. Buri mwana yari yagenewe akabumbe ke kandi buri kabumbe kose kari kageretseho agasate k’umutsima. Nuko abana babazanira amazi barakaraba, barangije bararya. Bamaze kurya bazana amata y’inshyushyu n’ay’ikivuguto
barabahereza baranywa. Umwe mu bana bari aho aranyegera ambaza anyongorera.
- Ko baduhamagaye ngo twite izina ibi bindi badukoresheje ni ibiki?
- Mu muco nyarwanda, mu muhango wo kurya ubunnyano ari wo kwita izina, abana babanza guhingisha inkonzo, bagakurikiraho kurya ubunnyano, bakabona kwita izina. Ubu turangije kurya ubunnyano. dukarabe?
- Itonde ibikurikiraho uraza kubibona.
Abana bose barangije kurya, bahamagara umwumwe, bamusaba kugenda ahanaguriza intoki ze ku mabere ya Nyiramana avuga ati: “Urabyare abana benshi, abahungu n’abakobwa”. Barangije, babasaba kwita umwana amazina.
Nuko abana batangira kwita amazina. Umwe ati: “Mwise Bwerere.” Barakomeza bose barahetura. Barangije kwita amazina, bababuza gutaha umwana atarituma ngo batamusurira inabi agapfa. Nyiramana na we bamubuza guhaguruka aho yari yicaye bategereje ko umwana yituma cyangwa anyara. Umwana ntiyatinda ahita yituma. Nyina yari yamwonkeje bihagije agira ngo abikore vuba. Ntibyabaye ngombwa ko bamwina cyangwa ngo bamutamike
itabi kugira ngo yitume vuba.
Amaze kwituma bahamagara abana umunani b’amasugi, bane b’abahungu na bane b’abakobwa. Baraza bakikiza urutaro bayoreyeho ibyo ku kiriri, babasaba kuruterurira icyarimwe, bagenda baririmba bati:
“Bwerere yavutse,
Bwerere yakura,
- None se ko iwacu iyo turangije kurya dukaraba, bakaba bataduhaye amazi ngo
Bwerere yavoma,
Bwerere yasenya,
Bwerere yahinga…”
Bwerere ryari rimwe mu mazina abo bana bamwise. Ibyari ku rutaro, babasabye kujya kubisuka ku nsina bavuga bati: “Dore aho nyoko yakubyariye.” Bajya ku yindi nsina babyina kwa kundi.” Babikora ku nsina zirenga ebyiri.
Wa mwana arongera aranyegera maze arambaza.
- Ibi ni ibiki dusutse kuri izi nsina?
- Ibi musutse ku nsina ni ibyo ku kiriri, mu muco nyarwanda kirazira
kubisohora mbere y’umuhango wo kwita izina. Insina mwabisutseho ni iz’uriya mwana wiswe izina, ababyeyi bazira kuzimunyaga. Iyo umwana wavutse ari umukobwa ashyingiwe kure, bamugemurira igitoki cyazo cyangwa inzoga yazo.
Barangije bazana ingobyi ebyiri, iyo mu ruhu rw’intama n’iyo mu ruhu rw’inka bazikoza ku mwana. Wa mwana arongera ambaza anyongorera:
- Ibi byo bakoze bisobanura iki?
- Ni ukugira ngo ingobyi imwe nibura bazamuheke mu yindi. Iyo batabigenje batya, bukeye bakamuheka mu yo batamukojejeho bimusurira inabi agapfa.
- Ubu se hagiye gukurikiraho iki?
- Ubu bagiye gufata mukuru we bamumuhekeshe kugira ngo bazahore barutana, umukuru ntazarutwe n’umukurikira. Ikindi, ririya cumu, ingabo n’umuheto n’iriya shinge Nyiramana yari yasohokanye, bagiye kubimanika mu ruhamo rw’umuryango, babone kubijugunya.
Bumaze kwira, ba bana bataha iwabo. Igihe cyo mu museke, Kagabo abwira Nyiramana ati: “Cyono duterure umwana.” Barabanza bubaka urugo. Barangije Kagabo arasohoka ajya hanze, avuyeyo asanga Nyiramana yamutereye intebe mu irebe ry’umuryango. Mu muco nyarwanda ngo iyo umugabo yateruraga umwana atavuye hanze, byabaga ari ukumuvutsa amahirwe, akazapfa atagize icyo yimarira. Nuko Kagabo araza yicara ku ntebe ati: “Mpa uwo
mwana.” Aramusimbiza agira ati: “Nkwise Kamana”. Amuhereza nyina na we aramusimbiza agira ati: “Itume aha, nyara aha, kura uge ejuru, nge nkwise Irakiza.”
IV.4.2 Gusobanura amagambo
Sobanura amagambo akurikira ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko.
a) Inkonzo
b) Urutaro
c) Uruhamo rw’umuryango
d) Irebe ry’umuryango
e) Abana b’amasugi
IV.4.3 Kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
Subiza ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Umuhango wo kwita izina wahuzaga ba nde?
2. Abana bari bafite uruhe ruhare mu muhango wo kwita izina?
3. Mu muco nyarwanda, ni izihe ngaruka zashoboraga kuba mwana, mu gihe se yakoraga umuhango wo kumuterura atavuye hanze?
4. Uhereye ku mwandiko, garagaza uko ibikorwa by’umuhango wo kwita izina bikurikirana.
5. Ni ibiki byakorerwaga mu muhango wo kwita izina, bitujuje ubuziranenge?
6. Uhereye kuri kirazira zavuzwe mu mwandiko, garagaza izindi zitagihabwa agaciro muri iki gihe.
Umukoro
Hina umwandiko “Kamana yitwa izina” mu mirongo icumi kandi wubahirize amabwiriza y’imyandikire y’Ikinyarwanda.
IV.5 Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa kane
Soma umwandiko ukurikira usubize ibibazo byawubajijweho.
Umwandiko: Matama ya Bigega
Umugabo Bigega yabaye aho, maze abyara umwana w’umukobwa amwita Matama. Yari yaravukanye isaro mu ntoki, ntihabe hagira uhirahira ngo arimwake.
Mibambwe, umwami w’u Rwanda, arambagira Igihugu, acumbika ahitwa i Remera rya Kanyinya. Mu gicuku gishyira inkoko, Mibambwe yumva umwana urira. Mibamwe arabyuka, abaza abararizi ati: “Uwo mwana araririra he?” Baramusubiza bati: “Nta we twumvise” Umwami ati: “Nimuge kubaza abaja n’abashumba ko bamenya aho umwana aririra.” Bababajije barabahakanira. Umwami ati: “Nimuge
kubariza no mu baturanyi.” Abo babajije bose bakabahakanira bati: “Nta mwana twigeze twumva arira.”
Ubwo Mugunga wa Ndoba, umugaragu wa Mibambwe, yari yagishishije inka mu Bugoyi, na we yumva umwana ararira, abaza abagaragu be ati: “Uwo mwana araririra he?” Bati: “Nta we twumva.” Ati: “Nimuge kubaza mu gikumba k’inka”. Abashumba barahakana bati: “Nta mwana twumvise arira.” Bucya Mugunga acyumva umwana arira, ati: “Sinakwihererana ibi bintu ngenyine”. Ajya kubibwira umwami Mibambwe.
Agitunguka mu irembo arasuhuza. Mibambwe ati: “Nta kubaho, ijoro ry’ejo mu gicuku gishyira mu nkoko, numvise umwana urira ageza mu gitondo akirira, n’ubu ndacyamwumva.” Mugunga ati: “Nange ni cyo cyari kinzanye ngo mbikubwire; nanze kubyihererana. Nabajije abantu bose twari kumwe ko na bo baba bumvise umwana urira, barampakanira. Mbajije mu baturanyi barampakanira. Mpera ko
mena ijoro ngo nze kubikubwira.”
Mibamwe ati: “Dushake uko twabona uwo mwana. Ndetse noneho ndumva yasaraye, ntakibasha no kurira cyane.” Nuko Mibambwe yohereza intumwa ahantu hose, yohereza na Mugunga, aramubwira ati: “Genda ushake uwo mwana, numara iminsi itatu utaramubona, uzaze dushake ubundi buryo.” Yohereza n’umuntu kwa Kimenyi, umwami w’i Gisaka, ngo amubarize aho umwana yaba aherereye.
Babibwiye Kimenyi ati: “Abami b’i Rwanda ntibabe abapfu! Umwana abura arizwa n’iki? Abana b’ino barabuhagira bakarira, babahana bakarira!” Intumwa iraza ibwira Mibambwe uko Kimenyi yamushubije, Mibambwe ntiyanyurwa.
Buracya, atuma undi kwa Muzora, umwami wo mu Ndorwa, na we agiye kumusubiza ati: “Mibambwe ni umusazi. Abana bose bo mu gihugu cyange ngenzura igihe baririra?” Babwiye Mibambwe uko Muzora yamushubije arumirwa, ariko ntiyashirwa. Buracya, atuma kuri Rumanyika, umwami w’i Karagwe, ngo amurangire aho umwana yumvise urira, aririra. Rumanyika aramusubiza ati: “Mbese uwo mwana ntarira nk’abandi bana?” Ati: “Sinabona icyo musubiza.” Mibambwe abonye abo bami bose batamubwiye iby’uwo mwana
urira, ahamagara abagaragu be bitwaga Indongozi, arababwira ati: “Nimuge kunshakira aho aririra. Dore mbohereje muri umunani, nimujyane na Mugunga.” Abagaragu baragenda, bagera kwa Bigega, bararamukanya, baramubaza bati: “Ntiwamenya aho umwana aririra muri iki gihugu cyanyu?” Bigega ati: “Uwo mwana urira ni uwange, yanze kuvamo umwuka, naho ubundi agiye gupfa; umwana umaze icyumweru cyose arira!”
Mugunga ati: “Ese ntiwamenya ikimuriza?” Bigega ati: “Ni isaro yavukanye mu ntoki, ntihabe hari uwarimwaka. Bukeye bagiye kumwuhagira isaro rigwa hasi, inkoko irarimira, umwana arira kuva ubwo. Bagiye gufata inkoko ngo bariyake, umukara urayimira, bagiye gufata umukara, imbwa irawumira, bagiye gufata imbwa, ingwe irayimira, bagiye gufata ingwe intare irayimira, bagize ngo bafate intare, imbogo irayimira, bakurikiye imbogo ngo bayifate, inzovu irayimira, nuko inzovu yigira mu ishyamba.”
Mugunga abaza Bigega ati:“Iryo shyamba se muzi aho riherereye?” Bigega ati: “Turahazi ariko twese turaritinya, ntawurigeramo.” Mugunga ati: “Duherekeze uritwereke.” Bigega ati: “Ko muri bake?” Mugunga ati: “Nta cyo bitwaye.”
Mugunga n’Indongozi baragenda. Bageze mu ishyamba, batangira guhiga ya nzovu. Inzovu ivumbutse ihunga, bayihurizaho amacumu barayica. Barayibaga bayikuramo ibyo yamize byose. Basangamo na rya saro, Mugunga ararijyana. Agitunguka kwa Bigega bavugiriza impundu icyarimwe. Mugunga ahereza wa mwana isaro rye, aherako arahora. Ahereza Mugunga amaboko, Mugunga aramuhagatira, amuha amata, umwana akira amarira.
Bigega ashima Mugunga n’Indongozi, atuma kuri Mibambwe, ati: “Guhera ubu tubaye inshuti kandi umenye ko abami b’i Rwanda barusha ab’ahandi ubupfura.”
( Mnyr BIGIRUMWAMI Aloys, ibitekerezo, Nyundo1971)
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
Soma umwandiko, usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Matama uvugwa muri uyu mwandiko yari muntu ki?
2. Ni iki cyabaye intandaro yo kurira kwa Matama ya Bigega?
3. Tanga ingero z’amakabyankuru agaragara muri uyu mwandiko.
4. Ni iki ushima umwami Mibambwe n’umugaragu we Mugunga?
5. Ni iki unenga muri uyu mwandiko ku ngingo yo gufata neza ibidukikije?
6. Ushingiye ku ndangagaciro za Mibambwe, umwami w’u Rwanda, ni izihe ndangagaciro zikwiye kuranga abayobozi?
II. Ibibazo by’inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura amagambo cyangwa amatsinda y’amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe
mu mwandiko
a) Kugishisha inka
b) Mu gikumba k’inka
c) Guhirahira
d) Kurambagira
2. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro zigaragaza ko wumva ibisobanuro byayo.
a) Kunyurwa
b) Kumena ijoro
c) Guhagatira
3. Uzurisha interuro zikurikira amwe muri aya magambo wubahiriza isanisha rikwiye: abararizi, mu nkoko, guhirahira, kuvumbuka, kurambagira.
a) Yaraye adasinziriye bigeze………………arabyuka aragenda.
b) Mu ishyamba ……………. ingeragere maze abahigi barayica.
c) Abajura ……………….. kujya kumwiba ariko bagasanga ………. ku gipangu ke.
d) Ku mugoroba umwami yajyaga ………………igihugu ke.
III. Ibibazo ku buvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda
1) Rondora ingeri eshanu z’ubuvanganzo bwo muri rubanda.
2) Usanga ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda butumariye iki muri iki gihe?
3) Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati y’umugani muremure n’insigamigani?
4) Ica ibisakuzo bikurikira:
a) Icyo nagutuma ntiwakizana.
b) Aho nagendaniye nawe wambwiye iki?
c) Nkubise urushyi rurumira.
d) Nagutega icyo utazi utabonye.
e) Abakobwa b’iwacu bicaye ku ntebe imwe.
5. Soma interuro zikurikira, ushake umugani w’umugenurano wahuza n’ibivugwamo.
a) Iminsi uyiteganyiriza hakiri kare, ukibishoboye, ibintu wazigamye
bikazagutunga utakishoboye n’inshuti washatse zikazagufasha umaze gusaza cyangwa wamugaye.
b) Ntawukwiye kwishimira ibyago by’undi naho yaba ari umwanzi we kuko na we bishobora kumugeraho.
c) Ubwuzu n’ubuntu bw’umuntu ugukunda bumugaragaraho ukimubona, ntatindiganya kukwakira neza, aguhorana ku mutima n’iyo ufite ibyago abigufashamo utabimusabye.
d) Umurimo udakora wibwira ko woroshye, ukagaya abawukora ngo nta cyo bamaze kandi ubakomereye.
e) Kwiharira ibyo utunze ntusangire n’inshuti utazi icyo iminsi iguteze.
f) Ni uwuhe mugani wacira umuntu uvugwa muri iyi nkuru:Gatari akunda gusuzugura iby’abandi basubije mu ishuri akumva ko ibye ari byo bizima ko nta wundi wagira icyo asubiza. Bikarangira nyuma yo gukosorwa ari we ubonye amanota make.
6. Uzuza imigani y’imigenurano ikurikira:
a) Imvura igwa ……………………………….
b) ……………………………. azira inarabyaye.
c) Agahwa kari ku wundi…………………….
7. Mu mibanire y’abantu urwenya na byendagusetsa bifite akahe kamaro?
8. Himba ikivugo cy’amahomvu cyawe bwite wubahiriza uturango twa bene ibyo byivugo.
9. Ni uwuhe mumaro w’umuranga mu bukwe bwa Kinyarwanda?10. Ni ibihe bikorwa by’ingenzi, byakorwaga mu muhango wo kwita izina?
UMUTWE WA 5: KUBAHIRIZA UBURENGANZIRA BWA MUNTU
Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
- Gusesengura umwandiko uvuga ku burenganzira bwa muntu agaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi ziwukubiyemo.
- Gusesengura umuvugo uvuga ku burenganzira bwa muntu agaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi kandi atahura uturango twawo.- Guhanga umuvugo yubahiriza uturango twawo no kuwuvuga imbere y’abandi.
V.1. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko: Ese tubireke
dutyo?
Igikorwa 5.1
Soma umwandiko ukurikira, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranya cyangwa inyito afite mu mwandiko kandi usubize n’ibibazo byawubajijweho.
V.1.1 Gusoma umwandikoSoma umwandiko ukurikira:
Uriya mugore se yasaze ko mbona ari kwivugisha amagambo menshi, yiyesura, byamugendekeye bite? Cyo re! Dore aricara, agahita ahaguruka, akajya kurunguruka mu idirishya, akongera akicara. Uriya ni umusazi pe! Noneho ndabona atangiye kwishima mu mutwe, ubanza yafashwe n’ibisazi! Yewe ubanza
ataye umutwe, reka mwegere nankundira tukaganira ndareba icyo namufasha. Nkimara kugisha umutima inama, nibaza uko ngiye kumwegera ngo muganirize, ntarahaguruka, atangira kuvugira hejuru mu ijwi riranguruye, asakuza cyane.
- Ubu koko turerere he? Mu ngo tubasigira abakozi bakabahohotera. Mu baturanyi na ho harimo inyangabirama zibahohotera. Ku mashuri na ho hari abarezi bamwe na bamwe babahohotera. Abana bacu tubahungishirize he? None n’abakabarinze barabahohotera! Ni ishyano! Ni ishyano nta we naribwira weee! Sinamutanga weee! Oya! Iki ni ikibazo gikomeye Leta igomba gukumira amazi atararenga inkombe!
Ibyo yabivugaga ubona ababaye ariko kubera ko nta muntu yavugishaga abari aho dukomeza kumuhanga amaso gusa dukeka ko ari umusazi. Uko yakomezaga gusakuza ni na ko yajyaga ahaguruka akongera agakubita ijisho mu idirishya ryari hejuru y’aho yari yicaye. Hashize akanya, hasohoka umuganga wari wambaye itaburiya y’umweru, tubona amuhereje imyenda yari asohokanye asa n’umwihanganisha. Umuganga arongera arinjira, wa mugore akomeza kwicara aho. Ngeze aho ndamwegera. Mugeze iruhande ndamusuhuza anyikirizanya ishavu n’agahinda. Yari yataye umutwe ku buryo ibyo namubazaga byose yansubizaga ijambo rimwe gusa.
-Ni se.
-Byagenze bite?
- Ni se! Ndeka mwana wange.
Nyuma yo kumara umwanya tuganira igisubizo ari “ni se” gusa, mpitamo kumuhagurutsa aho yari yicaye ndamusindagiza mugeza aho batangira ubufasha ku bahungabanye. Mwinjiza mu nzu, tuhasanga umukobwa ubishinzwe, amwereka aho yicara. Mu gihe atangiye kumuganiza nge ndasohoka. Nkigera hanze mpahurira n’abagore babiri bari bavuye gukingiza, barimo baganira. Sininjiye mu kiganiro cyabo ariko nkomeza kugikurikira. Baganiraga
bavuga umugabo wahohoteye umwana we, wiga mu mashuri y’inshuke, amusanze mu rugo, nyina yagiye mu murima. Nkimara kubyumva nsanisha iyo nkuru n’uko wa mugore yansubizaga, nibuka ko yasaga nk’uvuye mu murima nkeka ko umwana bavuga ari uwe. Nsubira mu nzu aho nari namusize nsanga yacururutse, aganira na wa mukobwa. Mpageze ashaka guceceka ariko wa mukobwa aramubwira ati:”Komeza nta kibazo uyu ni we wakuzanye aha.”
Arakomeza aramutekerereza.
- Bahise bampamagara ndimo guhinga ngo Karake, uw’iwange, yaje avuye mu kabari yasinze kanyanga, amufata ku ngufu. Nahise mva mu murima aho nufiraga amasaka, nsanga umwana aravirirana ni ko kumuzana kwa muganga. Nongeye kugarura ubwenge nisanga aha tuganirira.
- None se Karake asanzwe anywa kanyanga?
- Yayinywaga ariko nta kindi gihe yigeze akora ishyano nk’iryo.
Wa mukobwa asa n’uguye mu kantu, aceceka akanya gato maze bimwanga mu nda akomeza kumuganiriza.
- Buriya rero sinaba ngushinyaguriye nkubwiye ko ishyano ryaguye iwanyu nawe warigizemo uruhare. Iyo ubonye uwo ari we wese akoresha ibiyobyabwenge ntabwo uba ukwiye kumuhishira. Kwinumira ni nko kureka igitambambuga iruhande rw’umunyotwe. Kigeraho kikawusandaguza boshye ivu. Nyamara iyo uba warabigejeje ku bayobozi bari kumugorora, bakamugira inama, akareka kanyanga. Ndakubwiza ukuri nta mubyeyi muzima wakorera umwana we ibya mfura mbi nka biriya. Ni ikibazo
k’ingaruka z’ibiyobyabwenge. Ikindi ni ngombwa kujya tuganiriza
abana bacu, tubigisha gutahura abantu bafite ingeso mbi, bashobora kubahohotera. Ibyo byatuma bamenya kuvumbura ufite umugambi mubisha wo kubahohotera bakamuhungira kure.
Wa mugore yari yagaruye akenge, yumva ibyo umukobwa amubwira atuje. Hashize akanya abaza wa mukobwa.
-None se ubwo Leta izamuhanisha iki? Si ukumufunga burundu ngahinduka umupfakazi?
- Leta nta nyungu iba ifite mu gufunga abantu burundu, icyo iba igamije ni ukugorora uwakoze icyaha. Iyo amaze kwigishwa imyitwarire ye ikagaragaza ko ibyatumye akora icyo cyaha atabisubira, baramufungura, akagaruka gufatanya n’abandi kubaka igihugu. Si byiza rero guhishira uwakoze ishyano nk’iryo kuko
uba umutesheje amahirwe yo kugororwa ngo ahinduke muzima. Umuzima arafungurwa naho umutindi unangira ntagaragaze ko yicuza ibyo yakoze ni we ufungwa burundu.
−Urakoze kubera ibisobanuro umpaye, reka nge kureba uko umwana ameze ubu muganga yanshatse arambura.
Akimara kumushimira, turasohokana twerekeza aho bakirira abarwayi baje ari indembe hamwe nari namukuye yataye umutwe. Tuhageze, umwe mu baganga bari bahari amubwira ko ategereza gato ko umwana bamujyanye muri raboratwari gufata ibizami ngo barebe niba nta bundi burwayi yaba yatewe n’ihohoterwa
yakorewe.
V.1.2 Gusobanura amagambo
Sobanura amagambo n’amatsinda y’amagambo akurikira, wifashishije inkoranya cyangwa inyito afite mu mwandiko.
a) Kugwa mu kantu,
b) Kumusindagiza,
c) Kwumufasha,
d) Kwinumira
V.1.3 Kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
Subiza ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Umugore uvugwa mu gika cya mbere cy’umwandiko yari he? Byari
byamugendekeye bite? Kubera iki?
2. Ni irihe hohoterwa rivugwa muri uyu mwandiko?
3. Ni nde wahohoteye undi? Yabitewe n’iki?
4. Ni iki kigaragaza ko uriya mugore atari yiteguye gutanga umugabo we wari wahohoteye umwana we?
5. Nk’umufasha w’abaforomo, ni iki wakora kugira ngo ihohoterwa rikorerwa abana riranduke burundu?
6. Ni iyihe nama wagira umuntu wakorewe ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina aje akugana?
Imyitozo
Kora imyitozo ikurikira:
1. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro zigaragaza ko wumva icyo asobanura: Gusindagiza, kufira, umunyotwe, kwinumira, igitambambuga, gukorera umuntu ibya mfura mbi
2. Ni izihe ngingo waganirizaho abana kugira ngo bage bashobora gutahura abashaka kubahohotera?
V.2 Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko: Turyamagane
twese
Igikorwa 5.2
Soma umwandiko ukurikira, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranya cyangwa inyito afite mu mwandiko, usubize n’ibibazo byawubajijweho.
V.2.1 Gusoma umwandikoSoma umwandiko ukurikira:
Yewe muco gakondo
Twakondewe na Gihanga
Wowe uharaze imigenzo myiza
Indangagaciro na kirazira
Aho ihohoterwa ryo urarizi?
Iyaduhanze yaradukunze
Iduhundagazaho ubuhanga
Iduhaza urukundo rwayo
Ngo dukundane n’uko yadukunze
Mu bwubahane buzira umwaga.
Reka ndenge imbibi z’urwacu
Ndenze amaso iyo riterwa inkingi
Ndetse ngere n’ibwotamasimbi
Mbaze bose uko bakabaye
Nti: “Aho ihohoterwa murarizi?”
Icyo kibazo ni cyo gitumye mpanga
Ushaka gukira indwara arayirata
Uwarikorewe wese ntabihishire
Ntagacibwe ngo yamennye ibanga
Ibanga ryakwica rizibukire!
Mu ngo riravuza ubuhuha
Mu kazi ntiryahatangwa
Mu itangwa ryako riraca ibintu
Mu micungire y’abakozi rirabacuza
Si iryo gucecekwa ryadutsemba!
Hadutse icuruzwa ry’abantu
Baba abahungu ndetsen’abakobwa
Bagakurwa kuri gakondo
Bakabunzwa amahangaahahanda
Bababeshya amaronko.
Hari ihohoterwa ryo mu magambo
Atesha agaciro uwo mubana
Ngo nta mutungo yinjiza iwawe
Ndetse n’idini rye si ryo ryawe
Maze umutima we ukamungwa rwose!
Ingo zirubabakwa zigasenywa
Zizira icyo cyago k’icyorezo
Umugore ntiyubahe umugabo
Ngo ubugabo nyabwo ni mu mufuka
Kandi umwe ari urugingo rw’undi.
Ko mbona ihohoterwa riteye hose
Kandi twese turi abavandimwe
Uyu mutima mutindi tuwugenze dute?
Ko utesha agaciro abantu benshi
Twawutesheje ukava iwacu?
Abakurambere dukesha umuco
Baturaze kubana neza
Mu cyubahiro gikwiriye
Umuto akubaha umukuru
Tukubahirizanya twese.
Hari abahoraga bibeshya
Ngo umukobwa si umwana
Ibyo rwose bikaba intandaro
Yo kwimwa intango y’ubuzima
Akimwa umunani no mu muryango.
Babyara umuhungu ngo ni umutabazi
Amahoro agahinda mu muryango
Babyara umukobwa ngo ni agahinda
Ubwigunge bukarenga umubyeyi
Akaba igicibwa ngo aciye umuryango!
Ubwo umukobwa akabaarahejwe
Akabuzwa amahirwe ava mu mashuri
Agaharirwa gusa imirimo yo mu rugo
Basaza be bakaminuza abareba
Ubwo agashengurwa n’agahinda.
Ndanenga uwo muco rwose
Upfobya abo bari baziranenge
Ukababuza uburenganzira bwabo
Iryo hohoterwa ribatera ipfunwe
Niriranduke rwose mu rwatubyaye!
Reka twese tubigire ibyacu
Uyu muco ukocamye ucike rwose
Duhashye ayo mahano abera iwacu
Porisi ihagurukire ibyo birumbo
Imiryango mpuzamahanga na yo ibihoshe.
Reka ababizi dutoze abandi
Uburenganzira bwa muntu
Kuko buri wese afite agaciro
Duhashye ihohoterwa muri byose
Mu muco wacu ribe kirazira.
Twubahe umuco wacu
Ducenshuraibidakwiye
Bitakijyanye n’igihe turimo
Ariko ibyimakaza urukundo
Bihabwe umwanya mu rwatubyaye.
V.2.2 Gusobanura amagambo
Shaka mu mwandiko amagambo udasobanukiwe, uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranya cyangwa inyito afite mu mwandiko.
IV.2.3 Kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
Subiza ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Ni hehe hagaragaraihohoterwa havuzwe mu mwandiko?
2. Ihohoterwa ryo mu muryango rigira izihe ngaruka?
3.Abantu bacuruzwa, babajyana babashukisha iki?
4. Ni nde ufite inshingano zo guhashya ihohoterwa?
5. Kubangamira uburenganzira bwa muntu bigira izihe ngaruka mu mibanire y’abantu?
6.Ni iki cyakorwa kugira ngo uburenganzira bwa muntu bwimakazwe hose?
Imyitozo
Ongera usome umwandiko maze ukore imyitozo ikurikira:
Uzurisha interuro zikurikira aya magambo yakuwe mu mwandiko: umwaga, icyubahiro, umunani, ihohoterwa
a) Abanyarwanda bose ni bamagane ……………………… rikorerwa mu ngo.
b) Umuntu wese akwiye guhabwa ………………………. gikwiye.
c) Abakobwa bari bararenganyijwe badahabwa…………………iwabo.
d) Kugira .........................ntibikwiye.
2. Ni ibihe bikorwa byakwibandwaho kugira ngo ihohoterwe rirandurwe mu Rwanda.
V.3 Umuvugo
Igikorwa 5.3
Ongera usome umwandiko “Turyamagane twese?” witegereza imiterere yawo, uvuge aho ubona utandukaniye n’indi myandiko maze utahure inshoza n’uturango by’umuvugo.
V.3.1 Inshoza y’umuvugo
Umuvugo ni igihangano cy’ubuvanganzo kiri mu mvugo cyangwa mu nyandiko, cyuje ubwiza bunogeye amatwi n’umutima, gifite injyana n’amajwi meza, cyubatse ku buryo bw’imikarago kandi kigakoresha amagambo y’indobanure, aberanye n’ikivugwa.
V.3.2 Uturango tw’umuvugo
Umuvugo urangwa no kuba wanditse mu mikarago cyangwa intondeke, uba ugabanyijemo amabango agererenywa n’ibika byo mu myandiko isanzwe. Imikarago y’umuvugo iba ifite injyana nk’iyo mu ndirimbo. Ukarangwa kandi n’injyana y’isubirajwi n’isubirajambo n’ubundi bwoko bw’iminozanganzo.
V.3.3 Ikeshamvugo rikoreshwa mu mivugo
1. Injyana
Mu mivugo hakoreshwamo injyanaishingiye ku ipima ry’imikarago.Uhanga umuvugo agerageza gukoresha imikarago ireshya cyangwa yenda kureshya, bigatuma kuyivuga hazamo injyana nk’iyo mu ndirimbo.
2. Isubirajwi
Ni ikeshamvugo rishingira ku kugenda basubira mu ijwi runaka ku buryo bunogeye amatwi. Amajwi ashobora gusubirwamo ku ntangiriro y’imikarago, kumpera
zayo cyangwa se agakurikirana mu ijambo no mu mukarago.
Urugero rwo mu muvugo“Turyamagane twese”
Hadutse icuruzwa ry’abantu
Baba abahungu ndetse n’abakobwa
Bagakurwa kuri gakondo
Bakabunzwa amahanga ahahanda
Bababeshya amaronko.
3. Isubirajambo
Ni ikeshamvugo rishingira kumagambo aganda agaruka bidatinze cyangwa hakagaruka ayo bihuriye ku gicumbi.
Urugero rwo mu muvugo “Turyamagane twese”
Umugore ntiyubahe umugabo
Ngo ubugabo nyabwo ni mu mufuka
4. Imibangikanyo
Imibangikanyo ni ikeshamvugo rishingiye ku gukurikiranya imikarago iteye
kimwe, ifite ingingo zuzuzanya cyangwa se zivuguruzanya.
Ingero mu muvugo “Turyamagane twese”
Ingingo zuzuzanya :
Ibyo rwose bikaba intandaro
Yo kwimwa intango y’ubuzima
Akimwa umunaniwo mu muryango.
Ingingo zivuguruzanya
Ingo zirubabakwazigasenywa
5. Igereranya
Igereranya ni ikeshamvugo rishingira ku kugereranya ibintu bifite icyo bihuriyeho ku buryo kimwe cyagufasha gusobanura ikindi ukoresheje uko bisangiye imisusire, imigenzereze, umumaro n’ibindi. Igereranya rikoresha ibyungo
ngereranya: nka, na, kimwe, asa …
Urugero rwo mu muvugo “Turyamagane twese”
Ngo dukundane n’ukoyadukunze
6. Ihwanisha
Ihwanisha ni ikeshamvugo risa no kugereranya ariko nta kigereranyisho gikoreshejwe, ku buryo ibigereranywa ubinganyisha, kimwe kikaba cyafata umwanya w’ikindi cyangwa cyagihagararira.
Urugero rwo mu muvugo “Turyamagane twese”
Babyara umuhungu ngo ni umutabazi
Babyara umukobwa ngo ni agahinda
7. Iyitirira
Iyitirira ni ikeshamvugo rishingiye ku gufata ikintu ukagisimbuza ikindi bitewe n’uko ubona isano bifitanye. Icyo gihe ijambo rifata umwanya w’irindi rikagira inyito nshya kandi n’iyo ryari risanganywe ritayitakaje. Ikintu gishobora kwitirirwa icyo gikozemo, kikitirirwa agace kamwe mu bikigize cyangwa kikitirirwa icyo kirimo.
Urugero rwo mu muvugo “Turyamagane twese”
Ndetse ngere n’ibwotamasimbi(i Burayi)
V.3.3 Akamaro k’imivugo
Imivugo ifasha abahanzi gutambutsa imbamutimazabobabinyujije mu bihangano. Bifasha umuhanzi kunoza ururimi no gukungahaza inyunguramagambo akoresheje amagambo y’intoranywa. Imivugo ifasha abantu gushima, gutaka, kunenga, kwigisha, gukosora ikintu cyangwa umuntu runaka binyujijwe mu bihangano.
Imyitozo
Kora imyitozo ikurikira:
1.Tanga urugero rw’ingingo zishobora kubangikana zikuzuzanyan’izishobora kubangikana zikavuguruzanya.
2. Ni akahe kamaro k’ikeshamvugo rishingiye ku njyana no ku majwi.
Umukoro
Hanga umuvugo mugufi utarengeje imikarago mirongo itatu ku nsanganyamatsiko wihitiyemo ijyanye n’uburenganzira bwa muntu hanyuma uwuvugire imbere y’abandi wubahiriza isesekaza ry’umuvugo rikwiye.
V.4. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa gatanu
Umwandiko:Igihembo cy’amahoro kitiriwe Nobeli
Umwandiko: Igihembo cy’amahoro kitiriwe Nobeli, gihabwa umuntu wagerageje cyangwa warushije abandi kunga abantu, guca cyangwa kugabanya imitwe y’inyeshyamba n’icuruzwa ry’intwaro, kubumbatira no gusakaza iterambere ry’amahoro, hakurikijwe ingingo fatizo zashyizweho mu irage rya Aluferedi Nobeli
(Alfred Nobel). Izo ngingo fatizo zirimo guharanira amahoro, uburenganzira bw’ikiremwa muntu, ibikorwa by’ubugiraneza bifasha abantu, no guharanira ubwigenge.
Igihembo cy’amahoro kitiriwe Nobelicyatanzwe bwa mbere mu mwaka wa 1901.Gishobora kugabanywa abantu babiri, cyangwa batatu cyangwa seamashyirahamwe n’imiryango yaba yarakoreye abantu ubuvugizi cyangwa ikabarengera.Nta gihembo kigeze gitangwa mu gihe k’intambara ebyiri z’isi uretse mu wa 1917 no mu wa 1945, ndetse no mu myaka aho nta mukandida wemejwe ko agikwiye mu babaga bagenwe ngo batoranywemo abagihabwa.
Igihembo kitiriwe Nobeli cyabanje kuba umwihariko w’ibihugu byo mu Burayi na Amerika y’amajyaruguru, nyuma kiza gukwira isi yose. Abanyafurika bamaze kugihabwa barimo: Anuware Sadate (Anouar el-Sadate), Nerisoni Mandera (Nelson Mandela), na Peteri Bota (Peter Bota), Musenyeri Desimoni Tutu (Desmond Tutu), …
Muri rusange igihembo Nobeli cy’amahoro cyagiye gihabwa abantu bakoze ibikorwa bifitiye abantu akamaro cyangwa abarwanije ugukandamizwa mu bya politiki n’abaharaniye guca ubusumbane mu bantu nk’Albert Schweitzer, Martin Luther King, Mama Tereza w’i Karikuta, na Aung San Suu Kyi.
Nk’uko Aluferedi Nobeli (Alfred Nobel) yasize abigennye, abahabwa icyo gihembo batoranywa na komite ishyirwaho n’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’igihugu cya Noruveji abandi bagahitwamo n’ikigo gishinzwe umuco n’ubumenyi cyo muri Suwedi. Impamvu ni uko mu gihe cya Aluferedi Nobeli (Alfred Nobel) ibyo bihugu byombi byari bikiri igihugu kimwe.
Igihembo cy’amahoro kitiriwe Nobeli kijyana n’akayabo ka miriyoni icumi z’amafaranga y’amakuroni akoreshwa muri Suedi. Ni amafaranga arenga gato miriyoni y’amayero akoreshwa mu Muryango w’Ubumwe bw’Ibihugu by’i Burayi.
Abatera amahoro barahirwa rero, kuko usibye ko ubwami bw’Imana ari ubwabo, no mu isi ntibazabaho nabi.
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Igihembo cy’amahoro kitiriwe Nobeli cyatanzwe bwa mbere ryari?
2. Ni bande bagomba guhabwa Igihembo cy’Amahoro Kitiriwe Nobeli?
3. Kuki abahabwa Igihembo cy’Amahoro Kitiriwe Nobeli batoranywa n’abantu bo muri Wuwedi no muri Noruveji?
4. Sobanura akamaro, Igihembo cy’Amahoro Kitiriwe Nobeli gishobora kugira mu gusigasira no guteza imbere uburenganzira bwa muntu ku isi.
II. Ibibazo by’inyunguramagambo
Sobanura amagambo akurikira ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko:
a) Inyeshyamba
b) Irage
c) Umwihariko
d) Akayabo
III. Ibibazo ku muvugo
1. Garagaza uturango tw’ingenzi dutandukanya umuvugo n’ubundi bwoko bw’umwandiko.
2. Ikeshamvugo rishingiye ku igereranya ritandukaniyeho n’irishingiye ku ihanisha?
IV. Ihangamwandiko
Hanga umuvugo mugufi utarengeje imikarago cumi n’itanu, ku nsanganyamatsiko y’uburenganzira bw’umwana.UMUTWE WA 6: IKORANABUHANGA N’ITUMANAHO
Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
- Gusesengura umwandiko uvuga ibijyanye n’ikoranabuhanga n’itumanaho agaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi.
- Gutahura, gukoresha neza ntera n’izina ntera n’igisantera.
- Gukoresha neza inshinga mu bihe byayo no mu buryo bwayo.Igikorwa cy’umwinjizo
Uhereye ku bumenyi usanzwe ufite kora ubushakashatsi:
- Ugaragaze akamaro k’ikoranabuhanga n’itumanaho mu iterambere;
- Utandukanye ntera, izina ntera n’igisantera;- Utahure inshoza, ubwoko, ibihe n’uburyo by’inshinga.
VI.1. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko: Ikoranabuhanga ryaragikemuye
Igikorwa 6.1
Soma umwandiko ukurikira, usobanure amagambo wahawe wifashishije inkoranya cyangwa inyito afite mu mwandiko kandi usubize n’ibibazo byawubajijweho.
VI.1.1 Gusoma umwandikoSoma umwandiko ukurikira:
Ikoranabuhanga rigaragarira mu nzego nyinshi z’imirimo. Rikoreshwa mu kunoza no kwihutisha ubushakashatsi, itumanaho, imitunganyirize y’imirimo itandukanye bityo bikihutisha iterambere uko bwije n’uko bukeye.
Abakambwe kimwe n’abandi badutanze kubona izuba, bavuga ko Abanyarwanda bo hambere bari bafite ubumenyi bwo kwirwanaho ngo babone ibyo bakeneye nk’umuriro, ibikoresho binyuranye, imiti ivura indwara n’ibindi. Si ibyo gusa, bashoboraga no gutumanaho bakoresheje uburyo bunyuranye burimo gutuma intumwa, umurishyo w’ingoma cyangwa ihembe.
Vuba aha, aho abazungu badukaniye ibibiriti, imyenda ikorerwa mu nganda, itumanaho rikoresha murandasi, iradiyo, terefone, indege zitagira abapirote (drone), ibaruwa n’ibindi nk’ibyo bitabagaho, ibikoresho n’imiti bigezweho, Abanyarwanda ntibakita ku bumenyi bari basanganywe. Kwihamurira umuti w’ishyamba cyangwa gukoresha ibikoresho gakondo byagiye bikendera. Ntibongeye guhugira mu bya kera ahubwo batangiye kujyana n’ibigezweho. Mu
gihe tugezemo ndetse n’ikizaza, usanga ikoranabuhanga ari ingenzi mu mirimo inyuranye no mu buzima bwa buri munsi.
Abantu b’ingeri zinyuranye bifashisha ikoranabuhanga n’itumanaho mu kwihutisha no kunoza imirimo yabo. Urugero nko mu buvuzi, mu burezi, mu bucuruzi, mu bwikorezi, mu buyobozi no mu mirimo inyuranye. Mu gukoresha ikoranabuhanga, imirimo ikorwa neza kandi mu gihe gito bityo bikihutisha iterambere mu Gihugu.
Igihugu kidakoresha ikoranabuhanga n’itumanaho ntigishobora gutera imbere kuko abagituye batamenya ibikorerwa ahandi cyangwa ngo bashobore kumenyekanisha ibyo bakora n’ibyiza bigitatse mu ruhando mpuzamahanga.
Mu buvuzi, ikoranabuhanga n’itumanaho byarakataje. Kuri ubu basigaye babaga umuntu batamwegereye kandi bakabaga ahantu hato ku buryo kuhavura byihuta. Ikindi kandi ubu umuntu ashobora kwivuza akoresheje terefoni, akavuga uko arwaye, umuganga akamwandikira imiti cyangwa akamwohereza ku ivuriro runaka.
Ubu hari utudege tutagira abapirote (drone) tugeza amaraso ku bayakeneye ku buryo bwihuse. Nanone kandi muri za raboratwari ntibikiri ngombwa gutegereza iminsi n’iminsi kugira ngo ubone igisubizo. Iyo utanze ikizami, mu minota mike uhita ubona igisubizo. Ibyo byose biterwa n’ikoranabuhanga ndetse n’itumanaho byateye imbere mu Rwanda.
Mu burezi, abarimu n’abanyeshuri bararurashe aka wa mugani w’Abanyarwanda. Kuri bo, ikoranabuhanga n’itumanaho bituma babasha gukora ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ku bijyanye n’amasomo agomba kwigishwa cyangwa kwigwa, bikanabafasha guhanahana amakuru hagati yabo. Abarimu n’abanyeshuri kandi bifashisha ikoranabuhanga bagira ngo bamenye ibigezweho bikenerwa
mu mashuri. Ikoranabuhanga rinabafasha kwigisha abanyeshuri bari ahantu hatandukanye atari ngombwa ko bahurira mu ishuri.
Mu bucuruzi, abaguzi n’abacuruzi bifashisha ikoranabuhanga bagura cyangwa bagurisha ibicuruzwa byabo batiriwe bakora ingendo. Mu buryo bwo kwishyurana, ntibikiri ngombwa kugendana amafaranga kuko bikorwa bifashishije terefoni. Mu gihe cyo gutanga imisoro abasoreshwa ntibakirwa bajya gutonda imirongo, babikorera aho bari bakoresheje terefoni cyangwa mudasobwa. Kuri ubu ushobora kubitsa, kubikuza cyangwa kohereza amafaranga aho ushaka hose
ukoresheje terefoni cyangwa amakarita yabugenewe.
Mu bwikorezi, ntibikiri ngombwa gufata urugendo ubitse amafaranga mu mufuka ngo ni ay’urugendo. Ubu ni ukuyashyira ku ikarita yitwa kozaho wigendere, maze iyo karita ukayikoza ku kamashini kabugenewe kaba kari mu modoka maze ukinjira mu modoka ukagenda. Mu buyobozi, abasaba serivisi babikora
kandi bakayihabwa mu buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga batiriwe bajya ku biro runaka. Ikoreshwa ry’impapuro ryaragabanutse kuko hasigaye hakoreshwa mudasobwa mu ibika ry’amakuru anyuranye mirimo myinshi. Mu nzego zinyuranye inama zisigaye zitabirwa n’abantu bitabaye ngombwa ko baba bari hamwe.
Muri make, ikoranabuhanga n’itumanaho ni ingenzi mu kunoza imikorere no kwihutisha serivisi. Ibyo bituma iterambere ry’abaturage n’Igihugu muri rusange ryiyongera. Ni ngombwa rero gushishikarira gukoresha ikoranabuhanga n’itumanaho kuko byoroshya imikorere.
VI.1.2 Gusobanura amagambo
Sobanura amagambo n’amatsinda y’amagambo akurikira, wifashishije inkoranya cyangwa inyito afite mu mwandiko.
- Kubona izuba
- Guhamura umuti
- Uruhando mpuzamahanga
- Murandasi
- Bwimbitse
- Abasheshe akanguhe
- Gukendera
- Kunoza
VI.1.3 Kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
Subiza ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Iterambere ritaraza Abanyarwanda bakoreshaga ubuhe buryo?
2. Ni hehe hakoreshwa ikoranabuhanga mu buvuzi havuzwe mu mwandiko?
3. Ukurikije ibivugwa mu mwandiko sobanura uko ikoranabuhanga rishobora kwihutisha iterambere.
4. Garagaza igihombo Igihugu kigira iyo kidafite ikoranabuhanga.
5. Vuga ahandi ikoranabuhanga rikoreshwa mu Rwanda hatavuzwe mu mwandiko.6. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi zikubiye muri uyu mwandiko.
Imyitozo
Kora imyitozo ikurikira
1. Simbuza amagambo atsindagiye impuzanyito zayo zakoreshejwe mu mwandiko kandi wubahirize isanisha rikwiye.a) Abasaza ba kera bari bafite ikoranabuhanga n’itumanaho bakoreshaga.
b) Abanyarwanda bakoreshaga uburyo butandukanye mu buvuzi.
c) Abantu b’ibyiciro binyuranye bakoresha ikoranabuhanga.
2. Shaka muri iki kinyatuzu, mu merekezo yacyo yose, amagambo ikenda afitanye isano n’ikoranabuhanga n’itumanaho yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko “Ikoranabuhanga ryaragikemuye” hanyuma uyandukure.
3. Ikoranabuhanga n’itumanaho ni inkingi ikomeye mu kwihutisha iterambere. Nyamara iyo rikoreshejwe nabi risenya aho kubaka. Uhereye ku bumenyi bwawe, sobanura uko ikoranabuhanga n’itumanaho rikoreshejwe nabi ryasenya aho kubaka.
VI.2 Ntera, izina ntera n’igisantera
Igikorwa 6.2
Uhereye ku bumenyi usanzwe ufite, wifashishije ingero, tanga inshoza kandi utandukanye ntera, izina ntera n’igisantera.
VI.2.1 Ntera
1. Inshoza ya ntera n’uturango twayo
Ntera ni ijambo rigaragira izina rigasobanura imiterere, imimerere n’ingano by’ibyo iryo zina rivuga. Ntera yegerana n’izina ifutura cyangwa bigahuzwa n’inshinga “ni”, “si”, ri”, “kuba”n’izindi zivuga imimerere. Ntera yisanisha mu nteko zose z’amazina. Ntera yifashishwa mu kugaragaza indanganteko y’izina igaragiye iyo indanganteko yaryo itigaragaza. Ntera ishobora gusimbura izina igaragiye igafata indomo yaryo, bityo ikitwara nk’izina.
Ingero:
- Uyu mwana muremure ni mwiza.
- Ihohoterwa si ryiza mu muryango nyarwanda.
- Wa mukobwa wari muto yabaye munini aho amariye gushaka.
- Kamanzi ni umusore munini kandi muremure.
- Uru rukweto ni rushyashya.
- Uyu mukobwa yiga mu ishuri rikuru.
- Abakuru n’abato bunganirane.
- Imana ivubira imvura ababi n’abeza.
2. Urutonde rwa ntera z’Ikinyarwanda
-nini: umwana munini
-inshi: ibishyimbo byinshi
-bi: ibirayi bibi
-tindi: agapfunyika gatindi
-gari:inzu ngari
-iza: umunsi mwiza
-sa/sa-sa:ibijumba bisa/ amazi masamasa
-zima: urukwavu ruzima
-to/-to-to/-toya: amasaka mato, umuhungu mutomuto, ishyamba ritoya
-toto: igiti gitoto
-ke/keya/ke-ke: ibiryo bike, amazi makeya, umuti mukemuke
-kuru: inka nkuru
-bisi: ibishyimbo bibisi
-shya/shyashya: amakanzu mashya, igitambaro gishyashya
-gufi/gufiya: insina ngufi, urugo rugufiya
-re-re: umusozi muremure
-tagatifu: ahantu hatagatifu
-hire: urugo ruhire
-taraga: umukecuru mutaraga
-nzinya, nzunyu, nuya, niniya, nzuzunya, nunuya, niniriya, nziginya, nzugurunyu: uburo bunzinya, uturayi tunziginya
V.2.2 Izina ntera
Izina ntera ni izinarifite umumaro wo gusobanura irindi zina riherekeje cyangwa risimbura. Izina ntera rigaragaza ubwoko, akarere, ibara cyangwa inkomoko y’ikivugwa.Amazina ntera yisanisha mu nteko nyinshi ugereranyije n’amazina asanzwe. Izina ntera n’izina risobanura bihuzwa n’ikinyazina ngenera, inshinga
ni,si, -ri cyangwa kuba. Ntera yafashe indomo na yo ihinduka izina ntera kuko rigumana umumaro wo gusobanura izina risimbura.
Ingero:
- Abagabo b’abarera bakunda guhiga amasaka.
- Amasuka y’amaberuka ntakiboneka.
- Yaguze inkweto z’umutuku.
- Umwenda w’umutirano ntumara imbeho.
- Uyu muceri si umushinwa.
- Wa mukobwa wange yashatswe n’umusore w’umurundi biganye.
- Indagara z’intanzaniya.
- Umushyitsi abaye umuzungu yahagerera ku gihe.
- Iyi shati ari umutuku ni ho nayigura.
- Inka z’inzungu zirakamwa: Inzungu zirakamwa.
- Uyu mwarimu ni umunyarwanda
- Umunyeshuri mwiza agira ishyaka. Umwiza agira ishyaka.
VI.2.3 Igisantera n’uturango
Igisantera ni ijambo rifite umumaro nk’uwa ntera wo kugaragira izina no kurisobanura ariko ku rwego rw’intego ntirimere nka ntera kuko ritisanisha mu nteko kimwe na yo.
Ingero:
- Umusaza rukukuri /abasaza rukukuri
- Umugore gito
- Umuco gakondo
- Inama mpuzamahanga.
- Ishuri nderabarezi
- Itegeko teka
Ikitonderwa
Hari ibisantera bimwe bijyana n’amagambo yagenwe ku buryo ayo magamboyitwara nk’inyumane.
Ingero :
- Umuhoro muhanya utema ibizarama.
- Umurimo mwitumo ukiza nyirawo.
- Inyoni nyoro ntitora mu ruhuri.
- Umwana murizi ntakurwa urutozi.
- Nta wutagira marayika murinzi.
- Amazi masabanonta mara inyota.
- Umutima muhanano ntiwuzura igituza.
- Inyandiko mvugo
Imyitozo
1. Garagaza ntera, amazina ntera n’ibisantera biri mu nteruro zikurikira:
a) Nasuye inzu ndangamurage y’u Rwanda.
b) Amazi menshi cyane yangiza imyaka.
c) Amatama masa ntasabira inka igisigati.
d) Amagi y’amazungu agura make.
e) Umwenda w’umukara urashyuha.
f) Imikino mpuzamahanga irahimbaza.
g) Abana bato bakenera kwitabwaho.
h) Nkunda imbyino gakondo.
2. Tanga ingero ebyirebyiri z’interuro zirimo zirimo: ntera, izina ntera
n’igisantera.
3. Gereranya igisantera, ntera n’izina ntera ugaragaze icyo bihuriyeho n’itandukaniro ryabyo.
VI.3 Inshinga
Igikorwa 6.3
Ushingiye ku bumenyi ufite, kora ubushakashatsi ugaragaze
- Inshoza y’inshinga,
- Ubwoko bw’inshinga,
- Ibihe bikuru by’inshinga
- Uburyo by’inshinga
VI.3.1 Inshoza
Inshinga ni ijambo ryumvikanisha igikorwa, imiterere/ imimerere n’imico bya ruhamwa mu nteruro. Muri make, inshinga ni yo itanga ubutumwa bw’ibanze mu nteruro.
Ingero:
- Minani arahinga mu gishanga.
- Mukamusoni aritonda.
- Uyu musore arabyibushye.
VI.3.2 Ubwoko bw’inshinga
Inshinga z’Ikinyarwanda ziri mu matsinda abiri. Inshinga isanzwe n’inshinga idasanzwe. Inshinga isanzwe ni inshinga ijya mu buryo bw’imbundo kandi igatondagurwa mu bihe bitandukanye naho inshinga idasanzwe ni inshinga itajya mu buryo bw’imbundo ntinatondagurwe mu bihe byose. Inshinga idasanzwe isimbuzwa
izindi nshinga bihuje inyizo mu bihe idatondagurwamo. Inshinga idasanzwe initwa kandi inshinga nkene cyangwa mburabuzi.
1. Inshinga idasanzwe
Inshinga zidasanzwe, inshinga nkene cyangwa inshinga mburabuzi mu Kinyarwanda ni esheshatu gusa ari zo: ni, si, -ri, -fite, -ruzi, -zi. Mu bihe zidatondagurwamo, “ni” isimburwa no “kuba”, “si” isimburwa no “kutaba”, “-ri” isimburwa no “kuba”, “-fite” isimburwa no “kugira”, “-ruzi” isimburwa
no “kubona” cyangwa “kureba” naho “-zi” igasimburwa no “kumenya”.
Ingero:
- Amasaka si amasunzu.
- Mahoro ni umuganga.
- Gasore afite imyaka itanu.
- Ndamuruzi nguriya.
- Muzi ubwenge.
2. Inshinga isanzwe
Inshinga isanzwe iyo idatondaguwe iba iri mu mbundo kuko iba itagaragaza ngenga irimo cyangwa ikerekezwaho igikorwa, imimerere cyangwa imico bivugwa n’inshinga. Inshinga isanzwe iyo itondaguwe iba igaragaza ngenga itondaguwemo, ngenga irimo n’igihe itondaguwemo.
Ingero:
- Nzakora ikizami ejo.
- Kwigabirashimisha.
- Oga vuba tugende.
- Twaratsinze twese.
VI.3.3 Ibihe by’inshinga
Inshinga ishobora kuvuga ibirikuba aka kanya, ibiba ubusanzwe, ibigiye kuba, ibizaba bitinze, ibyabaye uyu munsi cyangwa ibyabaye kera. Ibi byose bikubirwa mu bihe bitatu by’ingenzi ari byo indagihe, impitagihe n’inzagihe.
1. Indagihe
Indagihe ivuga ibiba muri aka kanya, ibiba ubusanzwe n’ibyabaye kera bivugwa mu nkuru. bityo ikagabanywamo indagihe y’ubu, indagihe y’ubusanzwe, indagihe y’imbarankuru.
a) Indagihe y’ubu
Indagihe y’ubu cyangwa indagihe y’aka kanya yumvikanisha ikirimo gukorwa ubu mu kanya ko kuvuga.
Ingero
- Ndahinga mu rutoki.
- Turarya ibishyimbo.
- Baratetse.
b) Indagihe y’ubusanzwe
Indagihe y’ubusanzwe yumvikanisha igikorwa gisanzwe gikorwa, gihora kiba. Ntawamenya intangiriro n’iherezo ryacyo.
Ingero :
- Izuba rirasa mu gitondo.
- Nkunda gusoma ibitabo.
- Uyu muti uvura inzoka.
c) Indagihe y’imbarankuru
Indagihe y’imbarankuru ikoreshwa havugwa ibyabaye kera nk’aho ari iby’ubu.
Ingero
Umwarimu arahaguruka, arababwira ati: “Mwigane umwete bizabafasha”.
2. Impitagihe
Impitagihe ivuga ibintu byahise kare cyangwa ibyabaye kera.Igabanyijemo impitakare n’impitakera.
a) Impitakare
Impitakare yumvisha igikorwa kirangiye cyangwa icyakozwe uyumunsi.
Ingero
- Uyu munsi nateye urubingo.
- Mu gitondo baharuraga umuhanda.
b) Impitakera
Impitakera yumvisha igikorwa cyarangiye mu gihe cyahise uhereye ejo hashize.
Ingero :
- Nabyinaga mu itorero Indangamuco.
- Umwaka ushize nasomye ibitabo byinshi.
- Yize Bibiliya akiri muto.
- Twarakoraga tugataha.
3. Inzagihe
Inzagihe ivuga ibiza kuba cyangwa ibizaba nyuma y’igihe cyo kuvuga. Igabanyijemo inzahato n’inzakera.
a) Inzahato :
Inzahato ivuga ibiri bube nyuma yo kuvuga ariko ntibifatire undi munsi.
Ingero :
- Ku gicamunsi uratera umupira.
- Mu kanya uramperekeza ku isoko.
- Araza kukubwira igikenewe.
b) Inzakera
Inzakera ivuga ibizaba ejo cyangwa mu bihe bizakurikiraho.
Ingero :
- Tuzaririmba indirimbo z’agakiza.
- Muzadusura ryari?
- Muzagera ku iterambere mu itumanaho.
VI.3.4 Uburyo bw’inshinga
Uburyo ni imigendekere y’inshinga igaragaza imiterere y’ubwumvane iri hagati y’uvuga n’ubwirwa kimwe n’uko uvuga yitwara mu magambo ye. Uburyo bw’inshinga mu Kinyarwanda ni ubu bukurikira: ikirango, imbundo, integeko, inyugo, ikigombero,
inyifurizo, inziganyo n’ insano.
1. Ikirango
Inshinga iri mu uburyo bw’ikirango iyo igaragaza igikorwa cyangwa imimerere by’ihame, mu buryo budashidikanya.
Ingero :
- Turiga isomo ryo kubungabunga ibidukikije.
- Ntibatemaibiti bikiri bitoto.
- Ejo wasomaga inkuru isekeje.
- Kanyana yagiye i Kigali gusura mubyara we Kayitesi.
2.Integeko
Integeko ni uburyo bw’inshinga butanga itegeko.
Ingero:
- Vuga inshamake y’inkuru wasomye
- Mwandike inkuru ndende ku nsanganyamatsiko mwihitiyemo.
- Bivuge neza uko byagenze.
- Wivuga inkuru utahagazeho.
3.Inyungo
Inshinga iba itondaguye mu buryo bw’inyungo iyo ikoreshejwe nk’icyuzuzo k’indi nshinga itondaguye maze ibikorwa cyangwa imimerere bikaza biherekeje ibindi.
Ingero:
- Amusanga mu nzira ahagaze.
- Yagiye atamuhaye ibyo guteka.
- Mwatashye bwije.
- Baje banyerera.
- Uryama witambitse.
4.Imbundo
Imbundo ni uburyo inshinga ibamo ikavuga igikorwa cyangwa imimerere bitagize uwo bicirirwaho cyangwa icyo byerekezaho.
Ingero:
- Ngiye kuvoma.
- Kurya cyane si ko kubyibuha.
5.Ikigombero
Ikigombero ni uburyo inshinga ibamo ikavuga igikorwa gishingiye ku kindi kikagaragaza ikifuzo cyangwa inkurikizi. Ikigombero kivuga igikorwa ngombwa kuko kifujwe.
Ingero:
- Namubwiye ngo avuge amakuru yakuye mu itorero.
- Nagende yihane kujya ashuka abana bato.
- Ndagira ngo utahe.
- Muzasya mvome.
- Nimuze mbatume.
- Murekure agende.
6.Inziganyo
Inziganyo ni uburyo buvuga igikorwa buteganya ko cyabaho ari uko habaye ikindi. Ni ukuvuga igikorwa gishingira ku kindi kugira ngo kibeho.
Ingero:
– Mukoranye umwete mwakira vuba.
– Mbonye ubushobozi nakwiga.
– Ubonye umwanya wazadusura.
– Mukurikije inama z’ababyeyi ntimwahura n’ingorane.
7.Inyifurizo
Inyifurizo ni uburyo buvuga icyo umuntu yiyifuriza cyangwa yifuriza nyakubwirwa cyangwa nyakuvugwa. Hashobora kwifuzwa ibyiza cyangwa ibibi. Kwifuza ibibi ni ugutukana.
Ingero:
- Kabyare hungu na kobwa!
- Muragakira!
- Muragwira!
- Mwogahirwa mwe!
8.Insano
Insano cyangwa insobanuzi ni uburyo inshinga itondagurwamo igasobanura izina cyangwa irindi jambo ririsimbura.
Ingero:
- Umurimo dushinzwe tuwukorane umwete.
- Imirima bahinga ni iyabo.
- Urusaku numva ni urw’iki?
- Ibyo naguhaye uzabimuhe.
Imyitozo
Kora imyitozo ikurikira:
1. Tanga urugero rw’interuro irimo inshinga itondagye:
a) mu ndagihe y’ubusanzwe
b) mu mpitagihe y’impitakera
c) mu nzagihe y’inzavuba.
2. Vuga uburyo bw’inshinga ziri mu ibara ry’umukara.
a) Mbonye imbuto natera.
b) Igihe nari mu ishuri wansakurizaga.
c) Ibyo yakoze bizamukoraho.
d) Bateka bicaye.
3. Koresha izi nshinga mburabuzi mu nteruro wishakiye:
a) -ruzi
b) -ri
c) -fite
VI.4. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa gatandatu
Umwandiko:Yarazikabije!
Mu nzozi ze, Uwineza yahoraga atekereza kuzavamo umuntu ukomeye cyane. Agitangira ishuri ry’inshuke yihatiye kwita ku burere n’inyigisho yahabwaga n’abarezi be. Azamukana umwete udasanzwe mu masomo ye ku ishuri, yagera no mu rugo ababyeyi be bakabimufashamo.
Akiri mu mashuri abanza, uyu mwana w’umukobwa yajyaga abona indege zihita mu kirere k’iwabo akabwira ababyeyi be ko yifuza ko bagura indege. Ababyeyi be bakamusubiza ko indege ihenda cyane ku buryo kuyisukira bitaba iby’ubonetse wese. Cyokora Uwineza akababaza impamvu batagana banki ibegereye ngo bayiguze ayo mafaranga menshi maze bihahire iyo nyamibwa.
Mu gutekereza ku ndege, Uwineza yifuzaga kuyitunga ariko akanasobanukirwa imiterere n’imikorere yayo. Buri gihe yahoranaga amatsiko y’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga yabonaga mu rugo iwabo, mu baturanyi babo ndetse no ku ishuri. Igihe babaga bagiye kwiga isomo ryerekeye ikoranabuhanga agatega amatwi ibisobanuro byose bahabwa n’umwarimu wabo, akanabaza ibibazo byinshi rwose! Uko yagendaga azamuka mu myigire ye, ni ko yarushagaho gusobanukirwa ko ya ndege yahoraga arota ifite imikorere ishingiye ku ikoranabuhanga kandi ko abayigendamo baba bakomeza kugenzura umurongo w’itumanaho hagati yabo n’abo basize aho baturutse tutibagiwe n’abari aho iyo ndege igana.
Kubera umwete yakurikiranaga amasomo ye, byatumaga agira amanota y’indashyikirwa. Iwabo bamuguriye mudasobwa akajya ayifashisha mu kongera ubumenyi n’ubushobozi mu ikoranabuhanga n’itumanaho byunganira ibyo yigira mu ishuri.
Ntibyatinze ikizamini cya Leta kiraza maze si ukugitsinda arakihanangiriza. Ahabwa ishami ririmo ikoranabuhanga n’itumanaho. Icyo kiciro yakiganye umwete n’ikinyabupfura bidasanzwe rwose nuko na cyo akinywa nk’unywa amazi, maze
akirangizanya amanota y’agahebuzo yo ku rwego rwo hejuru. Ahabwa umwanya muri kaminuza y’ikoranabuhanga n’itumanaho maze si ukubicukumbura abiva imuzingo. Ibi byamuhesheje amahirwe yo kwiga ishuri ry’ibijyanye no gutwara indege. Uko yagendaga arushaho kubiminuza, yageze ku rwego rwo gutwara
ndetse no kuzikanika.
Umwuga wo gutwara indege, Uwineza yawukoranye ubushake n’ubwitange, akora imishinga imuteza imbere, aba umwe mu bagore b’abaherwe, ashinga ikigo cy’ubwikorezi bwo mu kirere. Ubu inzozi ze yarazikabije, kuko afite indege nziza rwose.
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1.Umunyarubuga mukuru muri iyi nkuru afite iyihe ntego?
2. Garagaza uruhare rw’ababyeyi mu gufasha uwineza kugera ku nzozi ze.
3. Wifashishije umwandiko sobanura ubutwari bwa Uwineza.
4. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi ziri muri uyu mwandiko.
5. Ukeka ko ikoranabuhanga ryaba ryarafashije iki Uwineza mu rugendo rwo kugera ku nzozi ze.
II. Ibibazo by’inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura amagambo akurikira ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko:
a) Inyamibwa
b) Arakihanangiriza
c) Umuherwe
d) Abiva imuzingo
2. Ubaka interuro iboneye ukoresheje buri jambo muri aya akurikira:
a) Nk’unywa amazi
b) Kubicukumbura
c) Indashyikirwa
d) Agahebuzo
III. Ibibazo ku kibonezamvugo
1. Tandukanya ntera, izina ntera n’igisantera wifashishije ingero.
2. Koresha mu nteruro inshinga zikurikira mu bihe byasabwe
a) -ruzi (inzagihe)
b) kubiba (impitagihey’impitakera)
c) kudoda (indagihe y’ubusanzwe)
d) gukoresha (inzagihe y’inzavuba)
3. Koresha inshinga “gutsinda”:
a) mu nyifuzo
b) Mu ntegeko
c) mu nziganyod) mu nyungo
UMUTWE WA 7: KUBUNGABUNGA IBIDUKIKIJE
Ubushobozi bw’ingenzi bugamijwe
- Gusesengura umwandiko uvuga ku kubungabunnga ibidukikije hagaragazwa ingingo z’ingenzi ziwugize.
- Kugaragaza amazina akomoka ku yandi n’amazina akomoka ku nshinga.
Igikorwa cy’umwinjizo
Uhereye ku bumenyi usanzwe ufite kora ubushakashatsi:
- Ugaragaze uruhare rw’ibidukikije ku mibereho myiza ya muntu- Ugaragaze amazina y’Ikinyarwanda akomoka ku yandi moko y’amagambo.
VII.1. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko: Kariza mu butayu
Igikorwa 7.1
Soma umwandiko ukurikira, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranya cyangwa inyito afite mu mwandiko kandi usubize n’ibibazo byawubajijweho.
VII.1.1 Gusoma umwandikoSoma umwandiko ukurikira:
Ubutayu
Akaga
Gusuhukira
Uruturuturu
Utwangushye
Impamba
Kugotomera
Kurorongotana
Kuzibiranya
Inzogera irirenga
Kwisunga abandi
Inyanja
Ibikingi
Gufatira runini
Umwuma
Kuzanzamuka
Pariki
Amarebe
Impamba
Kugotomera
Kurorongotana
Kuzibiranya
Inzogera irirenga
Kwisunga abandi
Inyanja
Ibikingi
Gufatira runini
Umwuma
Kuzanzamuka
Pariki
Amarebe
Amapfa yibasiye amajyaruguru y’Afurika, abimukira bakajya bava mu bihugu binyuranye bakambuka ubutayu bwa Sahara berekeza ku mugabane w’i Burayi. Muri urwo rugendo bambuka ubutayu, bagendaga bahura n’ibizazane bikomeye. Umuryango wa Gahigi ni umwe mu miryango yahuye n’akaga muri urwo rugendo.
Umugabo Gahigi, umugore we Nyiramana n’abana babo Kariza na Ngabo babaga muri kimwe mu bihugu by’amajyaruguru ya Afurika. Uyu muryango, wari umaze imyaka isaga makumyabiri ubayeho neza, hanyuma mu gihugu haza gutera amapfa. Aho amapfa atereye, bafashe umwanzuro wo gusuhukira mu bihugu by’i Burayi, abana bata amashuri kuko nta kundi bagombaga kubigenza.
Mbere yo gufata urugendo, biteguye uko bashoboye kuko bagombaga kunyura mu butayu bunini butagira amazi n’ibiribwa. Bazindutse mu ruturuturu, bafata utwangushye, bashyira nzira baragenda. Mu nzira, bahahuriye n’abandi bimukira bavaga hirya no hino, bafatanya urugendo, bagenda basangira ibyo bari bafite.
Bacagashije urugendo, impamba bari bitwaje yarashize maze Gahigi atangira kuzenguruka ubutayu ashakisha aho yabona amazi n’icyatunga umuryango we. Yaje kubona akazenga k’amazi mabi. Mbere yo kuvoma ngo ashyire umugore n’abana, yagotomeye amazi menshi bimuviramo urupfu kubera ko umwuma wari umugeze habi. Umuryango wategereje ko Gahigi agaruka, uraheba. Bukeye,
umuhungu we Ngabo afata umwanzuro wo kujya gushaka irengero rya se. Akomeza kugenda arorongotana, cyane ko nta n’imbaraga yari agifite. Burya koko arimo gishegesha ntavura, yaje guhura n’inkubi y’umuyaga iramuzibiranya, umusenyi umurenga hejuru, inzogera irirenga.
Nyiramana amaze kubura umugabo n’umuhungu we, arashoberwa. Akomeza gukurikira abandi afite intege nke n’agahinda kenshi. Bakomeza urugendo ariko rubabana rurerure dore ko hari n’igihe basubiraga aho bavuye kubera ko kubona amerekezo mu butayu bigoranye.
Hashize icyumweru kimwe, kubera agahinda, gucika intege no kubura amazi n’ibiryo, Nyiramana na we yaje gupfa azize umwuma n’inzara, hasigara wa mukobwa Kariza. Ubwo Kariza yisunze umuryango bari kumwe, bakomeza urugendo. Baje kwambuka ubutayu bagera hafi y’Inyanja ya Mediterane, bahasanga ibiribwa n’amazi, bararya, baranywa, barahembuka.
Kariza amaze gutora agatege, atangira kuganira n’umugabo wo mu muryango yisunze. Yamubajije ibibazo byinshi ashaka kumenya impamvu aho banyuze hose nta mazi bigeze bahabona. Uwo mugabo yari umuhanga, agwa neza kandi agakunda kuganira. Yamusobanuriye birambuye bimwe mu biranga ubutayu n’impamvu zibutera.
- Ahantu twanyuze ni mu butayu. Nk’uko wabyiboneye, mu butayu ni ahantu h’umucanga, hataba amazi, ntihabe ibinyabuzima, byaba ibimera cyangwa inyamaswa. Nta mvura ihagwa, n’iyo ihaguye, iba ari nke cyane.
- Kubera iki se mu butayu haba ibyo bibazo byose birimo no kubura amazi ?
- Uretse imiterere kamere y’ahantu, abantu na bo bagiye bafata nabi
ibidukikije, amashyamba barayatsemba, imvura irabura, amasoko
n’imigezi birakama, amapfa aratera. Abari bahatuye barasuhuka, berekeza ishyanga. Abashatse kugundira ngo bigumire mu bikingi byabo barapfa, bazira umwuma no kubura umwuka mwiza wo guhumeka. Aho bari batuye, hahinduka ubutayu hatyo.
- Ushatse se kuvuga ko amazi ari yo soko y’ubuzima bw’ibinyabuzima byose?
- Ni byo rwose wabimenye. Amazi ni ubuzima. Wabonye ko abantu bagiye bapfira mu butayu kubera kubura amazi. Nyamara, aho tuboneye amazi, abantu barazanzamutse ntihagira abongera kwicwa n’umwuma. Iyo imvura iguye, abantu bahinga imyaka ikera. Ibiyaga, imigezi n’inzuzi bifatiye runini abaturiye isi. Amazi yabyo akoreshwa mu kuhira imyaka mu turere tutabonekamo imvura ihagije. Mu biyaga n’inzuzi kandi habamo ibinyabuzima bifitiye abantu akamaro kanini nk’amafi, inyamaswa zitandukanye ndetse n’ibimera. Amazi kandi afasha abantu mu kubaka ibikorwa remezo binyuranye. Abubaka bifashisha amazi, ingufu nyinshi z’amashanyarazi zikoreshwa ku isi, zikomoka ku mazi.Mu kamaro k’amazi kandi ntitwakwibagirwa ko hamwe na hamwe, amazi ari yo mipaka y’ibihugu n’imigabane.
Wa mugabo yakomeje gusobanurira Kariza ibijyanye n’ubutayu maze avuga no ku mashyamba.
- Amashyamba ni isoko y’umwuka mwiza duhumeka, ni na yo akurura imvura. Amashyamba afata ubutaka ntibutwarwe n’isuri, bigatuma hataba ubutayu. Amashyamba ni intaho y’ibindi binyabuzima binyuranye birimo inyamaswa n’ibiguruka. Amashyamba kandi ni isoko y’ubukerarugendo buzanira
ibihugu amadovize. Ibiti bimwe na bimwe biboneka mu mashyamba, cyanecyane aya kimeza, bivamo imiti inyuranye ikoreshwa mu buvuzi.
- Burya koko byose byicwa no kutabimenya. Urakoze cyane ku bisobanuro umpaye. Ubu se koko ni iki twakora kugira ngo tubungabunge ibidukikije?
- Birakwiye ko buri muntu wese, agira uruhare mu kubungabunga ibidukikije. Nk’uko bikunze kuvugwa ngo: «Nutema kimwe uge utera bibiri», ni ngombwa kongera amashyamba dutera ibiti aho bitari, twirinda gusarura amashyamba ateze kandi twamagana ba rutwitsi. Ni byiza ko abantu bose babungabunga ibiti, amashyamba na za pariki. Ni ngombwa kandi ko buri muntu wese abungabunga amasoko y’amazi, imigezi, inzuzi, ibiyaga n’inyanja.
- Ubwo amazi yabungwabungwa ate?
- Amazi yabungabungwa twirinda kubaka hafi yayo, kuyasesagura no kuyajugunyamo imyanda inyuranye. Tugomba kandi kuyasukura
tuyavanamo ibimera biyangiza nk’amarebe.
Muri iki kiganiro, Kariza yasobanukiwe akamaro ko kubungabunga ibidukikije maze bakomeza urugendo, bambuka inyanja, bagera i Burayi. Bageze i Burayi, Kariza yakomerejeyo amashuri maze ahitamo kwiga ibijyanye no kurengera ibidukikije. Yabitewe n’uko yari yarababajwe cyane no kuba ababyeyi be n’abandi bantu, baraguye mu butayu biturutse ku ngaruka z’uko ibidukikijebitabungabunzwe uko bikwiye.
VII.1.2 Gusobanura amagambo
Soma umwandiko “Kariza mu butayu”, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure wifashishije inkoranyamagambo cyangwa inyito afite mu mwandiko
VII.1.3 Kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
Subiza ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Ni ubuhe butayu abimukira bambukaga buri mu majyaruguru ya Afurika?
2. Aba bimukira bafashe umwanzuro wo gusuhuka, berekera i Burayi. Ni iyi he nyanja bambutse mbere yo kugerayo?
3. Ni iki cyatumye Kariza ahitamo kwiga ibijyanye no kurengera ibidukikije?
4. Sobanura akamaro k’ibidukikije ku buzima bwa mu ntu?
5.Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi ziri mu mwandiko.
6. Iyo bavuze ngo “Nutema kimwe uge utera bibiri” baba bashatse kuvuga iki?
Imyitozo
Kora imyitozo ikurikira:
1. Simbuza amagambo yanditse atsindagiye andi bivuga kimwe dusanga mu mwandiko wubahiriza isanisha.
a) Ukuva kw’izuba ryinshi kandi rikabije byateye ikama ry’ibiyaga
n’ibishanga.
b) Amage arisha umugabo ikivuza, inzara se ntiyatumye duhunga tukerekeza i Bushi!
c) Amazi yarabuze mu mudugudu wacu icyaka gikabije gituma benshi
batakaza ubuzima.
d) Gahigi na Mpwerazikamwa bamaze iminsi bijajaye basubiye mu kibuga.
e) Amazi n’amashyamba bidufitiye akamaro kanini, ntawarota yangiza ibyo bidukikije.
f) Amazi n’amashyamba bidufitiye akamaro kanini, ntawarota yangiza ibyo bidukikije.
g) Amafaranga y’amahanga dusigirwa na ba mukerarugendo afasha Igihugu cyacu muri byinshi.
h) Ni byiza kuvana ibyatsi bimera mu mazi mu rwego rwo kuyabungabunga no kuyarinda umwanda.
2. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro wihimbiye ukurikije uko
yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko.
a) Gusuhuka
b) Ubutayu
c) Amapfa
d) Igikingi
Umukoro
Sobanura wifashishije ingero, ukuntu umuntu n’ibimukikije ari magirirane.
VII.2 Ikomorazina
Igikorwa 7.2
Uhereye ku nkomoko y’amagambo ari mu ibara ry’umukara tsiri, tahura inshoza n’amoko y’ikomorazina hanyuma utange n’ingero z’amazina akomoka ku yandi moko y’amagambo.
- Umukozi mwiza ashimisha umukoresha we.
- Umunyarwanda mwiza atungira agatoki abashinzwe umutekano aho abonye ibiyobyabwenge.
- Amashusho akoreshwa mu biganiro ku bubi bw’ ibiyobyabwenge afasha
ababiteze amatwi gusobanukirwa.
- Ibigorigori babigaburira amatungo.
VII.2.1 Inshoza y’ikomorazina
Ni uburyo bwo kubaka amazina mashya uhereye ku bundi bwoko bw’amagambo cyangwa se ku yandi mazina. Amazina menshi y’Ikinyarwanda usanga akomoka ku yandi mazina no kunshinga.
V.2.2 Ikomorazina mvazina
Ikomorazina mvazina ni uburyo bwo kurema amazina mashya uhereye ku yandi mazina.Ingero :
V.2.3 Ikomorazina mvanshinga
Ikomorazina mvanshinga ni uburyo bwo guhimba amazina mashya afatiye ku mizi y’inshinga.Ingero:
Ikitonderwa
Rimwe na rimwe n’ubundi bwoko bw’amagambo bushobora gukomorwaho amazina.
Ingero :
Ntera : Umwiza, umubi, ibyinshi
Imigereka: Ineza, umunabi
Imyitozo
1. Tahura amazina ashingiye ku ikomorazina mu nteruro zikurikira:
a) Cyuzuzo, Gatete na Cyurinyana ni bitangiye kurengera ibidukikije.
b) Bamwe mu rubyiruko bagira imyumvire mibi ku bijyanye n’akamaro k’ibidukikije.
2. Garagaza amagambo amazina akurikira akomokaho:
a) Abanyarwanda
b) Abanywi
c) Imyumvire
d) Umunaniro
e) Amatamatama
3. Tanga ingero eshatu z’amazina akomoka ku ikomorazina mvazina n’ingero eshatu z’amazina akomoka ku ikomorazina mvanshinga.
VII.3 Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa karindwi
Umwandiko: Ibidukikije, inkingi y’ubuzima
Kuva kera na kare, umuntu azi ko yarazwe kuba umutware w’isi. Yahawe ubwenge bwo kuyigenga no kwifashisha ibimukikije mu mibereho ye ya buri munsi. Uko amajyambere agenda yiyongera ni ko ikitwa umutungo kamere muntu yasigiwe n’abakurambere ugenda ukoreshwa neza cyangwa nabi,akenshi ku buzima
bw’ejo hazaza. Byumvikana bite ukuntu ba rutwitsi bagiyekuzahindura isi ubutayu? Byumvikana bite ukuntu imyanda ivuye mu nganda irohwa mu nzuzi, mu biyaga no mu nyanja, kandi amazi ari isoko y’ubuzima?Ni gute inganda zikomeza kohereza
ibyuka mu kirere kandi ari ikigega cy’umwuka duhumumeka? Byumvikana bite ukuntu ba gashozantambara bahora mu myiyereko yo kugerageza ibitwaro bya kirimbuzi kandi bijunditse ubumara bwangiza ibiremwa?
Kwibasira ibimera n’amashyamba bidukikije ni nko gutema ishami wicayeho. Ibimera bifite akamaro k’ibanze mu buzima bw’abantu. Uretse kuba ibimera bigize igice kinini k’ibiribwa bitunze umuntu,biyungurura umwuka duhumeka, bigafasha gukomeza kubungabunga ibyokoby’amazi bikatuzanira imvura dukeneye, bifata kandi ubutaka, ntibutembanwe n’isuri. Uko ibimera bigenda bikendera rero, isi dutuye izaba ubutayu, ikirere cyuzureibyukabyica.Ubwo se iherezo rya muntu
rizaba irihe? Ibimera n’amashyamba nibibungwabungwe, barutwitsi bisubireho, abacukura amabuye y’agaciro basane ibyo bangije maze aka wa muririmbyi nutema kimwe uge utera bibiri.
Iterambere ry’inganda ni ngombwa cyane, gukoresha ibinyabiziga,amato n’indege byihutisha itumamanaho, gutwara abantu n’ibintu ariko bititondewe byashyira muntu mu kanga.
Ibyuka byoherezwa mu isanzuren’inganda, ibinyabiziga, amato n’indege byangiza bikomeye akayunguruzo k’izuba maze isi dutuye ikarushaho gushyuha, ihindagurika ry’ibihe rikiyongera, bigashyira mu kaga ubuzima bwa muntu. Si ugushyuha kw’isi gusa kuko bihumanya n’umwuka, maze indwara zo mu myanya
y’ubuhumekero zikaba nyinshi kandi zigahita imbaga y’abantu. Kugabanya ibyo byuka birakwiye, ndetse hagashakishwaingufu zitangiza ikirere zakwifashishwa kugira ngo tube mu isi itekanye, ubuzima bwa muntu butugarijwe.
Burya abatabizi bicwa no kutabimenya. Abantu baroha imyanda mu nzuzi, mu biyaga no munyanja, bibwira ko babihambye, ko uburozi bibumbatiye bugiye nyamara amazi dutunze ni amwe, ahora azenguruka isi n’ikirere. Abanyarwanda baciye umugani bati: “Agapfunyika ka kabutindi urakajugunya kakakugarukira”.
Iyo myanda duta mu mazi, igenda izenguruka isi yose, itaretsendetse no mu kirere, ihumanya aho igeze hose, ibinyabuzima byose ihasanze, ikarenga na none ikatugarukira. Ubwo icyo wangaga kikaba aricyo ubona.Uretse kandi n’ibyo, uburozi bw’iyo myanda bwangiza ibikoko byinshi byituriye mu mazi, Ibyo nibicike burundu, hafatwe ingamba z’iyo myanda twoye kuba nka cya gisiga cy’urwara rurerure kimennye inda.
Hanyuma nanone by’agahebuzo, ibyo bihangange mu by’urugamba, bihora bihiganwa ubutwari, ntibasiba kugerageza ibitwaro, bibumbatiye ubumara bwinshi, bugamije kurimbura inyoko muntu. Uburozi bwabyo bujya mu muka, bukatugarukira bidatinze bitaretse na ba nyiri kubihanga. Ntibibagirwe kandi ko igihe kimwe ibyo bigega byabyo babundarayeho, bishobora gufatwa n’inkongi
maze ibyo bifuzaga kugirira abandi bikaba ari bo bigirirwaho kuko ngo urucira mukaso rugahitana nyoko. Ntihacibwe rero ibyo bitwaro by’ubumara, bicike ku isi inzira zikigendwa hato tutazibuka ibitereko twasheshe.
Umuntu n’ibidukikije rero ni magirirane. Kubibungabunga ni byo bikwiye. Nihafatwe ingamba ku isi hose, tugire iterambere rirambye, ridasenya inyoko muntu n’ibinyabuzima byo ku isi maze uyu mubumbe wacu usigasirwe uko bikwiye.
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1) Garagaza akamaro k’ibimera kavuzwe mumwandiko.
2) Andika ibintu byangiza ikirere byavuzwe mu mwandiko.
3) Ni gute imyanda itawe mu nzuzi, ibiyaga n’inyanja igarukira mwene muntu?
4) Ni izihe ngingo z’ingenzi zavuzweho muri uyu mwandiko?
5) Uretse ingamba zavuzwe mu mwandiko, ni izihe ngamba zindi wumva zafatwa kugira ngo isi ikangukire kubungabungaibidukikije uko bikwiye?
II. Ibibazo by’inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura amagambo cyangwa amatsinda y’amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko
a) Umutungo kamere
b) Ubumara
c) Isanzure
d) Kwibuka ibitereko washeshe
e) Kubundarara2. Huza amagambo yo mu ruhushya A n’ibisobanuro byayo biri mu ruhushya B
III. Ibibazo ku ikomorazina
1. Tanga amazina abarabiri akomoka ku magambo akurikira:
a) Kugura
b) Imana
c) Neza
d) Amahoro
2. Tahura amazina akomoka ku yandi magambo mu nteruro ikurikira, ugaragaze n’amagambo yakomotseho.
“Mukahirwa yatubwiye ko abanyenganda bahagurukiye kugabanya ibyuka byinjira mu isanzure.”
IBITABO N’INYANDIKO BYIFASHISHIJWE
1) IKIGÔ CY’ÛBUSHAAKASHAATSI MU BY’ÛBUHAÂNGA
N’ÎIKÔRANABÛHAÂNGA (n.d), Inkoranya y’Îkinyarwaanda mu
Kinyarwaanda, IRST Butare, Igitabo cya 1
2) IKIGO K’IGIHUGU GISHINZWE INTEGANYANYIGISHO NCDC (2008).
Imyandiko mfashanyigisho, Umwaka wa gatanu w’amashuri yisumbuye.
3) IKIGO K’IGIHUGU GISHINZWE INTEGANYANYIGISHO NCDC (2008),
Imyandiko mfashanyigisho, Umwaka wa gatandatu w’amashuri yisumbuye.
4) INTEKO NYARWANDA Y’URURIMI N’UMUCO (2014). Amabwiriza ya
Minisitiri no 001/2014 yo ku wa 08/10/2014 agenga imyandikire yemewe y’Ikinyarwanda, Kigali.
5) NSANZABERA, J.D. (2013) Ikeshamvugo mu Kinyarwanda: imvugo isukuye, ikeshamvugo ry’amagambo akwiye n’inshoberamahanga zisobanuye. Kigali
6) JACOB I. (1983). Dictionnaire Rwandais-Français en 3 volumes, Tome premier, Kigali.
7) JACOB I. (1985). Dictionnaire Rwandais-Français en 3 volumes, Tome troisième, I.N.R.S,Butare.
8) Mgr BIGIRUMWAMI, A. (1984). Imihango n’Imigenzo n’Imiziririzo mu Rwanda, Nyundo, Troisième édition.
9) MINISTRY OF EDUCTION-RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD (2019),
Ikinyarwanda, Amashuri y’isumbuye, umwaka wa 4, Amashami yiga
ikinyarwanda nk’isomo rusange.
10) MINISTRY OF EDUCTION-RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD (2019),
Ikinyarwanda, Amashuri y’isumbuye, umwaka wa 5, Amashami yiga
ikinyarwanda nk’isomo rusange.
11) RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD (2015) Integanyanyigisho y’Ikinyarwanda mu mashuri nderabarezi (TTC) umwaka 1, amashami ya siyansi n’imbonezamubano.
12) COUPEZ, A. 1980. Abrégé de Grammaire Rwanda, Tome 1,2. Butare : INRS.
13) BIZIMANA, S., 1998, Imiteêrere y’ȋkinyarwaanda I, IRST, Butare.
14) BIZIMANA, S., 2002, Imiteêrere y’ȋkinyarwaanda II, IRST, Butare.
15) MINISITERI Y’AMASHURI ABANZA N’AYISUMBUYE: Ikinyarwanda:
umwaka wa munani Gashyantare 1988.
16) RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD . (2019). Iteganyanyigisho y’Ikinyarwanda mu mashuri nderabarezi (TTC) uwamaka wa 1,2&3 Ishami ry’indimi. Kigali, REB.
17) 17. RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD . (2017). Ikinyarwanda-Amashuri yisumbuye, umwaka wa 6, Igitabo cy’umunyeshuri. Kigali-Rwanda.
18) 18. RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD . (2017). Ikinyarwanda - Amashuri yisumbuye, umwaka wa gatatu, igitabo cy’umunyeshuri. Kigali-Rwanda.
19) 19. RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD, 2017. Ikinyarwanda - Amashuri
yisumbuye, umwaka wa gatanu, Twumve Tuvuge Dusome, Igitabo
cy’umunyeshuri. Kigali-Rwanda.
20) 20. MUTAKE, T., 1990, Ikibonezamvugo k’ Ikinyarwanda: Iyigamajwi n’iyigamvugo les Editions de la Regie de l’Imprimerie scolaire.
21) 21. RUGAMBA, C., 1985. Chansons Rwandaises ; INRS/BUTARE
22) 22. RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD, 2018. Ikinyarwanda-Amashuri
yisumbuye umwaka wa kane, igitabo cy’umunyeshuri. Kigali- Rwanda.
23) 23. MBONIMANA G. Na NKEJABAHIZI J.C, 2011. Amateka y’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda, kuva mu kinyejana cya XVII kugeza magingo aya, Editions de l’Université Nationnale du Rwanda.
24) Imbuga nkoranyambaga zifashishijwe
25) www.irembo.gov.rw
26) www.imirasire.com
IMIGEREKA
1. Twiyungure amagambo
Abacengeri: ni abantu b’ibikomangoma babaga berewe n’indagu z’ibwami bakajya mu gihugu bashaka gutera bakagenda batarwana ariko biyenza bakagwayo bikabaha uburyo bwo kukigarurira.
Abahigi: abantu b’abahanga mu guhiga
Abatabazi: ni abantu bagenewe kujya ku rugamba. Ahandi bishobora kuvuga abantu batabara abandi.
Amaso si aya: si ubwa mbere nkubonye.
Amwime ikico: amwime umwanya wo gukora ikintu runaka
Aratinya: aguma mu rugo kuko yari akiri umugeni
Baduhekere: batuzanire umugeni. Aha twibuke ko kera bamuhekaga mu ngobyi akaba ari ho iyo mvugo ikoreshwa mu misango y’ubukwe ikomoka.
Bamuhwitura: bamwibutsa ari nako bamutera umwete wo gukora ibyo ashinzwe
Barahwanya: barahuza neza
Basakiranye: bahuye, umwe atabonye undi
Bazabafate mpiri: gufata umuntu umutunguye/ kugwa gitumo
Bimwanga mu nda: ntiyatuza.
Gucurwa inkumbi n’indwara: kwicwa n’indwara
Gufata ingamba: gushaka uburyo bwo kurwanya ikintu runaka.
Gufora umuheto: Gukurura injishi n’umuheto cyanecyane ushaka kurasa.
Gukinga ingabo: kwikinga igikoresho bakoresha bikingira amacumu n’imyambi mu gihe barwana
Gukumira: guhagarika ikintu ukakibuza gukwirakwira cyangwa guheza kure yawe ikintu udashaka ntikigere aho uri.
Gupfundura amabere: gutangira kumera amabere
Gusubira ku kawe: kugaruka ku byo wari usanzwe ukora.
Gutebutsa: kujya mu muryango mwasabyemo umugeni mukumvikana ku munsi w’ubukwe.
Igikatsi: ibyatsi bengesheje ibitoki maze bakabikamuramo umutobe wose. Bivugwa kandi ku kintu cyose cyashizemo amazi.
Ikiremo: igice cy’umwenda basanisha umwambaro wacitse
Impuzu: umwambaro ukozwe mu gishishwa cy’umuvumu aba kera bambaraga
Indiri: aho ikintu kiba (kirara)
Ingaramakirambi: umusore watinze gushaka.
Ingimbi: umwana w’umuhungu uri mu kigero kiri hagati y’imyaka cumi n’itatu na cumi n’itandatu
Inkingi yitwa kanagazi: inkingi yo mu nzu ya kinyarwanda yashyigikiraga uruhamo rw’umuryango.
Insanganyamatsiko: ingingo nyamukuru iba igiye kuvugwaho.
Intandaro: inkomoko y’ikintu runaka
Intere: umuntu warembye wenda gupfa
Intore: abantu bafite umuco mbese buje indangagaciro na kirazira.
Inyana zirara imfizi mu mahembe: inyana zigeze igihe cyo kwima.
Ise: indwara ifata uruhu rukagenda rusa n’urweruruka.
Ishyo: ikoraniro ry’inka nyinshi zororerwa hamwe zigasangira imfizi./Umubare w’inyamaswa zimwe na zimwe nk’inzovu, imbogo cyangwa imparage ziba hamwe ari nyinshi zihuje ubwoko.
Kudashakira ubwinshi mu mazi: kudashyira amazi menshi mu kintu.
Kugondozwa: gusabwa ibirenze ibyaboneka
Kumasha: kwitoza kuboneza ahantu runaka by’abarasa
Kutizigamira : kutagira amafaranga ushyira muri banki cyangwa ikigo k’imari iciriritse ngo uzayakoreshe mu bihe bizaza.
Kuzibukira: kwtaza ikintu ngo kitakugeraho.
Kwibasira imbaga: gufata abantu benshi cyane.
Uburinganire: kudasumbana, kuba ku rwego rumwe
Ubuziranenge: ubudakemwa bw’ikintu.
Ubwuzuzanye : ugushyirahamwe, ugushyigikirana ukunganirana
Umuhigo: inyamaswa bishe bahiga
Umuranga: umuntu w’inyangamugayo, w’inararibonye watorwaga n’umuryango w’umusore akajya kubafatira amakuru mu muryango ufite umukobwa ukwiye gusabirwa uwo musore.
Umutsindo: insinzi cyangwa ubuneshe bw’icyarwanaga n’ikindi
Umwangavu: umukobwa umaze gupfundura amabere
Uruhanga ruharaze imvi: umutwe urimo imvi.
Urusika rw’umugendo: urusika abantu batari bene urugo batari bemerewe kurenga ngo bakomeze mu nzu.
Urusika: wari umwanya utandukanya ibice bitandukanye byo mu nzu ya Kinyarwanda. Kuri ubu ni urukuta rutandukanya ibyumba by’inzu.
2. Imyandiko y’inyongera
1.1. Insigamugani: Akebo kajya iwa mugarura.
Uyu mugani waturutse ku muntu witwaga Mugarura wakuranye imico myiza nyane, akubitiraho n’ubukire bw’imyaka n’ubw’amatungo. Abantu baza kumucaho inshuro, akabereka ikibo cya mugerwa w’umuhinzi, umuhingiye yahingura akamuha inshuro
y’umuhinzi muri icyo kibo, hanyuma akamushyiriramo n’indi y’ubuntu. Abigenza atyo imyaka myinshi, n’uje kumusaba inka na we akayimuha, ndetse byarimba akamuheta n’indi ya kabiri. Byibera aho, bukeye inshuti ze n’abana be baramukuba, bamubwira ko yangiza inka ze n’imyaka ye. Bati “dore urimaraho ibintu, ubyangiza,
nihacaho iminsi uzasigara umeze ute? Ejo uzasanga rubanda bakunyega nta wukureba n’irihumye.” Mugarura akumva amagambo yabo akabihorera, ntagire icyo abasubiza; ntihagire uwumva ururimi rwe, biba bityo igihe kirekire.
Bishyize kera, haza umuntu amugerageresha kumushuka, aramubwira ati “Mugarura, ubuntu bwawe bwo gutanga utabaze turabwishimira, ariko n’ubwo tugushima bwose, gewe nta cyo urampa, none nje kugusaba inka eshanu zo kubaga.” Mugarura aramwemerera amuha inka eshanu arazijyana. Azigejeje iwe
aho kuzibaga arazorora; zirakunda zirororoka, ziba amashyo atanu. Rubanda babibonye batyo, barega mugarura ibwami ko yangiza ibintu dore ko ibwami uwangizaga inka ze bavugaga ko amara inka z’umwami.
Ibyo bituma umwami amugabiza rubanda baramunyaga, ariko inka n’ibintu bye nta muntu wabigabanye, byatwawe na rubanda rubyigagabanije
Nuko ibwami bategeka ko Mugarura atazahabwa umuriro kuko yabaye umupfu mu bintu by’ibwami. Mugarura amaze kunyagwa ahinduka umukene cyane, abura aho aba n’umugore n’abana be aragumya arazerera. Hanyuma atunguka ku muntu wigeze kumuhingira ava mu nzu ya kambere ayiha mugarura, asigara mu nzu yo mu gikari. Mugarura amaze kubona inzu abamo, rubanda bamenyako yabonye icumbi, abo yagiriye neza batangira kujya bagenda nijoro, bamushyira ibintu.
Ubwo kugenda nijoro batinyaga ibwami. Baramugoboka, bamuzanira amafunguro, bamwe mu twibo, abandi mu bitebo. Bigize aho abenshi mu bo yagiriye neza bajya kumuhakirwa ibwami baremera bamuha inka y’umuriro, rubanda barishima, noneho
baza ku mugaragaro bamuzanira ibintu byo kumushimira ineza yabagiriye.
Bukeye wa mugabo wazaga kumushuka ngo amuhe inka eshanu zo kubaga yumvise ko Mugarura yabonye umuriro arishima cyane. Arazinduka ajya aho Mugarura acumbitse, aramubwira ati: ”Ngize 134 amahirwe kuko wabonye umuriro; za nka wampaga zo kubaga uko ari eshanu narazoroye, zabaye amashyo atanu, none ngayo amashyo atatu nkwituye, nange ndasigarana abiri. Mugarura amushimana na rubanda. Barakomeza bamuzanira amaturo y’inka n’imyaka; abadafite imyaka myinshi bakamuzanira mu twibo,
yubaka imitiba n’ibigega.
Kuva ubwo umuntu wituye uwamugiriye neza, bati: “Akebo kajya iwa Mugarura.”
1.2. Insigamugani: Burya si buno!
Uyu mugani Abanyarwanda badatuza guca, cyanecyane iyo bacyurirana; umuntu awuca iyo abonye urwaho rwo kwigaranzura uwari wamuzambije akamubuza amahwemo, cyangwa se iyo ashaka kumvisha ko umuntu ari “Mutima ukwe”; ni bwo avuga ngo “Burya si Buno!” Wakomotse kuri Burya na Buno bene Rugomwa rwa Maronko mu Gisaka (Intara y’Iburasirazuba ); ahagana mu mwaka wa 1400.
Abo bahungu bombi bari impanga, bakaba bene Rugomwa rwa Muronko na Barakagwira ba Numugabo. Rugomwa yari umugesera w’umuzirankende; akaba umutware w’umutoni mu b’ingenzi kwa Kimenyi Musaya, umwami w’ i Gisaka. Bukeye Kimenyi atoresha abakobwa beza bo mu Gisaka, babazana mu rugo rwe rw’i Remera ry’i Mukiza (muri Komini Kigarama: Ubu ni mu Karere ka
Ngoma) mu Gisaka i Mukiza hari nk’ibwami mu Rwanda). Bamaze kuhateranira, yohereza abagore bakuru ngo bahitemo abarusha abandi ubwiza, kugira ngo bamwe azabarongore, abandi abashyingire abahungu akunda. N’i Rwanda ni ko byagendaga; ni ko ibwami barambagizaga.
Nuko abagore bajya kurobanura abakobwa; babakenyeza impu z’imikane babareba imbere n’inyuma, babambika ubusa barabahindagura bareba intantu n’ibibero. Umukobwa wa mbere aba Barakagwira ba Numugabo. Igihe bakibisiganira, Kimenyi
aba arahageze na wa muhungu Rugomwa; dore ko yamukundaga cyane. Ba bagore n’abakobwa bamubonye abatunguye barikanga. Arabasatira arabaramutsa n’abakobwa bose. Ubwo abagore bari bakikije Barakagwira. Kimenyi arababaza, ati: “Ko nduzi mukikije uyu mukobwa mwese ni ibiki?”
Abagore batinya kumubwira ko ari we uruta abandi mu bwiza, kugira ngo bagenzi be batagira ipfunwe n’ishyari. Kimenyi na we arabimenya aroroshya; ati: “Nimuze mbabaze”. Abajyana mu yindi ngobe; dore ko ibyo byagirwaga mu gikari. Bahageze babona kumutekereza ko Barakagwira aruta bagenzi be bandi mu bwiza. Ubwo wa muhungu Rugomwa akaba arimo aho. Kimenyi arashimikira; ati: “Arabaruta bose koko?” Bati: “Arabaruta turakakuroga!” Kimenyi akebuka Rugomwa; ati: “Muguhaye
wanshima?” Rugomwa ati: “Nagushima mba nkuroga”. Kimenyi ati: 135
“Ndamuguhaye uzamurongore”.
Rugomwa rero arongora Barakagwira, atahirira i Mukiza kwa Kimenyi. Barakagwira amaze kurongorwa ntiyazuyaza, ahera ko asama. Igihe cyo kubyara kigeze, yibaruka abahungu b’impanga: umwe bamwita Burya, undi bamwita Buno. Bamaze gukambakamba, Kimenyi atesha Rugomwa ubutware; aramusezerera ajya kuburereramo abana be. Bamaze kuba ingaragu, Kimenyi abajyana iwe bareranwa n’abe. Bamaze kugimbuka arabashyingira, abaha inka n’imisozi.
Baba aho, bishyize kera Rugomwa arapfa. Abahungu be basigara mu bye babitungana n’ibyabo. Bitinze abantu bo mu Gisaka babagirira ishyari barabanga; babateranya na Kimenyi. Na we atangira kubareba nabi. Burya na Buno babibonye bagira ubwoba baracika; bamucikira i Bujinja. Bamaze kugerayo bakeza umwami waho. Arabakira arabahaka. Hagati aho Abanyagisaka bayoberwa aho bacikiye. Birarambanya hashira umwaka, ariko bageze aho barabimenya. Babwira Kimenyi, bati: “Burya na Buno bari i Bujinja”. Kimenyi yohereza abantu bo kujya kubagarura kuko yabakundaga cyane. Bagezeyo barabaririza barababona; bararamukanya
barashyikirana. Bari bamaze kuba ibikwerere. Intumwa zibabwira ubutumwa bwa Kimenyi bw’uko bagaruka iwabo. Bamaze kubyumva, Burya arabyemera, Buno araricurika ararahira; yanga kugaruka. Burya agarukana n’intumwa, Kimenyi amusubiza ibyabo byose, na we Buno yigumira iyo.
Nuko atindaharirayo, kugeza igihe agwiriyeyo yiseguye ubutindi. Rubanda rero rumaze kubona uko izo mpanga zanyuranyije ibitekerezo byari mahwi amambere, babikurizaho imvugo yahindutse umugani baca bagira ngo: “Burya si Buno!” Bawuca
bashaka kuvuga ko umuntu ari mutima ukwe; nk’uko abo bahungu babusanyije ibitekerezo kandi bari akara kamwe. Ku ruhande baba bashima Burya ku rundi baba bagaya Buno. Ariko mu mvugo, bisobanura ko ibihe biha ibindi; ni nk’aho umuntu yagize ati: “Birya wangiriraga burya ntishoboye, ubu noneho byahindutse!”
Naho rero iyo umuntu abajije undi ati: “Mbese ni Burya na Buno!” Ubwo aba ashaka kumubaza ngo: “Mbese biracyari kwa kundi?” Burya si Buno bisobanura umuntu ni mutima ukwe cyangwa se ibihe biha ibindi; nta gahora gahanze. Burya na Buno = biracyari kwa kundi ntacyahindutse.
1.3.Igitekerezo: Sakindi
Umugabo witwa Sakindi yabaye mu rugerero cyane, akajya amara yo imyaka myinshi ari ibwami, kuko abakera bajyaga bajya mu rugerero ntibatahe n’uwasize arongoye umugore, yasiga yarasamye akazasanga umwana yarubatse. Kera rero
ababaga mu rugerero ni uko byagendaga 136 bagatinda cyane iyo yabaga atagira abazamukura, atagira abo bava inda imwe
cyangwa bene wabo.
Uwitwa Sakindi rero ajya mu rugerero atindayo cyane, yarasize umugore atwite. Bukeye abyaye, abyara umwana w’umukobwa, uwo mwana ararerwa arakura. Amaze kuba umwana w’umwangavu, arabaza ati: “Data aba he?” Baramubwira bati: “So yagiye ku rugerero ni ho aba ntagira umukura yibera yo”.
Umukobwa aba aho aramutegereza araheba, bukeye atangiye kumera amabere, aherako yigira mu bacuzi. Abacuzi arabinginga bamukorogoshoreramo amabere bayamaramo maze rero amabere ye arasibangana, agira igituza nk’icy’abahungu.
Yibera aho yiga gusimbuka, yiga kurasa intego, yiga gufora umuheto, yiga gutera icumu, yibera aho aba mu nka za se. Abyirutse rero abyiruka gihungu, ntihagire umuhungu umurusha gusimbuka, ntihagire umuhungu ugira icyo amurusha kerekeye ku mirimo y’abahungu.
Akora ibyo atyo, bukeye ajyana n’ingemu zigemurirwa se ku rugerero. Atungutse ibwami, aho se acumbitse, aragenda aramubwira ati: “Ndi umwana wawe. Kandi kuva navuka sinigeze nkubona nawe ntabwo unzi. Ariko byarambabaje cyane
kuko wabaye mu rugerero hano, uru rugerero ukarubamo utagira gikura abandi bagataha, geho nazanywe no kugukura, umurikire umwami unshyire mu rugerero nge mu bandi bahungu nge mu bandi batware, maze nkubere mu rugerero nawe utahe, wicare iwawe, utunge ibyawe nange nzaguhakirwa.
Uwo mukobwa rero ni we witwaga Sakindi. Ise rero amubonye abona ko abonye noneho umuvunyi, aboneza ubwo aramujyana, amujyana ibwami aramumumurikira ati: “Dore umwana waje kunkura mu rugerero asubiye mu kiraro cyange asubibiye
mu kirenge cyange aho nari ndi, mumubane nta kundi nange ndatashye ndasezeye”.
Umwami aramusezerera ati: “Nta kundi ubwo mbonye umukura se kandi hari ikindi?” Nuko aherako aritahira yigira iwe, yitungira inka ze yibera aho, umukobwa rero yibera aho na we aba mu bandi bahungu, baramasha arabarusha, barasimbuka arabarusha, bigenda bityo, imirimo y’abahungu yose arayibarusha, bagiye kurasa
intego arabarusha, maze Sakindi aragenda aba intwari mu bandi bahungu mu rungano rungana na we arabarusha rwose.
Bukeye abandi bahungu biratinda bakajya mu gitaramo, bakajya basohoka bakajya kunyara, na we yajya kunyara akajya kubihisha, akajya kure ngo batamubona. Bukeye ibya rubanda bazi kugenzura cyane bakomeza kumugenzura, bati: “Uriya muntu; Sakindi tubona aho ni umuhungu, aho ntabwo ari umukobwa?” Bukeye bavamo umwe 137
aramugenzura aramubona anyara. Amwitegereje, aramureba amenya ko ari umukobwa neza biraboneka, amaze kubyibonera aragenda ahamagara umwami amushyira ukwe aramwihererana ati: “Aho uzi Sakindi, uzi mu rugerero, muzi mumuhigo uburyo aturusha, uzi mu isimbuka uburyo aturusha, ukamenya kurasa
intego uburyo aturusha?” Ati: “Burya bwose abigira ari umukobwa”.
Undi ati: “Urabeshya ntabwo ari umukobwa umuntu umeze kuriya w’umuhungu mu bandi kandi akaba ari intwari ko nta muhungu umurusha ibyivugo; ntihagire ugira umurimo w’abahungu amurusha rwose uriya ni umukobwa ahajya he?” Ati: “Mubimenye ninsanga ari umuhungu ndagutanga urapfa n’inka z’iwanyu zikanyagwa.
Ninsanga ari umukobwa kandi urabizi uzi kugenzura, uraba waragenzuriye ukuri koko.
Ati: “Nawe uzigenzurire nta kundi”. Barara aho barara mu nkera buracya mu gitondo baramukira ku biraro byabo, umwami atumira Sakindi, aramwihererana iwe mu rugo, ati: “Umva rero Sakindi, ndagusaba kugira ngo icyo nkwibariza nawe ukimbwire
kandi nuba ukizi ukimbwire koko”. Amwihererana iwe ikambere aramubaza ati: “Uri umuhungu cyangwa uri umukobwa?”
Undi ati: “Ubimbarije iki se? Ko ntananiwe urugerero; nkaba ntananiwe itabaro ry’abahungu; nkaba nta kintu kerekeye imirimo y’abakobwa wari wabona nkora; icyo ubimbarije ni iki kuvuga ko ndi umukobwa? Ni uko ubona ngira ubutwari buke?” Undi ati: “Oya si ibyo nkubarije. Ndakubaza uko mbikubajije ndagira ngo nawe unsubize uko biri umbwire niba uri umuhungu mbimenye, niba uri umukobwa mbimenye”. Ati: “Ndi umuhungu”.
Abikurikiranya atyo. Ati: “Umva ikimara agahinda ni uko unyambarira ukuri, si ukugira ngo wambare ubusa ahubwo unyambarire ukuri ndore”. Aramubwira biherereye,
ati: “Umva rero noneho aho turi hano, yenda n’abandi bantu baratwumva, heza cyane twiherere nkubwire”. Araheza basigara mu nzu bonyine.
Ati: “Ubu rero naravutse. Mvuka ndi umukobwa. Mvukiye mu rugo rwa data nsanga atarurimo. Mbajije aho data yagiye, bambwiye ko ari mu rugerero rw’ibwami”. Arakomeza ati: “Ndi umukobwa koko. Bakuyemo amabere, niga gusimbuka, niga kurasa intego, niga kujya mu muhigo niga imirimo y’abahungu bakora yose niga iyo, mbabajwe na data kuko yabaye mu rugerero, atagira umukura, ni icyo cyanzanye. Cyakora naje ndi umukobwa, ariko rero naje gukura data mu rugerero, nje kubikubwira nta wundi wari ubizi, mbikubwiriye icyo ubimbarije”.
Nuko ati: “Ndagushimiye kuko ubinyemereye, ukaba ubimbwiye kandi 138 umbwiye ukuri, ndagira ngo unyambarire ukuri noneho mbirebe nange mbyimenyere koko bye no kuba impuha ne no kukubaririza”. Umukobwa arabyemera, yambara ukuri nk’uko abimubwiye akuramo imyambaro asigara ahagaze gusa.
Arabireba umwami ati: “Tora imyambaro yawe wongere ukenyere, arakenyera arangije gukenyera. Umwami ati: “Ntiwongere gusohoka guma mu nzu”. Yibera aho abigeza mu bandi abitekerereza abandi bari bakuru. Havamo umwe mu bakuru bari
aho ati: “Uwo muntu yarababaye rero cyane kandi hirya hari abandi basa n’uwo nguwo, muruzi ko ibintu byacitse imusozi, abantu bararushye cyane, washyize abantu mu rugerero biratinda bamwe baherana intanga mu mibiri, n’ababyaye abana ntibaziranye, ikimenyetso kibikwereka ni kiriya”.
Wa mukobwa bwije nijoro umwami aramurongora, ati: “Nzagutungira icyo kuko wabaye intwari kandi ukaba waragiriye so akamaro ikigeretse kuri ibyo kandi uri mwiza sinanigeze nkugaya mu bandi bahungu”. Amurongora ubwo atumira se arabimubwira, ati: “Wamumpaye uzi ko ari umukobwa?” Undi ati: “Nabonye ansanga
ku kiraro ntazi uwo ari we napfuye kuguha umwana nzi ko ari uwange gusa.
Abyeza atyo, aba umugore we, se baramushima cyane kuko yavuye mu rugerero atahasize ubusa, kandi akahasiga intwari itunganye, nuko umukobwa umwami aramurongora, amugira umugore. Umwami agabira sebukwe inka amagana kugeza igihe asaziye mu bye. Ntiyongera gusubira mu rugerero ukundi. Umukobwa
we aratunga aratunganirwa ibya Sakindi birangirira aho.
Umugani muremure: Muyaya
Muyaya yari umuntu w’umukene, abyara umwana w’umukobwa mwiza, umukobwa abwira se, ati: “Ngiye kuguhakirwa”, ajya ibwami yihundura umuhungu. Umwami aramukunda kuko na we yari azi ubwenge. Umwamikazi akifuza uwo musore abona ari umuhungu, ndetse aramushuka. Amunaniye amurega ibinyoma umwami
aramutanga. Mbere yo kujya kumwica ati: “mwami nyagasani urebe niba ibyo umugore wawe ambeshyera nabishobora.” Yambara ubusa babona ari umukobwa, barumirwa. Umwamikazi baramwica. Umwami arongora mwene Muyaya umukobwa akira atyo.
Habayeho umugabo Muyaya aba aho ari inkeho. Bukeye ashaka umugore babyarana umwana umwe w’umukobwa gusa. Muyaya akaba yari yarabwiye abantu bo hirya no hino, ugiye kumwuhirira inka akamuha indi nka, kugira ngo abone amaboko, kugira ngo abone uko atunga izo nka kugira ngo yihe amaboko muri bagenzi be mbese agasa n’uwigura.139
Umwuhiriye, umuragiriye, umukamiye inka adahari, akazikuramo inka. Bukeye uwo mwana we w’umukobwa amaze kumenya ubwenge aramubwira ati: “Dawe nkubwire, dore igihe wavunikiye ndi umwe, kandi utunze, nshakira umuheto, unshakire imyambi, ndashaka kwambara kigabo ngo nzage kuguhakirwa ibwami,
noneho abaja bazampa n’abagaragu niba mpabonye ubutoninzaguhemo abashotsi n’abashumba.”
Se Muyaya ati: “Ese mwana wange ko uri umukobwa uzamenya uhakirwa abo bashumba ute ngo nzababone, wagumye aha nkazagushyingira ariko ntuge guhakwa ko utabishobora?”
Umukobwa ati: “Nzabishobora.” Se amushakiye umuheto, umukobwa atwaye icumu nk’abagabo, mbese yigira nk’umuhungu rwose, abamubonye bose bakamwita umuhungu.
Bukeye umukobwa ati: “Igihe kirageze, njyana ibwami nge kuguhakirwa, dore igihe wahereye uge wisigarira mu byawe nange mpakubere.” Ubwo se aherako aramujyanye, agezeyo umwami amubonye abona ari umusore mwiza wambaye kigabo atwaye icumu, ntiyamenya ko ari umukobwa amushyira mu itorero, aba
umusore mwiza kandi ari inkumi. Kera rero ngo hari abizingishaga amabere na we yari yaragiye kwizingisha amabere kugira ngo azakunde akamire se.
Arakomeza aba umusore mwiza akamenya guhamiriza umwami aramukunda, aba mwiza akubitiyeho n’amaraso y’ubukobwa aba umusore mwiza koko uteranye. Akamenya gukirana, umufashe ntamuheze. Akamenya kwiruka, akamenya gutwara umuheto akarasa, akamenya kurasa intego akamasha. Aho bari agahiga abandi, umwami akajya amuha inka.
Umwami aramukunda cyane, kubera ko ari n’urwego rwe, ari umusore mwiza, uko umwaka ushize akamuha inka.
Bukeye ati: “Umva rero Nyagasani, data ni umukene ni inkeho, arankunda cyane kandi izi nka mumpa nta muntu agira uziragira, ntizigira abashotsi none ntako mwagerageza nkagira icyo ndamiraho data?” Umwami ati: “Yewe, ni koko, aho so atuye nzahava nzakubwira.” Undi ati: “iii”
Bukeye ajyana n’uwo musore afata abantu bose bari batuye mu kagari uwo se atuyeho, abaha Muyaya; bose abagabiye Muyaya. Ati “Umva rero Muyaya aha hategeke, ngaba abashumba, ngaba abashotsi, ngaba abahinzi.” Ubwo wa mukobwa aba atangiye gukiza se atyo.
Ubwo ariko mu itorero umwamikazi akaba amureba, akamureba akumva amukunze akibwira ati: “Icyampa uriya musore ngo nzamubyareho 140
akana k’agahungu gasa na we, ariko n’iyo namubyaraho agakobwa.” Umwamikazi akajya amureba kenshi na kenshi, akamuha inzoga y’inturire, iy’inkangaza, agira ngo abone uko amwiyegereza.
Kubera ko mwene Muyaya yari umukobwa nta gitekerezo kindi yagiraga ibyo ntabyiteho ntabigirire umutima. Noneho umwamikazi akibwira ko ari ukubura umwanya akabona ko ari no kumutinya.
Bukeye umwami ajya guhiga umuhigo w’umurara, ihembe rirararitse, abahigi bukeye barambaye, imyambi barayityaje, inkota bazikozeho bati: “Tuge guhiga”. Kera bavaga guhiga nk’aha bakajya guhiga nk’i Burundi (Nyamata – Burundi). Abantu barahagurutse baragiye, bageze ku gasozi ko hakurya umwami ati: “Murabizi nibagiwe amayombo y’imbwa zange; nihagire ufite imbaraga agende anzanire amayombo.” Bararebana bati: “Umusore utite imbaraga ni Mwene Muyaya, ni Muyaya rwose ni we ukwiye kujya kuzana amayombo, wowe ndakuzi uri rutebuka.” Umukobwa arirukanse, ahageze umwamikazi ati: “Si wowe nabona.”
Ati: “Ngwino noneho ni wowe nashakaga.” Bageze mu nzu umwamikazi aramufata ati: “Ngwino nguhe inzoga.” Undi ati: “Nta cyo nshaka mpa amayombo.” Mwene Muyaya ati: “Mwamikazi mbwira icyo ushaka?” Ati: “Ngwino ngusasire, nimara kugusasira uge guhiga”. Undi ati: “Shwi, ntabwo ari icyo nagenewe”. Umwamikazi na we ati: “Amayombo nta yo nguhaye.” Mwene Muyaya abona amayombo aho amanitse, aba yasimbutse arayiha arirukanka.
Yarirukanse umwamikazi ati: “Cyo rero, uriya munyagwa anyumviye ubusa.” Yiga uburyo bwo kumwubikaho icyaha kugira ngo umwami aho azazira amwice. Ati: “Anyumviye ubusa kandi hari ubwo yazabibwira abandi.” Umwamikazi agize inkingi y’intagara y’umwami arayivunnye, agize inkingi y’inganona yo arayivunnye, mbese akoze ibintu byo kugira ngo yicishe mwene Muyaya.
Ubwo rero umuhigo uraraye, buracya urasibiye, ku munsi wa gatatu umuhigo uraje noneho abagiye gusanganira bahura n’umuhigo uko wakaje. Umwami arababaza ati: “Ni amahoro?” Bati “Nta mahoro nta yo, umwamikazi ameze nabi.” Ati: “Azize iki?” Bati: “yazize uwo mwene Muyaya ngo ni we wamwishe kandi ngo yashakaga ko ajya kumusasira noneho umwamikazi yanze, mwene Muyaya asiga aciye ibintu aranamuterura amukubita hasi, rwose yaciye ibintu yaragomye.” Umwami ati: “ii! Umuvunamuheto ko namukundaga, none nkaba ngiye kumwica.” Umwami rero iyo bamubwiraga umuntu wagomye, yabaga yamushumbije amaboko yaramwicaga.
Arinjira umwamikazi amukubise amaso arigwandika ati: “Mwami ngo urebe uko mu nzu bimeze.” Aritegereje ati: “Akwiriye gupfa.”141
Yegereye mwene Muyaya ati: “Nibagufate bakujyane iwanyu, ntunshika ntuntoroka, usezere so, usezere nyoko, usezere n’umuryango wawe uze nkwice.” Undi ati: “iii.” Ntabwo yari azi icyo azira. Aragiye asanze nyina na se, areba abantu bamushoreye
nk’imbagwa ngo adacika bati: “Ese ko yajyaga aza akaza arongoye inka akaza neza, bariya bantu ko bamushoreye”?
Umukobwa yajya kugira icyo avuga abwira se ikinigakikamwica.
Nyina aramubwira ati: “Shinga icumu turamukanye,
Mwana wa Muyaya”.
Umukobwa na we akamusubiza ati:
“Abakecuru ntimubarirwa
Mama na Muyaya,
Genda ubwire data
Mama na Muyaya,
Atore indi y’ubugondo
Mama na Muyaya,
Ugende wikwere
Mama na Muyaya,
Mwene Muyaya agiye
Kumara urw’ingoma,
Iby’ibwami biragora
Mama na Muyaya”.
Bakamukurikirana, akongera akababwira atyo abura ikindi yabasubiza, ariko ubwo bamenya ko agiye gupfa. Bageze ibwami ku Karubanda, ubwo se na nyina baje babakurikiye. Umwami ati: “Umva rero nta kindi ubu ngiye kukwica”.
Igihe ngo ashatse kumwicira aho imbere y’umuryango, aho bitaga ku gitabo, mwene Muyaya ati: “Ashwi, ntabwo ugomba kunyicira hano, ngwino tuge mu gikari”. Bahageze amwereka uko ateye, umwami asanga ni umukobwa. Umukobwa ati: “Iyo ujya kuvuga ko nagomye, najyaga ku buriri bwawe njya gukora iki? Uwo mugore wawe nari mukeneye ko ureba nange ndi umugore nka we?” Umwami araca agwa mu kantu,
cyo ye? Uyu muntu yari arenganye koko”.
Umwami ati: “Fata imyambaro yawe wambare”. Umukobwa ati: “Ntabwo nambaye nta cyo nambara, abantu bose bambonye, ni ubusa nabwambaye na none iyicire”. Abantu bose bati: “Rwose ambara”. Nyirasenge arahendahenze ati: “Ambara mwana wange”. Undi ati: “Oya ntabwo nambara”. Umwami arabireba asanga
umwamikazi ari we ufite icyaha gikomeye. Arabasohora aramwica ati: “Ni wowe wiyishe utumye nambika ababyeyi b’i Rwanda ubusa” Abwira mwene Muyaya ati: “Injira ni wowe mwamikazi”.
Ingoma ziravuga, Mwene Muyaya ahabwa abaja n’abagaragu arakira. Muyaya na we akira atyo, abona abavunyi, abona abashotsi.Si nge wahera.