Topic outline
UNIT 1: UBURINGANIRE N'UBWUZUZANYE
UBUSHOBOZI BW’INGENZI BUGAMIJWE
-Gusesengura umwandiko ku buringanire n’ubwuzuzane mu Rwanda
atahura ingingo z’ingenzi ziwukubiyemo.
-Gusesengura amazina y’urusobe agaragaza ibiyaranga, ubwoko bwayon’uturemajambo twayo.
IGIKORWA CY’UMWINJIZO
Ushingiye ku bumenyi ufite, sobanura mu magambo yawe bwite
uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye icyo ari cyo, ugaragaze uko bumeze muRwanda kuva kera kugeza ubu.
I.1. Umwandiko: Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu Rwanda
Kera Umunyarwandakazi ntiyagiraga agaciro mu muryango nyarwanda.
Yahoraga yitwararitse, agahugira mu turimo two mu rugo iyo mu gikari. Yabaga
ategura ishinge ku ruhimbi, aboha imisambi, avuza uruhindu, abuganiza amata
cyangwa acunda. Umukobwa w’inkumi utazi gucunda bamuvugiragaho bati: “Ni
impumbu” cyanecyane iyo atashoboraga gushyigura inumbiri. Inkumi yabaga
imaze kuzira inka ntiyasubiraga mu nka, yacirwaga imuhira akaba imbata
y’imirimo yitwaga ko igenewe igitsina gore gusa. Umukobwa kandi nta bundi
bushobozi bamubonagamo uretse kumutegaho ubukire bushingiye ku nkwano
azakobwa. Aha ni ho amazina nka Nzamukosha, Nzamugurinka, Bazizane,
Kabihogo, Kagaju n’andi yatsindagiraga icyo biteze ku mukobwa akomoka.
Abakobwa ntibashyirwaga mu ishuri cyangwa mu itorero. Bashoboraga gusa
guhanurwa na ba nyirasenge, utamufite agahera mu rungabangabo. Nubundi
ngo: “Utagira nyirasenge arisenga”. Uburere bwahabwaga abana b’abakobwa
bwabateguriraga gusa gushaka, kubyara, kurera no gukora imirimo yo mu rugo,
ubumenyi bahawe bukaba ubwo kubatoza kuba ba “mutima w’urugo”.
Abanyarwandakazi benshi basaga n’ababujijwe kujya ahagaragara. Kumva
hari uwafashe ijambo mu bagabo, mu rungano rwa basaza be byari umuziro.
Uwahirahiraga agatobora akavuga irimuniga yitwaga umushizi w’isoni,
ingare, … Urugero Nyirarunyonga uvugwa mu bitekerezo nyarwanda yiswe
ingare, umusambanyi, inshinzi n’andi mazina kuko yari azi kuganira n’abandi,
akamenya gusetsa no gutebya agati kagaturika. Iyo basobanura uburyo yiboneye
Semuhanuka agaramye mu buro bwe yari yonesheje nkana, akamusanganira
yishimye, agahuza na we umudiho n’urugwiro kugeza ubwo amuha urwuya,
wumva Nyirarunyonga yari akaga.
Ibi byaterwaga n’impamvu nyinshi. Abana bavukaga buri wese atozwa ibyo
agomba gukora. Umuhungu yatozwaga na se guhiga, kuragira, kubaka, guhinga,
gukirana, kujya ku rugamba, guhakwa… Umukobwa agatozwa ibijyanye
n’urubohero no gukora imirimo yo mu rugo nko kuboha ibiseke, imisambi,
gutaka, gucunda amata … Buri wese yumvaga ubuzima ari ko bugenda.
Umuhungu witwaga Byarugamba, Rukaburacumu, Gatabazi, Muhozi, Ngarukiye,
Kamufozi, Rwamacumu cyangwa se Gatanazi yumvaga bimuteye ishema ko
azarwanirira Igihugu cyangwa umuryango. Ibi byari bifite ishingiro kuko u
Rwanda rwahoraga ruhanganye n’impugu zirukikije mu ndwano z’urudaca
hagenderewe kurwagura no kurugwiriza amaboko. Si ibyo gusa, habagaho
n’intambara z’ubwiko zasabaga ko imiryango igwiza amaboko y’abanyamiheto
ku rubyaro rw’abahungu ngo umunsi basumbirijwe n’ibitero bibarusha ingufu
bazivune umwanzi bidasabye kwitwereza amaboko y’imuhana.
Imitekerereze nk’iyi ni yo yabaye intandaro yatumye Umunyarwandakazi
adindira mu kwiga no guhabwa inyigisho z’igihe tugezemo. Bamwe mu
Banyarwandakazi bize batinze ugereranyije n’abagabo. Mu ikubitiro, bashyizwe
mu mashuri abategura kuzaba ababyeyi beza barerera neza umuryango. N’uyu
munsi, hari abagishyigikiye ibitekerezo nk’ibyo. Uwo muco wo gusumbanya
abana si mwiza, kuko wagiye utuma abana b’abakobwa bakurwa mu mashuri
igitaraganya maze umuhungu akaba ari we uhabwa amahirwe yo gukomeza
kwiga, umukobwa agacikiriza amashuri agahera mu keragati. Uyu muco wagiye
ugira ingaruka z’ubumenyi budahagije n’ubushobozi buke ku muntu w’igitsina
gore mu rwego rwo kwirwanaho cyanecyane mu bikorwa n’imirimo bisaba
ikoranabuhanga.
Burya koko “agahugu umuco akandi umuco”. Mu mpande zitandukanye, mu
duce tumwe na tumwe tw’u Rwanda, hagiye hagaragara Abanyarwandakazi
bashoboye gukora imirimo yaharirwaga igitsina gabo. Urugero ni nka Ndabaga
umukobwa w’intwari mwene Nyamutezi wagiye gukura se ku rugerero.
Nyirarumaga, wa musizikazi w’Umusinga na we yahinduye amateka mu busizi
nyarwanda, aho udusigo twari tugufi 3 cyane “ibinyeto” yaturambuyemo ibisigo
bifite imikarago myinshi, bihabwa amazina n’abahanga mu buvanganzo yo kuba
mu bwoko bw’ikobyo, icyanzu cyangwa impakanizi. None se ubwo abagabo
benshi ntibari barabuze aho bahera? Gasharankwanzi ka Bureshyo uvugwa
mu nsigamigani “Yigize inshinzi”, bivugwa ko yari akuriye umutwe w’ingabo
zigizwe n’abagore b’ingare. Robwa na we avugwa ko yatabariye Igihugu agwa i
Gisaka.
Ingero z’inkuru nk’izi zagiye zihindura imitekerereze y’Abanyarwanda. Bagiye
basobanukirwa uruhare rw’umugore mu iterambere ry’umuryango. Hari
n’abiganye umuco w’ahandi nk’i Burayi, ugasanga umugore asukura inzu,
umugabo ari mu gikoni. Hari n’ingo nyinshi zabifasheho umwanzuro, umwe
yajya gutashya undi agasigara asya amasaka cyangwa akarika. Niba mu rugo nta
mukozi uhari, utanze undi kugera mu rugo akanyarukira mu gikoni, agatangira
koza ibikoresho bikenerwa mu rugo, guteka...
Muri iki gihe, hari ibisubizo bigenda biboneka. Amwe mu mategeko agenga
uburezi yaravuguruwe ku buryo abakobwa n’abahungu bashobora kwiga
bimwe. Abakobwa babyaye imburagihe baracutsa bagasubizwa mu mashuri,
abataragize amahirwe yo kujya mu ishuri Leta yabashyiriyeho uburyo bwo
kwibeshaho, bigishwa imirimo n’imyuga inyuranye yabongerera ubushobozi
bwo kwitunga, gutunga ababo no kubaka Igihugu.
Mu rwego rw’ubukungu n’umutungo, Abanyarwandakazi bageze ku ntera
ishimishije. Ubu bafite uburenganzira bwo kuzungura, bafite uburenganzira
bwo guhabwa umunani, bashobora kandi kugira umutungo bwite, akazi
gahemberwa umushahara n’ibikorwa byinjiza amafaranga. Abanyarwanda
bageze ku rwego rwo gusobanukirwa amategeko abarengera n’abarenganura
hakoreshejwe ubutabera.
Imyanya y’ubuyobozi yiharirwaga n’abagabo gusa, ubu ihabwa buri wese
ubifiye ubushobozi. Ubu tumaze kugera kure. Abantu bose basobanukiwe
neza ko uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye biri mu bituma habaho amajyambere
arambye. Ubu mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda, umutwe w’Abadepite,
mu ba minisitiri, no mu zindi nzego zifatirwamo ibyemezo, Abanyarwandakazi
bahagaze neza mu ruhando rw’amahanga.
Guharanira uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye ariko ntibigomba kuba intandaro
yo gukandamizanya. Abantu b’gitsina gore n’ab’igitsina gabo bagomba
kubahana bakabana mu mahoro, uburenganzira bwa buri wese bukubahirizwa,bakuzuzanya muri byose.
I. 1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
Soma umwandiko “Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu Rwanda”, ushakemo
amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije inyito afite mu
mwandiko wifashije inkoranyamagambo.
1. Koresha amagambo akurikira dusanga mu mwandiko mu nteruro
wihimbiye:
a) Ikantarange
b) Guhakwa
c) Gutabarira Igihugu
d) Ubufatanye
e) Ubwuzuzanye
2. Urebye mu merekezo yose, garagaza amagambo ari muri ikikinyatuzu afitanye isano n’umwandiko:
IMYITOZO
1. Koresha amagambo akurikira dusanga mu mwandiko mu nteruro
wihimbiye:
a) Ikantarange
b) Guhakwa
c) Gutabarira Igihugu
d) Ubufatanye
e) Ubwuzuzanye
2. Urebye mu merekezo yose, garagaza amagambo ari muri ikikinyatuzu afitanye isano n’umwandiko:
I.1.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
Ongera usome umwandiko hanyuma usubize ibibazo bikurikira
1. Tandukanya uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye.
2. Vuga inshingano ebyiri z’abagabo n’ebyiri z’abagore zahindutse uko
ibihe byagiye bihinduka.
3. Subiza yego cyangwa oya.
a) Imirimo myinshi isa n’aho yagenewe abagore cyangwa abagabo, ni
iyagenwe n’umuco aho kugenwa n’imiterere kamere y’umuntu. Kubera
iyo mpamvu, ikaba ishobora guhindurwa.
b) Abagabo n’abagore bashobora kugaragarizwa icyubahiro ku buryo
butandukanye.
c) Nta masomo Umunyarwandakazi ahejwe kwiga.
d) Umugabo ni we uzungura umutungo w’umuryango.
4. Abagore basigaye bakora imirimo inyuranye. Muri iki gihe bigaragarirahe?
I.1.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Ni izihe ngingo z’ingenzi zigaragara muri uyu mwandiko?
2. Kuri wowe uyu mwandiko ugusigiye irihe somo?
3. Tanga ingingo zigaragaza uburyo Ababyarwandakazi bari barapyinagajwekuva kera na kare.
I.1.4. Kungurana ibitekerezo
Mwungurane ibitekerezo ku nsanganyamatsiko ikurikira:Akamaro k’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu iterambere ry’Igihugu.
I.1.5. Ikiganiro mpaka
Muhereye ku bushobozi mufite bwo gutegura ikiganniro mpaka, nimutegure
kandi mukore ikiganiro mpaka ku nsanganayamatsiko ikurikira:
“Ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina ridindiza iterambere ry’umuryangonyarwanda”
IMYITOZO
Ongera wiyibutse ubwoko bw’imyadiko wize maze uhange umwandiko
ufite uturago twa bumwe mu bwoko bw’imyandiko ku nsanganyamatsiko
ikurikira:
“Uwigishije umugore aba yigishije umuryango.”
Umutwe w’umwandiko wawe ube ubwo bwoko bw’umwandikon’insanganyamatsiko.
I.2. Amazina y’urusobe
IGIKORWA
Soma interuro zikurikira witegereza amagambo y’umukara tsiri yavuye
mu mwandiko “Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu Rwanda” utahure
inshoza, uturango n’ubwoko by’amazina y’urusobe.
a) Ubu Umunyarwandakazi afite uruhare runini mu iterambere
ry’igihugu.
b) Nyirasenge wa Semuhanuka yari umusizikazi.
c) Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye bwatumye abantu bava mu
rungabangabo bagera ku majyambere arambye.
d) Rukaburacumu na Gasharankwanzi bavugwa cyane mubuvanganzo nyarwanda.
I.2.1. Inshoza y’izina ry’urusobe
Iyo bavuze izina ry’urusobe twumva izina rishobora kugira uturemajambo
turenze udusanzwe tw’izina nyakimwe. Iyo usesenguye izina ry’urusobe
usanga rifite indomo ebyiri, indangazina ebyiri, ibicumbi bibiri cyangwa se
ugasanga rifite indomo, indanganteko n’igicumbi, ariko rikagira n’ubundi
bwoko bw’ijambo bwiyomekaho.
Ubwoko bw’amagambo ashobora kwiyomeka ku izina nyakimwe rikabyara
izina ry’urusobe hari ikinyazina, umusuma n’akabimbura gishobora kwihagikamu izina nyakimwe rikabyara izina ry’urusobe.
1.2.2. Uturango tw’izina ry’urusobe
Izina ry’urusobe ni izina rikomoka ku magambo arenze rimwe, yiyunga
akarema ijambo rimwe rifite inyito imwe. Mu rwego rw’intêgo, usanga ari izina
rifite uturemajambo turenze utw’izina nyakimwe. Izina ry’urusobe, rishobora
kugira uturemajambo tw’izina twivanzemo utw’inshinga cyangwa ubundibwoko bw’ijambo nk’ikinyazina, umugereka...
I.2.3. Ubwoko bw’izina ry’urusobe
-Amazina y’urusobe tuyasangamo amoko atandukanye:- - - -
-Amazina y’inyunge
-Amazina y’urujyanonshinga
-Amazina y’akabimbura
-Amazina y’umusuma
-Amazina agaragaza amasano
1. Amazina y’inyunge
Izina ry’inyunge ni izina rigizwe n’amazina abiri yiyunze agakora izina rimwe.
Muri ayo mazina abiri, usanga irya kabiri riba risobanura izina riribanjirije.
Amazina y’inyunge nubwo aba agizwe n’amazina abiri yiyunze agira inyito
imwe itari igiteranyo cy’ayo mazina abiri yiyunze. Cyakora, iyo irya kabiri
rifutura irya mbere, yandikwa atandukanye.
Ingero:
-Mwanankundi
-Mugabonake
-Imvugo shusho
-Inyandiko mvugo
-Itegeko teka
Amazina y’inyunge ashobora kuba agizwe n’amazina abiri yunzwe n’ikinyazina
ngenera. Ayo mazina abiri yunzwe n’ikinyazina ngenera ntagira inyito ebyiri,
ahubwo arema inyito imwe nubwo aba agizwe n’amagambo abiri.
Ingero:
-Insina z’amatwi
-Inkondo y’umura
-Inkono y’itabi
-Amaso y’ikibuno
-Amaso y’ikirayi-Utwunyu twa nyamanza
2. Amazina y’urujyanonshinga
Aya mazina y’urujyanonshinga aba ashingiye ku nshinga yiyunze n’icyuzuzo
cyayo, gishobora kuba icyuzuzo mbonera cyangwa icyuzuzo nziguro (izina,inshinga, ikinyazina, umugereka), agakora izina rimwe.
3. Amazina y’akabimbura
Akabimbura ni akaremajambo kihagika imbere y’izina risanzwe mu rurimi
bikabyara
izina rishya.
a) Akabimbura “-nya-“
Akabimbura “-nya-“ kagira ingingo y’ikinyazina ngeneraIngero:
Akabimbura “-a-” gafite ingingo y’ikinyazina ngenera, gakoreshwa cyane mu
Ikinyamateka, umunyamuryango, umunyenzara, umunyamakuru, umunyeshuri
b) Akabimbura “nyiri-“
Akabimbura “nyiri-“ gafite ingingo isa neza n’iy’ikinyazina ngenera.
Ingero:
Nyirumuringa Nyirurugo
Nyirimpuhwe Nyiribambe
Akabimbura “nyira-“ iyo kihagitse mu mazina bwite y’abantu kagira ingingo
y’igitsina
gore. Ingero zikurikira zirabigaragaza.
Ingero:
Igikari: Nyirabikari
Intabire : Nyirantabire
Intama : Nyirantama
c) Akabimbura “sa-” cyangwa “se-”
Akabimbura sa- cyangwa se- gafite inyangingo y’ikinyazina ngenera. Iyo
kihagitse mu mazina bwite, usanga afite ingingo y’igitsina gabo kandi nta
ndomo ayo mazina mashya agira.
Ingero:
Amahoro: Semahoro
Uburo: Seburo
Umusure: Samusure
d) Akabimbura “–ene-”
Akabimbura “–ene-” gafite ingingo nk’iy’ikinyazina ngenera. Amazina bwite
agafite akunze kuba ari amazina rusange. Gashobora kandi kongerera izina
kihagitsemo ingingo igaragaza isano abantu bafitanye.
Ingero:
Imana: Benimana
Ihirwe: Benihirwe
Ikenewabo
e) Akabimbura -ka- kifitemo ingingo ivuga ngo “umugore wa”
Akabimbura -ka- kifitemo ingingo ivuga ngo “umugore wa”, usanga kiganje mu
mazina bwite y’igitsina gore.
Ingero:
Macumu: Mukamacumu
Rutamu: Mukarutamu
Ntwari: Mukantwari
Muhire: Mukamuhire
f) Akabimbura “-a-” gafite ingingo y’ikinyazina ngenera
mazina bwite, kandi amazina kihagitsemo nta ndomo agira.
Ingero:
Inkazi: Kankazi
Amagana: Rwamagana
Imana: Kamana
Imanzi: Kamanzi
4. Amazina y’imisuma
Umusuma ni akaremajambo kongerwa ku izina, gashobora kubaho cyangwa
ntikabeho gafite ibisobanuro. Ikindi ni uko umusuma udasesengurika.
Amazina y’umusuma ni ukuvuga amagambo yongerwaho akaremajambo
kadasesengurwa, kitwa umusuma. Dufite imisuma iri mu byiciro bitatu bikurikira:a) Umusuma “-kazi”
b) Umusuma nsuzuguzi “-azi” ni ukaremajambo gafite inyito yo
Umusuma “-kazi” wumvikanisha igitsina gore.
Ingero:
Umunyarwanda→Umunyarwandakazi,
Inkoko→Inkokokazi,
Umurundi→Umurundikazi,
Umugabe→umugabekazi...
Ikitonderwa: amazina yose aherwa na –kazi si ko aba ari ay’umusuma. Hari
amazina nkomoranshinga ateye nk’ay’umusuma ariko atari yo.
Ingero: Umupfakazi, inkundwakazi
gusuzugura cyangwa gutesha agaciro.
Ingero:
Umuheto→umuhetazi,
Umugabo→umugabazi,
Ibuga→ibugazi,
Ibitaka→ibitakazi…
c) Umusuma sano
Imisuma sano ni uturemajambo dufite inyito y’amasano: “buja”, “rume”,
“senge”, “bukwe”, “kuru”, “kuruza”. Imisuma sano ijyana n’utubimbura sano(ma, nyoko, soko, se, so-, se-nyira) kugira ngo bireme amazina.
Ingero:
Ikitonderwa
- Akabimbura sa- gashobora gukora mu mazina nka Saruhara, Gasabwoya,
1. Amagambo y’urusobe yandikwa umujyo umwe. Gusa mu bisingizo, mu
migani no mu mazina nteruro n’amagambo y’inyunge akabije uburebure,
yandikwa atandukanyijwe, agashyirwa mu twuguruzo n’utwugarizo.
Ingero:
- Umuhanurabinyoma, Rukemanganizi, Karahangabo, Karikumutima... (aya
ni amazina y’urusobe yanditswe umujyo umwe)
-Ubwo “Inshyikanya ku mubiri ya Rugema ahica” aba arahashinze.
-Ubwo “Rumenerangabo Ntarindwa ku mukondo wa Rukaburabimashi” ati: “Ba!”
2. Akabimbura “so” kagira impindurantego “sho”.
Urugero: shobuja.
3. Akabimbura “se” gakomoka ku izina ise cyangwa se, kakagira inyito
y’umuntu w’igitsina gabo ufite cyangwa se utunze nyakuvugwa. Akenshi
ayo mazina aba ari bwite. Usanga gakora nka “nyira” ikomoka ku izina
nyina.
Ingero: Sebuja, Serugo, sebatunzi
4. Akabimbura “nya” gafitanye isano na “nyira”, kakaba gakora kuri ubu
buryo:
Iyo -a- ya nya- ikurikiwe na i y’indomo cyangwa se y’indangahantu, iyo ndomo
ishobora
gutakara cyangwa zombi zikiyungamo - e- biturutse ku igenamajwi
Urugero:
Umunyenzara
Ikitonderwa:- Akabimbura “nya-” gashobora kuba akabimbura nyifuzo iyo kiyunze
n’inshinga iri mu mbundo.
Ingero: nyagutuma, nyakumanikwa, nyakubyara; …-
Akabimbura “nya-” gashobora kwiyunga n’ikinyazina cyangwa n’izina
kagafata inyito yo guhamya (gutsindagira) ikivugwa.
Ingero: inzu nyanzu, abakobwa nyabakobwa; bariya bazaba abategarugori
nyabo.
- Akabimbura “nya-“ gashobora kwiyunga n’izina kakagira inyito y’utunze
cyangwa ufite nyakuvugwa.
Ingero:
Umunyamerwe, umunyamahanga, umunyabintu, umunyenzoga…Gasamagera, Sabato, Sakabaka…
I.2.3. Intêgo y’izina ry’urusobe
arenze rimwe, ariko rikagira inyito imwe. Mu rwego rw’intego, usanga ari izina
IGIKORWA
Shaka intêgo y’amazina y’urusobe ari mu mwandiko “Uburinganire
n’ubwuzuzanye mu Rwanda”, kandi ugaragaze n’amategeko y’igenamajwi.
Uturemajambo tw’amazina y’urusobe
Twabonye ko izina ry’urusobe ari izina usanga rikomoka ku yandi magambo
rifite uturemajambo turenze utw’izina mbonera. Izina ry’urusobe rishobora
kugira uturemajambo
tw’izina twivanzemo utw’inshinga cyangwa ubundi bwoko bw’ijambo
nk’ikinyazina, umugereka…
Ingero:
I.3.Umwitozo w’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
Mu kinyarwanda baravuga ngo: “Ukurusha umugore akurusha urugo”. Mu
mwandiko muremure, emeza cyangwa uhakane uwo mugani, utanga ingero
zifatika.Muri uwo mwadiko, hagaragaremo amazina y’urusobe adatandukanye
I.4. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa mbere
Umwandiko: Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu iterambere
II. Ibibazo ku kibonezamvugo
Iterambere ni irya bose si iry’umuntu umwe. Kugira ngo rishoboke, umuryango
ari wo ugizwe n’umugabo n’umugore n’abana bagomba kubigiramo uruhare.
Dore ko abagiye inama Imana ibasanga. Ingero ni nyinshi ariko reka turebe
ingero z’imiryango ibiri ituye ku musozi wa Burimbi. Uti: «Ibayeho ite?»
Umuryango wa Cyubahiro na Kamariza bose bashakanye ari abatindi;
bavugagwa ko nta cyo bakwigezaho. Bo ariko ntibacika intege kuko bahamyaga
ko ibintu ari ibishakwa ntawubivukana. Dore ko bari baramenyaniye mu
mahugurwa y’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi bwa kijyambere. Aho bahakuye inkunga
ntagereranwa y’uburyo bwo kwiteza imbere, biturutse ku nguzanyo zitangwa
n’ibigo by’imari. Mu gihe bari bamaze kurushinga, rubanda rwakomeje kubaha
inkwenene na bo bati : “Isazi y’ubute ntirya igisebe” kandi ngo “Utayihinganye
ntayikira”. Ubwo berekeye kuri Banki y’Abaturage ya Kinyami gusaba inguzanyo
maze barayihabwa. Bwatinze gucya bashoka igishanga, maze si uguhinga
karahava! Batera imbuto z’indobanure, ijuru na ryo rirabakundira. Isarura rya
mbere, bishyuye icya kabiri ku nguzanyo, banigurira amatungo magufi, harimo
ingurube n’inkoko. Ibyo byatumye benshi ndetse no mu babahaga inkwenene,
bibaza uko babakiranye. Ibyo byaterwaga n’uko batari bazi ibanga ryabo ryo
kubahana no kugirana inama, igihe cyose bagiye gukora icyo ari cyo cyose.
Haciye umwaka umwe, bibarutse abana babiri; umwe yitwa Kiza undi yitwa
Ishimwe. Abo bana bareranywe urukundo, bahabwa n’ibyangombwa bikenewe
nk’ indyo yuzuye, imyambaro ikwiye, ubuvuzi nyabwo, amashuri meza. Usibye
ibyo, bigishijwe uturimo dutandukanye, maze bakura bazi ko akabando
k’iminsi ari umurimo. Ntibyatinze batsinda ikizamini cya Leta kuko biganaga
ikinyabupfura n’ubuhanga ndetse n’abarimu bakabakunda birambuye. Ibyo
bituma abandi bana babareberaho, maze na bo biyuha akuya barabigana mu
matsinda anyuranye, harimo itsinda ryo kurwanya marariya, iryo kubungabunga
ibidukikije. Bamaze kurangiza amashuri yisumbuye, bemerewe kujya kwiga
muri za kaminuza zo mu mahanga. Kiza akurikirana ibyerekeye ikoranabuhanga
naho Ishimwe we akurikira ibijyanye n’ubuvuzi. Nyamara nubwo kwa Cyubahiro
na Kamariza hari impundu, kwa Ntambara na Nyiranuma ho hari ishavu, dore
ko babagaho ku bugenge. Uti: “Ese ibyo bishoboka bite ko abantu babana ku
bugenge boshye abatagira ubwenge?”
Ntambara na Nyiranuma babanye bifashije mu buryo buringaniye, dore ko
bavukaga mu ngo zidasaba umunyu, kandi na bo baribararangije mu Ishuri
Nderabarezi rya Byumba.
Ntibyatinze bibarutse ubwa mbere abana b’impanga ari bo: Semanywa na Keza.
Babareze bibabaje kandi biteye agahinda, kuko batasibaga kurwana kubera
ubusinzi bwa buri munsi. Wasangaga Ntambara na Nyiranuma baramukira mu
kabari kari hafi y’ishuri, kwiyandikisha ngo bazishyura ukwezi gushize. Ubwo
kandi na nyuma y’amasomo, wasangaga utubare twose, ni nde uciye hano ni
Runaka, iyo atabaga umugore yabaga umugabo. Guteka byabaga rimwe ku munsi
nabwo nijoro. Akenshi abana baryamaga batariye, maze bwacya bakarwanira
mu nkono batabanje no kwikiza ubutuna.
Igihe cy’amanywa, abana babo birirwaga mu ngo za rubanda, rimwe bakabaha
ibyo kurya, ubundi bakabibima. Hari ababahaga urw’amenyo babavugiraho
ngo: “Ariko ubundi, aba ko ari abo kwa mwarimu, turabagaburira utw’abana
bacu, hanyuma bage kurenzaho amata n’imigati, ubwo si ubucucu?” Bamwe
bakabibaha, abandi bakabibima. Nyamara se babibonaga ryari? Ubwo abana
bakirirwa bicira isazi mu jisho. Ntibyatinze, basezerewe ku kazi kubera
imyitwarire idahwitse, haba hanze ndetse no ku kazi (gusiba, kudatanga
umusaruro, kurwana no gusebanya). Udufaranga tw’imperekeza twabaye
intica ntikize. Baturiye nk’abagiye gupfa. Koko rero “ntarutamburira imfusha”.
Umunsi umwe haguye imvura y’amahindu, abana benshi bugama hanze kubera
ko bari bataye urufunguzo, ikindi kandi no guhora bahanwa n’abaturanyi,
byatumye bajya kwikinga munsi y’igiti cyari ku irembo ry’iwabo.
Muri iyo mvura, nibwo Keza yafatwaga n’umusonga ariko undi ntiyabimenya
agira ngo ni ugukina. Uko amasaha yagendaga akura, ni na ko yarushagaho
kuremba, maze atangira kubwira umuvandimwe we ko apfuye. Ubwo Semanywa
ahuruza abaturanyi ngo bamujyane kwa muganga. Bamwe bumva umwana
bwangu, ariko abandi bati: “Tujya kubayegamo kwa muganga se, ababyeyi
babo ntibari kunywera iza yose hirya aha? Hari uwo bagurira agacupa?” Bakiri
muri izo mpaka, hatunguka Cyubahiro na Kamariza bavuye kubaza ibyerekeye
imishingirwe n’imikorere y’amakoperative, babona umwana yarembye maze
batumiza ipikipiki bamujyana kwa muganga. Bamugejejeyo, batinze kumwakira
kuko nta n’ubwishingizi mu kwivuza bagiraga. Muganga aramusuzuma maze
ababwira ko hasigaye akuka gake. Koko bidatinze Keza araca.
Inkuru y’inshamugongo ihita ikwira hose ko umwana wa Ntambara na
Nyiranuma yitabye Imana. Abantu barababara cyane kubera ko abana bazize
uburangare bw’ababyeyi babo, dore ko babahamagaye ko abana bari hanze
kandi banyagirwa bakabatera utwatsi. Imihango yo gushyingura iba bosebose
bacitsemo igikuba. Bashinjaga Ntambara n’umugore we urupfu rw’umwana
wabo kuko impanga ye yari yabibasobanuriye. Nyiranuma we amarira yari
yose, bamwe bakamuhoza abandi bakamuha inkwenene. Ubwo abahacaga
bose bifataga ku munwa.
Nuko ishyingura rirangiye, Cyubahiro yahise asaba ijambo, aravuga ati: “Ibi
bikwiye gusubirwamo, abantu bakibutswa inshingano zabo, haba mu ngo ndetse
n’ahandi”. Nibwo basabye umuhuzabikorwa w’umurenge gutumiza inama
y’ikubagahu ngo bafatire ibintu mumaguru mashya. Muri iyo nama, Cyubahiro
na Kamariza bahawe umwanya basobanurira abantu ibintu byinshi bamaze
kugeraho kuko bari bamaze kubazwa ibanga bakoresha. Banababwiye n’ibyo
bateganya kugeraho, mu minsi iri imbere, ariko kandi ko ibyo byose babigezwaho
n’ubwumvikane no kujya inama ku bibazo byabangamira umuryango. Ibinaniye
umwe undi akabikora. Nubwo bari mu bwirabure, ntibyatumye abaturage
bihanganira kubaha amashyi y’urufaya. Abari aho batahana ingamba nshya
cyanecyane ko bibazaga icyo bakora ngo batere imbere. Nyiranuma na
Ntambara bahise basaba abaturage bose imbabazi ndetse bazisaba n’Imana,
bafata ikemezo cyo gusenyera umugozi umwe. Wumvaga bamwe hirya bavuga
ngo: “Harakabaho Cyubahiro na Kamariza”; abandi ngo: “Izina ni ryo muntu!”
I.Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Ni iki Kamariza na Cyubahiro bakoze ngo barwanye ubukene ?
2. Imibereho ya Cyubahiro na Kamariza bayikeshaga iki abantu batari bazi?
3. Ni ikihe kintu kiza abana ba Cyubahiro na Kamariza bakoze?
4. Sobanura mu magambo make imibanire y’abana ba Cyubahiro na
Kamariza.
5. Ese hari ikigaragaza ko Ntambara na Nyiranuma bari kuba bifashije?
Ni uwuhe mugani w’Ikinyarwanda wabacira urebye uko ba Kamariza
babayeho?
6. Iyo abana ba Nyiranuma na Ntambara bajyaga mu ngo z’abaturanyi babo,
bababwiraga iki? Ese ibyo bavugaga byari byo?
7. Ni iki Cyubahiro na Kamariza bakoreye Keza?
8. Ni ikihe gikorwa cy’ubutwari Nyiranuma na Ntambara bakoze imbere
y’abaturage bagenzi babo?
9. Andika ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka tubona muri uyu mwandiko.
10. Muri uyu mwandiko batubwira ibyerekeye itsinda ryita ku bidukikije,
11. urumva ryaba rishinzwe iki?
12. Sobanura uko umutwe w’uyu mwandiko uhura n’ibivugwamo.
13. Ni irihe somo ry’ubuzima bwa buri munsi wakwigira kuri iyi miryango yombi?
I. Ibibazo by’inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura aya magambo:
a) Uburinganire
b) Ubwuzuzanye
c) Inkwenene
d) Ubutuna
e) Ikubagahu
f) Gutera utwatsi
2. Simbuza amagambo atsindagiye ayo bivuga kimwe ari mu mwandiko:
a) Kamariza afatanya n’umugabo we mu kuzuza inshingano zo kurera
abana bibarutse.
b) Umutegarugori utiyubashye usanga rubanda bamuseka cyane.
c) Afite agahinda ku buryo no kugira icyo ashyira ku munwa byamunaniye.
d) Yagiye shishi itabona nta cyo atubwiye ku byabaye ku baturanyi be.
3. Andika amagambo ari mu mwandiko asobanura atya:
a) Ukuba ikintu kigeze mu ididaniro.
b) Gushakira umugore ku wundi.
c) Gukora iyo bwabaga, uko ushoboye kose.
4. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro ukurikije inyito afite mu
mwandiko:
a) Umuganji
b) Gutera utwatsi
c) Kubaha urw’amenyo
d) Kurenga inkombe.
Tahura ubwoko bw’amazina y’urusobe akurikira, ugaragaze uturemajambo
twayo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi:
a) Nyogokuru
b) Mabukwe
c) Nyirinkwaya
d) Sobuja
e) Sebatunzi
f) Nyirabizeyimana
g) Rwankubebe
h)Nyirarunyonga
i) Ikoranabuhanga
j) Amajyambere.UNIT 2: UMUCO NYARWANDA
UBUSHOBOZI BW’INGENZI BUGAMIJWE
-Gusesengura igitekerezo k’ingabo agaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi
-Gusoma no gusesengura zimwe mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo nyabami
zigikubiyemo.
agaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi zizikubiyemo.-Kuvuga no kwandika interuro yubahiriza ibihe by’inshinga.
IGIKORWA CY’UMWINJIZO
Tekereza kandi urondore ibyarangaga ibitaramo by’ibwami mu Rwanda
rwo hambere, imihango y’igitero yakorwaga, icyo intwari zivugaga
n’amashimwe zagenerwaga zivuye ku rugamba, ugaragaze muri make
ibyaranze inganzo y’amazina y’inka n’akamaro ko kuyiga muri iki gihe.
Sobanura uruhare rwa buri ngingo yagaragajwe hejuru mu gusigasira
umuco nyarwanda
II.1. Umwandiko: Igitero k’i Butembo
Igitero k’i Butembo cyabaye mu mwaka wa 1874. Ikimenyetso cy’uwo mwaka
cyabaye Nyakotsi yitwa Rwakabyaza yagaragaye mu Rwanda mu kwezi kwa
Nyakanga 1874. Impamvu y’icyo gitero yabaye iyi ngiyi: hariho Shabikobe bya
Sebitoryi, agatunga inka z’inyambo zitwaga Imisakura. Izo nka bazigishishiriza i
Kamuronsi, agahugu kari ku mutwe w’ikiyaga cya Kivu ku mupaka w’u Buhunde.
Umuhinza wo mu Buhunde witwaga Muvunyi wa Karinda arazitera arazinyaga.
Iyo nkuru igeze kuri Kigeri IV Rwabugiri, ari i Rwamaraba, asanga bibaye
ngombwa kujya guhorera izo nyambo ze zanyazwe n’uwo muhinza. Nyamara
ubundi uwo Muvunyi yayobokaga u Rwanda, akajya yohereza amakoro ibwami.
Igihe ari mu byo guhaguruka, haza intumwa za Mwezi IV Gisabo, umwami
w’u Burundi. Izo ntumwa zari Abaganwa batatu, baherekejwe n’intore ijana.
Batumye ibwami kuvunyisha, Rwabugiri abatumaho ko ari mu rugendo, ko
abaheje kugeza igihe azahindukirira. Abasigira umutware we Mugabwambere
wa Nyamutera, akajya abacumbikira i Kanyinya na Rubingo rwa Shyorongi.
Ategeka ingo ze zose ko zizajya ziboherereza amazimano. Bakazibagira inka
eshatu buri munsi, bakaziha n’amazimano yandi y’ibiribwa n’amayoga.
Rwabugiri amaze guhaguruka iwe i Rwamaraba, atuma abantu ku bagore be
ngo barushanwe kwitegura intumwa za Mwezi, anababwira ko uzarusha abandi
umwiteguro ari we uzatahirwa n’ibirori by’imyiyereko, bikazakirirwamo
intumwa za Mwezi. Abwira izo ntumwa ati:
“Ungire Cyivugiza ya Gatsibo, […]
Umbwirire Muhundwangeyo wa Ngarambe,
Umukobwa uteye abahungu imbabazi,
Uti: ‘Witegure intumwa za Mwezi.’
Ningushima ingabo zizagutaramira,
Inyambo zitahe iwawe.”
(Uwo yari Kangeyo ka Kanyabujinja ka Nyiracumu, wagengaga urugo rw’i
Gatsibo)[…]
Rwabugiri yahagurutse i Rwamaraba ataha […] i Rubengera, ahategerereza
abatasi yari yarohereje kumutatira u Buhunde […] Abo batasi bamaze
kurondorera umwami ibyo kwa Muvunyi wa Karinda, umuhinza w’u Buhunde,
n’abatware bakomeye muri icyo gihugu, intore zo mu Ngangurarugo zihimbiraho
indirimbo yitwa Rwahama […]
Igitero kigeze mu Buhunde, cyaje kurwanya Muvunyi wa Karinda, araneshwa
ariko arabikinga ntibashobora kumushyikira. Ubwo ingando ya Kigeri IV
Rwabugiri yari i Runyana. Amaze gutsinda Muvunyi n’abategeka bandi bo mu
Buhunde, Murego wa Bigiri we ndetse yatewe mbere ya Muvunyi. Shabiganza
we ngo yaba yarahunze ariko ntibizwi neza. Abandi batewe bagatsindwa ni
Murengezi wa Nyarubwa na Karenge na Rwankuba rwa Gahinda.
Twabonye mbere ko umwami yari aganditse i Runyana. Yari yaratatishije Nkingo
iri hafi y’u Runyana, kuko mu bwiru bari bazi ko ari ho Abarenge baramvuye
ingoma y’ingabe yitwaga Mpatsibihugu.
Ategeka abiru be kuharamvura ingoma y’ingabe nshya yari yageneye iryo zina
rya Mpatsibihugu, kugira ngo ayungukiremo ububasha bw’Abarenge ba kera,
bategekaga ibihugu bigari u Rwanda rwari rutarigarurira byose. Aho Rwabugiri
amariye gukubanga u Buhunde bwose, abaza abatasi be ati: “Inyuma y’ishyamba
turuzi rihetuye u Buhunde, hari ibihugu nyabaki?” Abatasi bamubwira ko
batabizi, ko ari ntawigeze arenga iryo shyamba. Ariko bamumenyesha ibyo
bumvanye abandi, ngo uryinjiyemo amaherezo inzira yinjira mu mugezi wa
Nyabarongo, akaba ari yo bagenda bavogera, ikikijwe n’inzitiro z’imigano.
Rukaba urugendo rurerure kuzageza aho inzira izakukira bakabona kugenda
ahatari mu mazi. Rwabugiri ati: “Nimuhogi tugende tuge kureba ibihugu byaba
inyuma y’ishyamba, ubwo hatataswe tuzagenda tuhitatira ubwacu.”
Ingabo zose zinjira mu ishyamba, amaherezo koko binjira muri wa mugezi
barawuvogera, Rwabugiri n’abagore be bahetswe. Ngo urwo rugendo
baruhereye mu gitondo bakuka uwo mugezi ikigoroba. Aho bakukiye uwo
mugezi wa Nyabarongo rero, bagandika mu ishyamba. Bukeye barakomeza
bahinguka ahantu hatamurutse, hatuwe n’abantu bameze nk’Abahunde,
ariko batazi ibi byuma bicurwa. Barwanishaga ibisongo by’imigano kandi
bagahingisha inkonzo z’ibiti. Babonye abo bantu bapfupfunutse mu ishyamba,
bagerageza kubarwanya, ariko Abanyarwanda barabatsinda. Ingabo zikomeza
zikurikiye inzira yo mu ishyamba, zibona indi midugudu imeze nk’iyo bari
bahingukiyeho mbere.
Ariko muri iyo midugudu bahasanga ibintu abo baturage babo bahingaga, byari
bibatunze. Kuko rero impamba zari zagabanutse, umwami abwira rubanda ati:
“Nimurye biriya bintu, ubwo byari bitunze abandi bantu namwe byabatunga,
nitugera i Rwanda muzanywe imiti yo kubahumanura.” Ibyo bintu bavuga byari
amashaza. Hanyuma bajya guhaguruka ngo bagaruke mu Rwanda, umwami
ategeka ko bazagarukana imbuto zayo.
Aho azagerera i Rubengera ngo ahingisha mu gikari utuyogi two kororeramo
ayo mashaza. Izina bayitaga acyaduka, agikwirakwiza mu Rwanda bwa mbere,
ryari amashaza kuko yabanje guhingwa mu Bwishaza. Ntabwo Abanyarwanda
batangaga amakoro y’amashaza kuko atari umwaka wa karande mu Rwanda;
kandi n’uwaryaga amashaza ntiyashoboraga kunywa amata ngo amashaza yica
inka. Ngicyo rero ikintu k’ingirakamaro igitero k’i Butembo cyagiriye u Rwanda:
kururonkera imbuto nshya.
Aho izina ry’igitero k’i Butembo ryaturutse ni muri iryo shyamba riri inyuma
y’i Buhunde n’u Buhavu. Aka karere kose kari inyuma y’ishyamba mu
burengerazuba bw’ibyo bihugu byitwa Butembo. Igitero cyari cyarahagurukiye
u Buhunde, hanyuma kirenze ishyamba kivanayo izina ry’u Butembo […]
Bamaze kugera mu Rwanda ingabo zitabaruka ukwazo zerekeje mu Buriza n’u
Bwanacyambwe ngo zizahahurire n’umwami zikore imihango y’imyiyereko,
ari wo munsi w’ibirori byasezeraga ibitero. Naho Rwabugiri aherekezwa
n’abatware bamwe anyura iyo mu Murera ahinguka ku Rusumo kwa Magara
(ku Rusumo rwa Kabona ku ngezi ya Burera) anyura iy’u Buberuka, agana
iwe i Gatsibo ngo arebe uko umwamikazi Kangeyo ka Kanyabujinja yari
yarakoze imyiteguro. Twibuke ko atabara yari yaratumye ku bamikazi bose
ngo bazamwitegure, uzarusha abandi akazaba ari we utaramirwa n’ingabo
zitabarutse. Ageze i Gatsibo, areba imyiteguro y’urwo rugo […] Umwami atanga
umunsi wo kubyukurutsa. Birangiye arahaguruka.
Ageze i Gasabo iw’umwamikazi Bayundo ba Rwigenza […] asanga umwiteguro
waho uruta uw’i Gatsibo. Nanone barabyukurutsa, hanyuma umwami
arahaguruka ajya i Kabuye ka Jabana iw’umwamikazi Kanjogera.
I Kabuye bari barakoze umwiteguro urushijeho guhimba […] Basanga ari
ibwami koko. Kuko rero Kanjogera yari inkundwakazi, Rwabugiri atumiza ba
Barundi bo kwa Mwezi bamusanga i Kabuye. Ingabo ziyereka ari ishyano ryose,
hatumiwe n’izitari zaratabaye ari ugushaka umurato wo kwereka Abarundi.
[…] Umwami rero yamaze iminsi i Kabuye, hanyuma arahaguruka ajya i Kigali
ari kumwe na ba Barundi. Bageze kwa Nyirandabaruta ya Sendirima, basanga
umutako […] uruta ahandi hose ku buryo bitari bigifite n’igereranyirizo […]
Mu birori by’imyiyereko, ingabo zitabarutse, nibwo Biraro bya Nyamushanja
wa Rugira yahimbiye Rwabugiri ikivugo “Inkatazakurekera” arakimutura.
2. 1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Soma umwandiko “Igitero k’i Butembo”, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe
hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko wifashishije
inkoranyamagambo.
1.Koresha amagambo akurikira dusanga mu mwandiko mu nteruro
a) Kugishisha inka
wihimbiye:
b) Amakoro
c) Abatasi
d) Ingando
2. Shaka imbusane z’aya magambo ukurikije inyito afite mu
mwandiko wasomye.
a) Azahindukirira
b) Guhunga
c) Gukuka umugezi
d) Guhinguka3. Uzuza interuro zikurikira ukoresheje amagambo avuye mu
a) Mu gitero k’i .............. Abanyarwanda bahakuye imbuto
mwandiko
y’.....................
b) Igitero k’i Butembo cyabaye mu wa ................... cyagabwe
kiyobowe n’umwami .........................
c) Igitero cyahagurukiye i ....................... gisozerezwa inyuma
y’ishyamba i .............
IMYITOZO
II.1.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
6. Shaka ibintu cyangwa ibikorwa byavuzwe mu mwandiko bibangamiye
Ongera usome umwandiko “Igitero k’i Butembo” hanyuma usubize ibibazo
byawubajijweho:
1. Sobanura intandaro y’igitero k’i Butembo.
2. Ni nde wafashe iya mbere mu gushoza urwo rugamba?
3. Ni uwuhe mwamikazi warushije abandi imyiteguro myiza
4. Ni ikihe gihembo cyari giteganyirijwe umugore uzarusha abandi
kwitegura umwami?
5. Ikivugo “Inkataza kurekera” cyahimbwe nande? ryari?
ibidukikije unasobanure uko ubibona.
II.1.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
b) Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka zigaragara muri uyu mwandiko.
Ongera usome umwandiko “Igitero k’i butembo” hanyuma usubize ibibazo
bikurikira:
a) Amakoro yatangwaga ibwami wayagereranya n’iki muri iki gihe? Sobanura
igisubizo utanze uhereye ku kamaro kayo.c) Vuga muri make ibikubiye muri uyu mwandiko mu magambo yawe bwite.
II.2. Ubuvanganzo nyabami
Ongera usome umwandiko “Igitero k’i Butembo” ugereranye ibivugwamo
IGIKORWA
n’ibyavugwaga mu yindi myandiko wize, maze ukore ubushakashatsi
utahure inshoza y’ubuvanganzo nyabami, urondore zimwe mu ngeriz’ubwo buvanganzo n’ uturango twazo.
2.2.1. Inshoza y’ubuvanganzo nyabami
Ubuvanganzo nyabami burimo ibihangano byose byerekeranye n’abami, ingoma
Nk’uko byizwe mu myaka yabanje, ubuvanganzo ni imvugo cyangwa inyandiko
ifite icyo ivuga kandi yifitemo ubwiza n’ubuhanga bw’imikoreshereze y’ururimi.
Imvugo cyangwa inyandiko y’ubuvanganzo irangwa akenshi n’ikeshamvugo.
Ubuvanganzo nyarwanda babugabanyamo ibice bibiri: ubuvanganzo nyemvugo
n’ubuvanganzo nyandiko. Ubuvanganzo nyemvugo ni ibyahanzwe n’abantu ba
kera batazwi neza bahangaga batandika, bakabifata mu mutwe. Ibyo bahangaga
babishyikirizaga ab’igihe cyabo bikabizihira mu bitaramo, bakagenda babiraga
abo basize, bityobityo bigahinduka uruhererekane.
zabo, ibitero byabo, abakurambere, abatware n’imihango by’ibwami. Ni ingeri
y’ubuvanganzo itari igenewe buri wese nk’uko ubuvanganzo bwo muri rubanda
bwari bumeze. Bityo igihangano cy’ubuvanganzo nyabami ntawashoboraga
kugira icyo agihinduraho atabyemerewe.
II.2.2. Zimwe mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo nyabami
z’ibwami ni indirimbo zicurangwa ku nanga y’amano. Mu buvanganzo nyabami,
Mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda nyemvugo nyabami twavuga ibitekerezo
nyabami (ibitekerezo by’ingabo), amazina y’inka, ibisigo nyabami, ubwiru,
ubucurabwenge, ibyivugo, inanga zivuga iby’ibwami, indirimbo z’ingabo.
Muri rusange ingeri z’ubuvanganzo nyabami zirangwa no kuba ari imyandiko
ivuga abami, imiryango yabo n’ingoma zabo.
a) Ibitekerezo by’ingabo
Ibitekerezo by’ingabo byavugaga imitegurire n’imigendekere y’ibitero ingabo
z’umwami zagabye mu bindi bihugu bakongeraho amakabyankuru.
b) Amazina y’inka
Amazina y’inka ni imivugo irata inyambo n’umwami. Ni ingeri y’ubuvanganzo
nyabami irangwa n’itondeke ripimye (umubare w’utubangutso ungana),
ikeshamvugo n’amagambo yabugenewe. Yagiraga imiterere yihariye.
c) Ibisigo nyabami
Ibisigo nyabami ni imivugo yasingizaga abami n’ingoma zabo ikoresheje
amagambo y’indobanure. Ibisigo nyabami birangwa n’ikeshamvugo, amagambo
y’indobanure kandi ntibyahindagurikaga mu miterere yabyo.
d) Ubwiru
Ijambo “ubwiru” risobanura ibanga rikomeye cyane iryo ari ryo ryose. Mu
buvanganzo nyabami ubwiru ni imihango yakorwaga n’umwami n’abiru. Iyo
mihango yakorwaga mu ibanga kandi ikagira amagambo yihariye agendana na
yo. Iyo mihango bayitaga inzira z’ubwiru.
Ubwiru bwari bukubiyemo amategeko yagengaga imihango y’ibwami,
bwakoreshaga ikeshamvugo n’andi magambo yabugenewe kandi
ntibwahindagurikaga.
e) Ubucurabwenge
Ni umuvugo muremure wavugaga ibisekuru by’abami n’abagabekazi.
Abawufataga mu mutwe bitwaga abacurabwenge. Ubucurabwenge burangwa
n’uko buvuga ibisekuru by’abami n’abamikazi mu buryo buryoheye amatwi.
Ubucurabwenge bwakorwaga n’abiru.
f) Ibyivugo
Kwivuga: ni ukuranga icyo uri cyo, uwo uri we mu rwego rw’intambara, rimwe
na rimwe umenyesha abakumva uwo ukomokaho byo guhimba, ukavuga
ibyakuranze ku rugamba.
Ibyivugo ni imwe mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda bisingiza intwari
n’ubutwari bwazo ndetse n’intwaro zifashishwaga. Muri iyo ngeri, uwivuga
yirataga ibigwi n’ibirindiro yagiriye ku rugamba. Tuyisangamo amoko abiri
y’ingenzi ari yo: Ibyivugo by’iningwa n’ibyivugo by’imyato.
g) Inanga zivuga iby’ibwami
Gucuranga inanga ni ubuhimbyi bujyana no gucuranga inanga bayibwira. Inanga
inanga zaherekezwaga n’indirimbo z’ingabo zigahishura uko abakurambere
batekerezaga, akari kabari ku mutima n’uko bari bameranye mu mibanire yabo.
Inanga tuzisangamo iturango tw’ubusizi nyarwanda(isubirajwi, imibangikanyo,
injyana...) Zahimbirwaga
kurata no gusingiza abami. Zacurangirwaga mu bitaramo binyuranye.
h) Indirimbo z’ingabo
Ni indirimbo zaririmbwaga mu bitaramo byo kwizihiza insinzi y’ingabo
zabaga zivuye ku rugamba. Izo ndirimbo zafatiraga ku bantu babayeho
(abami, ab’ibwami n’abatware cyangwa ibikorwa byabayeho bizwi nk’ibigwi,
ibirindiro...).
IMYITOZO
Ungurana ibitekerezo na bagenzi bawe ku kamaro ko kwiga ubuvanganzo
nyabami.
II.3. Ibitekerezo by’ingabo
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko “Igitero k’i Butembo” maze ukore
ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza y’ibitekerezo by’ingabo n’uturango twabyo.2.3.1. Inshoza y’ibitekerezo by’ingabo
Ibitekerezo by’ingabo ni ibihangano byabaga bikubiyemo uko urugamba
bagakoresha imvugo nziza kandi batajijinganya. Mu bitekerezo by’ingabo
rwagenze. Byahimbwaga n’abatekereza b’ibwami bafatiye ku byavuzwe
n’abavuzi b’amacumu babaga bakubutse ku rugamba. Abo bavuzi b’amacumu
bari abantu bazwiho ubuhanga mu kuvuga neza no gufata mu mutwe
havugwamo inkuru y’igitero n’abakigizemo uruhare cyanecyane ab’intwari.
2.3.2. Uturango tw’igitekerezo k’ingabo
Igitekerezo k’ingabo kirangwa n’ibi bikurikira: kivugwamo inkuru y’igitero
cyagabwe n’uko igitero cyagenze, kigaragaramo abakigizemo uruhare
n’abakibayemo intwari, gishingira ku makuru mpamo y’ibyabaye, kirangwa
ndetse n’uturingushyo tw’abatekereza b’ibwami abandi bita amakabyankuru.
IMYITOZO
b) Kwiga ibitekerezo by’ingabo bidufitiye akamaro muri iki gihe
a) Ku bwawe urabona akamaro k’ibitekerezo by’ingabo kari akahe?
ndetse n’ikizaza?
ndetse n’ikizaza?
II.4. 1. Imitegurire n’imihango y’igitero
II.4. 1. Imitegurire n’imihango y’igiteroIGIKORWA
Wifashishije ubumenyi ufite ku muco n’amateka, kora ubushakashatsi
maze utahure imihango yakorwaga kugira ngo u Rwanda rutere ikindi
gihugu, abagiraga uruhare mu migendekere y’igitero, n’inyungu Igihugu
cyakuraga mu gitero.
Umurage ukomeye Abanyarwanda basigiwe n’abasokuruza ni Igihugu. Ibi
byatumye u Rwanda rugenda rwagurwa binyuze mu bitero rwagabaga kandi
rugomba kubitsinda. Mbere yo gutera habanzaga gukorwa imihango inyuranye
harimo inzira y’inkiko yabyaye umugaru hagiye kwagurwa imipaka n’inziray’urugomo hagiye kugabwa ibitero.
Si iyo mihango yakorwaga gusa kuko habagaho n’igitaramo njyarugamba
Umugaba ugaba ntiyashoboraga kugira umusozi asibiraho: ariko yararaga
cyabanzirizaga urugamba umwami yabaga agiye gushoza mu mahanga. Abantu
bahuriraga hamwe maze bakarebera hamwe ingamba z’urugamba. Buri wese
mu babaga bateraniye aho yagiraga icyo yiyemeza gukora kugira ngo Igihugu
kizatsinde urugamba.
1. Umugaba w’ingabo n’umugaba w’igitero
Ingabo z’u Rwanda zari imitwe itegekwa n’abatware aba n’aba. Aha ngaha
turebe iki ngiki: abo batware b’izo ngabo, bitwaga abatware mu butegetsi
bw’Igihugu bwa kera ntibigire aho bahuriye n’abatware bategekaga mu Rwanda
mu bihe bya kizungu. Umutware kera, mbere y’umwaduko w’abazungu,
ntabwo yari ameze nk’umushefu. Abatware rero bitwaga batyo mu butegetsi
bw’Igihugu, naho mu butegetsi bw’abarwanyi (igihe ingabo zabo zabaga
zihagurukiye igitero) bakitwa abagaba b’ingabo. Igihe k’intambara, umugaba
wese w’umutwe uyu n’uyu, ni bwo we yambaraga ikamba ry’ingabo, kikaba
ikimenyetso cy’ubutegetsi bw’abarwanyi. Iryo kamba ryari uruhu rw’icyondi
batamirizaga mu ruhanga bakarusesurira mu bitugu. Umugaba w’igitero we
ntibyari ngombwa ko aba ari umutware uyu n’uyu; yashoboraga no kuba ari
umunyacyubahiro uhatswe.
Mbere yo kugaba igitero, ibwami babanzaga kuraguza ngo barebe niba gutera
igihugu iki n’iki bizahira u Rwanda. Indagu yaba ibibemereye, bakaraguriza
ubwoko buzatorwamo umugaba; ubwoko bufashwe bukaraguriza imiryango
yabwo; umuryango ufashwe n’indagu bakaraguriza abo muri bo ngo barebe
uzaba umugaba. Ntiyagombaga kuba ari intwari ubwe cyangwa ngo agombe
kuba ari umuntu ufite ubuhanga bwo kurwanisha ingabo neza yabaga ari
nk’impigi ubwe, izatuma ingabo z’u Rwanda zitsinda kandi ntiyagombaga no
kurwanisha ingabo ubwe zarwanishwaga n’abagaba bazo bonyine.
Umugaba yamaraga gutorwa, umwami akamuha ububasha nk’ubwe. Izina rye
ry’ubwami rikaba iry’umwami wa kera wigeze gutsinda icyo gihugu bateye. Umugaba
yamaraga kwimikwa, umwami akamwambika ikamba ry’ingabo (rwa ruhu
rw’icyondi) akamutamiriza ishyira, (umurizo w’urukwavu rwafashwe ari ruzima),
akamutamiriza n’intuku (inyoni yo mu ishyamba ry’i Buyenzi itukura, imeze
nka gasuku); akamuhereza, agasohoka, akivuga, agahaguruka ubwo, ingoma
zikamuherekeza, abatware bose bahurujwe, atuma ku ngabo zabo ngo zihaguruke.
indaro ngufi ,kugira ngo ahe ingabo z’Igihugu cyose umwanya wo gukorana. Aho
yararaga, yazimanirwaga nk’umwami, yagira uwo anyaga bigahama ntaburane.
Ubwo yabaga afite abatasi bazi ibyo muri icyo gihugu gitewe, barakigenze bitwaje
gutunda, cyangwa barakigiyemo bashukana ngo baragicikiye. Umugaba yajyaga
kugera ku nkiko y’u Rwanda, ingabo zikaba zarakoranye, akajya inama
n’abagaba bazo, akabaha amayira (guha umugaba kanaka inzira azanyura),
kandi buri murari w’ingabo ukaba uhawe n’umutasi uyobora ingabo,
uzimenyesha akarere karimo abarwanyi bakaze, cyangwa uzibuza kunyura
aha n’aha, kuko hari nk’uruzi rukomeye batashobora kwambuka n’ibindi.
Icyo gihe cyo gutanga amayira, ingabo zitaratabara, umugaba akohereza
intumwa yo kubwira ibwami umunsi imirwano izatangira. Iyo ntumwa, babaga
ari abantu benshi, kugira ngo nihagira umwe urwara cyangwa unanirwa,
abandi bazakomeze urugendo barare indaro bategetswe. Bati: “Muzataha
ibunaka, bityobityo, maze ku munsi wa kangahe muzatahe ibwami, mubabwira
muti: ‘Imirwano izatangira ejo mu museke’.”
2. Umwami n’umugabekazi mu mihango y’inteko
Kuri wa munsi watanzweho umugambi, ibwami baramukaga batangira
imihango y’inteko. Iyo mihango yakorwaga n’umwami, yaba adahari (yagiye
muri iyo ntambara, nk’uko byari bimeze mu gitero i Butembo) iyo mihango
igakorwa n’umugabekazi. Bwacyaga yicara ku ntebe y’inteko ibaje mu giti
cy’umuko), akicara yegamye ku nkingi, ngo hatagira umuvugisha aturutse
inyuma akamutera gukebuka. Gukebuka inyuma, byabaga ari ugutera ingabo
z’u Rwanda gusubiza inyuma(guhunga); ntiyinyagamburaga (ngo ingabo
zidahungabana). Akirirwa ameze atyo bikageza igihe inyenyeri ziza kugaragara
mu ijuru, ijoro riguye. Hahozeho itegeko ry’akamenyero rivuga ngo ijoro
ribanguza abami n’abandi; ari byo kuvuga ko nta rugamba rushobora kubaho
nijoro; ntibibariye mu ngamba z’igitero.”
Icyo gihe, umwiru wo mu Bazinanshuro (bakomoka kuri Kazinanshuro) yabaga
yacaniye igicaniro ibwami, ntikizazime igihe cyose k’intambara kigahoraho
ijoro n’amanywa. Abagore n’abakobwa bo muri ako karere birirwaga baha
impumbya ari byo kuvuga: kwahira ibyatsi babishyiramo ibishangari byo
kugumya gucanisha icyo gicaniro. Ubwo bahaga impumbya, bakabyina
imbyino yitwa “tubarusha umwami”, amabango yayo akabanza ibihugu
byose bikikije u Rwanda, irya nyuma rikaba irya cya gihugu cyatewe.
lcyo gihe, imfizi y’ubwami (yimikishijwe imihango y’ubwiru ikaba iri
iruhande rwa cya gicaniro, n’abantu benshi bayizinga, ngo hatagira isazi
iyikoraho, bigatuma iyiyama cyangwa izunguza umurizo; byajyaga gutuma
ingabo zihindagana ku rugamba.
Ubwo kandi mu Rwanda rwose abagore n’abakobwa bahaga impumbya,
igicaniro cyo kuri buri musozi kikaba mu rugo rw’umunyacyubahiro
uwutuyeho, yaba umutware, yaba se undi udatwara ariko w’umutunzi. Kandi
igihe k’intambara, byari umuziro gucyuza ubukwe, kuburana no kugira icyo
umuntu agaragaza cy’urwango. Ababaga bafitanye inzangano barabirekaga,
bakagenzanya neza, bakarindira ko igitero kizatabaruka.
Iyo mihango yagirirwaga igitero; habagaho n’agatero shuma. Ni ukuvuga
Umwami ntiyashoboraga kuba umugaba w’igitero, cyangwa uw’ingabo ze bwite,
igitero kigabwe n’umutware uyu n’uyu wo ku nkiko, kitaragurijwe n’ibwami.
Agatero shuma kamaraga umunsi umwe mu mahanga. Niba agatero shuma
kaneshejwe, si u Rwanda rwabaga runeshejwe; niba kanesheje, si u Rwanda
rwabaga runesheje. Igihe katabarukaga, ingabo ziyerekeraga uwazigabye,
ntizigombe kujya ibwami. Na Rwabugiri ubwe yateje udutero shuma kenshi,
ntitubarirwe mu bitero by’u Rwanda.
kabone n’iyo yabaga yajyanye na zo. lze bwite zabaga zigabwe n’umutware w’urugo
rw’umwami, nk’uko igihe k’Ingangurarugo zabaga zigabwe na Nyantaba ya
Nyarwaya cyangwa Bisangwa bya Rugombituri, uko basimburanye kuri uwo
murimo. lcyahindukaga gusa, ni uko igihe umwami yabaga ahari, umugaba
w’igitero yarekaga kuvugirwa n’ingoma, igihe cyose babaga bari ku musozi
umwe bombi.
3. Ibitsimbanyi n’abanyamihango b’ibwami
Abatekereza rero b’ibwami, bafite uwo mwuga w’ibitekerezo, bakakira
lmitwe y’ingabo yakomatanyaga abaturagihugu bose, ubariyemo na rubanda
rwo ku musozi, ndetse n’abantu babaga mu ishyamba. Igihe rero igitero
cyahuruzwaga, umugaba yahuruzaga n’imiryango y’abaturage basanzwe,
maze umutware w’umuryango agategeka umwe wo muri bene wabo
utahiwe n’itabaro akagenda akajya gucungura abavandimwe be basangiye
na we isambu batuyemo. Igihe cyose igitero cyabaga kikiri mu Rwanda. Noneho
abo baturage akaba ari bo bajya gusahura ibitunga ingabo. Buri mutwe wabaga
ufite ibitsimbanyi byawo. Igihe bajya gusahura no kwaya (kurandura ibikiri
mu murima), ibitsimbanyi byagendaga bihagarikiwe n’abarasanyi, kugira
ngo bitaza guhura n’ababisha bakabirwanya, kandi byo bitagenewe
kurwana. Ibitsimbanyi ni byo rero byatungaga ingabo mu mahanga.
Uretse ibyo bitsimbanyi kandi, igitero cyajyanaga n’abanyamihango b’ibwami
bahetse mu ngobyi intwaro z’amoko yose: imiheto, amacumu, imitana, inkota.
Abo bagendaga bari kumwe n’umugaba w’igitero. Igihe umugaba kanaka
yabaga akeneye intwaro, yazaga ku mugaba kugabuza ibyo ingabo ze zidafite.
Muri iyo mitana bahekaga, harimo uwitwa Nyakiyabo wa Kigeri III Ndabarasa,
wahunikwagamo imyambi amagana. Abandi kandi, ari abo b’ibwami
b’abanyamihango, ari n’ibitsimbanyi, babaga bikoreye imboho z’amasaka,
amakoma n’amamera, abandi bikoreye amafu, abandi bikoreye insyo, abandi
bikoreye imiganda n’imihotora. Ibi ngibi byabaga ari ibyo kurema ingando ari
ryo cumbi ry’ingabo, iyo babaga bageze ahantu zigiye kugandika, ako kanya
bagashinga imiganda, bakubaka amazu mu gihe kigufiya, bakayasakara. Abasya
bagasya, abasanganywe amafu bagashigisha ibikoma cyangwa imisururu.
Ingando yaba izahatinda bagasabika, bagasembura, bagahisha amarwa. Bajya
guhaguruka bakaremura ibyo bubakishije, bakabihambira bakabijyana.
Ku ngoma ya Kigeri IV Rwabugiri, igihe umwami yabaga ajyanye n’igitero, byari
byarategetswe ukundi. Yari yarategetse ko umutware wese uzajya atabarana
na we azajyana n’umugore n’abana, kugira ngo he kuzagira utekereza ibyo
guhunga. Ati: “Nuhunga ugatererana umugore n’abana, uzahunga ujya hehe,
ukwirwe hehe?” Na we rero ni ko yabigiraga. Na none ntiyajyanaga abato,
badashobokanye na bene izo ngendo.
4. Abakoni n’iminyago
Ibitero byagabwaga bijya kunyaga ngo bigwize inka mu Rwanda kabone
n’iyo byabaga bigeretsweho kugarura ibihugu. Twabanje kureba iby’abarasanyi,
tumenye rero ko umugaba w’umutwe yagenaga bamwe muri izo ngabo ze,
bagenewe kunyaga, bakaba ikiciro cya kabiri, kitwa abakoni; bakitwaza
umuheto n’inkoni yo kuyobora inka banyaze.
Iminyago ntiyabaga iy’uwafashe izo nka, cyangwa ngo ibe iy’umutwe uyu n’uyu
uzinyaze, iminyago yose yari iy’umwami. Yabaye umuntu wese yarinyagiraga,
byajyaga gutuma abarwanyi batatanywa n’inyungu y’ikiryango, maze ingabo
zikabura epfo na ruguru. Noneho rero, bamwe bagenerwaga kunyaga ibitari
ibyabo bwite, abandi bakagenerwa kurasana, bose bazi neza ko nibarangiza
umurimo bagenewe ari bwo bazahabwa ingororano z’iyo minyago.
Iminyago yose y’igitero yitwaga umuheto (umuheto w’igitero k’ibunaka).
Iminyago yamaraga gufatwa, bakayimurikira umugaba w’umutware ikabarwa,
ntihagire uwiba ngo uwo mubare upfe. Umugaba w’umutwe na we atabarutse,
imirasano irangiye yamurikiraga iyo minyago umugaba w’igitero. N’ubwo umubare
wagombaga kugumaho, mu itabaruka bageze mu Rwanda, bashoboraga kugenda
bazigurana, niba ufite inka y’ingumba cyangwa ikimasa, ukabigurana inziza zo mu
minyago, umubare ntupfe.
5. Imirwanishirize y’abagaba
Igihe ingabo zatabaraga ngo zige kurwana, umugaba w’igitero yasigaraga mu
nteko: ha handi yabaga aganditse. Hasigaraga imitwe iringaniye yo kwitega
ko inteko y’umugaba yaterwa. Umugaba w’igitero na we bwacyaga yicaye kuri
bene ya ntebe ibajwe mu giti cy’umuko agakikira igisabo cyabaga kirimo ya
mana yerejwe icyo gitero. Na we yagenzaga nk’iby’ibwami: kutanyeganyega,
kutareba iruhande;kubigira bibwiraga ko byajyaga gutuma ingabo zihungabana,
cyangwa zihunga. Naho icyo gihe abagaba b’imitwe, urugamba rwajyaga
gutangira
bakarema inteko na bo: bakicara ku ntebe ibajwe mu muko,
bakarwanisha. Boherezaga ku rugamba itorero rimwe, andi agasigara mu
nteko, akikije umugaba. Umurasano wamara igihe kiringaniye, umugaba
agahagurutsa itorero rindi, rikajya ku rugamba gukura abarubanjeho, kugira
ngo bagaruke mu nteko baruhuke. Inteko y’urugamba yaremerwaga ahantu
hiherereye, bakareba impande zose ngo ababisha bataza guca ruhinga nyuma
bakagota ingabo zitabizi.
Igihe tubwirwa ngo itorero iri n’iri rishotse urugamba, hariho bamwe
bakibwira ko ryabaga riremwe gusa n’abantu bajyanye mu itorero, ngo
niwumva ijuru bo mu mutwe wa Nyaruguru, ubone ko ari abantu nka mirongo
inani cyangwa ijana b’igikogote. Mu by’ukuri babaga barutaho ubwinshi, kuko
buri murwanyi ukomeye yabaga ari kumwe n’abagaragu be babiri cyangwa
batanu, b’intwari bamuherekeje. Bene abo bagaragu babaga ari intwari zizwi
bajyanaga ku rugamba na ba shebuja kandi n’umugaba w’umutwe yabaga
abazi, kuko babagamo abantu b’imbere. Abo ngabo ni bo bahekaga abapfuye
n’abakomeretse, abo ari bo bose, ari muri bo, ari no muri ba shebuja. Intumbi
bazijyaniraga kugira ngo bazihambe ahantu hiherereye, zidashahurwa
n’ababisha.
Umuntu yagwaga ku rugamba bakarwana ku ntumbi ye birengeje uko
barwanaga ku buzima, kuko byabaga ari agaterasoni gushahuranwa uwo
mwatabaranye. Uwamaraga kwica umubisha, yaramushahuraga, ngo yerekane
ikimenyetso cy’uko yishe koko; yaba atashoboye gushahura, akaba afite abagabo
babihamya. Icyo gihe uwo yahabwaga uruhushya rwo guheta ikigembe k’icumu
rye, agahabwa irindi ryo kurwanisha.
Niba uwo yishe yaguye mu itsimbiro (aho ngaho ku rugamba), ni byo
byabarirwaga kuzahabwa impeta. Igihe abarasanyi babaga basakiranye
n’ababisha, habaga ubwo Abanyarwanda basanga abo babisha bakomeye,
cyangwa bazanye impirita. Ubwo Abanyarwanda bararaganaga, bakirukira
icyarimwe: ni byo gukubitwa inshuro. lcyo gihe ababisha bibwiraga
ko babanesheje, bakabahomerera; muri iryo homerera, abarusha abandi
imbaraga bakagenda babasiga inyuma. Ubwo umwe mu Banyarwanda akavuga
ikivugo akigaranzura akarangamira ababahomereye: ni byo bitaga kugaruka.
Bagenzi be bumva avuze ikivugo bakigaranzura nka we. Ab’inkwakuzi bari
babahomereye bakayabazwa: abapfa bagapfa, abakomereka bagakomereka.
Ababo b’imbaraga nke bajya kuhagera bagasanga ab’inkwakuzi babo batakiri
abarwanyi. Kenshi ndetse baremaga igico abarwanyi bamwe bagiraga aho
bikinga bagasigara inyuma, abashotse urugamba bagahunga ari yo bagana;
bamara kurenga cya gico bakabona guhagarara. Abari babahomereye
bakamarwa na cya gico batari babonye mbere.
Kugarukirwa byari ukubiri: uwavuze ikivugo wa mbere, abandi bagahindukira
nka we, yashoboraga kuvuga mu birindiro bye ati: “Zarangarukiye
ikanaka.” Haba se n’igihe Abanyarwanda baneshwaga, bitari ugukubitwa
inshuro bisanzwe: uwaguye impumu akananirwa kwiruka, akaba rero agiye
gufatirwa n’ababisha, abihaze bakamurwanaho bakazavuga mu birindiro
byabo, ngo “nagarukiye kanaka cyangwa nimanye kanaka.”
6. Abavuzi b’amacumu
Abavuzi b’amacumu ni bo bari ishingiro ry’igitekerezo. Igihe imirwano yabaga
irangiye, ingabo zose zitabarukaga zisanga umugaba w’igitero mu nteko ye.
Ubwo akarekeraho ya mihango y’inteko. Akohereza intumwa ibwami kuvuga
gusa iti: “Imirwano yararangiye, twaratsinze!” Iyo ntumwa yitwaga uwo
kwahura imfizi. Nta rindi jambo yashobraga kuvuga ryerekeye iby’intambara.
Umurimo we wari uwo gutuma ibwami barangiza ya mihango y’inteko: ya mfizi
yari ku gicaniro ibwami ikahuka; igasubira aho yari isanzwe iragirirwa.
Naho mu nteko y’umugaba w’igitero, bagatoranya umuntu muri buri
mutwe.Uwo muntu akaba azi kuvuga neza, atari umusinzi, kandi yarishe
umubisha nibura umwe muri icyo gitero. Uwo muntu agashyirwa mu ruhame
rw’abagaba, bakamubaza imitabarire y’umutwe we. Agahera kuva batanze
umugaba, akarondora ibyo yibuka byose, bakamwibutsa ibindi agakurikizaho
imirwanire y’uwo mutwe, kugeza igihe batabarukiye. Buri mutwe bikamera
bityo. Abo bantu bakabyitoza, bakavugira kenshi imbere y’abagaba, kugeza
igihe bose babona ko babitoye neza. Noneho rero bakabohereza ibwami ngo
bage kubitekerereza umwami batyo.
Abo bantu bakitwa abavuzi b’amacumu. Bagahabwa abanyacyubahiro
babaherekeje, ngo bagende babarinda kunywa inzoga. Ku nzira bakagenda
babaha amata, ngo batagira inyota y’inzoga, kandi bakagendera hamwe
babarinze ubutabakuraho ijisho. Aho bazagerera ibwami bakavunyisha
(kuvunyisha ni ugusaba icyanzu, kubonana n’umutegetsi): bakakiranwa ibirori
by’abakwe, n’abatware bahari bakabitumirwamo. Buri muntu agahaguruka
akavuga ibyivugo bye, yabihetura akarondora rya somo yatoye.
Bose bagahetura. Muri iryo somo ryabo bakavuga abishwe, abakomeretse, abishe,
ariko bikaba umuziro kuvuga abahunze, abagize ubwoba.
ayo masomo, bagashimikira kuyitoza, bakayahimbura ngo bayashyiremo
uturingushyo two kuyaryoshya: bakarema igitekerezo batyo. Ni abatekereza
rero bahangaga ibitekerezo, ariko ishingiro benderagaho ryari ibyavuzwe
n’abavuzi b’amacumu muri raporo y’igitero babaga barazaniye umwami. Ingabo
zatabarukaga zikurikiye abavuzi b’amacumu. Zamara kugera hafi y’ibwami
zikagandika. lcyo gihe, abazirimo bashatse bashoboraga
kujya ibwami, ariko ntibageyo nk’abavuye mu ngando: bakigirayo, bagahakwa,
bakavuga ibindi, ariko ntihagire ijambo ryerekeye ingabo bahingutsa. Hagize urenga
iryo tegeko, imyiyereko yabaga ipfuye, ingabo zigasezererwa zidakoze ibirori,
uwo biturutseho akavugwa ko yishe amacumu y’ingabo. Byaririndwaga rero,
uruhushya rwo kugenda wiyoberanyije utyo rugahabwa bake cyane biringiwe.
IMYITOZO
1. Sobanura amagambo cyangwa itsinda ry’amagambo bikurikira:
a) Agatero shuma
b) Ingando
c) uwo kwahura imfizi
d) Gukubitwa inshuro
e) Abavuzi b’amacumu2. Mu gitero cyo hambere, vuga inshingano z’aba bakurikira:
3. Ni uwuhe mumaro w’abagore mu gitero?
a) Umugaba w’igitero:
b) Umugaba w’ingabo
c) Ibitsimbanyi
d) Abanyamihango
e) Abakoni
4. Iminyago yari iya nde?5. Kuki buri wese atatwaraga icyo yanyaze?
2.4.2. Impeta z’ubutwari mu Rwanda rwo hambere
IGIKORWA
Wifashishije ubumenyi ufite ku muco n’amateka, kora ubushakashatsi
maze ugaragaze impeta z’ubutwari zo mu Rwanda rwo hambere.
Mu muco nyarwanda birasanzwe ko uwakoze neza abishimirwa. Ni nako
byagendaga iyo urugamba rwarangiraga. Kuva ku ngoma ya Ruganzu Ndoli
kugeza ku ya Kigeli Rwabugiri hagiye hatangwa amashimwe cyangwa
ingororano ku wagaragaje ubudashyikirwa ku rugamba. Impeta zari zifite
amazina yazo bwite; ariko ntizari zifite ijambo rusange nk’uko ubu tuvuga
impeta. Iri jambo nanone ryabagaho mu Kinyarwanda cya kera, ariko ubwo
ngubwo rikavuga na none ingororano z’uwahese icumu (umuntu w’intwari
wabaga wishe umunyamahanga mu gitero, umugaba we yamuhaga uruhushya
rwo guheta ikigembe k’icumu rye, kugira ngo mu myiyereko batabarutse
bizamubere ikimenyetso cy’uko yishe). Impeta za kera zari eshatu: umudende,
impotore no gucana uruti.
a) Umudende
Umudende wahabwaga umuntu wishe abanyamahanga barindwi mu bitero
kandi yarabagushije mu itsimbiro. Kugusha mu itsimbiro bivuga ko babaga
baraguye mu irasaniro aho ngaho, atabakomerekeje gusa ngo bage kugwa
ahandi. Si ngombwa ko babaga barishwe mu gitero kimwe: yashoboraga kuba
yarabakurikiranyije, mu myaka myinshi wenda.
Umudende watangwaga n’umwami. Wari ukozwe utya: wari icyuma kimeze
nk’umuringa munini, cyangwa nk’inkingi y’umutaka, bakagiheta ngo gishobore
kwambarwa mu ijosi; icyo cyuma kitwaga uruti rw’umudende. Kuri urwo
ruti rw’umudende batungagaho amashinjo. Ishinjo ryari icyuma gicuzwe
nk’umuhunda ariko ucuritse kugira ngo isonga ryawo barihete ku buryo butuma
rigira inda izatungwamo uruti rw’umudende. Kandi mu ishinjo bashyiragamo
umurebe nk’uwo mu nzogera.
Uwabaga yishe abanyamahanga barindwi ntiyahawaga umudende gusa.
Yagabirwaga n’inka nyinshi z’ingororano.
b) Impotore
Impeta ya kabiri ni impotore ikaba yarambikwaga ku kuboko umuntu w’intwari
wishe abanyamahanga cumi na bane baguye mu itsimbiro mu bitero bigabwe
n’ibwami.
Impotore yo nta mihango yagiraga kandi uyihawe yabaga avuye ku mudende
ntiyabaga agishoboye kuwambara. Izo mpeta zombi zambarwaga mu birori no
mu bitaramo byazagamo imihigo.
c) Gucana uruti
Gucana uruti byari ibirori byagirirwaga intwari yishe umubisha wo mu
mahanga wa makumyari n’umwe uguye mu itsimbiro. Ntibyagiraga
ikimenyetso cyambarwa, yari imihango y’ibirori by’iminsi itatu cyangwa
ine. Intwari yajyaga gukorerwa ibyo birori igakoranya abo bafitanye isano
bose n’abagaragu bose ndetse n’inka zabo zose hamwe n’ize. Bakoraniraga
hejuru y’umusozi muremure wo mu karere iyo ntwari ituyemo. Umuntu wese
waburaga mu birori ntiyongeraga kuzabonana n’iyo ntwari ukundi, bagombaga
kuzajya batumanaho gusa ntibazahure ngo umwe arabukwe undi. Ni kimwe
n’inka ze cyangwa iz’abagaragu be. Mu baraye kuri uwo musozi ntawasinziraga
iryo joro kugeza mu gitondo (kimwe n’inka n’abana bato). Bacanaga umuriro
bakazana umwungu w’ibamba bakawotsa ya ntwari ikajya yenyegeza uruti
rw’icumu ryayo mu muriro ngo rukongoke maze bakamushunisha kuri
wa mwungu, akenyegeza uruti mu ziko, ati: “nishe kanaka”. Iryo joro ryose
bigakomeza bityo maze babona umuseke ukitse akarunduriramo agasigazwa
k’uruti n’umuhunda, akavuga izina ry’uwo yishe bwa nyuma. Ubwo impundu
zikavuga, ingoma zigasuka bakajya gukomereza ibirori mu rugo rwa ya ntwari.
Igihe intwari ivuga abo yishe yashyiragamo n’abo yaba yariciye mu Rwanda
batabarirwa muri ba 21 b’ibitero. Kuva ubwo, ntiyasubiraga ku rugamba ukundi.
Yabaga intwari yogezwa mu Rwanda byonyine. Icyakora uwabaga yahawe
ingororano zo gucana uruti yari afite amabwiriza akomeye agomba kubahiriza,
kuko iyo yagororerwaga bene kariya kageni, ntabwo yongeraga guhura
n’umwami yacaniyeho uruti ngo barebane amaso ku maso kugeza atanze, kuko
nta bihanga bibiri bitekwa mu nkono imwe, nta bihangange bibiri mu gihugu
kimwe. N’imisozi yahabwaga gutwara akenshi yabaga iri kure y’ibwami nko ku
mbibi z’u Rwanda n’ibindi bihugu.
Kubera izo ngororano zose, zaba izahawe impotore, uwahawe umudende,
uwacanye uruti, uwahawe inka y’umuheto n’uwahawe inka y’imirindi zatumaga
uwagize ubutwari abiratira abandi mu kivugo cyabimburiga kandi kikanasoza
ikintu cyose avuze. Ibyo byatumaga Umunyarwanda wese aharanira kuba
intwari bityo agashira ubwoba ku rugamba.
Usibye no kubaha impeta z’ubutwari, Ingabo zose zatsinze urugamba,
zagabanaga iminyago, ugasanga urugo rufite Ingabo y’igihugu, ari rwo
rukomeye. Byatumye u Rwanda rubona abana benshi bagana mu itorero kugira
ngo bigiremo ibyo kuba Intwari n’imyitozo njyarugamba. Nuko abitabira kuba
Ingabo z’Igihugu baba benshi u Rwanda rugira imitwe y’Ingabo myinshi, ku
buryo byakangaranyije amahanga aruzengurutse.
IMYITOZO
a) Impotore
Hitamo igisubizo cy’ukuri.
1. Impeta yarutaga izindi ni:
b) Umudende
c) Gucana uruti
d) Zose zaranganaga
2. Gucana uruti byakorerwaga
a) Intwari yishe umubisha wo mu gihugu cyayo wa makumyabiri
n’umwe.
b) Intwari yishe abantu benshi kurusha izindi.
c) Intwari yishe umubisha wo mu mahanga wa makumyabiri n’umwe.
d) Intwari yishe abanyamahanga barindwi.
3. Ikivugo k’intwari yo hambere cyarangwaga:
a) N’ibigwi, ibirindiro n’ibindi bikorwa by’ubutwari.
b) No kwivuga ibyo itakoze kugira ngo ishimwe.
c) No gusingiza inyamaswa n’akamaro kazo.
d) No kuratira abandi akamaro k’umwami n’abatware.
4. Subiza yego cyangwa oya
a) Umudende wajishwaga mu nzu umugore n’umugabo bararagamo.
b) Kugusha mu itsimbiro bivuga kugusha mu irasaniro.
c) Intwari icana uruti yavugaga abantu yiciye mu Rwanda gusa.
d) Uwaburaga umwanya wo kuza mu birori by’uwacanye uruti,
yaramusuraga bakaganira.
e) Umwungu w’ibamba wabaga uryohereye.
5. Simbuza ijambo riri mu mukara tsiri irindi bivuga kimwe
riri mu mwandiko.
a) Kutubahiriza imihango y’umudende byari gutuma uwambaye apfa
imburagihe.
b) Mu ijoro ryo gucana uruti ntawagohekaga.
c) Umudende wahoraga umanitse ku nkingi mu nzu.
d) Kugwa mu irasaniro cyabaga ari ikimenyetso cyo gutsindwa.
e) Uwaba yarahize abandi ku rugamba bamuhaga igihembo
k’ishimwe.
II.5. Ibyivugo by’ingabo
Soma umwandiko ukurikira witegereze imiterere yawo ukore
IGIKORWA
ubushakashatsi usubize ibibazo byawubajijweho hanyuma ugaragaze
inshoza n’amoko y’ibyivugo by’ingabo.
Inkatazakurekera
Inkatazakurekera ya Rugombangogo
Ndi intwari yabyirukiye gutsinda,
Nsiganirwa nshaka kurwana
Ubwo duteye Abahunde,
Nikoranye umuheto wange
Nywuhimbajemo intanage
Intambara nyirema
Igihugu cy’umuhinza nakivogereye.
Umukinzi ampingutse imbere n’isuri,
Umurego wera nywuforana ishema
Nywushinzemo ukuboko ntiwananira,
Nongeye kurega inkokora
Nkanga umurindi hasi, ndarekera
Inkuba zesereza hejuru y’icondo,
Ikibatsi kiyica hejuru mu rubega
Intoki zifashe igifunga zirashya
Imisakura imucamo inkora,
Inkongi iravuga mu gihengeri.
Mu gihumbi ke inkurazo zihacana inkekwe
Inkuku yari afite ihinduka umuyonga!
Agera hasi yakongotse
Umubiri we uhinduka amakara,
N’aho aguye arakobana
Nk’ukubiswe n’iyo hejuru.
Ababo batinya kumukora,
Bati : “Ubwo yanyagiwe n’Inkotanyi cyane,
Nimumureke mwe kumukurura
Ibisiga bimukembere aho”
Na byo bimurara inkera,
Bimaze gusinda inkaba,
Byirirwa bisingiza uwantanagiye
Imbungiramihigo sinahagararwa hagati nk’abatagira ishyaka,
Ishyamba ry’umwimirizi ndiremamo inkora.
Ibibazo:
a) Sobanura amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko: kurekera,
Rugombangogo, insinganirwa, kwikorana umuheto, nywuhimbaje
intanage, nakivogereye, umurego wera, icondo, inkora, mu gihumbi,
inkotanyi cyane, gukemba.b) Ukurikije imiterere y’uyu mwandiko, wavuga ko uyu mwandiko ari iyihe
ngeri y’ubuvanganzo?Tanga inshoza ya bene iyo ngeri y’ubuvanganzo.
c) Iyo ngeri y’ubuvanganzo ibamo amoko angahe? Yavuge kandi uyasobanure.
II.5.1. Inshoza y’ibyivugo by’ingabo
Ibyivugo ni ubuvanganzo nyarwanda bwahimbirwaga kurata ubutwari
bw’ingabo. Nyiri ukwivuga yashakaga kugaragaza ubutwari yagize ku rugamba
cyangwa umugambi yiyumvamo wo kuzaba intwari mu bihe bizaza, akihimbira
ikivugo cyangwa agashaka ukimuhimbira, akagitora kikagaragaramo ubutwari
bwe. Ibyo bishaka kuvuga ko abagabo bose batari abahanga mu guhimba
ibyivugo. Hariho intiti kabuhariwe zahimbiraga n’abandi ibyivugo. Mu Rwanda
rwo hambere, umugabo nyamugabo, yarangwaga no kugira ikivugo ke.
Ibyivugo birangwa n’uko uwivuga yirata ubutwari yagize ku rugamba kandi
agasingiza n’intwaro ze. Mu byivugo, uwabaga yarambitswe impeta z’ubutwari
na we yarabyirataga mu gihe yivuga. Ibyivugo birangwa n’ibigwi n’ibirindiro
Ibigwi: Ni umubare cyangwa se amazina y’abanzi nyiri ukwivuga yatsinze ku
rugamba ndetse n’aho yabatsinze. Ubusanzwe ikigwi ni aho umuntu yiciye
umwanzi.
Ibirindiro: Ni ibikorwa by’akataraboneka uwivuga yagaragarije ku rugamba
nko kwimana no kugarukira ingabo bagenzi be (kuzirengera) gutahana
iminyago, kwibasira abanzi…
Uwivuga ashobora kubanza kuvuga izina rye agakurikizaho irya se hagati
y’umukarago wa mbere n’uwa gatatu. Ayo mazina ashobora kuba nyayo ariko
akenshi aba ari ibisingizo bya nyiri ikivugo cyangwa igisingizo ke gikurikiwe
n’icya se. Mu kivugo hagati umuntu ashobora kugenda arobekamo ibindi:
Izina risingiza(igisingizo)
Ngenera (ya, wa, rwa, wa…)
Icyuzuzo (izina rya so cyangwa ry’ikitiriro)
Ndi (inshinga)
Ruhamwa (icyo ufitiye ubuhanga)
Ibikorwa wagize
II.5.2. Ubwoko bw’ibyivugo by’ingabo
Ibyivugo by’ingabo birimo amoko abiri: Ibyivugo by’iningwa n’ibyivugo
by’imyato.
a) Ibyivugo by’iningwa
Ibyivugo by’iningwa ni ibyivugo bigufi bishyirwa mu mikarago akenshi itarenze
icumi iba ibumbiye mu ibango rimwe kandi biba bivuga ku ngingo imwe.
Ibyivugo by’iningwa ni ibya kera cyane kuko byamamaye ku ngoma ya Ruganzu
Ndoli.
Ingero z’ibyivugo by’iningwa:
Rutajabukwa n’imitima
Rutajabukwa n’imitima,
Ingamba zimisha imituku, rwa Nyirimbirima;
Ndi intwari Inkotanyi yamenye.
Yanshinze urugamba rukora amaraso,
Ati: “Rwampingane!”
Nti: “Ndi Rukaragandekwe,
Nangana n’ababisha
Iyo duhuye ndarakara.”
(Kampayana ka Nyantaba
Itorero: Ibisumizi
Umutwe: Ingangurarugo.)
Inshyikanya ku mubiri ya rugema ahica
Inshyikanya ku mubiri ya Rugema ahica,
Icumu ryera ikigembe nariteye umuhima kuri gakirage,
Akirangamiye ubwiza ndarimugabiza riramugusha nk’ubukombe bw’ intare;
Mbonye uko rimubaga ndamushinyagurira,
Nti: « Aho si wowe wenyine, n’uw’ i Bunyabungo ni uko namugize. »
b) Ibyivugo by’imyato
Imyato ni aho wagiye ugirira akamaro. Ni ibyivugo biciyemo ibice ku buryo
bugaragara. Ubu bwoko ni bwo bwiganje kuva ku ngoma ya Yuhi Gahindiro
kugeza kuri Kigeli Rwabugiri.
Mu gihe k’ibitaramo by’imihigo, ibyivugo by’imyato cyanecyane bisozwa
n’umusibo (agace ko gusoza kareshya n’iningwa, kakavugwa nyiri ukwivuga
ari bugufi y’ikibindi kirimo inzoga y’abahizi). Ibyivugo by’imyato birangwa
no kuba ari: birebire gusumba ibindi byose, bigiye bigabanyijemo amabango
bita “imyato”, bigaragaramo ibigwi n’ibirindiro, bivuga ku ngingo nyinshi kandi
bigaragaramo uturango nyabusizi n’imvugo ikoresha amagambo yihariye mu
byivugo (ihitamo ry’amagambo akoreshwa ku rugamba).
Uwivuga yitakuma afite icumu, asukiranya amagambo vubavuba. Biba byiza
iyo afite n’ingabo mu ntoki maze akivuga asa n’uwizibukira imyambi cyangwa
amacumu y’umwanzi.
Uwadukanye guhimba ibyivugo by’imyato ni Muvubyi wa Mutemura, wo mu
mutwe w’Abakemba mu rugerero rw’i Munyaga rwari rukumiriye inkiko y’i
Gisaka. Iyo witegereje neza usanga hari inzira ebyiri Muvubyi yaba yarahereyeho
yadukana iyo mihimbire:
Ingabo z’i Gisaka barasanaga zitwaga Abatishumba zari zifite ibyivugo byabo
birebire byasumbaga iby’Abanyarwanda.
Mu Rwanda hari amazina y’inka yahanzemo imivugo; Muvubyi rero ashobora
kuba yaribukijwe n’uburebure bw’ibyo byivugo by’Abanyagisaka, agashaka
kubigana ngo ahimbe ibirebire, ndetse akabatebya yiganiramo n’amazina
y’inka.
Nyuma ye, uwabanje kumukurikiza agahimba na we iby’imyato yabaye
Rwabigugu rwa Kanyaruguru wo mu itorero Uburunga II ryo mu mutwe
w’Abakemba. Ibyivugo by’imyato ntibyahimbwaga n’ubonetse wese, byari
umurimo w’abahimbyi b’intiti. Barihimbiraga ubwabo, bagahimbira n’abandi
babisabye cyangwa bakabihimbira kubitura umwami n’abatware babo.
Ikitonderwa
Ibyivugo bya kera byibandaga cyane ku rugamba. Aho insanganyamatsiko
y’urugamba imariye gutakaza igihe cyayo, havutse kandi n’ibyo twita
amayingabyivugo (ibyivugo ku nzara, ku nyamaswa, kuri ruswa, ku mbeba,…)
nyuma y’ibyo, Abanyarwanda batangiye guhanga ibihangano bijya kugirana
isano n’ibyivugo ariko atari byo icyakora ibyivugo by’ubu, hari ingingo
zitandukanye bishingiraho nk’uburezi, siporo, ibikorwa byo kwicungira
umutekano no kuwucungira abandi, ikoranabuhanga, iterambere n’ibindi.
Urugero rw’ikivugo cyo muri iki gihe:
Mugabo ukunda abandi
Mugabo ukunda abandi wa Rudacogora
Ndi umusore uhorana ishema
N’ubushake bwo kuba ingenzi.
Nahuye n’umushonji murusha impamba
Arampagarika, arantabaza,
Ati: “Wa mwana we ko nkureba
Nkabona usa n’uwarezwe neza
Ugaragaraho n’imico myiza
Utakwirengagiza ubabaye,
Ntabwo wareba icyo umarira?
Ko ubona ibyange bimeze nabi,
Nkaba nta ntege zo kugenda
Kubera intindi y’inzara nshonje
Kandi iwacu ari kure cyane!”
Mugirira impuhwe muha ku byange,
Abona guhembuka aragenda
Musezeraho ndikomereza.
Cyahimbwe na Rusakara, (UNICEF, Dukunde amahoro, 1996)
IMYITOZO
1. Ibyivugo by’iningwa n’ibyivugo by’imyato bihuriye ku ki?
Bitandukaniye he?
2. Tandukanya ibyivugo byo hambere n’ibyo muri iki gihe.
3. Hanga ikivugo wirata ibyiza wakoze cyangwa ibikorwa wagezeho,
maze ukivuge imbere ya bagenzi bawe ugaragaza isesekaza.
Ikivugo cyawe ntikirenze imikarago makumyabiri.
II.6. Umwandiko: Inka ya Rumonyi
2. 6.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Soma umwandiko “Inka ya Rumonyi”, ushakemo amagambo
udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije inyito afite mu
mwandiko wifashishije inkoranyamagambo.
IMYITOZO
1. Shaka mu mwandiko amagambo afite ibisobanuro bikurikira:
a) Itajya ipfusha ubusa na rimwe amacumu yayo; ntihusha na rimwe.
b) Kugusha mu mazi rwagati.
c) Urusobe rw’imirishyo.
d) Imitako yo gutungukana mu myiyereko
e) Zikishima umuvuduko.
2. Huza amagambo yo mu ruhushya A n’ibisobanuro byayo biri mu
ruhushya B
2.6.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
Ongera usome umwandiko“ Inka ya Rumonyi” hanyuma usubize ibibazo
a) Ubwiza bw’inka ya Rumonyi bugaragazwa n’iki?
byawubajijweho:
b) Ubudahangarwa bwayo ni ubuhe ?
c) Ni iki kimenyekanisha ko inkuba z’i Murambi zihagurutse?
d) Inka zidahonoka inka ya Rumonyi ni izihe?
e) Ibirori byo kumurika inka byaberehe hehe?
2.6.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
a) Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi zigaragara muri uyu mwandiko
Ongera usome umwandiko“ Inka ya Rumonyi” hanyuma usubize ibibazo
bikurikira:
b) Garagaza ingingo z’umuco n’iz’amateka ziri muri uyu mwandiko.
c) Garagaza ingingo z’amateka muri uyu mwandiko.
d) Muri rusange, ni iyihe nyigisho mukuye ku nka ya Rumonyi?
II.7. Amazina y’inka
Ongera usome umwadiko “Inka ya Rumonyi”, witegereza imiterere
2.7.1. Inshoza n’imiterere by’inganzo y’amazina y’inka
IGIKORWA
yawo. Uhereye ku miterere yawo, kora ubushakashatsi utahure ishoza
n’imiterere by’inganzo y’amazina y’inka.1. Inshoza y’inganzo y’amazina y’inka
Amazina y’inka yagereranywa n’ibyivugo by’inka. Inka z’inyambo batangiye
kuzirata cyane mu mivugo kuva kera, ariko imihimbire y’amazina y’inka yaje
kwamamara ku ngoma ya Yuhi Gahindiro ahagana mu mwaka wa 1800. Kuva
icyo gihe ni bwo abahanga mu byo kwita inka: abisi batangiye kurebera inka mu
bwenge, bakaziremesha ingamba. Inka baziremyemo imitwe bakayirwanisha.
Buri mutwe wari ubangikanye n’umutwe w’ingabo nk’uko bigaragarira kuri iyi
mbonerahamwe.
Buri mutwe wabaga ufite ibyiciro bitatu by’inka:
– Amashyo y’inka yaremwe n’umutware w’ingabo, amwe ari ay’inkuku
andi ari ay’inyambo.
– Amashyo y’abakomeye bari abatunzi bo mu mutwe w’ingabo.
– Inka z’imbata. Izo zari inka za rubanda bo mu muri uwo mutwe w’ingabo.
Inka ntizari ingabane, ni izo umuntu yabaga yarihahiye ku giti ke. Izi nka
bazitaga kandi inka z’ibiti.
Muri izi nka zose izo umwisi yitaga ni inyambo. Abisi barwanishaga Ibihogo
(ubushyo bwaremwe butowe mu Rwanda) n’Amagaju (ubushyo bwaremwe
butowe mu minyago ivuye mu mahanga nko mu Ndorwa cyangwa Ankole).
Umwisi yabaga agiye kwita nk’ubushyo bwo mu mutwe w’Ibihogo akabuteza
umutware w’inyambo, akabuteza umutahira n’abarenzamase bo mu bushyo
bw’amagaju. Umwami n’umutware w’ingabo, umwisi yirindaga kubateza
inyambo cyangwa kubitirira kuko ibyo byari ukubapfobya no kubahinyura.
Umutware w’inyambo nubwo umwisi yashoboraga kumwitirira yari umutegetsi
ukomeye. Yashyirwagaho ngo agenge inyambo zose zo mu mutwe w’inka uyu
n’uyu. Ubwo butegetsi yaburagaga umwana we, bakagenda basimburana mu
bisekuruza byabo. Umutware w’ingabo na we yashoboraga kunyagwa ingabo,
akaba anyagiweko n’umutwe w’inka bibangikanye. Umutware w’inyambo we
ntiyanyagwaga; yari ashinzwe guhora yorora inyambo, akagenda azongera
mu ibangurira ry’inkuku ku mfizi z’inyambo. Bwari ubumenyi umuryango we
ushinzwe ku ngoma zose.
2. Imiterere y’amazina y’inka
Amazina y’inka yarangwaga n’imiterere yayo. Agira injyana ipimye
n’iminozanganzo itandukanye.
Injyana
Mu mazina y’inka, abisi bavumbuye inganzo ishingiye ku ipima rigendera ku
kabangutso.
Bitewe n’ubuhanga bwabo, Nkibiki, Ndangamira na Bikungero bafite injyana
bihariye zikaba zitwa hakurikijwe amazina yabo.
Injyana Bi: igizwe n’utubeshuro 12 —u—u—u—u = 12
Injyana Nki: igizwe n’utubeshuro 10 u—u—u—u—u = 10
Injyana Nda: igizwe n’utubeshuro 9 —u—u—u = 9
Bene izi njyana ni zo bita fatizo naho injyana yungirije iba ipanzwe uko bashatse
ku buryo yuzuza utubeshuro twa ngombwa ariko tudatondetswe dutyo.
Ni ukuvuga imikoreshereze y’ubutinde bw’inyajwi. Wakwibaza uti: “Bapimye
bate amagambo?” Reka tugendere kuri uru rugero kugira ngo dushobore
kubyumva.
Rutiimiirwa ziri mu mihigo
Iyo witegereje ubona muri uyu mukarago ko umugemo wa mbere ubangutse,
uwa kabiri n’uwa gatatu ikagira ubutinde bunimbitse, ikurikiyeho yose ntigire
ubutinde. Akabangutso kakaba gahwanye n’inyajwi ibangutse, naho inyajwi
inimbitse ikagira utubangutso tubiri. Uru rugero tumaze kubona rubara
utubangutso 12.
Ikitonderwa:
Mu ibara ry’utubangutso, iyo inyajwi ebyiri zikurikiranye, iya mbere iburizwamo
kandi inyajwi itangira umugemo ntibarwa nk’uko bigaragara ku majwi yagiye
ashyirwa mu dukubo.
Ubwiza bw’amazina y’inka bushingira ku buhanga bwo gukurikiranya
ibitekerezo no ku isubirajwi, ku isubirajambo, ku mibangikanyo, ku buryo
bwo kugenekereza, ndetse no kureshyeshya intondeke. Mu mazina y’inka
bahagikamo ijambo cyangwa injyano z’amagambo zigize ibisingizo. Igisingizo
muri ubu bwoko bw’ubuvanganzo bw’ amazina y’inka kitwa ingaruzo, mu
bisigo igisingizo bakakita indezi.
IMYITOZO
1. Amazina y’inka ni iki?
2. Hanga izina ry’inka wigana “ Inka ya Rumonyi”, urifate mu mutwe
maze useruke imbere ya bagenzi bawe uvuga iryo zina ry’inka
wahanze.
II.7.2. Imvano y’amazina n’imyitire y’inyambo
Igikorwa
Jya mu isomero ukore ubushakashatsi utahure imvano y’inganzo
y’amazina y’inka n’uko byagendaga kugira ngo umwisi yite inka.
1. Imvano y’inganzo y’amazina y’inka.
Mu Rwanda rwa kera inka yari ifite agaciro gakomeye cyane. Inka yari
ikimenyetso cy’ubukire, ni yo yari ifaranga ry’ubu, ni yo yari ipfundo ry’ubuhake.
Iyo wahakwaga ugacyura igihe bakakugororera, bavugaga ko ucyuye umunyafu
cyangwa se ko ucyuye ubuhange ugabanye bwa mbere kwa shobuja. Tuzi neza
ko ubuhake bwarambye mu Rwanda nta handi bwari bushingiye usibye ku nka.
Ubuhake rero bwahambiraga umugaragu kuri shebuja ugasanga baribereye
nk’akaremo n’umuse, umugaragu akitwa umuntu wa shebuja, akamwirahira
igihe cyose amushima kumuhaka. Ubuhake bwavunnye benshi kugeza
babuvugiyeho. Bamwe bati: “Ubuhake burica; ubuhake bujya kukwica buguca
iwanyu; ubuhake bwananiranye bukukisha umugabo ikijyaruguru”. Ariko na
none hari abo bwatoneshaga bakagashira nka Gashamura bati: “ubuhake bwa
cyane bukunyaza mu ngoro”. Ubuhake kandi bwateraga ubwibombarike, bati:
“Iyo ubuhake bwateye hejuru uratendera”. Ariko kandi ngo uwafataga nabi
abagaragu yarabigayirwaga; umugaragu wahemukiraga shebuja yaragayikaga.
Uwabaga ahatse abagaragu yagombaga kubagoboka bari mu byago. Umugaragu
na shebuja babaga bafitanye ubumwe bwafatiye ku nka, ari magara ntunsige.
Iyo ubwo bumwe bwazagamo agatotsi ku mugaragu, shebuja yaramunyagaga,
naho byaba biturutse kuri shebuja, umugaragu akamwimura akajya gukeza
ahandi.
Intwari yo ku rugamba yagororerwaga inka ikitwa inka y’ubumanzi. Ubaye
ikigwari na we ku rugamba yatangaga ikiru k’inka, iyo nka ikitwa inka
y’imirindi kuko yahunze urugamba, agatererana bagenzi be. Inka yungaga
inshuti, uwahemukiye undi mu bintu bikomeye akamuha ikiru k’inka. Inka
yahuzaga inshuti n’imiryango kuko abahanaga inka babaga babaye inshuti
magara.
Inka bayikwaga umugeni. Umusore wabaga adafite amikoro yo kubona inka
yashoboraga gutenda, agakora imirimo izahura n’icyakwitwa agaciro k’inka
kugira ngo umukobwa wa naka yakunze amwegukane. Umukwe mukuru ati:
“Turabakwera umunani cyangwa se mudutegeke ikindi”. Umusore wabaga
yaraye arongoye baramubyukurukirizaga inka zikamukamirwa. Mu itwikurura
ry’umugeni bazanaga amata. Inka yari ifite akamaro kanini mu muco
w’Abanyarwanda.
Umubyeyi yarabyaraga bajya kumuhemba bakazana amata. Umwana
iyo yashyinguraga se cyangwa sekuru yahabwaga inka y’inkuracyobo
(inkuramwobo). Umwana washyinguraga nyina cyangwa nyirakuru byitwaga
gukamira nyina cyangwa nyirakuru. Mu mihango yo kwera hazagamo ibyerekeye
kujya ku kibumbiro, hakazamo n’ibyo guha amata abana b’uwatabarutse. Mu
ndamukanyo z’abanyarwanda dusanga abantu bifurizanya gutunga bati:
“Gira inka”, usubiza ati: “amashyo n’amagana” cyangwa bati: “amashyo”,
usubiza ati: “Amashongore!”
Abanyarwanda bagenaga ibihe by’umunsi bihura n’amasaha y’iki gihe bafatiye
ku nka:
Inka zivuye mu rugo: aho ni nko mu masaa moya;
Inka zikamwa: aho ni nko mu masaa moya n’iminota 15, ubwo ziba zikamirwa
ku nama;
Inka zahutse: aho ni nka saa mbiri;
Inyana zahutse: aho ni nka saa mbiri zirengaho duke;
Inyana zitaha: nko mu masaa yine;
Mu mashoka: nko mu masaa saba;
Inka zikuka cyangwa mu makuka: nko mu masaa munani;
Inyana zisubira iswa: nko mu masaa kenda;
Inka zihinduye: nko mu masaa kumi;
inyana zitaha: nka saa kumi n’imwe;
Inka zitaha: nka saa kumi n’ebyiri n’igice;
Inka zikamwa: nko mu masaa moya.
Hari ubuvanganzo bwavutse bufatiye ku nka. Ubwo buvanganzo ni ubu
bukurikira:
Amahamba: indirimbo zaririmbwaga n’abashumba bacyuye inka. Izo ndirimbo
zirazwi mu Rwanda hose.
Amabanga cyangwa amahindura: indirimbo abashumba baririmbaga inka
zirisha, zitaha, batarazikata inkoni ngo ziboneze zitahe.
Inzira: indirimbo zaririmbirwaga inka mu gihe zabaga zigana amabuga
cyangwa ibibumbiro.
Indama: indirimbo baririmbaga mu gihe inka zabaga zibyagiye ahantu,
bazishoye amabuga cyangwa ibibugazi. Izo ndirimbo hari ubwo zaririmbwaga
mu minsi mikuru, bamurika inka. Icyo gihe abagore n’abakobwa bahimbazaga
izo ndirimbo baziha amashyi.
Ibyisigo: indirimbo zo mu gihe cyo kudahira. Basingizaga amazi ahiye hamwe
n’inka zabaga zayashotse.
Imyama (imyoma): indirimbo zaririmbwaga mu gihe k’impeshyi, inka zigisha
(zigana ahari ubwatsi).
2. Imyitire y’inyambo
Iyo ubushyo bw’ inyambo bwamaraga kubyara uburiza, umutahira w’inyambo
yatumiraga umwisi mu bo azi b’abahanga akaza akazitegereza neza, maze
akazita, akaziha inshutso. Umwisi ntiyashoboraga kwanga kwita inyambo
kuko wari umurimo ashinzwe yabazwaga mu Gihugu. Ariko igihe yabonaga
afite impamvu yashoboraga kwanga bakamurega ibukuru, hakaba urubanza
agasobanura impamvu yamubujije. Izo mpamvu zabagaho cyanecyane iyo
yabaga yaraje mbere bakamufata nabi cyangwa bakamugororera inka mbi.
Iyo yabaga aje rero, babaruraga inyambo z’ingegene zo muri ubwo bushyo
bakazimumurikira. Ubwo rero ziba zitarakura ngo zigaragaze izaba nziza, nuko
zose akazita amazina, imwe izina ryayo indi iryayo. Uko ahimba, abarenzamase
bakamuba iruhande bakabitora. Umwisi ntiyagombaga gutora ibyo ahimba
byose, na we ubwe iyo yashakaga kubimenya yagendereraga abarenzamase.
Ayo mazina y’inyambo zivutse ari uburiza akitwa inshutso.
Nubwo inshutso zabaga ari nyinshi, umwisi yerekanaga ko ari ubushyo bumwe
yise, abigaragariza mu mabango ya buri nshutso ashyiramo ijambo rimwe gusa
uzajya usanga mu nshutso zose z’ubwo bushyo. Aho ni ho ubuhanga bw’abisi
bwari bushingiye. Iryo jambo rikitwa “impakanizi y’ubushyo.” Umwisi
yamaraga kuziha inshutso agataha. Ubwo bamuhaga inka y’intizo ikamwa,
yamara kuyitekesha akayisubizayo. Iyo ubushyo bwa za nyambo bwamaraga
kubyara ubuheta, za nshutso zabaga zimaze gukura bazita ibihame. Izirusha
ubwiza zose y’inyamibwa ikaba imaze kugaragara. Ubwo rero bahamagaraga
umwisi wari warazihaye inshutso ngo aze yuzuze umurimo we. Ubwo yitaga
iy’indatwa muri za mpete, akayisingiza, akayiha izina ry’umuzinge, ari byo
kuvuga ibice byinshi. Ya ndatwa yabaga isanganywe ya nshutso yayo, nuko
iyo nshutso igaherukwa n’interuro y’umuzinge kandi igaherukira aho kwitwa
inshutso igasigara yitwa impamagazo.
Izisigaye zo muri ubwo bushyo zigahamana inshutso zazo. Wakumva bavuga
ngo bazacutsa inka ya runaka, ukamenya ko yabaye indatwa y’ubushyo ko
yagize izina ry’umuzinge. Igisingizo (igice) cya kabiri cy’umuzinge ayihaye
kikitwa impakanizi. Ibindi bisingizo (bice) bikitwa imivugo. Igisingizo (igice)
cya nyuma kikitwa umusibo (iyo cyabaga gisingiza ya ndatwa y’isonga yonyine)
cyangwa imivunano (iyo cyabaga gisingiza za ndatwa zose yari yarahaye
inshutso mu ikubitiro). Yamaraga gusoza uwo murimo wose wo kwita inyambo
bakamuha inka y’ingororano akayicyura ikaba iye y’ishimwe.
IMYITOZO
1. Izina ry’inka rigizwe n’iki?
2. Sobanura amagambo cyangwa itsinda ry’amagambo akurikira:
a) Gutenda
b) Inka y’ubumanzi
c) Inka y’inkurarwobo
d) Inka y’imirindi
3. Sobanura imvo n’imvano y’amazina y’inka.
2.7.3. Imyororokere n’imitegekere by’inyambo
IGIKORWA
Jya mu isomero ukore ubushakashatsi utahure uko inyambo zororokaga
n’uko zategekwaga (abari bashinzwe inyambo ni bande?)
1. Imyororokere y’inyambo
Kugira ngo inyambo zigwire mu Gihugu, umutware w’inyambo yagendaga
azongera mu ibangurira ry’inkuku ku mfizi y’inyambo. Ubwo bumenyi bwari
ukubiri:
-Uburyo bwa mbere bwari ubwo kubangurira amashashi y’inka
z’inkuku ku mfizi y’inyambo, izo zibyaye zikitwa ibigarama. Ibyo
bigarama na byo bikazabangurirwa ku mfizi y’inyambo, izivutse
zikitwa inkerakibumbiro. Izo nkerakibumbiro zabangurirwaga ku
mfizi y’inyambo zikabyara imirizo cyangwa ibisumba (iyo ari izo mu
mutwe w’inka utigeze ingegene). Imirizo cyangwa ibisumba zamaraga
kubangurirwa ku mfizi y’inyambo hakavuka noneho inyambo zuzuye
bitaga ingegene.
Uburyo bwa kabiri bwari ubwo kubangurira inyambo z’ingegene ku
mfizi y’inkuku zikabyara ingegene.
Icyababwiraga inyambo ni uko zari zifite umubyimba munini n’amahembe
maremare. Icyo bakundiraga inyambo ni ubwiza bwazo. Bazimurikaga mu
birori, barazitoje uko zigenda no kudakangarana mu birori. Umutware
w’inyambo we yabiragaga abana be kugira ngo imihindagurirwe y’abatware
b’inyambo idatuma ubumenyi bw’imyorokere y’inyambo buhungabana.
Kuzivanga n’inkuku byari ugutuma inyambo zigumana ubwiza bwazo kugira
ngo budacika.
Uko babanguriraga ubushyo bw’inyambo z’ingegene
Amashashi y’inyambo yararindaga ntibahere ko babangurira irinze yose ahubwo
bakayihorera ikarinduka. Aho bazashakira ko zibangurirwa bakazishora ku
iriba rihiye (iriba rifite amazi y’urwunyunyu rukaze).
Bazishoraga kuri iryo riba maze inka iryuhiweho igahodoka (ni ukugira
icyokere mu mubiri kiyitera ubuzinukwe bw’ayo mazi). Igihe zikiyumvamo
ubuhodoke bazishoraga ku mazi ahiye zikayanga zikishakira amazi asanzwe
kugira ngo azigabanyemo icyokere ziyumvagamo.
Ku ngoma ya Yuhi IV Gahindiro, amariba ahiye kurusha andi yari atatu (3):
a) Iriba rya Rushya rwa Nyamirango (mu Bwishya muri Repubulika Iharanira
Demokarasi ya Kongo).
b) Iriba rya Mupfu (mu Bunyambiriri muri Musebeya mu Karere ka
Nyamagabe).
c) Iriba rya Ngugu (mu Mutara).
Bavuga ko iryo riba rihiye rihotora. Ubwo buhodoke bwamaraga iminsi myinshi
ndetse bikageza no ku kwezi cyangwa amezi abiri. Iyo inka yuhiwe mu iriba
rihiye yakamwaga, yagiraga iyayumo (igabanya umukamo), uko ubuhodoke
bwagendaga buyishiramo yaragishiraga (yagaruraga umukamo buhorobuhoro.
Bitewe n’uko amariba yabaga kure, gukora urugendo bajyayo ni byo bitaga
“kurekera.” Abashumba bakoraga urwo rugendo bakitwa“abarekezi.” Iyo
inyana yararaga ukubiri na nyina kubera urwo rugendo babyitaga “kurara
iragwe.” Habaga ubwo inka igenda ijoro ryose ishaka iyayo, ari byo bitaga
“guhomora.” Gusukura iriba bavanamo umuvu, babyitaga “kweza iriba.” Iriba
ryabaga rituje ryitwaga“umugwimo.” Guhabwa umwanya wo kuhira, byitwaga
“guhana umurambi.” Isibo yo kurwanira umurambi, ikitwa “inkomati.”
Iyo rero ubuhodoke bwarangiraga, ubushyo bwose bwuhiwe ya mazi ahiye
bwarindiraga icya rimwe bagahera ko babangurira zikabyarira rimwe. Aha rero
ni ho batumiraga umwisi akaza kwita izina.
2. Imitegekere y’inyambo mu Rwanda rwo hambere
Umwami ni we wari umutware w’inyambo mukuru, hagakurikiraho umutware
w’ingabo, agakurikirwa n’umutware w’inyambo, hakaza umutahira, hagaheruka
umurenzamase.
Umwami: yari nyiri Igihugu bityo akaba yari ku mutwe wa byose.
Umutware w’ingabo: yari umukuru w’umutwe w’ingabo kandi akaba yari
hejuru y’umutware w’inyambo
Umutware w’inyambo: yabaga ari umuntu ujijutse, akaba yarashyirwagaho
ngo agenge inyambo zo mu mitwe iyi n’iyi. Ubwo butegetsi yaburagaga
umwana we bugakomeza kuba uruhererekane. Ntiyashoboraga kunyagwa
kuko yari ashinzwe imyororerere y’inyambo. Nyamara umutware w’ingabo we
yashoboraga kunyagwa ingabo.
Umutahira: we yabaga ari umunyacyubahiro baremeraga ubushyo bw’inyambo
bwo mu mutwe uyu n’uyu w’inka, akawubwiriza akawuragira. Umutahira
yashoboraga guhabwa inkoni y’ubushumba (kumuziturira); bamuhaga inka
(ubushyo). Byakorwaga bazitura inyana mu kiraro bakazimuha bakanamuha
inkoni y’ubushumba. Iyo inka zamaraga kuba amabuguma, umutware
w’inyambo yazeguriraga umutahira zikaba ize bwite. Na we yarazigumanaga
akaziha abo ashaka. Umutahira rero yabaga ari mu rwego rw’abashumba
b’inyambo. Ubushyo yabaga ashinzwe iyo bwasazaga bamuremeraga ubundi
bushyo cyangwa bakaburemera umwana we w’umuhungu.
Abarenzamase: Bo bari nk’abakozi bari bashinzwe kwirirwa inyuma y’inka
(bubakaga ibiraro, bacaga ibyarire) kandi bakaba barashyirwagaho n’umutahira.
IMYITOZO
1. Vuga abantu b’ingenzi bategekaga inyambo maze usobanure
inshingano za buri wese.
2. Sobanura amagambo akurikira: ibigarama, inkerakibumbiro,
imirizo, ingegene.
3. Vuga imyororokere y’inyambo
II.7.4. Akamaro ko kwiga inganzo y’amazina y’inka
IGIKORWA
Nk’umunyeshuri wiga mu ishami ry’inshuke nikiciro cya mbere cy’amashuri
abanza wumva kwiga amazina y’inka bifite uwuhe mumaro.
Birashoboka ko hari umuntu wakwibaza icyo kwiga amazina y’inka byaba
bimaze muri iki kinyejana turimo, aho abantu benshi bahihibikanira kumva
ibirebana n’itumanaho, ndetse n’ikoranabuhanga. Reka twemere ko muri ibi
bihe ndetse n’ibizaza ntawuzongera kujya mu byo kwita inka. Ariko kumenya
ubuhanga bukubiye mu nganzo iyi n’iyi ya kera nta cyo byishe, ndetse ni
byiza rwose kumenya umurimo wa ba sogokuru. Bifite akamaro ku muntu
washobora gucengera neza iyo nganzo, hanyuma yamara kumucengeramo na
we akaba yafatiraho akayikoresha mu bundi buryo. None se Musenyeri Alegisi
Kagame amaze kuryoherwa, gucengera no gucengerwa n’inganzo y’amazina
y’inka, si bwo yayishingiyeho ahimba “Umuririmbyi wa Nyiribiremwa” n’
“Indyoheshabirayi”?
Byongeye kandi uwashaka kumenya ubuhanga bw’abahanzi ba hano mu
Rwanda ntanage akajisho kuri iyi nganzo y’amazina y’inka, ngo arebe ubuhanga
bw’intondeke zipimye indinganire yaba atakaje byinshi. Abashakashatsi bitaye
ku nganzo y’amazina y’inka harimo uwitwa Faransisi Yuwaneti (Francis
Jouannet), asobanura neza ko ubuhanga bw’intondeke zipimye ntaho ryakunze
kuboneka muri Afurika uretse mu Rwanda. Uwashaka kubicukumbura yasoma
igitabo kitwa Prosodologie et phonologie non linéaire, 1985, p.73. Niba tudashatse
kubyitaho ntaho twaba dutaniye na ba bandi bambara ikirezi ntibamenye ko
kera cyangwa wa wundi w’ umutunzi uba umworo w’amata.
Nta gushidikanya mu mazina y’inka harimo ubuhanga bw’inshoberabuvivi.
Uretse ubwo buhanga bw’intondeke zipimye, usangamo injyana n’iminozanganzo
ishingiye ku isubirajambo, no ku isubirajwi ; usangamo gukoresha ijambo
ryabugenewe, usangamo uburyo bwo gukoreshamo imibangikanyo; usangamo
imizimizo myinshi itandukanye n’icyo abisi ubwabo bita ingaruzo. Ni ijambo
risingiza cyangwa se interuro y’amagambo asingiza abami muri rusange
cyangwa ingoma, hakaba n’asingiza umwami uyu n’uyu, ibikorwa bye cyangwa
amatwara ye. Uwashaka rero kumenya imyifatire y’Abanyarwanda bo hambere,
agashaka kumenya ibyo babaga bimirije imbere, nta yindi soko yavomamo
ubwo bumenyi uretse kubusanga mu mazina y’inka. Ubutwari n’umurava
birasingizwa, ubupfura no kwanga umugayo bikamamazwa kandi ibi ni bimwe
mu by’ingenzi biranga indangagaciro y’uwagombye kwitwa Umunyarwanda.
IMYITOZO
Mubona ari uruhe ruhare rw’inganzo y’amazina y’inka mu buvanganzo
nyarwanda?
II.8. Inshinga
2.8.1. Inshoza n’amoko by’ishinga
Igikorwa
Soma interuro zikurikira, witegereze amagambo yanditse atsindagiye,
usobanure imiterere yayo. Uhereye ku miterere y’ayo magambo, kora
ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza n’amoko by’inshinga.
a) Amashashi y’inyambo yavukiye rimwe yimiraga rimwe.
b) Umwisi yabaga agiye kwita nk’ubushyo bwo mu mutwe w’Ibihogo
akabuteza umutware w’inyambo.
c) Umwisi yirindaga guteza inyambo umwami n’umutware w’ingabo.
d) Ingabo z’u Rwanda zari imitwe itegekwa n’abatware.
e) Umugaba w’ingabo yari afite ububasha nk’ubw’umwami mu
gihe k’igitero.
f) Ingegene ni inyambo zuzuye.
1. Inshoza y’inshinga
Inshinga ni ijambo ryumvikanisha igikorwa, imiterere, imico cyangwa
imimerere ya ruhamwa mu nteruro. Muri make, inshinga ni yo itanga ubutumwa
mu nteruro, igaragaramo igikorwa cya ruhamwa.
2. Amoko y’inshinga
Mu moko y’inshinga hagaragaramo inshinga isanzwe n’inshinga idasanzwe.
Inshinga isanzwe ishobora kuba iri mu mbundo cyangwa itondaguye. Ni
ukuvuga ko inshinga ishobora kwigaragaza mu nteruro ari:
a) Inshinga idasanzwe bita nkene cyangwa mburabuzi.
b) Inshinga isanzwe iri mu mbundo.
c) Inshinga isanzwe itondaguye.
a) Inshinga idasanzwe
Inshinga idasanzwe bita nkene cyangwa mburabuzi ni inshinga zidakoreshwa
nk’inshinga zisanzwe kuko usanga hari ibihe bimwe na bimwe by’inshinga
zidatondagurwamo. Ikindi kiziranga ni uko usanga nta zina rishobora gukomoka
kuri bene izo nshinga. Ni inshinga zigizwe n’ibicumbi gusa
(-ni, -ri, -fite, -ruzi, -zi); ntizifite imbundo zizwi ni yo mpamvu ku mikoreshereze y’imisozo yayo,
usanga izo nshinga zidakorana n’imisozo -e, -aga, -ye na a mu buryo busanzwe.
Cyakora iyo zikoreshejweho ingereka zishobora gusesengurwamo imisozo.
b) Inshinga isanzwe iri mu mbundo
Inshinga idatondaguye yitwa kandi inshinga iri mu mbundo. Ni inshinga
itagaragaza ngenga irimo cyangwa uburyo keretse uburyo bw’imbundo.
Inshinda idatondaguye iranga ikidafite uwo kerekezwaho. Inshinga iri mu
mbundo ntigaragaza ukora, igikorwa, igihe igikorwa gikorerwa keretse mu
nzagihe.
c) Inshinga itondaguye
Ni inshinga igaragaza ngenga yayo, ruhamwa ndetse n’igihe itondaguwemo.
Urugero: Nzakora
Ikitonderwa:
Hari bamwe na bamwe bashyira “Ingirwanshinga ; -ti,-tya,-tyo, na -te” mu
moko y‘inshinga zidasanzwe bitwaje ko na zo zijya muri ngenga uko ari eshatu,
nyamara ingirwanshinga ni ubwoko bw’ijambo bwihariye kuko usibye kuba
zigaragaza ngenga nta rindi huriro zifitanye n’inshinga kuko zitagaragaza
igikorwa cyangwa imico n’imimerere ya ruhamwa.
IMYITOZO
Garagaza ubwoko bw’inshinga zagaragajwe mu nteruro zikurikira:
a) Intwari yivugaga ibigwi n’ibirindiro byayo.
b) Amazina y’inka afite akamaro mu muco wacu.
c)Abanyeshuri beza bakunda gusoma.
d) Nduzi mwese mwitabiriye ishuri.
II.8.2. Ibihe by’inshinga
IGIKORWA
Soma interuro zikurikira, witegereze amagambo yanditse atsindagiye,
usobanure imiterere yayo. Uhereye ku miterere y’ayo magambo, kora
ubushakashatsi utahure kandi usobanure ibihe by’inshinga.
a) Mu Ngoro Ndangamuco y’u Rwanda umubare w’inyambo
ukomeza kwiyongera.
b) Kwiga amazina y’inka bidufasha gusobanukirwa n’umuco wacu.
c) Nimukomeza gusoma ibitabo by’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda
muzasobanukirwa n’amateka y’Abanyarwanda.
d) Urubyiruko ruzatozwa kuba intore.
Mu Kinyarwanda inshinga yose itondaguye igomba kugira igihe itondaguyemo
hakurikijwe urwego rw’ibivugwa n’irebero (ko ibivugwa byarangiye cyangwa
bitararangira) ryabyo. Habaho rero ibihe bikuru bitatu mu itondaguranshinga.
Ibyo bihe ni igihe cyahise kivuga ibyamaze kuba kikitwa impitagihe. Hakaba
ikivuga ibiriho ubu kikitwa indagihe. Hakabaho n’ikivuga ibizaba cyangwa
ibizaza kikitwa inzagihe.
1. Indagihe
Indagihe ivuga ibiba muri aka kanya, ibiba ubusanzwe n’ibyabaye kera bivugwa
mu nkuru bityo ikagabanywamo indagihe y’ubu, indagihe y’ubusanzwe,
indagihe y’imbarankuru n’iy’igikomezo.
a) Indagihe y’ubu
Iyi ndagihe yumvikanisha ikirimo gukorwa ubu, aho uvugiye no mu kanya kaza.
Indangagihe yayo ni –ra-
Ingero
Ndahinga mu rutoki.
Ubu ndandika ibaruwa.
b) Indagihe y’ubusanzwe
Indagihe y’ubusanzwe yumvikanisha igikorwa gisanzwe gikorwa. Ntawamenya
intangiriro n’iherezo ryacyo.
Indangagihe yayo ni –ø
Ingero
Izuba rirasa mu gitondo.
Nkunda gusoma ibitabo.
Nigisha ubumenyi bw’isi.
c) Indagihe y’imbarankuru
Indagihe y’imbarankuru umuntu ayikoresha avuga ibyabaye kera nk’aho ari
iby’ubu. Igira intego iteye nk’iy’ indagihe y’ubusanzwe bigatandukanira ku
nshoza. Indangahige yayo ni -ra-
Ingero
Umwarimu arahaguruka abwira abanyeshuri be ati: “Mwigane umwete
bizabafasha”.
d) Indagihe y’igikomezo
Indagihe y’igikomezo yumvisha igikorwa kirimo gukorwa ubu ngubu
ntawamenya igihe cyatangiriye nta n’uwamenya igihe kiri burangirire,
Indangagihe yayo ni -ra-ki-âa cyangwa -ra-ki- iyo igicumbi gitangiwe n’innyajwi.
Ingero
Ndacyasoma igitabo.
Aho aracyakoze wa murimo?
Turacyamutegereje.
Ibikorwa remezo biracyatera imbere.
Ndacyubaha abakuru.
2. Impitagihe
Impitagihe ivuga ibintu byahise kare n’ibyahise kera ikigabanyamo impitakare
n’impitakera.
a) Impitakare
Impitakare yumvisha igikorwa cyarangiye mu gihe cyahise ariko kitarengeje
uyu munsi mu gitondo. Indangagihe yayo ni –aa-.
Ingero
Nateraga urubingo.
Naharuraga umuhanda.
Twahinze ibishyimbo.
b) Impitakera
Impitakera yumvisha igikorwa cyarangiye mu gihe cyahise uhereye ejo hashize
ugana hirya yaho. Indangagihe yayo ni- âa- na a-râ
Ingero
Nabyinaga mu itorero Indangamuco
Natozaga ikipe y’igihugu
Nasomye Bibiliya nkiri muto.
Yarasomye.
3. Inzagihe
Inzagihe ivuga ibiza kuba cyangwa ibizaba nyuma y’igihe cyo kuvuga.
Yigabanyamo inzahato n’inzakera.
a) Inzahato
Inzahato ivuga ibiri bube nyuma yo kuvuga ariko ntibifatire undi munsi.
Indangagihe yayo ni –ra.
Ingero
Ku gicamunsi uratera umupira.
Mu kanya uramperekeza ku isoko.
Araza kukubwira igikenewe.
b) Inzakera
Inzakera ivuga ibizaba ejo hazaza cyangwa mu bihe bizakurikiraho. Indangagihe
yayo ni –zaa-.
Ingero
Tuzaririmba indirimbo z’agakiza.
Muzadusura ryari?
Tuzagera ku iterambere mu bikorwa remezo.
IMYITOZO
1. Garagaza ibihe bikuru by’inshinga n’ibigiye bibishamikiyeho
byose.
2. Tahura inshinga zitondaguye ziri mu nteruro zikurikira maze
ugaragaze ibihe zitondaguyemo.
a) Nabonye imbuto none nateye.
b) Igihe nari mu ishuri wansakurizaga.
c) Leta y’u Rwanda yahisemo gushyira mu bikorwa ikemezo
k’imiturire.
d) Umubare w’abuturage uzakomeza kwiyongera.
e) Hari ibindi bikorwa bitunze Abanyarwanda.
II.9. Umwitozo w’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
Himba ikivugo cyo mu gihe tugezemo gifite imiterere nkiy’ “Inkatazakurekera”
wirata ibyiza wakoze cyangwa ibikorwa wagezeho maze uzakivuge imbere ya
bagenzi bawe ugaragaza isesekaza rikwiye. Ikivugo cyawe ntikirenze imikarago
makumyabiri.
Ubu ndangwa:
- No kwimakaza umuco nyarwanda, bagenzi bange gushishikariza gusoma
ingeri z’ubuvanganzo nyabami, gusabana no gutarama nifashishijeingeri z’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda,
-No gukoresha neza ibihe by’inshinga.
I.10. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa kabiri
Umwandiko: Igitero cyo mu Bushubi
Rwabugiri agaba igitero mu Bushubi (ubu ni muri Tanzaniya) yatejeyo imitwe
itanu y’ingabo: Uruyange, Inyaruguru, Abarasa, Abahirika n’Inyange. Umugaba
w’icyo gitero yari Seruzamba rwa Kinani cya Biraboneye wo mu Baryinyonza.
Impamvu yatumye Rwabugiri ahatera si ukugira ngo ahigarurire, ahubwo
kwari ukugira ngo atabare umwami waho mushya wamutabaje. Umwami waho
Kibogora agiye gupfa, yaraze ingoma umwana we Nsoro. Hari undi mwana
wa Kibogora witwaga Rwabigimba, agashaka kurwanya mwene se Nsoro ngo
amukure ku ngoma yabo. Kandi yari amaboko ashoboye kumugeza kuri iyo
ntego. Nsoro abonye ko atamurwanya ngo amushobore yitabaza Rwabugiri. Ni
cyo cyateye Rwabugiri gutera i Bushubi.
Ingabo za Rwabugiri zimaze kugera mu Bushubi, Nsoro yashoje intambara kuko
yari abonye amaboko. Ingamba ziracakirana. Ingabo za Rwabigimba zitwaga
“Urwanana” ziraneshwa zihungana na nyirazo, bajya i Bugufi (na ho ni muri
Tanzaniya). Rwabigimba amaze gutsindwa, Nsoro yakira ingabo z’u Rwanda
zamutabaye, azakirira ahantu hitwa Cyaza. Aho hantu yari yaharimbishije cyane,
hose hateguye ibirago nta muntu n’umwe wo mu ngabo z’u Rwanda wicaye
ku byatsi. Arabazimanira cyane, abereka ukuntu yabashimye ndetse abaha
n’imyenda. Mbese abereka ko abafitiye umutima mwiza na bo baramushima
cyane. Abaha ibyo bashyira Rwabugiri byinshi kandi bishimishije. Cyane cyane
imyenda (ubwo muri Tanzaniya imyenda yari yarahageze).
Ubwo rero Rwabigimba yabonaga ko atagishoboye Nsoro kuko ashyigikiwe na
Rwabugiri. Noneho na we ashaka uburyo yakuzura na Rwabugiri. Amutumaho
ab’aho b’ibikomangoma nka we bageze ku munani amwoherereza n’amaturo
menshi. Abo bantu bamusanga mu rugo rw’ i Sakara mu Gisaka. Batura amaturo
bahawe bavuga n’ubutumwa. Abo bose Rwabugiri Arabica. Ariko bararenganye.
Rwabigimba amaze kumenya ibyo Rwabugiri yamukoreye asanga amuhakaniye
umubano, yigira inama yo kuzatera mu Bushubi mu gihe Rwabugiri azaba
yavuye i Sakara; yaragiye ku nkiko zo hirya zitegeranye n’u Bushubi. Koko
hashize iminsi,
Rwabugiri ava i Sakara ajya mu Kinyaga. Rwabigimba amenye ko Rwabugiri
yagiye, yongera gutera mu Bushubi kurwanya Nsoro mwene se. Nsoro
abonye ko Rwabigimba yongeye kumwuvura na none atuma kuri Rwabugiri.
Rwabugiri na we atuma kuri Kabaka umutware w’Abarasa amutegeka gutabara
Nsoro. Kabaka ahagurukana n’ingabo ze arambuka atabara Nsoro barwanya
Rwabigimba ubwa kabiri baramutsinda. Noneho baguma mu Bushubi kugira
ngo barinde Nsoro, bituma atongera guterwa. Ni ko Rwabugiri yari yabitegetse
Kabaka.
Banze amata y’ingweba biyemeza kubeshya ngo batahe i Rwanda. Ingabo za
Kabaka zirinze Nsoro zaje kumererwa nabi, ziraharwarira, ziranahasonzera,
kuko zanze kunywa amata y’ingweba. Ubwo kwari ugushaka impamvu yo
gutaha bakahava. Babonye ko bene izo mpamvu zo kurwara no gusonza kandi
begereye iwabo mu Gisaka zitakwemerwa na Rwabugiri bongeraho indi
mpamvu kandi mbi cyane, ngo Nsoro ni we ubaroga n’abagaragu be, ngo rimwe
na rimwe babahingisha nijoro batazi icyo bakora bahindutse nk’abasazi, abandi
ngo bagacika intege, bakagira uruhondobero ntibashobore kuba bahaguruka
aho bicaye. Ibyo babyumvikanaho na Kabaka umutware wabo, bamusaba ko
azabibabwirira Rwabugiri bigatuma abakura mu Bushubi bagataha.
Kabaka yemera inama Abarasa bamubwiye, abakorera uko bashaka atuma kuri
Rwabugiri ati: “Abarasa bamerewe nabi cyane kubera uburozi bw’Abashumba
na Nsoro”. Ati: “Hari ubwo bamwe babahingisha nijoro batabizi basa n’abarota,
abandi bagahondobera intege zikabura, umuntu ntabe yakwihagurutsa aho
yicaye”. Ati: “Kandi rero barimo gufatwa nabi, inzara na yo ntiboroheye”!
Rwabugiri ararakara, atuma kuri Kabaka ati: “Niba ari uko bimeze muzafate
Nsoro n’umuryango we mubanzanire”. Koko baramufata, bafata na nyina
n’abagore be bombi: Mukananika na Bihogo, bafata n’abana be babiri:
Muyombo na Kambibi. Ubwo Rubanguka rwa Kabaka asanga Rwabugiri mu
Kinyaga kumubwira amacumu no kumumenyesha ko Nsoro na Nyina n’abagore
be n’abana be bafashwe ari imbohe. Amubaza ko bazabamuzanira cyangwa se
ko bazabicira iyo. Undi ati: “Bazabanzanire ino mu Kinyaga”. Bahabagejeje bose
arabica. Birangiye ajya iwe ku Nzizi, ahageze afatwa n’ubushita bumugwa nabi
gtcyane. Aho akiriye, umusizi witwa Munyangango ahimba igisigo kitwa “Umunsi
mbariwa inkuru.” Icyo gisigo gisingiza umwami kikamurata kikanamushima,
kandi kikogeza amoko n’imiryango yabyaye abagabekazi n’intwari zarwaniye
igihugu n’imiryango zikomokamo.
II. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Ni irihe zina ry’ubwami rya Rwabugiri uvugwa mu mwandiko?
2. Garagaza imitwe itanu y’ingabo z’u Rwanda yarwanye mu gitero cyo mu
Bushubi.
3. Kabaka yari muntu ki?
4. Uturere dukurikira tuvugwa mu mwandiko turi mu yihe Ntara y’ubu: i
Gisaka, i Kinyaga?
5. Ni iki cyatumye Rwabugiri agaba igitero mu Bushubi?
6. Rwabigimba yabyifashemo ate amaze guhakanirwa ubufasha na
Rwabugiri?
7. Seruzamba yari afite murimo ki mu gitero cyo mu Bushubi?
8. Ni uwuhe muvuzi w’amacumu uvugwa mu mwandiko?
9. Utekereza ko igitero cyo mu Bushubi cyamariye iki u Rwanda?
10. Ni irihe somo ukuye mu gitero cyo mu Bushubi?
1. Sobanura amagambo cyangwa imvugo zikurikira dusanga mu mwandikoa) Kuraga ingoma
b) Gushaka amaboko
c) Gushoza intambara
d) Igikomangoma
e) Kuvuga amacumu
f) Uruhondobero
g) Kugaba igitero
h) Ingamba ziracakirana
2. Andika impuzanyito z’aya magambo ziri mu mwandiko
a) Uhimba igisigo cy’umwami
b) Ibyo ugemurira umuntu umushakaho ubufasha cyangwa kumukeza
c) Nyina w’umwami
d) Indwara y’uruhu ifata nk’ubuheri
e) Abantu bakorera umwami3. Andika imbusane z’amagambo akurikira ari mu mwandiko:
a) Kurwanya
b) Intwari
c) Gukura ku ngoma
d) Gushima
e) Kuneshwa
III. Ibibazo by’ubuvanganzo
1. Tanga ingeri z’ubuvanganzo nyabami waba uzi.
2. Ibyivugo by’abantu bakuru birimo amoko angahe? Yavuge kandi
unayatandukanye.
3. Sobanura amoko y’impeta z’ubutwari zo mu Rwanda rwo hambere.
4. Hanga ikivugo cyawe, wivuga uwo uri we, wirata ubutwari bw’ibikorwa byiza yakoze.IV. Ibibazo by’ikibonezamvugo
1. Garagaza ubwoko bw’inshinga zagaragajwe mu nteruro zikurikira:
a) Twese turi abana b’u Rwanda.
b) Abana bifite ubumuga bakunda gukinana n’abandi imikino
ndangamuco.
2. Garagaza ibihe by’inshinga zitondaguye zikurikira:
a) Abanyeshuri bazatsinda neza amasomo yabo kuko biga uko bikwiye.
b) Amazina y’inka ndayumva kuko mu kanya twakoraga imyitozoayerekeyeho.
V. Ihangamwandiko
Ushingiye ku miterere n’amoko y’ibyivugo, hanga ikivugo cyawe, wivuga uwo
uri we, wirata ubutwari bw’ibikorwa byiza wakoze.ukabigeraho.Nturenze imikarago makubyabiri
UNIT 3: UBUZIMA BW’IMYOROROKERE
UBUSHOBOZI BW’INGENZI BUGAMIJWE
-Gusesengura inkuru ndende agaragaza imiterere, ibarankuru
n’ishushanyabikorwa byayo.-Kugaragaza uburyo, indango, ijyana n’irebero by’inshinga.
IGIKORWA CY’UMWINJIZO
Ukurikije uko ubona imyitwarire y’ingimbi n’abangavu, sobanura ibintu
nibura bitatu bigaragaza ko umuhungu cyangwa umukobwa wo muri
iki kigero asobanukiwe ibijyanye n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere. Wakora
iki kugira ngo ushishikarize abasore n’inkumi kutishora mu mibonanompuzabitsina bakiri bato.
III.1. Umwandiko: Amatsiko y’abato
Kanyana yakomeje kurererwa kwa nyirasenge Mariya. Amaze kugira imyaka
cumi n’ibiri yabonye umubiri we uhindutse. Nibwo yatangiye kujya azana
ibishishi mu maso ndetse n’ibice bimwe by’umubiri bitangira gukura. Mariya
yamusabaga kwiyitaho birushijeho cyanecyane akajya yita ku isuku y’umubiri n’
iy’imyambaro. Amusobanurira ko ageze mu gihe cy’ubwangavu. Nyamukobwa
na we kwiyitaho ntiyabibwirizwaga, yari nyirasuku; yagendanaga indorewamo
mu mufuka agahora yireba arko akababazwa n’ibiheri yari afite mu maso.
Rimwe Muneza, umuhungu w’ingimbi w’imyaka cumi n’itanu, amusanga mu
nzira ahagaze, ashavuye, arimo kwireba, aramusuhuza amubaza impamvu
atishimye. Kanyana amusubiza ko abangamiwe n’ibiheri afite mu maso. Muneza
yarasetse aratembagara.
Hashize akanya aramubwira ati: “Kora aha mwana wakuze! Ubu wamaze kuba
umwangavu kwivuruguta mu ivu wabisezeyeho”. Kanyana yamubajije impamvu
abandi bakobwa bamuruta batagira ibyo biheri. Muneza yamusobanuriye
ko ubwangavu budatangirira rimwe ku bakobwa bose. Akomeza agira ati:
“Hari abashobora kuzana ibimenyetso byabwo mbere gato y’imyaka cumi
n’ibiri, hakaba n’abashobora gutinda kubizana, bakaba bageza no ku myaka
cumi n’umunani”. Yamubwiye ko umwarimu wabo Twahirwa yabasobanuriye
ko umwana urya neza, akabaho mu buzima bwiza, azana ibimenyetso
by’ubwangavu hakiri kare.
Kanyana yahise yibuka ko na we nyirasenge yabimubwiye. Kanyana yabajije
Muneza uko bigenda ku bahungu. Muneza yamusobanuriye ko n’abahungu
badakurira rimwe; hari abazana ibimenyetso by’ubugimbi hakiri kare hakaba
n’abakura, bagera mu myaka cumi n’itanu bakaba ari ho bazana ibyo bimenyetso.
Muneza yabwiye Kanyana ko yabonye ibimenyetso by’ubugimbi afite imyaka
cumi n’ine. Ati: “ Natangiye kuniga ijwi no kumera ubwanwa nujuje iyo myaka”.
Kanyana yahise amureba ku kananwa asekana udusoni areba hasi.
Abo bana ntibakomeje kuganira ku mihindagurikire y’imibiri yabo.
Basezeranyeho buri wese akomeza inzira ye. Kubera uburyo Kanyana yari
yakunze Muneza, yagendaga akebuka amukurikiza amaso ari na ko kugenda
bimugora. Ku rundi ruhande, Muneza na we byaramugoye gutandukana n’uwo
mwana w’umukobwa.
Kanyana asubiye imuhira asanga nyirasenge yamuguriye agakariso keza cyane.
Akamuhereje arishima cyane maze ajya ku ishuri anezerewe. Mu gihe Kanyana
yaganaga ku ishuri yageze mu nzira yumva mu nda haramuriye yicara hasi,
ahagurutse abona amaraso ku myenda ye. Yagize agahinda kenshi asubira mu
rugo abitekerereza nyirasenge, na we amusobanurira ko ari imihango yazanye,
ko ibyo bitagombye kumutera ipfunwe ahubwo ko bigomba kumutera ishema
ko yakuze kandi ari umukobwa muzima. Ariko ibyo byose Kanyana ntiyari
abyitayeho, kuko yari yibabarijwe n’agakariso ke gashya kari kanduye. Mariya
yamusabye guhita yoga akanamesa neza ako gakariso, akakanika ku zuba. Amaze
kwiyuhagira, Mariya yamuhereje “kotegisi” anamwereka uko bayambara. Ati:
“Iki bakita umugati w’abantu bakuru. Ibikoresho bifitanye isano n’imyanya
y’ibanga kirazira kubivugira mu ruhame. Uwakumva ubivuga yakwita umupfu.”
Ubwo Kanyana yabyibajijeho, ashaka kumenya impamvu abantu bafata ibijyana
n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere nk’ibintu bizira kuvugirwa mu ruhame. Yahise ajya
kubitekerereza Muneza biganiriraga byose ngo amusobanuze aramubura. Ni ko
gutekereza gushakishiriza kuri murandasi, ashyiraho ikibazo agira ati: “Kuki
abantu bafata ibijyana n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere nk’ibintu bizira kuvugirwa
mu ruhame?”. Abakibonye kuri murandasi bamuhaye ibitekerezo bikurikira:
icya mbere igitsina ni ryo tandukaniro ry’ibanze ritandukanya umugore
n’umugabo, ni cyo gituma abantu benshi bagira isoni zo kuba bavuga ibijyana
na cyo byose mu ruhame. Ikindi kandi iyo uvuze igitsina, nk’umugabo ahita
yumva ubushobozi bwe bwo kubyara no gushimisha uwo bashakanye. Hari
abahita bumva rero bakojejwe isoni. “Impamvu yindi ituma ibintu byerekeza
ku gitsina bitavugwa, ni uko ari urugingo rw’umubiri abantu bose banyuramo
kugira ngo bagere ku isi”. Nyamara, ntibirubuza kuba urugingo mu zindi ngingo
nyinshi zigize umubiri. Impamvu ya nyuma ngo ni uko ibintu byose birebana
n’igitsina bidakwiriye kuvugwa kugira ngo nibigirwa ibanga bifashe abantu
kwitwara neza. Ibyo rero ni bimwe mu bindi bisubizo byinshi cyane byatanzwe.
Nyuma y’imyaka itanu, Kanyana ageze mu mwaka wa gatanu w’amashuri
yisumbuye, ari mu kiruhuko yagiye i Kigali gusura mubyara we Kayitesi. Bwari
ubwa mbere akandagiye mu murwa mukuru w’ u Rwanda. Akigera Nyabugogo
yavuye mu modoka, atangazwa n’ibimodoka byinshi kandi binini yabonaga mu
kigo abagenzi bategeramo imodoka, amazu menshi kandi agerekeranye, ndetse
n’uruvunganzoka rw’abantu. Mu gihe yari agitangarira ubwo budasa bwa
Kigali, yagiye kumva, yumva umuntu amukozeho. Akebutse abona ni Muneza.
Amukubise amaso amarira y’ibyishimo amutemba ku matama. Kumuhobera
biramugora. Muneza na we abura uko agenza, ahugira mu kumuhoza. Kanyana
amaze gucururuka ahobera Muneza n’urukumbuzi rwinshi.
Muneza we yari yararangije amashuri yisumbuye, afite akazi. Yahise ajya
kumugurira fanta. Baricara baraganira biyibutsa ikiganiro bagiranye ku
buzima bw’imyororokere. Kanyana amutekerereza uburyo imihindagurikire
y’umubiriwe yamubereye ikigeragezo ko hari abamubwiraga ko ibyo bimubaho
byose ari uko adakora imibonano mpuzabitsina. Muneza yamubwiye ko abo ari
abashakaga kumushuka.
Amusobanurira ko ibyo ari ibihe umukobwa wese agomba gucamo, bikaba ari
na cyo kimenyetso cy’uko ubuzima bwe bw’imyororokere ari nta makemwa.
Bamaze gusangira fanta, Kanyana yashimiye Muneza uburyo amwakiriye
n’uburyo atahwemye kumufasha gusobanukirwa n’ibyo yibazaga ku buzima
bw’imyororokere. Muneza na we yafashe umwanya amushimira ubutwari yagize
bwo guhangana no kwitwara neza mu rugamba rw’imihindagurikire y’umubiri
n’uburyo yimye amatwi abashakaga kumushuka bitwaje iyo mihindagurikire
y’umubiri. Bahise bahaguruka, barahoberana nuko basezeranaho, Muneza
asubira mu kazi ke, Kanyana asubira mu kigo abagenzi bategeramo imodoka
gutegereza mubyara we ngo aze amufate.
Mu kanya gato, Kayitesi yahise amusesekaraho ari kumwe n’undi mukobwa
babana. Barahoberanye cyane maze bafata imodoka yerekeza Kimironko. Mu
nzira Kanyana yagendaga abaza utubazo twinshi tw’amatsiko: - -
- Iriya nzu nini yizengurutsa itatse amabara, bayita ngo iki?
-Iriya ni inyubako izwi cyane mu Rwanda no ku isi hose, yitwa inzu
mberabyombi ya Kigali (Kigali Convention Center).
Kanyana byaramutangaje cyane kuko yahise yibuka ko n’iwabo mu cyaro
iryo jambo barikoreshaga bashaka kuvuga ikintu gishya gifite ishusho
yiburungushuye.
Bageze ku Kimironko Kayitesi yamuteguriye amazi aroga, hanyuma bajya
ku meza bafata amafunguro. Iryo joro Kayitesi yararanye na Kanyana
arara amubaza amakuru yo mu cyaro. Yaboneyeho kumuhanura ko i Kigali
hadasanzwe, abakobwa bahaba bagomba kwitonda kandi bakagira amakenga.
-Muri iyi minsi mike tugiye kumarana uzitwararike, Kigali ni amahanga,
haba ibishuko n’ibigusha byinshi.
-Rwose nzitwararirika sinzajya mva mu rugo.
Bwarakeye Kayitesi ajya ku kazi, Kanyana asigarana na Teta umukobwa wabanaga
na Kayitesi. Teta yitegereje Kanyana abona uburyo ari umukobwa mwiza uteye
neza ariko amubwira ko hari akantu gato abura ngo abe umukobwa w’ihoho.
Kanyana yagize amatsiko yo kumenya ako kantu abura. Teta yamubwiye ko
agenda agaruka. Kanyana ayoberwa ibyo avuze. Teta amusobanurira ko ariko
nta matako n’ikibuno kinini afite. Ibyo byateye ipfunwe ryinshi Kanyana, bituma
ahora yireba ageraho abona ko ari byo koko. Nyuma yaje kubaza Teta uko we
yabigenje ngo agire amatako n’ikibuno kinini. Teta yaramusetse aratembagara
ati: “Nta musore w’inshuti ugira?” Kanyana amubwira ko amufite. Undi ati:
“Ubwo se akumariye iki ko umuti ari we uwufite?”
Kanyana yakomeje kubitekerezaho ntiyumva icyo Teta ashaka kuvuga.
Yaramusobanuje undi ageraho aramwerurira amubwira ko ikibuno kizanwa
no gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina kandi kenshi! Yahise atekereza kuzajya
kubibwira Muneza kugira ngo azamuhe kuri uwo muti. Ategura uko azagenda
Kayitesi atabimenye. Yinjiye mu modoka, akubitana na Kayitesi asohoka mu
modoka. Kayitesi amubajije aho agiye, amubeshya ko yasomye mu gitabo ahantu
bavuga ko gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina bituma umukobwa agira ikibuno
giteye neza. None akaba agiye kubibaza inshuti ye ikunda kumusobanurira
ibijyanye n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere. Mubyara we yahise yamaganira kure iyo
mitekerereze mibi aboneraho kumwumvisha ko imiterere ye nta ho imwaye.
Ahubwo ko abantu bose babwira Kayitesi ko Kanyana ateye neza. Yakomeje
amusaba kutishinga amabwire n’ibitekerezo byose asoma kandi akihutira kujya
amubaza ibyo adasobanukiwe.
Teta yakomeje kujya amushuka ngo amushore mu busambanyi, Kanyana
aramunanira. Yabonye ko amaherezo yazagwa mu mutego w’umushukanyi
ahitamo gusezerera ngo yisubirire iwabo mu cyaro. Yabwiye mubyara we ko
atashobokana na Teta kuko amutesha umutwe ashaka ku mushora mu ngeso
z’ubusambanyi. Kayitesi yicaza Teta amubwira ko izo ngeso ari mbi. Amwereka
ko zishobora no kumuzanira ingaruka mbi nko kurwara Sida n’izindi ndwara
zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina idakingiye ndetse no gusama inda
zitateganyijwe.
Kayitesi yahise afata umwanzuro wo kubaganiriza abashishikariza kujya
kwipimisha ngo bamenye uko bahagaze ku bijyanye n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere.
Bagezeyo basanze, Teta atwite na ho Kanyana ari mutaraga.
Teta yatangiye kugenda agira ubuzima bukomeye, burimo kurwaragurika no
gucika intege. Muri ubwo buzima bwose bukomeye Teta yari arimo Kayitesi
ntiyigeze amutererana, yakomeje kumwitaho agira ngo arengere umwana
atwite, abagenera indyo yuzuye n’ibindi byangombwa bifasha umubyeyi utwite
kugira ubuzima buzira umuze.
Nyuma y’ukwezi Kanyana yasubiye iwabo, anyura ku kazi kwa Muneza. Yongeye
kumwakirana ubwuzu, anamusaba ko narangiza kwiga azamubera inshuti
bazabana ubuzima bwose. Kanyana yafashe imodoka yerekeza iwabo mu cyaro
agenda atekereza kuri icyo kifuzo cya Muneza.
3.1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
Soma umwandiko “Amatsiko y’abato” ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe
hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko wifashishije
inkoranyamagambo.
IMYITOZO
1. Uzurisha izi nteruro amagambo ukuye mu mwandiko.
a) Bimwe mu bimenyetso biranga umukobwa winjiye mu bwangavu
ni ukugira ........... mu maso.
b) Iyo abahungu babaye .................. batangira ................. ijwi.
c) Abantu bagenda buzuye umuhanda baba ari ..........................
d) Musoni giye i Kigali none iwabo babuze ............................. ke bararize
barihanagura.
2. Shaka impuzanyito z’amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu
mwandiko.
a) Ibishishi
b) Ashavuye
3.1.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko “Amatsiko y’abato” maze usubize ibibazo
byawubajijweho.
1. Abakinankuru bavugwa mu mwandiko ni bande?
2. Abantu ntibakunda kuvugira mu ruhame ubuziama
bw’imyororokere. Tanga impamvu eshatu ziri mu mwandiko
zibihamya.
3. Mu mwandiko baratubwiramo umukobwa wari ufite amatsiko
yo kumenya ubuzima bwe bw’imyorororkere.
a) Ni bande bamufashije kuyashira. Ubibwirwa ni iki?
b) Ni bande bamurohaga aho kumugira inama? Sobanura uko
yamushukaga.
4. Ni izihe mpamvu zavuzwe mu mwandiko zishobora gutuma
abakobwa bagera mugihe cy’ubwangavu imburagihe?
5. Abangavu bafite ibintu by’ingenzi biranga ko bageze mu kindi
kiciro cy’ubukure. Ibyo bintu ni ibihe byavuzwe mu mwandiko?
6. Ingaruka zagera ku ngimbi n’abangavu badasobanukiwe neza
n’ubuzima bw’imyorororkere ni izihe. Sobanura izo ngaruka
wifashishije urugero rw’uwo byabayeho wavuzwe mu mwandiko.
III.1.3. Gusoma no sesengura umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko “Amatsiko y’abato” maze usubize ibibazo
bikurikira:
1. Tanga ingingo z’ingenzi zibanzweho muri uyu mwandiko.
2. Ni ngombwa kubwira abantu ibijyane n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere
bakiri bato. Sobanura byimbitse.
3. Ingamba abangavu n’ingimbi bagomba gufata kugira ngo
hakomeze kurinda ubuzima bwabo kwandura indwara zandurira
mu mibonano mpuzabitsina ni izihe?
4. Gereranya imyitwarire ya bamwe mu abakinankuru n’ubuzima
busanzwe bw’aho utuye.
III.2. Inkuru ndende
3.2.1. Inshoza n’uturango by’inkuru n’uko basesengura
inkuru ndende
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko “Amatsiko y’abato” witegereza imiterere
yawo, uko abakinankuru bateye n’uko ibarankuru riteye maze ukore
ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza n’uturango by’inkuru ndende. Uhereye
ku turango tw’inkuru ndende, tahura uko wasesengura inkuru ndende.
1. Inshoza y’inkuru ndende
Inkuru ndende nk’uko iryo zina ribivuga ni inkuru iba ari ndende, ibarwa
n’umubarankuru uvuga uko yagenze. Bamwe mu basesenguzi b’inkuru
ndende bayivuga berekana ko igomba kuvuga ibyabayeho ndetse umwanditsi
akavuga ubuzima bwe; ibyamubayeho. Abandi bati: “Igomba kuba ari inkuru
y’impimbano n’ubwo ibyo ivuga byashobora kubaho.” Igihurirwaho na benshi ni
uko inkuru ndende igomba kuba ifite inkuru ibara, uruhererekane rw’ibikorwa.
Ibi, babishimangira bagira bati: “Inkuru ndende ni uruhererekane rw’ibikorwa
mpimbano bishobora kubaho cyangwa byabayeho, ikaba ifite imisusire ya
gihanga kandi nyabugeni igaragaza ko umwanditsi ari intyoza mu kubara
inkuru, mu kuyiha imiterere myiza y’ibikorwa no kubikurikiranya.”
2. Uturango tw’inkuru ndende
Inkuru ndende irangwa n’imiterere ndetse n’imyubakire byayo. Inkuru ndende
irangwa kandi no kuba ishobora gukorerwa ishushanyabikorwa.
a) Imiterere y’inkuru ndende
Inkuru ndende iba ifite ibi bikurikira: ikivugwa mu nkuru, abanyarubuga,
ibarankuru, akabugankuru, ibikorwa, umugendo w’inkuru, uburebure n’ahantu. -
Ikivugwa mu nkuru ndende
Ingingo abanditsi b’inkuru ndende bavugaho ni nyinshi kandi ziratandukanye
kimwe n’izo dusanga mu zindi ngeri z’ubuvanganzo. Mu nkuru ndende
dusangamo urukundo rudasibangana, urukundo rwa bugigi, uburere n’umuco
wa kera bitajya imbizi n’uburere n’umuco by’ubu, poritiki n’ubutegetsi, ubwenge
bw’indushyi, uburaya n’ubwomanzi, iyimukacyaro, ubuhemu, ubugome, ishyari,
inzangano, amoko, urupfu rutunamura icumu, ubusabane mu bantu, ubukene
n’ubujiji, inkuru ndende zivuga ku bukoroni…
Abakinankuru (abanyarubuga)
Mu nkuru ndende haba umukinankuru mukuru ushobora kuba umwe
cyangwa babiri. Umukinankuru mukuru ni we uba ari ipfundo ry’inkuru. Ni we
ikigamijwe cyangwa intego y’inkuru iba ishingiyeho.
Hari kandi n’abakinankuru bungirije. Aba ni bo usanga mu nkuru bamufasha
kugera ku kigamijwe cyangwa bakamubera imbogamizi. Aba bakinankuru
kandi ni na bo usanga insanganyamatsiko nto cyangwa zungirije zishingiyeho.
Mu nkuru ndende kandi dusangamo cyangwa dushobora gusangamo
abakinankuru ntagombwa, aba bakinankuru iyo urebye usanga kuba mu
nkuru kwabo cyangwa kutagaragaramo nta cyo byahindura ku kivugwa mu
nkuru. Nta nsanganyamatsiko iba ibashingiyeho. Mu yandi magambo twabita
indorerezi.
-Ibarankuru
Hari ubwoko bubiri bw’ibarankuru: ibarankuru ribwira n’ibarankuru ryerekana.
Mu nkuru ndende dushobora gusangamo ubwo bwoko bwombi bw’ibarankuru.
Ibarankuru ribwira: ni igihe umubarankuru agaragara mu nkuru, maze
uyisoma akamenya ko inkuru ifite uyibara. Ibarankuru ribwira ryibanda ku
gukoresha inshamake maze ibyamaze igihe kirekiere bikavugwa mu gihe gito.
Ibarankuru ryerekana: ryo rikoreshwa mu gihe inkuru yigaragaza ubwayo mu
buryo butaziguye, nta mubarankuru ubyivanzemo. Turisanga mu makinamico,
aho ibikorwa bigaragazwa n’abanyarubuga ubwabo.
Mu ibarankuru dusangamo kandi indebero. Indebero ni uburyo bugaragaza
uko umubarankuru abona ibyo inkuru imenyekanisha. Hari indebero
mbonabyose, indebero mbonankubone n’indebero mbonabihita.
Indebero mbonabyose: ni iy’umubarankuru ubona byose, ibyigaragaza
n’ibitigaragaza, ibintu ndengakamere hamwe n’ibibera ahantu umuntu
adashobora kugera. Usanga avuga ibibera henshi icyarimwe nk’aho biba
ahibereye hose ku isaha imwe. Nta na kimwe kimwisoba. Asa n’ufite ububasha
nk’ubw’Imana. Aba azi byose: ari ibyo abanyarubuga batekereza, ari ibyo
bahishe, imbamutima zabo, mbese aba abazi kurusha uko biyizi. Iyi ndebero
ni yo ikunze gukoreshwa. Ikunze kugaragara mu nkuru ibaze muri ngenga ya
gatatu.
Indebero y’imbonankubone: ni imenyekanisha gusa ibyo umunyarubuga
runaka areba cyangwa yiyumvisha. Iyo ndebero imenyekanisha ibiri aho
umunyarubuga ageza ibyumviro. Umubarankuru aba azi ibingana n’ibyo
abanyarubuga cyangwa abakinankuru bazi, akitwa ko arebera imbere mu
nkuru. Iyi ndebero tuyisanga ahanini mu nkuru zibaze muri ngenga ya mbere,
aho umubarankuru aba ari n’umunyarubuga.
Indebero mbonabihita: ni imenyekanisha gusa ibigaragara n’ibivugwa nta
guca hirya, isura y’ibintu, y’abanyarubuga, uko bitwara mu mvugo no mu
ngiro. Muri iyi ndebero, bisa n’aho ibyinshi abanyarubuga ari bo babyivugira,
umubarankuru agasa n’ugenda yuzuriza binyuze mu bisa n’intekerezo ku
bivuzwe n’abanyarubuga. Ikunze kuboneka mu nkuru za giporisi.
Mu myandikire y’inkuru, umwanditsi ahuza umwanya w’umubarankuru mu
nkuru n’indebero kugira ngo abibyaze ikintu gifite icyo kivuze ku musomyi.
Ibyo bituma ababarankuru bashyirwa mu byiciro by’ingenzi bikurikira:
Umubarankuru ashobora kubara inkuru na we ubwe akinamo. Ni muri urwo
rwego usanga akoresha ngenga ya mbere, akitwa umubarankuru wo mu mbere.
Umubarankuru ashobora kubara inkuru ari hanze yayo. Aha usanga akoresha
ngenga ya gatatu asa n’uvuga ibintu yareberaga iruhande mu gihe byabaga,
akitwa umubarankuru wo hanze.
Umubarankuru ashobora kubara inkuru ye ubwe akaba n’umunyarubuga
mukuru. Ni muri urwo rwego usanga akoresha ngenga ya mbere kuko ibyo
avuga aba abivuga kuri we. Uyu mubarankuru yitwa umumenyabanga.
Ikitonderwa:
Umubarankuru atandukanye n’umwanditsi w’inkuru. Umwanditsi w’inkuru ni
umuhanzi wanditse inkuru ibarwa mu gitabo ke. Muri uko kwandika inkuru ye
agena uburyo ibarwa. Muri ubwo buryo ibarwamo haba hari umuntu ugenda
uyibara, uwo akaba ari we mubarankuru. Cyakora hari igihe umwanditsi
ashobora kuba ari na we mubarankuru igihe abara inkuru y’ubuzima bwe.-
Ibikorwa
Ibikorwa mu nkuru ndende bishingira ku bakinankuru cyane cyane ku
mukinankuru mukuru. We n’abakinankuru bungirije bashinzwe kuyobora
imigendekere y’ibikorwa byo mu nkuru kugeza ku ndunduro y’inkuru. Bamwe
barema imbaraga zimufasha kugera ku ntego umwanditsi w’inkuru aba
yamuhaye.
Nk’uko abasesenguzi b’inkuru ndende babyemeza, inkuru ndende iyo ari yo
yose irangwa no kuba ishobora gukorerwa ishushanyabikorwa.
Umugendo w’inkuru
Ushingiye ku migaragarire n’ikurikirana ry’ibikorwa bivugwa mu nkuru,
hashobora kubaho inkuru yubakiye ku bikorwa by’umujyo umwe, ibikorwa
by’urusobe n’ibikorwa bihagitse mu bindi.
Ibikorwa by’umujyo umwe
Iyo inkuru igaragaza ibikorwa by’umukinankuru umwe kuva mu ntangiriro
kugeza ku iherezo. Ikurikiza umurongo mbonera w’ibarankuru. Iyi nsobeko
itsitse ikunze gukoreshwa mu nkuru ngufi.
Ibikorwa by’urusobe
Ni igihe mu nkuru harimo ikwikira. Iri kwikira riba rigizwe n’ibikorwa byinshi
bisobekeranye ariko bifitanye isano. Umusomyi aba ashobora gukurikirana
inkuru z’abakinankuru benshi ariko zifite aho zihurira cyangwa usanga
amaherezo yabo aba amwe. Inkuru ifite abakinankuru benshi ikunze no kugira
umugendo ugizwe n’ibikorwa by’urusobe. Urugero ni nko mu ikinamico
y’urudaca Urunana.
Ibikorwa bihagitse
Ni ukwinjiza ibindi bikorwa bitari iby’ingenzi mu bikorwa by’ibanze, urugero
nk’aho umukinankuru agera aho akabara inkuru y’ibyamubayeho cyangwa
agatanga ubuhamya. Ibyo binatuma uburyo n’urwego rw’ibarankuru bihinduka,
inkuru y’ibanze ikabarwa n’umubarankuru mukuru, naho inkuru zihagitse mu
nkuru y’ibanze zikabarwa n’abandi babarankuru bashobora kuba bamwe mu
bakinankuru.
-Uburebure
Inkuru ndende nk’uko izina ryayo ribigaragaza, irangwa no kuba ari ndende
koko (akenshi hagati y’impapuro ijana na magana abiri mirongo itanu). Kuba
hari uburyo ibikorwa bikurikirana kandi bigenda bitera amatsiko usoma
ku buryo atarambirwa n’uburebure bwayo. Uburebure bw’inkuru ndende
kandi bugaragarira mu inyuranamo ry’inkuru nyinshi zitadukanye kandi
ritarambirana.-
Akabugankuru (Ahantu)
Inkuru ndende kandi irangwa no kuba ifite aho ibarirwa; ni ukuvuga akabugankuru.
Mu nkuru ndende akabugankuru gashobora kuba kazwi cyangwa ari agahimbano.
Iyo uwandika inkuru avuga ibyabaye ashobora no kuvuga mu by’ukuri aho
byabereye hazwi. Iyo abara inkuru y’ibitarabayeho, cyakora bishobora kubaho
mu buzima rusange, ashobora gukoresha akabugankuru mpimbano; akavuga
ibintu byabereye ahantu runaka ariko hatazwi ku ikarita y’isi.
b) Imyubakire y’inkuru ndende
Inkuru ndende irangwa no kuba hari ikivugwa, kuba ari ndende no kuba hari uburyo
ibikorwa bikurikirana kandi bigenda bitera amatsiko usoma ku buryo atarambirwa
gusoma inkuru ibarwa. Ibikorwa mu kubara inkuru mu nkuru ndende
biba bishingiye ku bakinankuru, cyanecyane ku mukinankuru mukuru.
Umukinankuru mukuru n’abakinankuru bungirije bashinzwe kuyobora
imigendekere y’ibikorwa byo mu nkuru kugeza ku mpera yayo.
c) Ishushanyabikorwa mu nkuru ndende
Inkuru ndende iyo ari yo yose irangwa no kuba ishobora gukorerwa
ishushanyabikorwa.
Abakinnyi b’imena bafatanyije n’abungirije bayobora imigendekere y’ibikorwa
mu nkuru ndende kugeza ku ndunduro y’inkuru. Bityo mu nkuru ndende
umusesenguzi ashobora gushushanya ibikorwa yifashishije igishushanyogiteye gitya:
Nyiri ubwite: uyu ni we mukinankuru mukuru inkuru iba ishingiyeho, ni we
uba ufite intego agamije kugeraho muri iyo nkuru. Aba ashobora kuyigeraho
cyangwa ntayigereho.
Ikigamijwe: ni icyo umukinankuru mukuru aba agamije kugeraho mu nkuru.
Ni intego aba yahawe n’umwanditsi w’inkuru.
Ugenera: ni igituma umukinankuru mukuru agira intego afite muri iyo nkuru.
Ashobora kuba undi mukinankuru cyangwa ikindi kintu gishobora gutuma
agera ku ntego runaka.
Ugenerwa: mu yandi magambo ni nyiri inyungu; ni uwo ari we wese mu nkuru
wagira icyo yunguka mu gihe umukinankuru mukuru ageze ku cyo yari agamije
mu nkuru.
Abafasha: ni abakinankuru cyangwa ikindi kintu gishobora, mu nkuru, gutuma
umukinankuru mukuru agera ku cyo yari agamije, cyangwa ikigerageza
kumushyigikira mu rugendo rwe rwose kimufasha, kabone n’iyo atakigeraho
mu irangira ry’inkuru.
Imbogamizi: ni abakinankuru cyangwa ikindi kintu gishobora, mu nkuru,
gutuma umukinankuru mukuru atagera ku cyo yari agamije, cyangwa
ikigerageza kumubangamira mu rugendo rwe rwose kimubuza amahirwe
kabone n’iyo yagera ku cyo yari agamije mu irangira ry’inkuru, ariko kikaba
cyamubangamiraga.
3. Imisesengurire y’inkuru ndende
Muri rusange abasesengura inkuru ndende bibanda kuri ibi bikurikira:
ikivugwa mu nkuru, abanyarubuga, ibarankuru, akabugankuru, ibikorwa,
umugendo w’inkuru, uburebure n’ahantu. Ibi bigakorwa hakurikijwe amahange
n’amahame y’ingenzi akoreshwa mu gusesengura umwandiko w’ubuvanganzo
muri rusange.
Usesenngura inkuru agomba kugaragaza ishushanyabikorwa ry’inkuru.
Usesengura inkuru agomba kandi:
- gutahura inyigisho irimo n’indangagaciro zigaragara mu nkuru kuko
buri nkuru cyangwa buri gihangano cy’ubuvanganzo kiba gikubiyemo
inyigisho n’indangagaciro runaka, ni ngombwa ko usesengura inkuru
abigaragaza;
- gukora inshamake yayo, igaragazamo iby’ingenzi bivugwamo;
kugaragaza ubuzima bw’umwanditsi w’inkuru ndetse n’ibindi bihangano bye.
IMYITOZO
1. Tandukanya inkuru ndende n’inkuru ngufi ushingiye ku turango
twazo.
2. Jya mu isomero, ushakemo igitabo kirimo inkuru ndende,
uyisome kandi uyisesengure ukurikije uko inkuru isesengurwa.
III.3. Umwandiko: Twite ku buzima
Tugomba kubungabunga ubuzima bwacu kuko ari yo mpano iruta izindi dufite.
Umuntu udafite ubuzima buzira umuze ntashobora gukorera igihugu ngo gitere
imbere. Hari indwara nyinshi zishobora kwangiza ubuzima bwacu zaba iziterwa
n’udukoko, izinjirira mu myanya y’ubuhumekero, mu myanya ndangagitsina,
mu maraso, ku ruhu, n’izindi. Aha turibanda ku ndwara zandurira mu myanya
ndangagitsina ari zo : uburagaza, imitezi,na mburugu.
Uburagaza ni indwara yandurira mu myanya ndangagitsina, ikarangwa
n’udusebe tuza kuri iyo myanya, mu mayasha cyangwa mu kabuno.
Bitangira ari agaheri buhorobuhoro bikaza kuvamo ibisebe bifite impande
zishwanyaguye kandi binuka. Uburagaza bugira ingaruka nyinshi nko gucika
k’umuyoboro w’inkari, kwihagarika bigoranye cyangwa kwihagarika nta
gitangira.
Imitezi na yo ni indwara ikomeye irangwa no kubabara igihe umuntu anyara,
kugira umuriro n’isesemi, kubabara igihe ukora imibonano mpuzabitsina
no kuzana ururenda rumeze nk’amashyira mu gitsina. Iyo umugore utwite
atayivuje ayanduza umwana akaba yavuka ahumye, kimwe n’uko ishobora
gutera izindi ndwara nk’umutima n’umwijima.
Indi ndwara ikunze kugaragara ni mburugu, ikaba irangwa n’uduheri tuza
ku gitsina, mu ntoki, mu kanwa cyangwa mu kabuno. Utu dusebe dushobora
kwikiza ariko ntibe ivuye mu mubiri. Nyuma y’igihe umuntu atangira kokera,
kubabara umutwe, kubabara anyara, kuryaryatwa mu kirenge, kubabara
ingingo, n’ibindi. Iyo itavuwe neza itera umutima, kugagara ibice by’umubiri,
no guta ubwenge.
Uretse izi ndwara, tuzi ko mu mibonano mpuzabitsina na SIDA yanduriramo ku
kigereranyo cyo hejuru. Uko byagenda kose, ubusambanyi bwaba bukozwe ku
ngufu cyangwa ku bushake bushobora gutera kwandura izi ndwara z’ibikatu
twavuze. Niba dushaka kugira ubuzima bwiza, tugomba kugendera kure
imyifatire idushora mu ngeso mbi z’ubusambanyi.
Kumenya izina ry’indwara rero si byo by’ingenzi, ik’ingenzi ni ukumenya
ibimenyetso byerekana indwara no kwihutira kwivuza. Kutivuza neza kandi
hakiri kare izo ndwara bigira ingaruka nyinshi kandi mbi zirimo ubugumba
kuko zonona kandi zikaziba imiyoborantanga y’umugabo cyangwa umugore
bityo intanga zikaba zabura aho zinyura, gukuramo inda kenshi, kubyara abana
banduye izo ndwara, gutwitira inyuma y’umura, gukubita igihwereye, gupfa
amaso ku bana bavukanye izo ndwara igihe batavujwe hakiri kare, kanseri
y’inkondo y’umura, gucika igitsina, urupfu mu gihe utivuje neza. Izo ndwara
kandi zitera umwiryane n’ubukene bukabije mu rugo.
Niba uburyo bwo kwandura izo ndwara na Sida ari bumwe n’uburyo bwo
kuzirinda ni bumwe. Nta bundi rero dukomere ku mugenzo mbonera w’ubusugi,ubumanzi.
Bifatiye kuri: MINISANTE: Indwara z’ibyorezo ,2015
3.3.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
Soma umwandiko “Twite ku buzima”, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe
hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko wifashije
inkoranyamagambo.
Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro wihimbiye:
a) Amayasha
b) Imiyoborantanga
c) Ubusugi
d) Kwirindad) Imyanya ndangagitsina.
UMWITOZO
3.3.2. Gusoma no Kumva umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko “Twite ku buzima”, hanyuma usubize ibibazo
bikurikira.
1. Indwara z’ibikatu zavuzwe mu mwandiko ni izihe?
2. Indwara twabonye mu mwandiko zihuriye kuki?
3. Umuntu ufite ubuzima buzira umuze ashobora gukorera igihugu
ke? Sobanura.
4. Ese kumenya amazina y’indwara ni byo by’ingenzi? Sobanura.
5. Ni izihe ngaruka umuntu ahura na zo iyo yishoye mu busambanyi
akandura indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina?
6. Ni ubuhe buryo bwo kwirinda indwara zandurira mu myanyandangagitsina bwavuzwe mu mwandiko
3.3.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko “Twite ku buzima”, hanyuma usubize ibibazo
bikurikira.
1. Uyu mwandiko ugusigiye iki?
2. Ni izihe ngingo z’ingenzi zigaragara muri uyu mwandiko?
3. Huza umwandiko “Twite ku buzima” n’ubuzima busanzwe.
4. Ni iyihe nama wagira abantu batinya kwivuza indwara zanduriramu mibonano mpuzabitsina?
III.4. Inzira z’itondagura nshinga
3.4.1. Indango, ijyana n’irebero
IGIKORWA
Soma interuro zikurikira witegereza imiterere y’inshinga zitsindagiye
hanyuma ukore ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza y’itondaguranshinga,
indango, ijyana n’irebero by’inshinga.
a) Kanyana yakomeje kurererwa kwa nyirasenge.
b) Kanyana ntiyabwirizwaga kwiyitaho.
c) Rubyiruko, mwirinde gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina.Mutegereze kugeza igihe muzashingira ingo zanyu.
Inshoza y’itondanguranshinga
Itondaguranshinga ni imihindagurikire y’inshinga mu buryo n’ibihe byayo muri
ngenga zose. Inshinga itondaguye ni igaragaza ukora igikorwa, igihe agikorera
n’uburyo agikora. Muri rusange itondaguranshinga ni ukuntu inshinga ihinduraintego (uturemajambo) yihwanya n’indango, ijyana, irebero n’uburyo.
1. Indango z’inshinga
Indango ni ubwumvane buba hagati ya nyakuvuga na nyakubwirwa ku buryo
nyakuvuga aba yemeza cyangwa ahakana ingingo ikubiye mu muzi w’inshinga.Bityo rero habaho indango yemeza n’indango ihakana.
a) Indango yemeza
Ingero:
– Imitezi, mburugu n’uburagaza ni indwara zandurira mu myanya
ndagagitsina
– Kanyana aragenda.
– Teta ashuka kanyana.
b) Indango ihakana
Ingero:
– Kanyana na muneza ntibakomeje kuganira
– Kayitesi ati: “Sinshobora gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina imburagihe”.
– Ntimuzashukwe n’ababashora mu ngeso mbi.– Amubaza impamvu atishimye
2. Ijyana
Ijyana ni ukuntu inshinga itondaguye ikenera icyuzuzo cyangwa se inshinga
ntikenere icyuzuzo kugira ngo insobanuro yayo yuzure. Habaho amoko abiriy’ijyana ari yo: Ijyana nyacyuzuzo n’ijyana ndekacyuzuzo.
a) Ijyana nyacyuzuzo
Ingero:
– Kanyana yagiye ku ishuri
– Atetse inyama.– Abana barya imineke.
b) Ijyana ndekacyuzuzoIngero:
– Kanyana na Muneza basezeranyeho.
– Arasuzuzugura.– Aba banyeshuri bariyubaha.
3. Irebero
Irebero ni ukuntu inshinga itondaguye mu buryo ubu n’ubu cyangwa mu gihe iki
n’iki yumvisha ko igikorwa cyarangiye cyangwa kitararangira. Mu Kinyarwanda
habaho amoko menshi y’irebero, muri yo twavuga irebero nkomeza n’ireberonshize.
a) Irebero nkomeza
Irebero nkomeza rigaragaza ibitararangira mu gihe mvugiro. Rirangwan’imisozo -a, -aga, -ye.
Ingero:
Abanyeshuri basoma ibitabo.
basoma: ba-Ø-som-a, nta tegeko
Wasomaga ibitabo;
wasomaga: u-a-som-aga, u→w/-JUriya mugore ureba ahetse umwana; ahetse: a-Ø-hek-ye, k+y→ts
b) Irebero nshize
Irebero nshize rivuga ibyarangiye gukorwa cyangwa ibiri kuba mu gihecy’imvugiro. Iri rebero rirangwa cyanecyane n’umusozo -ye.
Ingero:
Mu gitondo natemye ibiti; natemye: n-a-tem-ye, nta tegeko.
Mu mwaka ushize abanyeshuri baratsinze; baratsinze: ba-a-ra-tsindye,a→Ø/-J, d+y→z
IMYITOZO
1. Hindura indango y’inshinga.
a) Nimwandike mutihuta
b) Umwana wararutse wamushukisha uduhendabana twonyine.
2. Tanga interuro irimo inshinga itondaguye:
a) Ijyana ndekacyuzuzo
b) Ijyana nyacyuzuzo
c) Irebero nshized) Irebero nkomeza
3.4.2. Uburyo bw’inshinga
IGIKORWA
Soma interuro zikurikira witegereza imiterere y’inshinga zitsindagiye
hanyuma ukore ubushakashatsi utahure uburyo butandukanye inshinga
itondagurwamo.
a) Kanyana yakomeje kurererwa kwa nyirasenge.
b) Kanyana ntiyabwirizwaga kwiyitaho.
c) Umwana urya neza akabaho neza azana ibimenyetso
by’ubwangavu cyangwa by’ubugimbi hakiri kare.
d) Kanyana na Muneza basezeranyeho.
Inshoza y’uburyo bw’inshinga
Uburyo ni ukuntu inshinga iba imeze. Uburyo ni ukuntu kandi inshinga igaragaza
mu ntego yayo imiterere y’ubwumvane iri hagati y’uvuga n’ubwirwa kimwe
n’uko uvuga yitwara mu magambo ye. Uburyo bw’inshinga ni ubu bukurikira:
ikirango, imbundo, integeko, inyugo, ikigombero, inyifurizo, inziganyo n’insano.
1. Ikirango
Ikirango ni uburyo budashidikanya, buvuga igikorwa (cyangwa imimerere)
k’ihame, kemeza cyangwa gihakana. Indango yemeza y’ikirango nta
karemajambo kayiranga. Indango ihakana irangwa na nti- na si- . Imisozoy’ikirango ni –a, -aga na –ye.
Ingero :
– Turiga isomo ry’ubuzima bw’imyororokere.
– Ntidutema ibiti bikiri bito.
– Ejo nasomaga inkuru isekeje.
– Sinkora ibyo bambujije.– Kanyana yagiye i Kigali gusura mubyara we Kayitesi.
2. Integeko
Integeko ni uburyo bw’inshinga butanga itegeko. Mu buryo butanga itegeko
rero habamo integeko ubwayo hakaba n’intarengwa.
Integeko: iboneka muri ngenga ya kabiri y’ubumwe ikarangwa n’uko ntandanganshinga iba igaragaza.
Iyo nta mpagike (inyibutsacyuzuzo) irimo, integeko igira umusozo –a.
Ingero:
- Vuga inshamake y’inkuru wasomye
- Andika inkuru ndende ku nsanganyamatsiko wihitiyemo.Iyo harimo impagike integeko igira umusozo –e
Ingero:
- Bivuge neza uko byagenze.
- Mwandikire ibaruwa.
Intarengwa: ni integeko ihakana ivuga ibibujijwe. Iboneka muri ngenga ya
kabiri y’ubumwe n’iy’ubwinshi. Irangwa n’akaremajambo k’impakanyi –i-
kaboneka imbere y’umuzi utangiwe n’ingombajwi n’impakanyi -i-ku- ibonekaimbere y’umuzi utangiwe n’inyajwi. Umusozo w’intarengwa uhora ari –a.
Ingero:
Wivuga inkuru utahagazeho. u-i-Ø-vug-a,
Mwishuka abangavu ku birebana n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere. mu-i-
Ø-beshy-a u→w/-J)
Wikwandika nabi ibyo wasabwe. u-i-ku- Ø-andik-a,
Mwikwambuka ngo muge mu Mujyi wa Kigali: mu-i-ku- Ø-amb-uk-au→w/-J).
3. Inyungo
Uburyo bw’inyungo ni ubuvuga igikorwa gikurika ikindi gikorwa. Mu
ndango yemeza nta karemajambo kihariye kaburanga, ariko mu ndango
ihakana burangwa n’akaremajambo –ta-. Mu ndango zombi kandi hashoboragukoreshwamo imisozo –a, -aga, -ye.
Ingero:
- Amusanga mu nzira ahagaze.- Yagiye atamuhaye ibyo guteka.
4. Imbundo
Imbundo ni uburyo bw’inshinga bukoresha indanganteko imwe ikunze kwitwa
iy’izina ryo mu nteko ya 15 (-ku-) ikagira n’umusozo -a. Uburyo bw’imbundo
buvuga igikorwa cyangwa imimerere hatagaragazwa uwo bivugwaho. Ubu
buryo buboneka mu ndango yemeza n’ihakana bushobora no kuboneka munzagihe.
Ingero: kuvuga: ku- Ø-vug-a kutavuga: ku-ta- Ø-vug-a kuzavuga: ku-za-vug-a..
5. Ikigombero
Ikigombero ni uburyo bw’inshinga buvuga igikorwa gishingiye ku kifuzo.Ikigombero kivuga igikorwa ngombwa kuko kifujwe.
Ingero:
- Namubwiye ngo avuge amakuru yakuye mu itorero.
- Nagende yihane kujya ashuka abana bato.
- Ndagira ngo utahe.
Ikigombero gitandukanye n’integeko irimo impagike kuko integeko yo ntandanganshinga iba ifite.
Ingero:
bivuge: Ø-Ø- bi-vug-e (integeko)Ubivuge: u- Ø-bi-vug-e (ikigombero)
6. Inziganyo
Inziganyo ni uburyo buvuga igikorwa kibaho habaye ikindi. Ni ukuvuga
igikorwa cyashoboka haramutse habaye ikindi gikorwa. Inziganyo itondagurwa
mu ndagihe no mu nzagihe. Inziganyo irangwa n’akaremajambo –a- imberey’umuzi utangiwe n’ingombajwi na –a-ku- imbere y’umuzi utangiwe n’inyajwi.
Ingero:
Mukoranye umwete mwakira vuba. mu-a-kir-a
Mbonye ubushobozi nakwiga. n-a-ku-ig-a u→w/-J
Ubonye umwanya wazadusura. u-a-zaa-tu-sur-a u→w/-J; t →d/-GR
Mukurikije inama z’ababyeyi ntimwahura n’ingorane. nti-mu-a-hur-aNûutaahâ ndaaza.
7. Inyifurizo
Inyifurizo ni uburyo buvuga icyo umuntu yiyifuriza cyangwa yifuriza undi
(nyakubwirwa cyangwa nyakuvugwa).
Hashobora kwifuzwa ibyiza cyangwa ibibi. Kwifuza ibibi ni ugutukana.
Inyifurizo irangwa n’uturemajambo dukurikira:
-ka-, -ra-ka-, -ra-, -oo-ka/-aa
ka. Umusozo ushobora kuba -a cyangwa -e.
Ingero
- ka-: kabyare: Ø- ka-byar-e, gaheke: Ø- ka-hek-e k →g/-GR
- ra-ka: muragakira: mu-ra-ka-kir-a k →g/-GR; murakarama: mu-ra-ka-ram-a
-ra-: muragwire: mu-ra-gwir-e
-oo-ka/-aa-ka: mwokabyara mwe: mu-oo-ka-byar-a u→w/-J;
8. InkurikizoInkurikizo ni uburyo bwumvisha igikorwa cyose gikurikira ikimaze kuvugwa.
Ingero:
- Umwana urya neza, akabaho neza azana ibimenyetso bw’ubwangavu
hakiri kare. -
- Arahinga, akavoma, agatashya.
9. Insano
Insano ari na yo nsobanuzi ni uburyo bw’inshinga burangwa no gusobanura
ikivugwa. Inshinga itondaguye muri ubu buryo ikurikira izina ry’ikintuisobanura.
Ingero:
- Umurimo dushinzwe tuwukorane umwete.- Imirima bahinga ni iyabo.
IMYITOZO
Ubaka interuro ukoresha uburyo bw’inshinga bukurikira: ikirango,
imbundo, inziganyo n’integeko.
III.5.Umwitozo w’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
Ugendeye ku nshoza no ku turango tw’inkuru ndende, himba agace k’inkuru
ndende ku nsanganyamatsiko y’ubuzima bw’imyororokere n’ubwoko
bw’inkuru wihitiyemo ku buryo uzayisomera bagenzi bawe mu ruhame. Inkuru
yawe ntirenze impapuro makumyabiri kandi ntige no munsi y’ipapuro icumi.
Kubera ko uraba uhimbye agace k’inkuru, kora ku buryo inkuru yawe undi
muntu cyangwa wowe ubwawe ushobora kuyikomeza.
Ubu nshobora:
- Gusesengura inkuru ndende ntahura isomo n’indangagaciro zirimo,
uturango twayo, ubwoko bwayo, imyubakire yayo ndetse nkagaragaza
n’ishushanyabikorwa ryayo.
- Gutahura ubuzima bw’umwanditsi w’inkuru, guhina no kwandika
inkuru ndende.
- Kubarira abandi inkuru ndende nasomye.
Kugaragaza uburyo, indango, ijyana n’irebero by’inshinga.
Ubu ndangwa:
- No kuba nakora ubushakashatsi nkaba nafata umwanya wo gusobanurira
abandi ibijyanye n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere ndetse nkayibabwira
abandi.
- Gusoma inkuru ndende nkayisesengura kandi nkabarira abandi
ibiyirimo.
Gushishikariza abandi gusoma inkuru ndende zinyuranye, kuzisesengurano kuzibara.
III.6. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa gatatu
Umwandiko: Rubyiruko twirinde
Umugabo Terimbere yabyirutse avuga ko azabyara akuzuza isi. Ugira ngo se
Terimbere yari muntu ki ko atagiraga n’urwara rwo kwishima! Yari umutindi
urya aciye inshuro, yayibura agasonza. Yabaye imbata y’akabari kuva
akigimbuka, ijisho rye ntiritane no kwifuza abagore n’abakobwa b’imuhana.
Yabyariraga abakobwa, abagore bubatse ingo, ibintu bigacika ku buryo rubanda
rwari rwaramugize urw’amenyo. Aho ashakiye imvugo ayigira ingiro, arabyara
karahava. Abana be barakura baragimbuka, bakoma inkanda ya se; ngo nta
nyana yima nyina akabara! Imvugo ya se ibamera ku munwa, uvutse wese
akaba azi ko mu mishinga ibaho uwa mbere ari ukororoka akuzuza isi.
Umukobwa we Nagahire ariko yumvaga imvugo ya se n’abavandimwe be
idakwiye kuko isi dutuye itabitwemerera; amasambu yabaye ntayo, ubutaka
bwaragundutse; mbese muri make nta bushobozi buhagije ababyeyi bafite
bwo gutunga abo babyaye ku buryo buhagije. Ababyeyi be, bene nyina, basaza
be ndetse n’abaturanyi yahoraga iteka abashishikariza kumenya ubuzima
bw’imyororokere, kuringaniza urubyaro no kubyara abo bashoboye kurera
nyamara ugasanga aracurangira abahetsi.
Nagahire yari afite ubumenyi ku buzima bw’imyororokere, akamenya
kwitwararika. Yari yifitemo kandi impano yo gukangurira abantu b’ingeri zose
abana, ingimbi, abangavu, abasore n’inkumi, abagore b’amajigija, abagabo
b’ibikwerere, abasaza n’abakecuru, uko bagomba kwitwara ngo birinde indwara
zandurira mu myanya ndangagitsina nka Sida, imitezi, mburugu, uburagaza
n’izindi.
Abavandimwe ba Nagahire ntibumviraga inama ze na mba. Bavugaga ko Sida
ari indwara nk’izindi. Ibyo byatumye bamwe muri bo bayandura, irabakenesha,
irabahemuza, ibatesha agaciro, bafumbira umunaba bakiri bato. Abari basigaye
na bo utaretse na se Terimbere, bari ba nyakwigendera. Ntibari bakibona
n’imirondorondo y’ibijumba ngo babeshye mu nda. Abari baraboroje inka na
bo bari barazisubije kubera ko batari bafite imbaraga zo kuzahirira ubwatsi.
Nagahire yarebaga ibyo byose bikamushavuza. Yigaga bimugoye ariko agashyiraho
umwete. Yaharaniraga kunguka ubumenyi buhagije mu bijyanye n’ubuzima
bw’imyororokere no kuzahugura abantu benshi bashoboka haba mu gihugu ke
ndetse no hanze yacyo.
Inzozi ze yarazikabije kuko bidatinze yabonye impamyabumenyi mu bijyanye
n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere. Nyuma y’igihe gito yatangiye kujya atanga ibiganiro
mu mahugurwa yo ku byerekeye ubuzima. Ikiganiro cya mbere yagitanze mu
mahugurwa y’urubyiruko rwiga mu mashuri yisumbuye. Dore ibyo yabaganirije:
“Tubanze twimenye, tumenye ibice bigize umubiri wacu n’imikorere yabyo,
uko umubiri ushobora kwivumbura mu kigero runaka umuhungu akaniga
ijwi, akaba yatangira kwiroteraho ari cyo kimenyetso kigaragaza ko yaterera
inda imburagihe, akaba yamera ubwanwa, impwempwe, inshakwaha, agasesa
ibishishi, n’ibindi. Imihindagurikire y’umubiri w’umukobwa na yo igaragazwa no
kumera amabere, kubyibuha amatako n’ikibuno, kugira ibishishi mu maso, kujya
mu mihango ari na cyo kimenyetso kigaragaza ko ashobora gusama igihe akoze
imibonano mpuzabitsina idakingiye. Mu gihe rero abakobwa n’abahungu babonye
ibimenyetso nk’ibi by’imihindagurikire y’ubuzima bwabo, bagomba kumenya ko
ari ibimenyetso by’ubukure, bakirinda ibyateza ingaruka ku buzima bwabo. Uzi
gutangira kuzuza inshingano z’abakuru uri umwana! Uzi guhaha, gutanga indezo ku
mwana wabyaye kandi nta rwara rwo kwishima wigirira? Iyo noneho wishoye mu
mibonano mpuzabitsina nta gakingirizo, dore ngo Sida iragukacanga. Iyi ndwara
ntikangwa ngo uri iki, ngo usengera aha, ngo wize ibi, ngo ukora aha; abantu
batitwararika ngo bamenye kwirinda, irabakukumba ikababika iyo ngiyo, igihe
cyagera bakazima.”
Mu gusoza, Nagahire yaragize ati: “Mucyo rubyiruko twirinde kwiyandarika
turangwe no kwifata. Kurya utw’ubusa, kwifuza ibyo tudafitiye ubushobozi,
kurarikira iby’abandi tukonona imibiri yacu tubizinukwe. Bana b’i Rwanda
twitegure kuba inkumburwa n’inyamibwa, tugendere ku ndangagaciro z’umuconyarwanda.
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Abana be barakura baragimbuka, bakoma inkanda ya se. Sobanura
ugendeye ku bivugwa mu mwandiko?
2. Rondora indwara zivugwa mu mwandiko zandurira mu mibonano
mpuzabitsina idakingiye.
3. Ni iki kigaragaza ko abavandimwe ba Nagahire batigeze bakurikiza inama
yabagiraga?
4. Garagaza ibimenyetso biranga ubwangavu n’ubugimbi.
5. Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko yavuzweho muri iyi nkuru?
6. Vuga ingingo z’ingenzi ziboneka muri uyu mwandiko.
7. Uretse kwandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsinda ni hehe handi uzi indwaraya Sida ishobora kwandurira?
II. Ibibazo by’inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura amagambo cyangwa itsinda ry’amagambo akurikira ukurIkije uko
yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko:
a) Bakoma inkanda
b) Gucurangira abahetsi
c) Imirondorondo y’ibijumba
d) Koroza.
2. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro yumvikanisha inyito afite mu
mwandiko:
a) Kugimbuka
b) Imbata
c) Guca inshuro
d) Kugunduka
e) Gukukumba
3. Simbuza ijambo cyangwa itsinda ry’amagambo atsindagiye yakoreshejwe
mu mwandiko impuzanyito zayo.
a) Abantu bapfuye bafumbiye umunaba bishwe na Sida ni benshi.
b) Uzi kurera umwana nta rwara rwo kwishima wigirira?
c) Kamana ntakibona umusaruro uhagije kubera ko ubutaka bwebwagundutse.
2. Sobanura mu magambo make inkuru ndende icyo ari cyo.
3. Rondora ibiranga inkuru ndende.
4. Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati y’inkuru ngufi n’inkuru ndende?
IV. Ibibizo by’ikibonezamvugo
1. Uburyo bushidikanya bugizwe n’iki? Burondore ugenda unatanga
urugero mu nteruro iboneye.
2. Kora interuro ebyiri ziboneye, imwe ifite inshinga iri mu ijyana
nyacyuzuzo irebero nkomeza, indi ifite ijyana ndekacyuzuzo irebero nshize.UMUTWE 4: KUBAKA UMUCO W’AMAHORO
UBUSHOBOZI BW’INGENZI BUGAMIJWE
-Gusesengura umwandiko ku ntandaro n’ingaruka z’amakimbirane
agaragaza ingingo ry’ingenzi ziwukubiyemo.-Gusesengura inshinga agaragaza intêgo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi.
IGIKORWA CY’UMWINJIZO
Ushingiye ku bumenyi bwawe bwite, sobanura amakimbirane icyo ari
cyo, uko avuka, ingaruka zayo n’abagira uruhare mu kuyakumira nokuyakemura.
IV.1. Umwandiko: Intandaro n’ingaruka z’amakimbirane
Abahanga basobanura neza ko amakimbirane ari ibintu bigonganisha abantu
babiri cyangwa benshi bikomotse ku bibazo cyangwa se ku mpamvu zinyuranye.
Amakimbirane ashobora kuvuka bitewe n’imiyoborere idahwitse, amacakubiri
hagati y’imbaga y’abantu, imyumvire ya poritiki idahuye n’ibitekerezo
by’abandi, kutizerana mu ngo cyangwa mu miryango. Byagiye bigaragara
ko ubunebwe, ubukene, ubujiji, inda nini na ruswa bishobora na byo kuba
intandaro y’amakimbirane. Imiturire mibi, ihohoterwa rya bamwe, abana
batiga na bo bashobora kuba intandaro y’amakimbirane…
Amakimbirane agira uko akemurwa. Ahari abagabo ntihapfa abandi. Igihe cyose
hagaragaye amakimbirane, ni ngombwa kwihutira kuyakemura agahigama.
Ni ngombwa gukemura amakimbirane mu maguru mashya kuko arasenya
ntiyubaka.
Mu gukemura amakimbirane hari iby’ingenzi bigomba kwitabwaho. Mbere
na mbere umuhuza mu gukemura amakimbirane agomba kumenya imiterere
n’imvano nyakuri y’ayo makimbirane, iyo iki kirangiye ahuza abafitanye
amakimbirane akabunga yubahiriza amategeko ariho, ibinaniranye
bigashyikirizwa inzego zisumbuye zibifitiye ububasha.
Amakimbirane adacika, y’akarande arasenya, yangiza byinshi. Igihe cyose abantu
batarashobora gusenya inkuta zibatandukanya, zituma badaca iminyururu
ibaziritse ngo basenyere umugozi umwe, nta na rimwe bashobora kugera
ku majyambere arambye. Abantu bakwiye kuba umusemburo w’amahoro
bamwe ku bandi, bakibyaramo umuco uhinduka, uhindukirira abandi, wubaha
uburenganzira bw’abandi n’ibyakagombye kubakorerwa.
Guhohotera bishyirwa mu bintu bishobora gukurura amakimbirane. Uzasanga
ihohotera ryigaragariza mu buryo bukurikira: kurwana, gufata ku ngufu, kwica,
kubabazanya, gushinyagurirana, gutongana, kubeshya, kunegurana, kujoga,
kumwaza, gusuzugura, kwima abandi ijambo, kurimanganya, n’ibindi. Nk’uko
bigaragara ihohotera rishobora kuboneka mu bikorwa, mu magambo cyangwa
mu myifatire.
Hari ibigomba kuranga imyitwarire y’ukemura amakimbirane. Uwunga
cyangwa uhuza abafitanye ibibazo agomba kutabogama akereka abo ashaka
gukiranura ko nta ruhande ahengamiyeho. Agomba kuba ari inyangamugayo,
agira ibanga, azi kubika icyo yabwiwe ntakibwire abahisi n’abagenzi. Gutega
amatwi no kumva ni ngombwa kuko ukiranura abahanganye agomba
kubatega amatwi kugira ngo aze kumenya neza aho umuti w’ikibazo ushobora
guturuka, bityo bikamuha uburyo bwo kubayobora no kubona aho yerekeza
abakimbiranye. Umuhuza w’abantu bafitanye amakimbirane agomba kumenya
kuyobora igikorwa. Ibi ntibivuze gutegekana igitugu cyangwa kubuza abantu
kuvuga. Agomba guha umurongo igikorwa kugira ngo bitaba akajagari cyangwa
se ngo usange bikunyujije iruhande rw’aho wari gukura igisubizo.
Kwihangana no kwigomwa, kuba afitiwe ikizere n’impande zishyamiranye
kimwe no kumenya kugena igihe gihagije kandi kitarambiranye biri mu biranga
imyitwarire y’ukemura amakimbirane.
Amakimbirane nta kiza cyayo. Ahembera ubwicanyi, abapfa imitungo, imirima
n’amasambu bararwana, bamwe bagafungwa imiryango bari bahagarariye
igasubira inyuma mu iterambere. Abakoresha amahugu no kwambura
abavandimwe babo bitwaje ubukene n’inda nini bisenya Igihugu. Hari kandi
ubuhemu bukabije mu bantu; kutishyura uwakugurije, gusenya ingo za
rubanda…
Ibibazo bimwe abaturage bahura na byo ntibibonerwa umuti kubera uruhare
abayobozi bamwe na bamwe baba bafite muri ayo makimbirane. Abayobozi
bamwe bashyira imbere inyungu zabo bwite aho kwita ku kazi bashinzwe,
hari abakoresha ikenewabo cyangwa ikimenyane n’ubucuti, bakirengagiza
cyangwa bagatinda gufatira ibyemezo abayobozi barenganya abaturage. Hari
n’abayobozi banga kwiteranya cyangwa kutita ku bintu, abashaka kugora no
kumvisha abo batavuga rumwe, abarangwaho ubushobozi buke n’abaka ruswa
bashaka kubogama, ni ngombwa gukeburwa bakagirwa inama.
Amakimbirane agira ingaruka ku mutekano no ku bwiyunge. Kugira
umutekano ni ukwidagadura mu byawe hamwe n’abawe nawe utabangamira
uburenganzira bw’abandi. Ikindi ni uko kugira umutekano bivuze kubona
amategeko abereyeho kurenganura abantu bose bafite ibibazo harimo
n’amakimbirane. Ikibazo cyari hagati y’abavandimwe iyo kivugutiwe umuti
impande zombi zikawunywa ntubasharirire, bakegerana bagasangira nta
kiza nk’iki. Kutarenganura abarengana bibyara umwiryane, inzika zikurura
gushaka guhora. Akazi k’ubutabera kagaragarira ahangaha. Abahanga bemeza
ko demukarasi y’Igihugu kigendera ku mategeko igaragarira mu ishyirwa mu
bikorwa ry’ibyo amategeko ateganya.
Amakimbirane agira ingaruka ku mibereho y’ababaturage no ku bukungu
bw’akarere.
Abaturage bahora mu makimbirane ntibagira igihe cyo gukorera ingo zabo
n’Igihugu. Kugirira ikizere abayobozi babo bibaba kure nk’inyenyeri n’ukwezi,
bityo bikabadindiza ntibitabire ibikorwa rusange bigamije amajyambere
y’Akarere. Igihe ibibazo by’abaturage bidakemuwe, igihe hari umuturage
ukirenganywa cyangwa ugikandamizwa, ubukene ntibuzabura mu miryangokandi amajyambere agambiriwe ntazagerwaho.
4.1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Soma umwandiko “Intandaro n’ingaruka z’amakimbirane” ushakemo
amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije inyito afite
mu mwandiko wifashishije inkoranyamagambo.
IMYITOZO
1. Kora interuro ngufi ukoresheje amagambo akurikira: gusiragira,
gukimbirana.
2. Simbuza ijambo (amagambo) ryanditse mu mukara tsiri, irindi
bivuga kimwe riri mu mwandiko.
a) Uru rubanza rwabaye inkomoko y’urwango hagati ya Kamana ni
Barigira.
b)Ejo Kamana yibwe n’agatotsi arasinzira maze abazura bamwiba
ibikoresho by’ubwubatsi.
c) Mukamusoni yahawe inka yo kurera umwana yabyaranye na
Rwubusisi
3. Andika imbusane y’ijambo ryanditse mu mukara tsiri urikuye mu
mwandiko:
a) Uyu ni wa mugabo wahisemo kwitwa bihemu.
b) Ibi byabaye byabaye iherezo by’amakimbirane.
4. Uzuzurisha buri nteruro ijagambo rivuye mu mwandiko.
a) Aba bagabo bakeneye …….. kugira ngo amakimbirane yabo ahoshe.
b) Bwa butegetsi bwa Hitler bwari ubutegetsi bw’……. kuko
bwarenganyaga abantu.
IMYITOZO
4.1.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko “Intandaro n’ingaruka z’amakimbirane”
maze usubize ibibazo byawubajijweho.
1. Tanga ingero z’ubwoko bw’ibibazo by’ingenzi biboneka mu
makimbirane
2. Andika inkomoko z’amakimbirane.
3. Tanga uburyo bujyanye n’ingero, ihohotera ryigaragarizamo.
4. Sobanura uburyo amakimbirane ashobora gukemurwamo.
5. Ni izihe ndangagaciro zigomba kuranga ukemura amakimbirane.
6. Ni izihe mpamvu zishobora kubangamira ikemurwa ry’amakimbirane?
4.1.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko “Intandaro n’ingaruka z’amakimbirane”
maze usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Vuga ingingo z’ingenzi ziri muri uyu mwandiko.
2. Uyu mwandiko ugusigiye irihe somo?
3. Mu banyeshuri bamuyeshuri mwigana, mu bana muturanye, hari
abigeze kugirana amakimbirane? niba bahari amakimbirane
yatewe niki
4. Umaze kumenya ingaruka z’amakimbirane. Uramutse asanze
bagenzi bawe mwigana bagiranye amakimbirane wakora iki?
IV. 2. Inshinga: Uturemajambo tw’ibanze tw’inshinga
4.2.1. Uturemajambo tw’inshinga iri mu mbundo
n’utw’inshinga itondaguye
IGIKORWA
Soma interuro zikurikira witegereza amagambo atsindagiye hanyuma
ugaragaze intego z’ayo magambo atsindagiye. Hera ku ntego z’ayo
magambo maze ukore ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza y’ uturemajambo
tw’ibanze tw’inshinga iri mu mbondo n’uturemajambo tw’ibanze
tw’inshinga itondaguye.
a) Amakimbirane ashobora kuvuka bitewe n’imiyoborere mibi.
b) Duhange imishinga, turwanye amakimbirane.
c) Nitubana mu mahoro, tuzagera ku iterambere rirambye.
1. Uturemajambo tw’inshinga iri mu mbundo
Uturemajambo fatizo tw’inshinga iri mu mbundo ni dutatu :
-Indanganshinga (Rsh)
-Umuzi (z)
-Umusozo (sz)
a) Indanganshinga (RSH)
Indanganshinga ni akaremajambo k’inshinga itondaguye kerekana ngenga
ibereye inshinga ruhamwa. Ni ko kagaragaza isano ruhamwa ifitanye n’inshinga.
Aka karemajambo kaba gahagarariye ukora igikorwa mu nshinga.
Indanganshinga ni makumyabiri (20): indanganshinnga enye (4) zo muri ngenga
ya mbere n’iya kabiri ubumwe n’ubwinshi n’indanganshinga cumi n’esheshatu
(16) zo muri ngenga ya gatatu zihagarariye inteko cumi n’esheshatu (16).
Ikitonderwa:
a) Indanganshinga ya ngenga ya mbere ikoreshwa iyo umuntu yivuga ubwe
cyangwa abantu bivuga ubwabo.
b) Ngenga ya kabiri ikoreshwa iyo umuntu abwira undi cyangwa abandi.
c) Ngenga ya gatatu ikoreshwa iyo umuntu avuga undi cyangwa abandi,
ikindi cyangwa ibindi bintu ikaba yisanisha mu nteko 16.
d) Mu nteko ya 12 n’iya 14 hari indanganshinga ariko mu by’ukuri zidasimburaijambo ryo muri izo nteko.
Urugero: karabaye, karahanyuze, burakeye...
b) Indangagihe (Rgh)
Indangagihe ni akaremajambo gakurikira indanganshinga kakagaragaza igihe
inshinga itondaguwemo. Indangagihe ni: -ø-: iranga indagihe, -za-: irangainzagihe na -a-(â, aa): igaragaza impitagihe
Ingero:
- Agenda: a- ø-gend-a
- Azagenda: a-za-gend-a
- Yagiye: (uyu munsi) a-a-gi-ye, (ejo) a-a-gi-ye, (wa mwana) a-aa-gi-ye a →y
/-J
Iyo indangagihe itagaragaye mu nshinga isimbuzwa -ø- kubera ko indangagihe
ari akaremajambo fatizo k’inshinga itondaguye.
Usibye izi ngenantego ndangagihe hari hari utundi turemajambbo dushobora
kugaragara mu nshinga dufite ibindi bisobanuro binyuranye nko guhakana,kugaragaza igikorwa gikomeza, kugaragaza ibikorwa bikurikirana …
Ingero :
-ta- : utagenda
-ki- : akigenda
-o-ka- : wokagenda
-ra-: aragenda
-na-: anagenda
-i-ku-: wikwanga
-ka-: akagenda
-i-: wigenda
-e-ku-: yekwiba
-ka-na-: akanagenda-ra-ki-a-: aracyagenda
Ikitonderwa:- Utwo turemajambo dushobora guhurira mu nshinga imwe zirenze imwe.
Urugero:
Utazagenda: u-ta-za-gend-a,
Ataragenda: a-ta-ra-gend-a
Aracyanagenda: a-ra-ki-a-na-gend-a- Uturemajambo –i-, -ta-, -e-ku-, -i-ku- zifite inyito yo guhakana mu nshinga.- Akaremajambo -na- ni akaremajambo k’inyibutsacyungo mu nshinga kunga
ibikorwa bibiri.
Urugero: Barabiterura baranabijyana.
c) Umuzi
Umuzi ni akaremajambo shingiro k’ijambo rikenera umusozo. Ni wo shingiro
ry’inyito y’ijambo. Umuzi ushobora kuba wihagije cyangwa utihagije. Umuzi
wihagije ni ushobora gukoreshwa udakurikiwe n’ingereka kugira ngo inyito
yawo ibone kuzura. Umuzi utihagije ni ugomba gukenera ingereka kugira ngo
inyito yawo ibone kuzura. Ni bene uwo muzi bita intima. Bene iyo mizi itihagije
tuzayibona nidusesengura akaremajambo kitwa ingereka mu turemajambo
tw’inyongera.
Kugira ngo ubone umuzi w’inshinga ifite imigemo irenze ibiri, utondagura
inshinga mu buryo bw’integeko ugakuraho umusozo.
Ingero:
gukora: kor-a
guteka; tek-a
kwiga: ig-a…
Ikitonderwa:
Hari inshinga cumi n’esheshatu (16) zifite imizi y’imvugwarimwe. Iyo
bene izo nshinga zishakirwa imizi bazitondagura mu mpitakare muringenga ya gatatu y’ubumwe bagakuraho indangagihe n’umusozo – ye.
- Hari inshinga zifite imigemo ibiri ariko zikora nk’inshinga zirengejeimigemo ibiri.
Muri zo twavuga inshinga “gusa” n’inshinga “kuza”. Umuzi w’inshinga gusa ni–s igira impindurantego ya -shush- naho umuzi w’inshinga kuza ni -z-.
d) Umusozo
Umusozo w’inshinga ni akaremajambo gasoza inshinga kakagaragaza irebero
ryayo.
Nk’uko twabibonye mu itondaguranshinga, irebero rivuga imitindire y’igikorwa,
imikorerwe cyangwa imirangirire yacyo. Imisozo y’inshinga imwe igaragazairebero nkomeza, indi ikagaragaza irebero nshize.
Imisozo igaragaza irebero nshize
Iyo misozo ni –e na –ye. Iyi misozo igaragaza igikorwa cyarangiye cyangwa
ikigomba kurangira.
Umusozo –eUmusozo –e ukunze kugaragara cyane mu ntegeko no mu nziganyo.
Ingero:
Mukore: mu-ø-kor-e
Mvuge: n-ø-vug-e (n→m/-v)
Nige: n-ø-ig-e
Azagende: a-za-gend-eAtahe: a-ø-tah-e
IMYITOZO
1. Uturemajambo tw’ibanze tw’inshinga itondaguye ni tungahe?
Tuvuge
2. Vuga amoko y’imisozo n’ibikorwa igaragaza mu nshinga.
3. Sesengura inshinga zitsindagiye ziri mu nteruro zikurikira
ugaragaza amazina y’uturemajambo.
a) Umurisa yashakaga kunga ababyeyi be n’umuturanyi wabo mu
buryo bwo kwirinda amakimbirane.
b) Kaneza yasobanuje mama we ibyerekeranye n’ ubumwe
n’ubwiyunge.
c) Urubyiruko rwize uburyo bwo guhosha amakimbirane.d) Kutavuga ukuri byakuruye amakimbirane mu rungo rwabo.
4.2.2. Amategeko y’igenamajwi akoreshwa ku nshigaIGIKORWA
Soma interuro zikurikira maze ugaragaze uturemajambo tw’inshinga
zitsindagiye. Umaze kubona uturemajambo, tahura amategeko
y’igenamajwi yakoreshejwe kugira ngo tugire inshinga nk’uko tuyifite.
Hera kuri ayo mategeko y’igenamajwi maze ukore ubushakashatsi
utahure amategeko y’igenamajwi ajyanye n’umusozo -e, ajyanyen’umusozo -ye, ajyanye n’umusoza -aga n’ ajyanye n’umusozo –a.
a) Yakoze akazi ke neza.
b) Urye ibirayi.
c) Mu muco nyarwanda bakwaga inka.
d) Kabanyana asya amasaka ku rusyo.
1. Amategeko y’igenamajwi akoreshwa ku musozo –e
Amategeko y’igenamajwi akoreshwa n’inshinga ni kimwe n’akoreshwa ku
bundi bwoko bw’amagambo nk’amazina ariko hari umwihariko inshinga zigira
bitewe n’imisozo yazo.
Amategeko y’igenamajwi ajyana n’umusozo -e ni ayo ku nshinga zifite imizi
y’imvugwarimwe ari zo kuba, guca, kujya, kugwa, guha, gusya, gucya, gukwa,kumwa, kunywa, kunnya, gupfa, kurya, gusya, guta no kuva.
2. Amategeko y’igenamajwi akoreshwa ku musozo –ye
Umusozo –ye ugaragaza igikorwa cyarangiye ni na yo mpamvu ugaragara mu
nshinga zitondaguye mu mpitagihe (impitakare n’impitakera).
Ingero:
Narize: n-a-ra-ig-ye (a→ø/-J, g+y→z)
Dukoze: tu- ø-kor-ye (t→d/-GR, r+y→z)(Inka) yarabiriye: i-a-ra-bi-ri-ye (i→y/-J)
3. Amategeko y’igenamajwi akoreshwa ku musozo –a
Umusozo –a ugaragaza ko igikorwa kigikomeza cyangwa ko kitaraba kikaba
kizaba. Umusozo a ukoreshwa cyane mu ndagihe, mu nyifurizo, mu ntegeko nomu nzagihe.
Ingero:
Mvuga: n-ø-vug-a n→m/-v
Ndakora: n-ra-kor-a r→d/n
Nzakora: n-za-kor-a
Mpa (ikaye): ø- ø-n-ha-a n→m/-h, mh→mp mu myandikire, a→ø/-J
Akivuga: a-ki-vug-aMurakarama: mu-ra ka-ram-a
4. Amategeko y’igenamajwi akoreshwa ku musozo –aga
Umusozo –aga ugaragaza igikorwa cyakorwaga mu gihe kirekire mu gihecyashize; ugaragaza akamenyero mu gihe cyahise.
Ingero:
Narakoraga: n-a-ra-kor-aga
Yarigaga: a-a-ra-ig-aga (i→ y/-J, a→ ø/-J)
Narasyaga : n-a-ra-se-aga (e→ y/-J)
Naravugaga: n-a-ra-vug-aga
Narandikaga: n-a-ra-andik-aga (a→ ø/-J)Nabonaga: n-a-bon-aga…
IMYITOZO
Sesengura inshinga zitsindagiye ziri mu nteruro zikurikira ugaragaza
uturemajambo twazo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi.
a) Abe inyanngamugayo.
b) Kamana yatetse ibiryo byinshi none byanze gushira.
c) Abana baryaga ibiryo bifite intungamubiri.d) Tuzage twanga amakimbirane.
Mahoro ni umwana w’umukobwa uri mu kigero k’imyaka cumi n’ine. Uyu
mukobwa afite ubwiza bw’umubiri n’ubwiza bw’umutima, yubaha abasaza,
abakecuru n’abakambwe ataretse abo aruta n’abamuri imbere mu kigero
ke. Mahoro ahora atuje, aho anyuze hose bakavuga ngo: “Dore wa mukobwa
wa naka.” Umubyeyi wese ushaka gutanga urugero rw’umukobwa ubereye u
Rwanda avuga Mahoro. Uyu mukobwa yiga mu mwaka wa kabiri w’amashuri
yisumbuye, ni umuhanga kandi ubuhanga bwe abusangiza bagenzi be abafasha
kumva amasomo bamwe batasobanukiwe.
Umunsi umwe atashye avuye ku ishuri, Mahoro ahura n’umuhungu utuye
hakurya y’iwabo wigize ikiraramisagara unywa urumogi n’ibiyoga by’ibikora
no kandi w’umunyarugomo bahimbye Goriyati kuko yabyirukanye ikivumba
n’imbaraga. Goriyati atangira kumuganiriza.
Goriyati (asuhuze Mahoro): Komera Maho!
Mahoro (yikirize): Komera nawe! Amakuru y’iminsi?
Goriyati: Ni meza, ariko kwiga byo byanteye ku butaka, ababyeyi barananiye.
Mahoro: Muvandimwe, nge mbona icyabiguteye ari ukuryoherwa no gukorera
amafaranga no gukunda akayoga. Goriya, guta ishuri ni umuziro mu kinyejana
tugezemo. Utiga ubu azabaho ate? Kera abapfobyaga uburezi baravugaga ngo:
“Umurimo ni uguhinga ibindi ni amahirwe!” Ubu nta masambu, nta zahabu
zindi dufite zitari ukugana ishuri, tukiga dushishikaye.
Goriyati: Wowe urivugira ntuzi ibibazo nahuye na byo! Iwacu baranywa
bagasinda bakarara barwana bwacya bakambuza kujya kwiga bakanyima
n’ibikoresho by’ishuri. None nahisemo kurireka. Nge nzashakisha ubundi
buzima ibyo kwiga ashwi! Ahubwo reka twigire mu bindi.
Mahoro: Ibindi bihe se ko iki kiganiro cyari ingenzi, waretse ngakomeza
kuguhanura.
Goriyati: Reka mwana! Sinakomeza kuganira nawe ntabanje kukubwira uko
nakubonye. Uri ihoho, uri ihogoza… Burya iyo ugenda abo unyuzeho bose
bagira amerwe bifuza kukumira bunguri! Abenshi bakuziho kuribora kugera
aho ubugondo bugera ingwe. Ikindi, dore watangiye gusesa uruheri mu maso
kandi nta muganga wundi waguha urukingo cyangwa umuti uretse nge!
Mahoro: Mwana wa mama, niba ugenzwa n’ayo magambo yuzuyemo uburyarya
n’ubutamenya, nta cyo bizakugezaho. Iby’ibiheri mfite mu maso ikibitera ndakizi
ni imihindagurikire y’umubiri w’umuntu; twabyize mu isomo ry’Ibinyabuzima.
Naho ubwiza uvuga ntibunaribwa, kandi wanahiriwe ukagira ubwo bwiza
ntiwakwigira indakoreka cyangwa ngo wishing abadafite ibitekerezo byubaka
n’umurongo w’ikerekezo kiza k’ejo hazaza.
Goriyati (yegere gato Mahoro): Nge ibyo by’ibyerekezo sinzi iyo bigana,
ahubwo reka nkubwire. (ase numwegera, amwongorera) Nakwifuje kuva kera
none nagira ngo ungerere ku ngingo disi hogoza ryange!
Mahoro (asa n’ukutse umutima, yirasa ajya imbere nk’umwambi atabaza):
Murantabare Mwokagira Imana mwe, murankize iki kirara! (Mahoro afumyamo,
umuhungu amwoma inyuma, uwo mwana w’umukobwa yigiye imbere ahura
n’abaporisi bari mu kazi ko gucunga umutekano, baramutangira, bamusobanuza
impamvu yirukaga amasigamana.)
Abaporisi (base n’abikanze gato): Eee! Mukobwa, genda buhoro, hagarara,
shyitsa umutima hamwe, tuza nkubwire.
Mahoro (akijya gutangira kuvuga abona cya kirara ngicyo, avugana ijwi
rirenga): Dore unyirukankana, muramenye atabacika!Abaporisi: Eee! Hagarara sha!
Mahoro: Ahuuu! Nari mfuye, murakoze rwose. Uyu muhungu yashakaga
kumfata ku ngufu.
Abaporisi: None se sha, iyi ngeso wayize ryari? Wa muhungu we ntuzi ko ibintu
birebana n’ihohoterwa iryo ari ryo ryose bihanirwa?
Goriyati: Ndabinginze bantu b’Imana kandi ndasaba imbabazi mbikuye ku
mutima, sinzongera. (Ba baporisi bahite bashaka umukuru w’umudugudu
bakoranya abaturage bakorana na bo inama y’igitaraganya.)
Umuporisi: Baturage b’Umudugudu wa Butangampundu, tuzi ko muri
inyangamugayo ndetse n’igihe cyose tumaranye twashimaga ikinyabupfura
mwatoje abana banyu, none nimutubwire, ibirura nka Goriyati uyu ni mwe
bivukamo?
Umuturage: (ahaguruke asubize): Uwo ni mwene Nyarudindiri hakurya hano,
turamuzi. N’ababyeyi b’uyu muhungu si shyashya. Imyitwarire n’imibanire mibi
byabo ni byo bimutera kwishora mu bikorwa by’urugomo.
Umuporisi: Baturage, mumenye ko ihohoterwa ari ibikorwa cyangwa
imyitwarire bigamije kugirira umuntu nabi byaba ibishingiye ku gitsina, ku
bitekerezo (guhoza ku nkeke) no ku mutungo. Ikiremwa muntu kigomba
kubahwa, buri muntu agahabwa agaciro. Muri iki kinyejana cy’umuvuduko
w’ikoranabuhanga n’iterambere, abari bakimitse ya mvugo ngo: “Igitsina gore
ni insina ngufi”, bayicikeho.
Goriyati: (avuga atakamba, asaba imbabazi): Imbere y’iyi mbaga, ndatakamba
nsaba imbabazi Mahoro namwe babyeyi. Ingeso nk’iyo nari ngiye gukinisha
mpohotera Mahoro, niyemeje kutazongera guhirahira nyisubira.
Umuporisi: Baturage, gusaba imbabazi birakwiye, reka tubyemere, ariko
se uzisabwa we ntitwamutega amatwi? (Umuporisi abaze Mahoro) Maho,ushobora kubabarira Goriyati?
Mahoro: (atwenga): Ndamubabariye, ntazongere gushaka gukoza isoni uwitwa
igitsina gore ndetse n’undi wese kandi bibe ubwa mbere n’ubwa nyuma.
Umuturage: (bavugire rimwe ari benshi): Ugaruye ubumuntu sha! Kuba usabye
imbabazi ni ubutwari, uramenye ntuzongere nyagucwa ibintu byarahindutse!
Mahoro na we igihe cyose ubonye uwashaka kuguhohotera ntugomba
kubiceceka; byaba ngombwa bikabwirwa inzego z’ubuyobozi zibishinzwe,icyaha kigahanwa hakurikijwe uko amategeko abiteganya.
Umuporisi: (basoza inama): Baturage, turabibutsa ko Abanyarwanda twese
aho tuva tukagera tugomba kurangwa n’umuco mwiza w’amahoro. Uwo
mubonye ahirahira kugira uwo ahohotera mugatangira amakuru ku gihe.
Mugomba kwatura mukabimenyesha inzego zibishinzwe amazi atarenga
inkombe. Ni ngombwa kandi kwirinda ibiyobyabwenge no gukura abana
mu ishuri, mukirinda amakimbirane kuko ari bimwe mu bitera ihohoterwa.
Nimugire amahoro kandi muyasohoze n’imuhira, murakoze. (Bose bishimyebasezeranaho barataha.)
4.3.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Soma umwandiko “Yahabaye intwari”, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe
hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko wifashishijeinkoranyamagambo.
IMYITOZO
1.Simbuza amagambo atsindagiye ari muri izi nteruro andi
bihuje inyito dusanga mu mwandiko.
a) Ubwangavu bwateye Mahoro gusesa ibishishi mu maso.
b) Mahoro yashakaga gukomeza kugira inama Goriyati.
c) Yewe! Kwiga bisa n’aho byananiye burundu.d) Uyu muvandimwe umira adakanjakanje afite ikibazo cy’amenyo.
2. Uzurisha izi nteruro amagambo ukuye mu mwandiko
a) Uwariboye cyane bavuga ko yariboye kugera......
b) Iyo bashaka kuvuga umuntu w’ihoho, mwiza cyane bavuga ko
ari.......
c) Iyo umuntu agiye gusagarirwa afatwa ku ngufu bavuga ko agiyegukorerwa ihohoterwa.......
4.3.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko “Yahabaye intwari”, hanyuma usubize ibibazo
byabajijweho.
1. Tanga impamvu yatumye Goriyati ata ishuri.
2. Amagambo Goriyati abwira Mahoro ko ari wo muti w’ibishishi
afite ishingiro? Sobanura.
3. Ni iki kerekana ko Mahoro ari umukobwa wihagazeho mu ishuri
no mu muryango nyarwanda?
4. Sobanura ihohoterwa icyo ari cyo, unagaragaze ibiritera bivugwa
mu mwandiko.
5. Abaporisi bafite nshingano ki muri rusange?
6. Erekana igikorwa kibi Goriyati yakoze uvuge n’ikindi kiza yajegukora nyuma.
4.3.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko “Yahabaye intwari”, hanyuma usubize ibibazo
byabajijweho.
1. Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko ivugwa mu mwandiko?
2. Tanga ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz‘ingereka usanga mu mwandiko.
3. Uhereye ku mateka, sobanura ibindi bikorwa ndengakamere
by’ihohoterwa byabaye mu Rwanda.4. Uyu mwandiko ugusigiye irihe somo?
IV.4. Inshinga : Uturemajambo tw’inshinga twungirije
4.4. 1. Akano, impakanyi n’indangacyuzuzo
IGIKORWA
Soma interuro zikurikira witegereza amagambo atsindagiye hanyuma
ugaragaze intego z’ayo magambo atsindagiye. Hera ku ntego z’ayo
magambo maze ukore ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza n’ubwoko
by’uturemajambo tw’inshinga twugirije ni ukuvuga uturemajambo
tutari indanganshinga, indangagihe, umuzi n’umusozo. Sobanura utwo
turemajambo, utanga ingero z’inshinga turimo.
a) Nimushyire ibitabo by’inkuru ndende kuko akunda kubisoma.
b) Ntidukore nabi mutabura ibihembo byanyu.
1. Inshoza y’uturemajambo twungirije
Uturemajambo twungirije ni uturemajambo dushobora kugaragara mu nshinga
iyo bibaye ngomwa kugira ngo tuyihindurire inyito. Bene utwo turemajambo
iyo tutagaragaye ntidusimbuzwa umubumbabusa (ø).
2. Ubwoko bw’uturemajambo twungirije
Uturemajambo twungirije ni akano, impakanyi, indangacyuzuzo n’ingereka.Muri iri somo turibada ku kano, ku mpakanyi no ku ndangacyuzuzo.
a) Akano (KN/TN)
Akano ni akaremajambo kaza imbere y’indanganshinga. Hari bamwe bakita
mbanza, imbanzirizangenga, imbimburiranteko, interuranteko cyangwa
inyomekwambere. Izi nyito zose zihuriye ku kuba zerekana ko aka karemajambo
gafata umwanya w’imbere. Utuno rero turimo amoko atatu: akaziganya,agategeka (ni) n’agahakana (si na nti).
Akano ni- (akano kaziganya kakanategeka)
Akano ni- gakoreshwa iyo bateganya (kagira isaku nyejuru) cyangwa bategeka
(kagira isaku nyesi).
Nibasora : ni-ba-ø-sor-a ( akano ni kaziganya)
Nubabona : ni-u-ø-ba-bon-a i→ø/-J; ( akano ni kaziganya)Nimubikore : ni-mu-ø-bi-kor-e ( akano ni gategeka)
Akano si- (akano gahakana)
Akano si- gakora muri ngenga ya mbere y’ubumwe mu guhakana.
Ingero :
Sinumva : si-n-ø-umv-a
Sinzakwa (iriya shashi) : si-n-za-ko-a o→w/-J
Akano nti- (akano gahakana)
Akano nti: gakoreshwa mu guhakana muri ngenga zose usibye iya mberey’ubumwe.
Ingero:
Ntimwariye: nti-mu-a-ri-ye u→w/-J
Ntituziba (imisoro): nti-u-za-ii-reng-ag-ir-y-e i→ø/-J; a→ø/-J; r+y→z
Ntuzirengagize (amahoro): nti-u-za-ii-reng-ag-ir-y-e i→ø/-J; a→ø/-J;
r+y→z
b) Impakanyi
Impakanyi ni akaremajambo gahakana ingingo ibumbiye mu nshinga.
Impakanyi ni –ta-, -i- na –i-ku-.
Impakanyi -ta-
Impakanyi –ta- ni yo ikoreshwa muri rusange.
Ingero:
Kutiga (ni bibi): ku-ta-ig-a a→ Ø/-J
Nimudakorana (umwete muzagawa): ni-mu-ta-Ø-kor-an-a t→d/-GR
Impakanyi -i
Impakannyi -i- ikoreshwa mu ntegeko ihakana ari yo bita intarengwa.
Impakanyi -i- ikoreshwa iyo umuzi w’inshinga utangiwe n’ingombajwi.
Ingero:
Wikinira (umupira mu busitani): u-i-Ø-kin-ir-a u→w/-J
Mwivuga (ururimi tutumva): mu-i-Ø-vug-a u→w/-J
Impakanyi -i- igira impindurantego -i-ku- ikoreshwa iyo umuzi w’inshingautangiwe n’inyajwi.
Ingero:
Wikwandika (amakosa): u-i-ku-Ø-andik-a , u→w/-J
Mwikwambara (imyenda y’ishuri mutoze): mu-i-ku-Ø-amb-ar-a, u→w/-J
Ikitonderwa: Mu rwego rw’uturemajambo nti na si ni mbanza si impakanyi.
c. Indangacyuzuzo/ Inyibucyacyuzuzo/ Indangasano y’icyuzuzo(RUZ/RSUZ)
Indangacyuzuzo ni akaremajambo kajya mu nshinga kagasimbura kandi
kakibutsa icyuzuzo k’iyo nshinga. Kibutsa ngenga cyangwa inteko by’ijambo
ribereye inshinga icyuzuzo. Indangacyuzuzo ziri ukubiri: hari indangacyuzuzozisanzwe n’indangacyuzuzo ngaruka.
Indangacyuzuzo zisanzwe
Indangacyuzuzo zisazwe ziboneka muri ngenga zose no mu nteko cumin’esheshatu.
-Indangacyuzuzo ngaruka
Indangacyuzuzo ngaruka ni –ii- na -iy-. Indangacyuzuzo ngaruka -ii- ikorana
n’inshinga zifite imizi itangirwa n’ingombajwi. Indangacyuzuzo ngaruka -iy-ikorana n’inshinga zifite imizi itangirwa n’inyajwi
UMWITOZO
1. Garagaza intego z’inshinga zitsindagiye n’amategeko y’igenamajwi.
a) Akanyoni katagurutse ntikamenya iyo bweze.
b) Wituma ibyo bikoresho mu mahanga kuko mu Rwanda tubikora.
c) Nuhura na Petero uzanabimwibutse.
d) Uzahagere bidatinze.
e) Ndishimye kuko uri kumwe n’umugobo ukomeye. n- ra-ii-shim-yer→d/n- , a→ø/ -J
4.4. 2. Uturemajambo tw’inshinga twungirije: Ingereka (GRK)
IGIKORWA
Soma interuro zikurikira witegereza amagambo atsindagiye hanyuma
ugaragaze intego z’ayo magambo atsindagiye. Hera ku ntego z’ayo
magambo maze ukore ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza n’ubwoko
bw’ingereka zikorana n’inshinga.
a) Twakoranaga umurava tukiri bato.
b) Ntimwihingire nabi mutarumbya.
c) Amakimbirane yo mu muryango aterwa no kudashyira imbere
ibiganiro.d) Ntimutererane ababagana bifuza ko mubagira inama.
Inshoza y’ingereka
Ingereka ni akaremajambo kajya hagati y’umuzi n’umusozo by’inshinga
kakayizanira ingingo nshya. Iyo umuzi wiyunze n’ingereka bibyara igicumbigishya kikitwa intima.
Ingereka zirimo ibyiciro bibiri: Ingereka zihora zibanziriza izindi n’ingerekazifata umwanya ubonetse wose.
a) Ingereka zihora zibanziriza izindi
Ingereka nsubiraIzi ngereka ziha inshinga inshoza y’igikorwa kisubiramo inshuro zirenze imwe.
Ingereka ngirura/ ngiruka
Ingereka ngirura ni igereka iha inshinga inyito ibusana n’ibumbatiwe n’umuzi.Ingereka ngirura/ngiruka n’ingero z’inshinga:
Ingereka z’inyabune
Ingereka z’inyabune ni uturemajambo dukunda kugendana ari tune zikiyomeka
ku muzi utihagije/udafite inyito yumvikana. Iyo mizi igira inyito iyo yiyunze
n’ingereka z’inyabune. Ingereka z’inyabune zishobora kugenda ari enye, eshatucyangwa ebyiri
Imwe mu mizi itihagije ikoresha ingereka z’inyabune ni iyi ikurikira: -han-,
-ramb-, -hir- -ter-, -cuk-, -hag-;-bamb-*-; -eg-; -j
- Ingereka ngirika
Ingereka ngirika ivuga ko igikorwa kibumbatiwe n’igicumbi k’inshingagishoboka cyangwa se kitaruhanyije kugerwaho.
b) Ingereka zifata umwanya ubonetse wose.-
Ingereka ingirana: -an
Ingereka ngiranna ifite ingingo y’ibanze yo gukorera icyarimwe.
Ingero:
Gukundana: ku-kund-an -a
Gukorana: ku-kor-an-a k→ g/-GR-
Ingereka ngirira: -ir
Ingerka ngirira ingingo y’ibanze ni ugukora mu mwanya w’undi.
Ingero:
Gukinira: ku-kin-ir-a k→ g/-GR
Gukorera: ku-kor-ir-a k→ g/-GR i→ e/Co- -
Ingereka ngirisha: -ish-/-sh
Ingereka ngirisha igira inyito y’ibanze ni ukwifashisha ikintu ukora ikindi.
Ingerka -sh- ikorana gusa n’imizi y’imvugwarimwe mu gihe ingereka -ish-ikorana n’imizi isanzwe.
Ingero:
Guhingisha: ku-hing-ish-a k→ g/-GR
Gukosha: ku-ko-sh-a k→g/-GR-
Ingereka ngiza: -y-
Ingereka ngiza igira inshoza y’ibanze yo gutera ikintu kubaho cyangwakubitegeka.
Ingero:
Gukubuza: ku-kub-ur-y-a r+y→ z k→ g/-GR
Kubyaza: ku-byar-y-a r+y→ z k→ g/-GR
Ingereka ngirwa: -w-/-bw
Ingereka ngirwa yerekeza amaherezo y’igikorwa kuri ruhamwa aho kuyerekezaku cyuzuzo.
Ingereka -bw- ikorana n’imizi y’imvugwarimwe mu gihe ingereka -w- ikorana
n’imizi isanzwe.
Gukubitwa: ku-kubit-w-a k→ g/-GR
Kwigwa: ku-ig-w-a u→ w/-J
Gukobwa: ku-ko-bw-a k→ g/-GRGutabwa: ku-ta-bw-a k→ g/-GR
IMYITOZO
1. Tahura inshinga ziri mu nteruro zikurikira, ugaragaze intego zazo
n’amategeko y’igenamajwi.
a) Muzamumbwirire rwose ntazampemukire.
c) Wikwikorera ibyo bintu byose utavunika.
d) Witumiza ibintu mu mahanga.
e) Nubona na Kabanyana uzanabimwibutse.f) Uzahampingishirize bidatinze.
2. Kora interuro irimo inshinga itondaguye igaragamo uturemajambo
twose uko ari umunani. Sesengura iyo nshinga ugaragaze uturemajambotwayo maze uvuge amazina yatwo.
IV.5. Umwitozo w’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
Ugendeye ku mabwiriza agenga ihangamwandiko, hanga umwandiko
ntekerezo w’imrongo mirongo itatu, ku nsanganyamatsiko igira iti: “Gukumira
amakimbirane ni imwe mu ngamba zo kugera ku iterambere rirambye”
Ubu nshobora:
-Gusoma neza nubahiriza utwatuzo n’isesekaza.
-Gusesengura umwandiko ngaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi ziwukubiyemo.
-Gukoresha mu nteruro amagambo nungutse.
-Gusobanura intandaro y’amakimbirane n’uburyo bwo kuyakumira
-Gusesengura inshinga itondaguye agaragaza uturemajambo n’amategeko
y’igenamajwi
Ubu ndangwa:
No gukemura amakimbirane aho nahura nayo hose.No kwimakaza umuco w’amahoro.
IV. 6. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa kane
Umwandiko: Gukumira no kurwanya jenoside
Iri jambo “jenoside” ryakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu 1944 igihe habaga
amarorerwa yibasiye Abayahudi i Burayi. Jenoside rero ryahawe ubwicanyi
ndengakamere bugamije kurimbura imbaga y’abantu bafite icyo bahuriyeho
gishobora kuba: ubwoko, idini, akarere, isura, ibara ry’uruhu, igitsina,
ubwenegihugu, inkomoko, ururimi, ibitekerezo bya poritiki n’ibindi, hashyirwa
mu bikorwa umugambi uba warateguwe. Icyo cyaha kidasanzwe cyashyizwe
mu mategeko mpuzamahanga mu 1948 nk’icyaha gitandukanywa n’ibindi
byaha by’ubwicanyi kubera umugambi n’ubushake bwo kurimbura abantu
bazira icyo bari cyo. Jenoside itegurwa na Leta kuko ari yo yonyine ifite uburyo
n’ubushobozi bwo gufata ikemezo cyo kurimbura itsinda ry’abantu. Mu bihe
bisanzwe, uwafata icyo kemezo Leta itabishyigikiye yamuhagarika ikarengera
abaturage ishinzwe kurinda. Jenoside ni icyaha kidasaza, gihanirwa aho ari ho
hose ku isi. Umuntu yakwibaza ati: “Jenoside ishoboka ite? Ni izihe ngamba
zafatwa mu kuyikumira no kuyirwanya?”
Hari abashakashatsi banyuranye banditse kuri jenoside, ariko hano turavuga
ku mushakashatsi Geregori Sintato (Gregory Stanton).
Mu gitabo ke yise “What is genocide?”, umushakashatsi ku bumenyi bwa
jenoside n’uburyo bwo kuyirwanya, Geregori Sintato (Gregory Stanton)
ukomoka muri Amerika ni we washyize ahagaragara intambwe zinyuranye
jenoside inyuzwamo kugira ngo ishoboke. Ni ngombwa kumenya ibiranga buri
ntambwe kugira ngo umenye uko wayikumira n’uko wayirwanya.
Mbere ya byose, abategura jenoside batandukanya abaturage, bakabacamo íbice
bibiri «Twe» na «Bo» bagendeye ku bwenegihugu, ubwoko, inkomoko cyangwa
imyemerere. Muri iki gikorwa, abategura jenoside bagerageza kumvisha
abaturage ko kubacamo ibice nta cyo bitwaye kandi ko nta ngaruka bifite. Ariko
mu by’ukuri bo baba bazi impamvu yabyo n’icyo bashaka kuzageraho.
Nyuma yo gucamo abaturage ibice, buri tsinda rihabwa izina ryihariye,
rikagenderwaho babatandukanya n’abandi badahuje itsinda. Ibi
bigashimangirwa
n’inyigisho z’urwango zirushaho gutandukanya amatsinda yombi, kugeza ubwo
itsinda ryibasiwe rifatwa nk’umwanzi mu muryango ribarizwamo.
Nyuma yo gutandukanya amatsinda no kuyaha amazina yihariye kuri buri tsinda,
itsinda ryibasiwe ritangira kwamburwa ubumuntu, abarigize bakagereranywa
n’ibikoko.
Ku rwego rwa kane, abategura jenoside barangwa n’ibikorwa bitandukanye
bitegura ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryayo. Hategurwa hakanigishwa abazayikora,
hagashakwa ibikoresho bizifashishwa.
Ku rwego rwa gatanu, abategura jenoside batangira kwibasira abatagira aho
babogamiye, batabyumva kimwe na bo; kugira ngo bitazababuza gushyira mu
bikorwa umugambi wabo wa jenoside.
Hakurikiraho kugaragaza abagomba kwicwa, hagakorwa urutonde rwabo.
Nyuma yo gukora urutonde rw’abagomba kwicwa, hakurikiraho kubica
hagamijwe kumaraho abagize itsinda runaka.
Nyuma yo gushyira mu bikorwa jenoside, iteka abayikoze ntibaba bemera
ibyaha bakoze. Nibwo usanga barangwa no guhakana ibyabaye, bagahisha ukuri,
bakibasira abatangabuhamya n’ibindi byose bagamije kuburizamo ibimenyetso
bituma umugambi wabo umenyekana n’uburyo wateguwe.
Kugira urukundo rwa mugenzi wawe no kumva ko abantu ari ibiremwa
by’Imana ni yo ntwaro ya mbere yo kwirinda no gukumira jenoside. Ni
ngombwa kwamagana ubuyobozi bucamo abaturage ibice bubumvisha ko atari
bamwe. Mu mategeko ahana ya buri gihugu, hakwiye gushyirwamo itegeko
rihana umuntu wambura mugenzi we ubumuntu amwitiranya n’inyamaswa
cyangwa amuha andi mazina agamije kumutesha agaciro. Abayobozi b’igihugu
n’ab’imiryango mpuzamahanga bakwiye kwamagana no guhana ababiba
inzangano n’amacakubiri babicishije mu biganiro mbwirwaruhame no mu
bundi buryo bunyuranye bw’isakazamakuru.
Mu kurwanya jenoside, Umuryango w’Abibumbye “UN” ugomba gukumira
igurwa ry’intwaro ku bihugu no ku baturage bagaragaweho umugambi
mubisha wa jenoside bakanafatirwa ibihano mpuzamahanga. Ni ngombwa
kandi gutangaza ibihugu byagaragaweho itegurwa rya jenoside no gushyiraho
ingabo mpuzamahanga zo gutabara mu maguru mashya abibasiwe na jenoside.
Birakwiye kandi guca umuco wo kudahana, abakoze jenoside bagacirwa imanza
aho baba baherereye hose.
Muri make uruhare rwa buri muntu mu gukumira no kurwanya jenoside ni
ukwamagana abagifite ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside no guhana
abayitsimbarayeho.
Kurangwa n’imitekerereze, imyumvire, imikorere n’imyitwarire izira ivangura
iryo ari ryo ryose mu bikorwa bya buri munsi, twubahiriza uburenganzira bwa
muntu bwo kubaho, kumvwa no gukemurirwa ibibazo no kwemera ibitekerezo
bitandukanye.
Ni ngombwa kandi gutoza abana n’abo tubana kubahiriza uburenganzira
bw’abandi no kwirinda ivangura n’amacakubiri aho ava akagera.
Bifatiye ku bya Geregori Sintato (Gregory Stanton), 1944, What is genocide?
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Jenoside ni iki?
2. Intambwe jenoside inyuramo kugira ngo igerweho ni zingahe? Zivuge
uzikurikiranyije.
3. Vuga nibura uburyo butatu bwo gukumira jenoside bugaragara mu
mwandiko.
4. Ni iyihe nama wagira buri muntu mu rwego rwo kwirinda no kurwanya
jenoside?
5. Garagaza uburyo bunyuranye bwo gukumira no kurwanya jenoside
butavuzwe mu mwandiko.
6. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi zivugwa muri uyu mwandiko.
II. Ibibazo by’inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura amagambo akurikira:
a) Ubumuntu
b) Guta agaciro
c) Umugambi mubisha
d) Guhana umugambi
2. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro ku buryo wumvikanisha
icyo asobanura: ubumuntu, kwibasira, agaciro.
3. Simbuza amagambo atsindagiye impuzanyito zayo ziri mu mwandiko.
a) Ni ngombwa gutabara abantu bibasiwe na jenoside bidatinze.
b) Mudacogora yaboneranywe n’abajura.
III. Ikibonezamvugo
1. Inshinga isanzwe itondaguye igira uturemajambo tw’ibanze tungahe?
Tuvuge.
2. Erekana uturemajambo twungirije inshinga igira? Ese inshinga
itondaguye igira uturemajambo tungahe? Andika amazina yatwo.
3. Hari ubwoko bungahe bw’ingereka mu nshinga itondaguye?
4. Sesengura inshinga itondaguye ugaragaza amazina y’uturemajambo
n’amategeko y’igenamajwi yakoreshejwe.
a) Kamanzi ati: “Mu bucuruzi bwange, nkoresha abantu benshi”.
b) Ese Petero arakishonjesha iyo bamubwiye kujya mu mirimo isaba ingufu
c) Za ngabo zaracumbukuye, ubu zigeze hakurya ya Nyabarongo.
d) Kera Abanyarwanda bamesheshaga imigwegwe. Ese ubu baracyakora batyo?UNIT 5: KUBUNGABUNGA IBIDUKIKIJE
UBUSHOBOZI BW’INGENZI BUGAMIJWE
-Gusesengura umwandiko ku bihumanya ikirere agaragaza ingingo
z’ingenzi ziwukubiyemo.
-Guhanga umwandiko ku nsanganyamatsiko yahawe.-Kwandika interuro agaragaza ubutinde n’amasaku.
IGIKORWA CY’UMWINJIZO
Ku bwawe urumva hakorwa iki ngo ikirere kidahumana? Garagaza
uruhare rwa muntu mu kubungabunga ibidukikije n’uburyo buboneyebwo kurinda ikirere.
V.1. Umwandiko: Ikirere n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe
Ibidukikije bikubiyemo ibice bibiri, birimo ibidukikije kamere umuntu
atagizemo uruhare
nk’imisozi, inyoni, ibirunga, ibiyaga karemano, inzuzi karemano n’ibindi.Hari
kandi n’ibiva ku bikorwa bya muntu, birimo, urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima ndetse
n’ibikorwa by’ubukungu n’imibereho y’abantu, ibirebana n’umuco, ubwiza
ndetse n’ubumenyi bishobora kugira ingaruka ziziguye cyangwa zitaziguye,
ku majyambere y’ahantu, ku binyabuzima no ku bikorwa by’umuntu. Mu
bibangamira ibidukikije twavuga nk’ibyangiza ikirere bigatera imihindagurikire
y’ibihe. Nubwo inganda zikenewe kugira ngo habeho iterambere ariko ibyotsi
biva mu nganda bicucumuka bijya mu kirere bikacyangiza. Biriya byotsi
byose bibi biva mu nganda ni byo byangiza igice k’ikirere kigabanya ubukare
bw’imirasire y’izuba itugeraho ku isi hakaba imihindagurikire y’ibihe ishobora
kuba intandaro y’amapfa. Ibyotsi bihumanya ikirere ntibiva mu nganda gusa.
Nta wakwirengagiza ko ibinyabiziga, ubwato n’indege bikoresha amavuta,risansi na mazutu bisohora ibyotsi bihumanya ikirere.
NI ngombwa kugabanya imodoka zicucumura ibyotsi byangiza ikirere no
gukoresha mu nganda ikoranabuhanga rikuraho ikoreshwa ry’inkwi cyangwa
ibikomoka kuri peterori, ahubwo bagashishikarira gahunda zibungabunga
ibidukikije. Gutema amashyamba na byo biri mu bigira uruhare runini
mu kwangiza ibidukikije. Ibyotsi byanduye biva mu nyanja biyungururwa
n’amashyamba ntibishobore gukomeza ngo byangize ikirere. Iyo nta
mashyamba ahari birakomeza bikajya kwangiza ikirere ku buryo na byo bigira
uruhare runini mu mihindagurikire y’igihe. Abashakashatsi bagiye bashaka
uburyo bayobya imiyaga imwe n’imwe ikomoka mu nyanja maze ugasanga na
bo bateje imihindagurikire y’ibihe. Ubusanzwe iyo miyaga igira gahunda yayoitera imvura kugwa ku mugabane uyu n’igihe iki n’iki.
Ubwo bushakashatsi rero buvanze n’ibyuka binyuranye byoherezwa mu
kirere bitera ibihe guhindagurika mu buryo budasobanutse igihe abantu bari
biteze imvura bakayibura, yanagwa ikaza itunguranye. Ibyo byose bidindiza
iterambere kubera ko bikurura amapfa inzara igasizora. Umuntu mu bikorwa
bye yakagombye kumenya ko kwibasira amashyamba n’ibimera ari uguta
abatuye isi mu kangaratete. Amashyamba afite akamaro kanini mu buzima
bw’abantu. Ayungurura umwuka duhumeka kandi akanabika urundi rusobe
rw’ibinyabuzima nk’inyamaswa, inyoni n’ibindi. Ibihugu byinshi birwana
urugamba rukomeye rwo kugaragaza ubuhangange, bigacura ibisasu bya
kirimbuzi byoreka imbaga bikarimbura amazu n’imisozi. Ibi bisasu biri mu bya
mbere byangiza ikirere, aho byasibaniye ubuzima bukaba ingume. Abahanga
bemeza ko ahantu habaye isibaniro ry’ibitwaro bya kirimbuzi, abagore baho
baba bashobora kubyara abana babura ingingo zimwe na zimwe kubera ubumara
buba bugize ibyo bisasu buba bwarakwirakwiriye mu mwuka bahumeka.
Kwita ku bidukikije byaba karemano cyangwa ibyakozwe n’abantu ni inyungu ya
buri wese kuko iyo utabyitayeho byo biraguhana kuko uko byamera kose bizana
ingaruka za vuba cyangwa zitinze, mu buryo buziguye cyangwa butaziguye.
Ni ahacu kwita no ku guharanira kurengera ibidukikije kuko kubyitaho ari
uguharanira iterambere rirambye rizira ingaruka zitandukanye zatezwa nokubyangiza.
V. 1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
Soma umwandiko “Ikirere n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe”, ushakemo amagambo
udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandikowifashije inkoranyamagambo.
IMYITOZO
1. Uzuza izi nteruro ukoresheje amagambo yakoreshejwe mu
mwandiko:
a) Iyo ibidukikije byibasiwe, abantu basigara mu…………………………
bakicwa n’inzara.
b) Ibihumanya ikirere bitera amapfa kubera ko habaho…………
imvura ikaba yabura.
c)……………………afite akamaro ku kuyungurura umwuka duhumeka
no kubika urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima.
d)Ibihugu byateye imbere bicura ibitwaro bya kirimbuzi kubera
kurwanira………………….
2. Koresha aya magambo mu nteruro wihimbiye.
a) Ubumara
b) Amapfa
c) Ibidukikijed) Ikirere
5.1.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
Ongera usome umwandiko “Ikirere n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe”maze usubize
ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Mu mwandiko batubwira ko ibidukikije birimo ibice bingahe?
2. Ni ibiki bibangamira ibidukikije kivugwa mu mwandiko?
3. Sobanura uburyo inganda zishobora gutera imihindagurikire y’ibihe.
4. Ni izihe ngamba zafatwa kugira ngo ibinyabiziga bitangiza ikirere?
5. Sobanura uburyo gutema amashyamba bitera imihindagurikire y’ibihe.
6. Ni gute ubushakashatsi na bwo bushobora kugira uruhare mumihindagurikire y’ibihe?
5.1.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
Ongera usome umwandiko “Ikirere n’imihindagurika ry’ibihe” maze usubizeibibazo bikurikira:
1. Garagaza ibindi bintu bitavuzwe mu mwandiko ubona byahumanya
ikirere
2. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi zivugwa mu mwandiko.
3. Huza ibivugwa mu mwandiko “Ikirere n’imihindagurika ry’ibihe”
n’ubuzima busanzwe ubamo.4. Ni ubuhe buryo bwiza bwo kubungabunga ibidukikije?
UMWITOZO
Ushingiye ku mabwiriza y’ihinamwandiko, hina umwandiko “Ikireren’imihindagurikire y’ibihe” mu mirongo icumi.
V. 2. Amasaku mbonezanteruro
IGIKORWA
Soma interuro zikurikira wubahiriza ubutinde n’amasaku, hanyuma
usubize ibibazo byazibajijweho.
a)Ikirêerê n’ûmwuûka duhuumêeka byaangiizwa n’îibyôotsi.
b)Umugorê n’ûmugabo barafâtanya mu kurêengera ibidûkikije.
c)Karaangwâ yahûguuye abatûuranyi bê kuu ngârukâ z’aâko kaânya
cyâangwâ zizigûye zikomôoka ku kwâangiiza amashyaamba.
d)Muu nzêego z’ûbuyobozi biitoondera ibyaâkwaanduza umwuûka
mwiizâ
Ibibazo
1. Mukurikije imivugirwe y’izo nteruro murumva ari ayahe masaku yaje
mu myanya atari asanzwemo? Kubera iki?
2. Mukore ubushakashatsi mutahure inshoza y’amasaku mbonezanteruro,
mugaragaze impamvu amagambo agenda ahindura amasaku kamere iyo
ari mu nteruro.
3. Mushake andi masaku mbonezanteruro atagaragajwe muri izo nteruro.
Inshoza y’amasaku mbonezanteruro
Amasaku mbonezanteruro ni amasaku avuka iyo ijambo rihinduye isaku kamere
ryari rifite bitewe n’ubwoko bw’ijambo biri kumwe mu nteruro. Mu nteruro
amagambo agenda ahindura amasaku kamere bitewe n’uko yakoreshejwe.
Hari amoko y’amagambo atuma habaho imihindagurikire y’amasaku. Ayo ni
nk’ibyungo na na nka, ndetse n’ibinyazina ngenera bifite igicumbi –a.
1. Amasaku mbonezanteko ashingiye ku byungo cyangwa ku
binyazina ngenera.
a) Iyo ijambo rikurikira icyungo cyangwa ikinyazina ngenera ridafite isaku
nyejuru muri kamere yaryo, amasaku yaryo ntahinduka. Ibyo arikobishoboka iyo iryo jambo ridatangiwe n’inyajwi.
Ingero:
Ishyaamba ryiitaabwahô na Mugisha.
Kanyâna na Kagabo bafatanya kuriinda ibihûmaanya ikirêerê.
Umukôro wa Mugabo.
b) Ikinyazina ngenera gikurikiwe n’ijambo ridatangiwe n’inyajwi, gihitakigira ubutinde, kereka iyo ijambo gisobanura riri mu nteko 1, 3, 4, 6, 9.
Ingero:
-Abâana baa Nkûbito biîtabiiriye umugaanda wô gutêera ibitî
-Ageendana na Cyûuma.
-Mukuungwâ na Ntâruka bireegeranye.
c) Iyo icyungo cyangwa ikinyazina ngenera gikurikiwe n’ijambo rifite isaku
nyejuru ku mugemo wa kabiri, iryo saku nyejuru riri kuri wa mugemo wakabiri ryimukira ku mugemo wa mbere w’iryo jambo.
Ingero:
- Saavê ituuwe nka Kîbuungo.
- Umukôro wa Mûtesi
d) Iyo ibyungo “na” na “nka” n’ibinyazina ngenera bifite igicumbi -a,
bikurikiwe n’izina ridafite indomo, ariko rifite isaku nyejuru ku mugemowa gatatu, iryo zina rifata isaku nyejuru ku mugemo waryo wa mbere.
Ingero:
Kiizâ na Mûgorê baravûukana.Umujyî wa Kîgalî urasukuuye.
e) Iyo ibyungo “na” na “nka” n’ibinyazina ngenera bifite igicumbi -a
bikurikiwe n’izina ridafite indomo, ku mugemo wa kabiri rifite isaku nyesi
nyejuru, iryo saku rirahaguma, umugemo wa mbere na wo ugafata isakunyejuru.
Ingero:
Inzu ya Kâriîsa sî iy’îbyaâtsi.Kamaâri yiigiisha nka Mûhiîre kubûungabuunga ibidûkiikije.
f) Buri gihe iyo ibyungo “na” na “nka”n’ibinyazina ngenera bifite igicumbi - a
bikaswe bikurikiwe n’izina ritangiwe n’indomo, iyo ndomo itangira iryozina ihita ifata isaku nyejuru.
Ingero:
Umugorê n’ûmugabo
Abâana b’âbakoôbwa
g) Buri gihe iyo ibyungo “na” na “nka” n’ibinyazina ngenera bifite igicumbi
–a bikaswe bikurikiwe n’izina rifite isaku nyejuru cyangwa nyejuru nyesiku mugemo wa kabiri, bituma indomo y’iryo zina igira isaku nyejuru nyesi.
Ingero:
- Afatwa nk’îintwâari.
- Miniisîtiri w’îintêbe yasuuye/yasûuye Icyaânya cy’Âkagêra
h) Iyo ibyungo “na” na “nka” n’ibinyazina ngenera bifite igicumbi –a bikaswe
bikurikiwe n’ikinyazina nyereka, icyo kinyazina nyereka gifata isaku nyesinyejuru ku nyajwi ibanza.
Ingero:
Abatô bageendana n’iîki gihe.
Yiitwaara nk’aâba babyêeyi bê.Guhumaanya ikirêerê biteeza ingârukâ z’aâko kaânya.
2. Amasaku mbonezanteruro adashingiye ku byungo cyangwa ku
binyazina ngenera.
a) Ikinyazina mbanziriza gihorana isaku nyejuru ku gicumbi cyacyo.
Ingero:
- Uwô mvugâ yaaje.
- Ibyô akorâ birakwîiye.
b) Indangahantu ho, yo, mo/mwo bifatana n’inshinga n’akajambo ko bifataburi gihe isaku nyejuru.
Ingero:
- Si kô bavuzê.
- yagiiyeyô.
- Namuboonyemô/ Namûboonyemô.
c) Inshinga mburabuzi “ni /si” ikoreshejwe mu nteruro buri gihe ifata isakunyejuru. Nyamara iyo itangiye interuro iryo saku riratakara.
Ingero:
- Amasuunzu sî amasakâ.
- Uwô nshâakâ nî uwo.
- Ni umwâana nk’âbaândi.
- Si nge ujyayô.d) Indangahantu “i ” na yo ishobora guhindura amasaku kamere y’amagambo.
Ingero:
- Saavê
- Avuuka i Sâavê.
e) Iyo mu nteruro hakoreshejwe ibyungo “no” na “nko” n’ibinyazina ngenerabifite igicumb–o, bifata isaku nyejuru.
Ingero:
Kunywâ nô kuryâ birajyaana.
Umurimâ wô guhîinga nî uwo.
yo nyâna yô gukwâ nî iyi.
f) Impakanyi (ta) igira isaku nyejuru kandi ntigira integuza kandi ntiban’integuza.
Ingero:
Kudâkorâ biravûna.Kutâzâajyayô bizaatubabaza.
UMWITOZO
Soma neza kandi wandike izi nteruro zikurikira mu nyandiko ya
gihanga.
a) Gutera ibiti biranga umuturage w’ibikorwa by’impuhwe n’ineza.
b) Iterambere rirambye turigezwaho no kurinda ikirere ibigihumanya.
c) Ni ngombwa kugabanya ibyotsibiva mu modoka n’ikoreshwa ry’inkwi.
d) Kagabo na Mutoni bahawe igihembo kuko bafashe neza ibidukikije.e)Nyiri amahirwe amenya iby’imihindagurikire y’ibihe.
V.3. Umwitozo w’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
Ugendeye ku mabbwiriza y’ihangamwandiko, hanga umwandiko ufite uburebure
buri hagati y’imirongo mirongo itatu na mirongo ine ku nsanganyamatsikoivuga ku bihumanya ikirere
Ubu nshobora:
-Gusesengura umwandiko ku nsanganyamatsiko zivuga ku bihumanya
ikirere.
- Guhanga umwandiko ku nsanganyamatsiko zivuga ku bihumanya ikirere.Kwandika interuro ngaragaza ubutinde n’amasaku
Ubu ndangwa:
-No gushishikariza abandi kubungabunga ibidukikije birinde kwangiza
ikirere.
-No gushishikarira gusoma no kwandika interuro n’izindi nyandikonubahiriza ubutinde n’amasaku.
V.4. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa gatanu
Umwandiko: Ibidukikije, inkingi y’ubuzima
Kuva kera na kare, umuntu azi ko yarazwe kuba umutware w’isi. Yahawe ubwenge
bwo kuyigenga no kwifashisha ibidukikije mu mibereho ye ya buri munsi. Uko
amajyambere agenda yiyongera ni ko ikitwa umutungo kamere twasigiwe
n’abakurambere bacu ugenda ukoreshwa rimwe na rimwe neza cyangwa nabi
hirengagijwe abavuka uko bwije n’uko bukeye. Byumvikana bite ukuntu ba
rutwitsi bagambirira guhindura isi yacu ubutayu? Ba gashozantambara bahora
mu myiyereko yo kugerageza ibitwaro byabo bya kirimbuzi kandi bijunditse
ubumara, bazi ko byangiza ikirere? Abanyenganda zitandukanye bagira batya
bagasuka, bakajugunya imyanda ivuye mu nganda, mu nzuzi no mu biyaga
cyangwa, bazi ko nta cyo bitwara? Uretse n’ibyo, ibyotsi biva muri izo nganda
bihumanya ikirere cyacu bikatugiraho ingaruka.
Muntu yagombye kumenya ko kwibasira ibidukikije harimo ibimera
n’amashyamba ari uguta abayituye atiretse mu kangaratete. Ibimera bifite
akamaro kanini mu buzima bw’abantu. Uko tubizi, ibimera biyungurura
umwuka duhumeka. Igihe isi dutuye izaba yabaye ubutayu nka Sahara, ikirere
cyuzuye umwuka uhumanye udashobora kuyunguruka, iherezo ry’abatuye
isi rizaba irihe? Abahanga mu bumenyi bw’amashyamba bemeza ko adufitiye
akamaro kanini kuko atuma imvura igwa, atuma duhumeka umwuka mwiza,
arwanya n’isuri. Kuki abantu biyibagije ya mvugo igira iti: “Nutema kimwe
uge utera bibiri!” Abacukura amabuye y’agaciro bakarimbura ibimera, bumva
bitaniye he no gutema ishami ry’igiti wicayeho?
Ni ukuri gutera imbere ntawubyanze; ntiwahagarika inganda, gucukura
amabuye y’agaciro, gukoresha ibinyabiziga utirengagije ubwato n’indege
bikoresha amavuta, risansi ndetse na mazutu. Iri terambere duharanira twese
kugeraho rijyana n’ingaruka zitandukanye. Umwotsi wa moteri z’ibinyabiziga
byarondowe harimo n’ibisohorwa n’inganda bigira uruhare mu kutwangiriza
ikirere.
Kwandura kw’ikirere bijyana no kwandura kw’umwuka. Kubera ko umwuka
ugira uruhare mu kugena ibihe by’imvura n’izuba, urumuri, ubushyuhe
cyangwa ubukonje bikaboneka mu rugero rushimishije nubwo hari aho
bikabya; umwuka wanduye, uhumanye utuma ibihe bigenda bihindagurika,
abahinze imyaka bakabura imvura bakarumbya, izuba rigacana imisozi ikaka,
ibimera n’amashyamba bikaba umuyonga, abantu, inyamaswa n’amatungo
bikarimbuka. Biriya byuka byose bibi ni byo byangiza igice k’ikirere kigabanya
ubukare bw’imirasire y’izuba itugeraho ku isi; abahanga mu bumenyi bw’isi
icyo gice bakita “ozone”. Kera iyo amapfa y’imvura cyangwa y’izuba yafataga
igihe kirekire, abantu barasuhukaga bakajya guhahira iyo byeze. Ikibazo kiriho,
ubu kubona aho ingaruka z’iterambere ritaragera biragoye; ikiriho ni ugufata
ingamba.
Kubungabunga ibidukikije ni bwo buryo bwiza bwo kugira ngo bisugire.
Abayobozi b’Igihugu muri poritiki nziza yo kubungabunga ibidukikije,
hashyizweho ikigo k’Igihugu gishinzwe kubibungabunga. Mu mpande zose
z’Igihugu, ku bigero byose by’abantu bajijurirwa akamaro k’ibidukikije
hakoreshejwe abafashamyumvire, bafatanyije n’abashinzwe gufata neza
ubutaka, imiturire no kurengera ibidukikije. Nihadashyirwamo ingufu ngo buri
wese ahagurukire kubungabunga ibidukikije Imana yaduhayeho impano ngo
muntu abigenge, biratwereka isi igenda irushaho gusatira iherezo ry’ubuzima.
Abemeza ko amazi atari amazi gusa ahubwo ari n’ubuzima ntibibeshye.
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Garagaza akamaro k’ibimera.
2. Andika ibintu byangiza ikirere.
3. Ba rutwitsi ubavugaho iki?
4. Ni irihe sano rigaragara hagati yo kwandura kw’ikirere n’umwuka?
5. Hari icyo ubutegetsi bw’Igihugu bwakoze mu rwego rwo kubungabunga
ibidukikije? Sobanura neza igisubizo cyawe.
6. Buri wese mu batuye iyi si arasabwa iki?
7. Ni irihe somo ukuye muri uyu mwandiko?
II. Ibibazo by’inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko
a) Umutungo kamere
b) Kujundika ubumara
c) Imirase
d) Gusugirae) Uruganda
2. Huza amagambo yo mu ruhushya A n’ibisobanuro byayo biri muruhushya B
3. Simbuza amagambo yanditse mu mukara tsiri impuzanyito zayo ziri mu
mwandiko.
a) Twabonye imyambi y’izuba tumenya ko bukeye.b) Imyuka isohorwa n’inganda yanduza ikirere.
III. Ikibazo ku butinde n’amasaku
Andika neza interuro zikurikira wifashishije ubutinde n’amasaku kandi
ugabanye ibimenyetso
a) Mu muco nyarwanda kirazira gukora ubushakashatsi wangiza ibidukikije.
b) Leta y’u Rwanda yashyizeho ingamba zo kubungabunga ahantu
nyaburanga.
c) Ibyotsi biva mu nganda n’imodoka bihungabanya ibinyabuzima n’umwuka
duhumeka.
d) Iby’iki gihe bisaba gusigasira ubuzima bwacu.e) Nyiri ibyago ni rubanda rugufi rutazi iby’umutungo kamere.
IV. Ihangamwandiko
Hitamo insanganyamatsiko imwe maze uyiramburemo umwandiko w’imiringo
mirongo itatu (30).
a) Kubungabunga ibidukikije ni inkingi y’ubuzima buzira umuze.b) Kurwanya ibihumanya ikirere ni inshingano ya buri wese.
UNIT 6: GUKUNDA IGIHUGU
UBUSHOBOZI BW’INGENZI BUGAMIJWE
-Gusesengura umwandiko ku kurwanya ruswa n’akarengane atahura
ingingo z’ingenzi ziwukubiyemo.
-Gukora inyandikomvugo y’inama.
-Gusesengura amazina y’amatirano agaragaza uturemajambon’amategeko y’igenamajwi.
IGIKORWA CY’UMWINJIZO
Ukurikije uko uzi ingaruka za ruswa n’akarengane ni iki wakora kugira
ngo uwo muco mubi ucike burundu mu Igihugu. Sobanura uruhare rwawenk’urubyiruko mu guca ruswa n’akarengane.
VI.1. Umwandiko: Ntumpeho
Ni mucyo twambare, twambarire
Kuba imena.
Jyewe ubu nahisemo, nzatwaza ngana imbere.
Nushaka unkurikire, mu runana
Rw’imihigo,
Turishinge turahire, yuko
Tuzahora
Dukunda ibyiza: Ubutabera n’amahoro
Urukundo n’ubupfura; ubukire
Bwanga ibyo ndabugaya
Ntumpeho
1. Nuteranya abuzuye,
Ubwo uratata nturi imfura.
Niba uhora utanya amoko
Ngo abantu bamashane,
Nusumbanya n’uturere
Uribagire wifashe,
Ntumpeho.
2. Niba utunzwe na ruswa
Ukura mu baturage,
Niba useka uwabuze hirya,
Akabura no hino,
Niba uneguza amazuru
Ukazura umugara,
Ntumpeho.
3. Niba ishyari rikuzonga
Ugatera urubwa ukize,
Ugashengurwa n’agahinda
Iyo ubonye abahiriwe,
Urwo rutoke uhonda urundi
Rubuze mo ubupfura
Ntumeho.
4. Niba unebwa ntukore
Ngo uzatungwa no gusaba,
Niba unyereza ibyo ushinzwe,
Ngo ubwo urirwanaho,
Urateshuka inzira y’intore.
Ubwo uri umunyoni mubi,
Ntumpeho.
5. Niba ushinzwe imbaga,
Ukikundira mo bamwe,
Uwakugabiye ntumukunda
Uramugambanira.
Uraca uduco kandi ashaka
Ko ureba udasumbanya,
Ntumpeho.
6. Niba uri umukobwa
Ukishinga abagushuka,
Niba se uri umuhungu
Ugashirira mu maraha,
Urasenya urwo wari gushinga
Ugashengera utambaye,
Ntumpeho.
7. Umuco mwiza wa kureze,
Ntugatume udindira.
Mu by’abandi jya utora ibyiza,
Ibifutamye ujugunye.
Niba urabukwa iby’abandi
Ugata n’urwo wambayeNtumpeho.
6. 1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Soma umwandiko “Ntumpeho”, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe
hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko wifashijeinkoranyamagambo.
IMYITOZO
1. Koresha buri jambo mu magambo akurikira mu nteruro
yumvikanisha icyo risobanura:
a) Imena
b) Imihigo
c) Ubupfura
d) Ugashengurwa
e) Umunyoni
2. Shaka muri iki kinyatuzu mu merekezo yacyo yose amagambo
arindwi afitanye isano na ruswa n’akarengane yakoreshejwe mundirimbo “Ntumpeho”.
3. Simbuza amagambo y’umukara tsiri ari mu nteruro zikurikira
impuzanyito zayo.
a) Umujura ukoresha ikoranabuhanga ni umwanzi w’ibyiza.B) Si ubupfura guteranya abantu ngo barasane.
6.1.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
IGIKORWA
1. Ni iki umuririmbyi avuga ko adashaka ko bamuha?
2. Rondora ibintu bidakwiye gukorwa mu rwego rwo kurwanya
ruswa n’akarengane muri iyi ndirimbo.
3. Sobanura ibyo umuntu akwiye gukora arwanya ruswa
n’akarengane.
4. Ni ibiki bishobora kuba intandaro ya ruswa n’amakimbirane?
5. Ni iyihe nama umuhanzi agira abakobwa n’abahungu?
6. Bimwe mubivuga mu mwandiko bihuriye he n’umuco wokuzigama cyangwa kurwanya jenoside
6.1.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
IGIKORWA
1. Ni izihe ngingo z’ingenzi dusanga mu mwandiko?
2. Ni izihe indangagaciro nyarwanda uasanga muri uyu mwandiko.
3. Ese ubutumwa buri muri uyu mwandiko ubona bumaze iki mu
buzima bwa buri munsi ku Banyarwanda?
4. Ni iyihe nama ukuye muri uyu mwandiko ijyanye numucow’amahoro?
VI.2. Amazina gakondo
IGIKORWA
Hera ku bumenyi usanzwe ufite ku mazina kandi ukore ubushakashatsi
maze usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
-Amazina gakondo ni iki?
-Amazina gakondo ateye ate?
-Amazina gakondo atandukaniye he n’andi mazina?-Ni iki wavuga ku ntêgo y’amazina gakondo?
6.2.1. Inshoza y’amazina gakondo
Mu Kinyarwanda, izina ni ubwoko bw’ijambo bita umuntu, inyamaswa, ikintu
n’ahantu, rikabiranga. Izina risobanurwa ku buryo butandukanye biturutse ku
nyito cyangwa inyurabwenge, ku ntego ndetse no ku nkomoko.
Amazina gakondo ashobora gusobanurwa ku buryo bubiri bukurikira:
Mu rwego rw’inyito n’inkomoko:
Izina gakondo ni izina rusange mbonera
rivuga abantu benshi, ibintu byinshi cyangwa inyamaswa, ry’umwimerere
w’Ikinyarwanda ritari iritirano.
Mu rwego rw’iyigantego:
Izina gakondo ni izina mbonera kuko rigizwe n’uturemajambo tw’ibanze
dutatu gusa (indomo, indanganteko n’igicumbi). Ni ukuvuga ko izina gakondo
atari izina ry’urusobe kandi atari izina rikomoye ku nshinga cyangwa ku bundi
bwoko bw’amagambo.
Dukubiye hamwe izo nshoza zombi twavuga ko izina gakondo ari izina mbonera
ry’umwimerere mu Kinyarwanda ritari iritirano, rigizwe n’uturemajambo
dutatu gusa (indomo, indanganteko n’igicumbi); rikaba atari izina ry’urusobe,atari izina rikomoye ku nshinga cyangwa ku bundi bwoko bw’amagambo.
6.2.2. Uturemajambo tw’izina gakondo
Intego y’izina gakondo ni: indomo, indanganteko (indangazina),n’igicumbi:D+RT+C
a) Indomo (D)
Ni akaremajambo kagizwe n’inyajwi iterura (ibanziriza) izina. Indomo buri
gihe isa n’inyajwi y’akaremajambo kayikurikira iyo gahari. Ni ko karemajambokabanziriza utundi turemajambo twose tugize izina.
Mu Kinyarwanda inyajwi zishobora kuba indomo ni eshatu: i, u, a.
Ingero: ikivuguto, amasaka, umuvure
Indomo n’inteko z’amazina zikoreshwamo:
- Indomo i-: ikoreshwa mu nteko zikurikira: 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10
Ingero: iminsi (nt.4), irebe (nt.5), ikivuguto (nt.7), ibishyimbo (nt.8), imbuto
(nt.9), inzuzi (nt.10)-
Indomo u-: ikoreshwa mu nteko zikurikira: 1, 3, 11, 13, 14, 15
Ingero: umugabo (nt.1), umunsi (nt.3), urugo (nt.11), uburo (nt.14), ukuboko
(nt.15) -
Indomo a-: ikoreshwa mu nteko zikurikira: 2, 6, 12, 16Ingero: abagabo (nt.2); amazina (nt.6), akana (nt.12), ahantu (nt.16)
b) Indanganteko/ Indangazina : RT/Rzn
Indanganteko ni akaremajambo kerekana inteko izina ririmo. Ako karemajambo
ni ko kagena uturemajambo tw’isanisha. Indanganteko zihinduka bitewen’inteko izina ririmo.
Urugero: Amatara manini araka.
c) Igicumbi (C)
Ni igice k’izina kidahinduka kibumbatiye inyito y’ibanze y’izina. Mu Kinyarwandaizina mbonera gakondo iryo ari ryo ryose rifite iyo ntego.
Ikitonderwa:
Amazina adafite indanganteko igaragara na yo intego yayo ni D+RT+C uretse
ko muri ayo mazina RT ari ikimenyetso -Ø- gihagararira akaremajambo kaburamu turemajambo tw’ibanze.
Urugero:Ishyari: i- Ø-shyari -Ø- ni indanganteko
6.2.3. Amategeko y’igenamajwi akoreshwa mu izina gakondo
Amategeko y’igenamajwi akoreshwa mu izina gakondo ni akoreshwa mu izinambonera.
Ingero:
Umwana: u-mu-ana bisomwa ngo u ihinduka w iyo iri imbere y’inyajwi u→w/-J.
Icyatsi: i-ki-atsi, i ihinduka y iyo iri imbere y’inyajwi i→y/ -J, ky cyandikwa cy
mu myandikire yemewe y’Ikinyarwanda.Abantu: a-ba-antu a→ø/ -J, a iburizwamo iyo iri imber y’inyajwi.
IMYITOZO
1. Tahura amazina gakondo muri aka gace k’indirimbo
Niba unebwa ntukore
Ngo uzatungwa no gusaba,
Niba unyereza ibyo ushinzwe,
Ngo ubwo urirwanaho,
Urateshuka inzira y’intore.
Ubwo uri umunyoni mubi,
Ntumpeho.
2. Wifashishije ingero gira icyo uvuga ku biranga izina gakondo.
3. Garagaza intego y’amazina mbonera gakondo akurikira n’amategeko
y’igenamajwi yakoreshejwe: amenyo, umuhungu, imfuruka, umweyo, inzuzi
VI.3. Amazina y’amatirano
IGIKORWA
Soma iki kiganiro hagati ya Kagabo na Mucyo maze utahuremo amazina
gakondo n’amazina atari gakondo arimo. Hera ku miterere yayo, ukore
ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza y’amazina y’amatirano, ugaragaze
imvano y’amazina y’amatirano na zimwe mu ndimi zatije Ikinyarwanda
amagambo, intego n’amategeko y’igenamajwi.
Ikiganiro: Kagabo na Mucyo mu isoko
Mucyo: Kagabo, bite se? Ngwino hano ntundenze ibyashara!
Kagabo: Rekanze ariko ninsanga ibyo nshaka utabitite ndajya ahandi.
Mucyo: Banza wicare wice akanyota.
Kagabo: Oya. Ntumpa ruswa ngo nemere. Ubu icyo nshaka ni ukugura ishati
ifite amaboko magufi n’ipantaro y’umukara.
Mucyo: Humura hano birahari; wijya kure.
Kagabo: Ese ko nta giciro gihari?
Mucyo: Dore byanditseho. Ishati ni amafaranga ibihumbi umunani naho
ipantaro ni ibihumbi icumi.
Kagabo: Ndabona bidahenze. Ese amasogisi yo n’iri koti na karuvati byo bigura
bite?
Mucyo: Amasogisi ni amafaranga ibihumbi bitanu, ikoti ni bitanu naho karuvat
ni igihumbi.
Kagabo: Reka nkwishyure kashi ndabona nta sheke nazanye.
Mucyo: Urakoze Kaga, unsuhurize mwarimu wange.Kagabo: Urakoze nawe. Ni aho ubutaha!
6.3. 1. Inshoza amagambo y’amatirano
Izina ry’iritirano ni izina ritari karemano muri urwo rurimi, ni izina ryavuye
mu zindi ndimi cyangwa izina ryahawe ikintu ubusanzwe kitari gisanzwe muri
urwo rurimi. Izina ry’iritirano iyo rigeze mu Kinyarwanda, rishakirwa inteko,
yaba ari inshinga igashakirwa ngenga, kandi bikisanisha n’ikibonezamvugo
k’Ikinyarwanda mu rwego rwo gushakirwa uturemajambo.
Kugira ngo ijambo ritirwe ryemerwe, rigomba kuba rikenewe n’abenerurimi
kandi rishobora kuvugika bitagoranye. Mu itira ry’amazina kandi, ushobora
gufata ijambo ukariterura uko ryakabaye, ukaryinjiza mu rurimi kamere
rigafata intego n’imiterere y’amazina y’urwo rurimi uryinjijemo. Riba
rishobora kwinjirana inyito risanganywe cyangwa guhabwa indi itandukanye
n’isanzwe. Indimi nyafurika zatije Ikinyarwanda amagambo kubera
imihahirane n’imibanire yo guturana no gushyingiranwa. Indimi z’i Burayizatije Ikinyarwanda amagambo kubera ubukoloni, ubucuruzi n’amadini.
6.3. 2. Imvano y’amazina y’amatirano
Kuva kera Abanyarwanda bashyikiranaga n’abaturage b’ibihugu bidukikije,
bitewe n’ubucuti ubuhake, guhaha cyangwa gushyingirana. Ibi byatumye
Ikinyarwanda kinjiza amagambo avuga ibintu bimwe byabaga byadutse mu
Rwanda. Byongeye kandi, kuva mu ntangiriro y’ikinyejana cya makumyabiri,
abanyaburayi batangiye kuza mu Rwanda bazanywe n’amadini, ubukoloni,
ubucuruzi n’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro, ubuhinzi n’ibindi. Ibyo byatumyezimwe mu ndimi z’i Burayi zinjiza amagambo mu Kinyarwanda.
6.3. 3. Zimwe mu ndimi zatije Ikinyarwanda amagamboa) Indimi nyafurika
6.3.4. Amategeko agenga itira ry’amazina
Kugira ngo ijambo ritirwe ryemerwe, rigomba kuba rikenewe n’abenerurimi
kandi rishobora kuvugika bitagoranye. Ni ukuvuga ko utira ijambo utari ufite
ubusanzwe mu rurimi rwawe. Iyo atari ibyo uba ukoze ikosa ry’inozamvugo
ryo kuvanga indimi mu gihe bitari ngombwa, bitewe n’impamvu zinyuranye;
ubwirasi, kugaragaza ko wize, kwereka undi ko ururimi azi nawe uruzi...
Ijambo ritiwe rigenekerezwa ku nyemvugo z’Ikinyarwanda, rigafata amasaku
nk’ay’Ikinyarwanda, ryaba ari izina rikagenerwa inteko, yaba ari inshinga
ikagenerwa umuzi. Niba ijambo ritiwe ari icyongereza cyangwa ikidage, bitewe
n’uko izo ndimi zisanzwe zifite amasaku atandukanye n’ay’Ikinyarwanda,
rigomba kwinjira mu Kinyarwanda rifite amasaku abenerurimi dusanzwe
tumenyereye. Mu itira ry’amazina kandi, ushobora gufata ijambo ukariterura
uko ryakabaye, ukaryinjiza mu rurimi kamere rigafata intego n’imiterere
y’amazina y’urwo rurimi uryinjijemo. Riba rishobora kwinjirana inyitorisanganywe cyangwa guhabwa indi itandukanye n’isanzwe.
Ingero
Driver umuderevu
Blanket ikiringiti
Chauffeur umushoferiShirt ishati…
6.3.5. Uturemajambo tw’amagambo y’amatirano n’amategeko
y’igenamajwi
Muri rusange amagambo akunze gutirwa mu Kinyarwanda ni amazina. Iyo
amazina y’amatirano yinjiye mu Kinyarwanda, yisanisha ku miterere y’andi
mazina asanzwe mu Kinyarwanda. Bityo akavugwa nka yo kandi akagira
amasaku n’intego nk’iy’amazina asanzwe mu Kinyarwanda. Amenshi mu mazina
y’amatirano, iyo yinjiye ahita afata intego rusange y’izina ry’Ikinyarwanda; ni
ukuvuga indomo, indanganteko n’igicumbi, bityo bene ayo mazina biranagorana
kuyatandukanya n’amazina gakondo kuko na yo ahita afata intego nk’iy’amazina
asanzwe kandi uko imyaka igenda ihita inkomoko yayo ikagenda yibagirana.Ikindi kandi uvuga ntabanza kubaza inkomoko y’izina iri n’iri.
Ingero:
Umushoferi/abashoferi: u-mu- shoferi/ a-ba-shoferi
Umuderevu/abaderevu : u-mu-derevu/ a-ba-derevu
Umuboyi/ababoyi: u- mu-boyi/ a-ba-boyi
Umwarimu/abarimu: u-mu-arimu/a-ba-rimu…
Andi mazina y’amatirano ntagaragaza indanganteko. Akenshi na kenshi,
amazina y’amatirano atagaragaza indanganteko (indangazina), aba ari munteko ya gatanu. Cyakora iyo agiye mu bwinshi agaragaza uturemajambo twose.
Urugero:
Ishati/amashati: i- ø -shati/ a-ma-shati
Isaha/amasaha: i- ø -saha/ a-ma-saha…
Hari andi mazina y’amatirano yinjira mu Kinyarwanda, ntashobore kugira
indomo n’indaganteko ahubwo akagira igicumbi gusa (ø - ø -c). Bene ayo mazinaakunze kuba ari mu nteko ya 9 agafata ubwinshi mu nteko ya 10.
Ingero:
Terefoni (imwe)/ za terefoni (nyinshi): ø - ø -terefoni
Tereviziyo (imwe) / za tereviziyo (nyinshi): ø - ø -tereviziyoRadiyo (imwe) / za radiyo (nyinshi): ø - ø - radiyo…
Ikitonderwa:-
Amazina y’amatirano yemera kandi gufata ubwinshi mu nteko ya
gatandatu. Iyo yafashe ubwinshi mu nteko ya gatandatu agira indomon’indanganteko.
Ingero:
Terefone: ø - ø -terefone amaterefone: a-ma- terefone
Tereviziyo: ø - ø -tereviziyo amatereviziyo a-ma-tereviziyo radiyo / amaradiyo:ø - ø - radiyo/ a-ma-radiyo…-
Amazina y’amatirano agira amategeko y’igenamajwi ateye nk’ay’amazina
gakondo.
Ingero:
Intêgo Itegeko ry’igenamajwi
Ibyashara: i-bi-ashara i y/-J
Icyashara: i-ki-ashara i y/- J; ky- cy mu nyandiko
Agaterefoni: a-ka-terefoni k- g/ - GRUmwarimu: u-mu-arimu u w/- J
UMWITOZO
1. Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati y’amazina y’amatirano n’amazina
gakondo?
2. Tanga ingero z’indimi nyafurika zatije Ikinyarwanda amagambo.
3. Ni izihe mpamvu z’ingenzi zatumye zimwe mu ndimi nyafurikazitiza Ikinyarwanda
VI.4. Inama
IGIKORWA
Iyo umuyobozi ashaka kugira icyo ageza ku bo ayobora akoresha inama.
Nimukore ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ku bijyanye n’inama musubiza
ibibazo bikurikira:
a) Inama ni iki?
b) Inama itegurwa ite?c) Inama iyoborwa ite?
6.4. 1. Inshoza y’inama
Inama ni ikoraniro ry’abantu bateraniye hamwe bafite ingingo bigaho.
Hashobora kubaho inama idasanzwe; iba itateguwe bihambaye cyangwa inamaisanzwe iba yateguwe cyane kubera ko idatunguranye.
6.4. 2. Uko inama itegurwa
Igihe umuntu ategura inama isanzwe, agomba kwita cyangwa gutekereza ku
ntego zayo; icyo inama izaba igamije, icyo izageraho na gahunda y’ibizigirwamo.
Ni yo mpamvu agomba gutegura ibikoresho bizamufasha kuyinoza. Bimwe mubigomba kwitabwaho ni ibi bikurikira:
- Gutegura aho inama izabera mbere, hakurikijwe umubare w’abazayizamo.
- Gutegura icyumba k’inama (intebe, ameza ndetse no kuhagirira isuku)
ukurikije aho abazaza mu nama bazicara nko mu ishuri, ku ruziga, ku gice
cy’uruziga n’aho abayobozi bicara.
-Guteganya icyo kwandikaho niba ari ngombwa; ikibaho, amakaye cyangwa
ikindi kintu cyose cyatuma abari mu nama bashobora gukurikira (nko
kwitabaza ikoranabuhanga niba ari ngombwa).
Nyuma yo gutekereza no gutegura ibikoresho bikenewe, utegura inama ak
urikizaho gutegura inama nyirizina. Agomba kwibanda ku bintu bikurikira:
- Gutegura ibizigirwa mu nama bikorwa n’umuyobozi cyangwa se bigakorwa
n’akanama runaka yashyizeho.
- Mu gutegura ingingo z’ingenzi ni byiza kuzitondekanya uhereye ku
zifite agaciro kurusha izindi kuko iyo igihe kibaye gito, iby’ingezi biba
byarangiye.
- Gutumiza inama no kohereza gahunda yayo mbere y’igihe (hari
igihe abatumiwe batanga ibitekerezo cyangwa bakibutsa indi ngingo
yagombaga kuzigirwamo.)
-Ni byiza ko hagati yo gutumiza inama n’inama ubwayo habonekamo igihekugira ngo abantu babashe kuyitegura.
6.4.3. Ibikorwa byo kuyobora inama
Kuyobora inama ni umurimo ukorwa na nyiri ukuyitumiza cyangwa umubereye
mu mwanya (umuyobozi mu rwego rwe). Buri muntu wese uba yitabiriye
inama aba afite icyo ashinzwemo: abayitumiwemo baba bafite inshingano zo
kumva no gutanga ibitekerezo byabo. Umuyobozi w’inama atangiza inamakandi akanayiyobora.
Inama igira ibice by’ingenzi bigenda bikurikirana, kandi uyiyoboye akaba
agomba gukurikirana neza ngo hatagira igisimbukwa, cyanecyane ko ari weugomba kurangiza kimwe agatangiza ikindi.
Muri rusange ibice by’inama bikurikirana bitya:
- Gusuhuzanya no gutanga ikaze;
- Kuvuga igihe inama iza kumara no kuvuga urwego inama yatumiwemo;
- Kurebera hamwe ko umubare w’abayitumiwemo bahageze uhagije
kugira ngo ibe yatangira byemewe n’amategeko (iyo bitatu bya kane
by’abatumirwa bahari nta cyayibuza gutangira);
- Kumva impamvu z’abataje niba bahari;
-Gutangira inama nyirizina: kuganira ku mirongo mikuru mikuru no
kubyemeranyaho. Abitabiriye inama bashobora no kongerwaho izindi
ngingo iyo bisabwe.
-Inama nyirizina irarimbanya ari nako ikorerwa inyandikomvugo,
byarangira gusuzumwa hakigwa ku ngingo imwe ku yindi.
-Uwatumije inama cyangwa umuhagarariye atanga inshamake y’ibyemezo
byumvikanyweho mu nama.
-Inama isozwa n’uwayitumije cyangwa umuhagarariye igihe uwayitumije
yabimuhereye uburenganzira: ashimira abayitabiriye akanabasezererandetse akabanza kubaha amatangazo iyo ahari.
Ikitonderwa:
1. Kugira ngo inama ishyirwe mu bikorwa uyobora inama agomba kugira
izi ndangagaciro igihe ayoboye inama:
Kwirinda kuba umunyagitugu;
Kutagira uruhande abogamira;
Kumva ibitekerezo by’abatumirwa akabijora kandi akabigorora igihe ari
ngombwa;
Agomba kuba ari umuhanga mu byo avuga adahuzagurika icyo atazi
agasaba ukizi mu batumirwa kugisobanura.
2. Imyanzuro y’inama ifatwa nk’aho ari ikemezo cya buri wese mu baje mu nama.
3. Inama igomba kurangwa n’ikinyabupfura, ubworoherane n’umusanzuwa buri wese mbega inama ntabwo ari igihe cy’amatangazo.
UMWITOZOErekana uko wategura inama n’uko wayikoresha.
VI.5. Inyandiko mvugo
IGIKORWA
Nimusome iyi nyandiko kandi mwitegereze imiterere yayo maze
mukore ubushakashatsi mutahure inshoza y’inyandiko mvugo, ibiceby’inyandiko mvugo n’uko inyandiko mvugo ikorwa.
Inyandiko mvugo y’inama ya Komite Nyobozi y’Akarere na Bwakira yo ku
wa 12 Gashyantare 2016
a) Abitabiriye inama
1. Bwana MUGISHA Arnauld (Umuyobozi w’Akarere)
2. Madamu KANKINDI Virginie (Umuyobozi wungirije ushinzwe imibereho
y’abaturage)
3. Bwana BAZIRURA Sébatien (Umuyobozi w’Akarere wungirije ushinzwe
ububukungu)
4. Madamu UWISANZE Diane (Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa
w’Akarere ka Bwakira)
b) Ibyari ku murongo w’ibyigwa
1. Gusuzuma raporo z’ubwitabire bw’umuganda.
2. Gukora igenagaciro ry’ Umuganda mu kwezi kwa Mutarama.
3. Gusuzuma imikorere y’abayobozi b’imirenge.
4. Utuntu n’utundi.
c) Uko inama yagenze
Inama yatangiye saa saba n’igice iyobowe n’umuyobozi w’Akarere ka Bwakira
Bwana MUGISHA Arnauld watangiye aha ikaze abitabiriye inama anaboneraho
no kubereka umuyobozi mushya w’Akarere wungirije ushinzwe imibereho
myiza y’abaturage Madamu KANKINDI Virginie. Arangije abasomera ibyari ku
murongo w’ibyigwa. Uyoboye inama kandi yabajije abari mu nama niba hariibyo bifuza gushyira ku murongo w’ibyigwa maze hemezwa gahunda y’inama.
1. Ingingo ya mbere: Gusuzuma raporo z’ubwitabire
bw’umuganda.
Ku bijyanye n’iyi ngingo abari mu nama bamaze gusoma no gusuzuma raporo
bagejejweho na za komite ngenzuzi z’umuganda mu mirenge yose basanze
umuganda witabirwa ku kigereranyo cya 95% bafata umwazuro ko n’abasigaye
bangana na 5% abayobozi b’utugari n’imirenge bakora uko bashoboye bagakora
ubukangurambaga bwo kubashishikariza kwitabira umuganda no kubumvishauburyo umuganda ari igikorwa k’ingirakamaro mu iterambere.
2. Ingingo ya kabiri: Gukora igenagaciro ry’umuganda mu kwezi
kwa Mutarama.
Abari mu nama, nyuma yo gusuzuma raporo z’igenagaciro k’umuganda mu
mirenge inyuranye basanze mu kwezi kwa Mutarama umuganda waragize
agaciro kangana na miriyoni 15 z’amafaranga y’u Rwanda bishimira icyo
gikorwa. Cyakora bifuje ko umurenge wa Kantarange mu kwezi kwa kabiri
wazagerageza gukora ibikorwa bifite agaciro karenze ako mu kwezi kwa mbere
kuko raporo zagaragazaga ko ari wo murenge wari inyuma y’iyindi kandi urimu mirenge ifite abaturage benshi.
3. Ingingo ya gatatu: Gusuzuma imikorere y’abayobozi
b’imirenge.
Uyoboye inama, kuri iyi ngingo yagaragarije abari mu nama uko abayobozi
b’imirenge igize Akarere ka Bwakira bitabiriye gutanga raporo n’uko bahiguye
imihigo yabo. Abari mu nama bamaze kubyunguranaho ibitekerezo basanze
hari abayobozi bagomba kugirwa inama n’abandi bagomba guhindurirwa
imirenge bayoboraga. Ni muri urwo rwego umuyobozi w’Umurenge wa
Mataba yimuriwe mu murenge wa Mugote uwayoboraga umurenge wa Mugote
akagurana na we. Umuyobozi w’Umurenge wa Marangara hafashwe umwanzuro
wo kumwandikira ibaruwa imusaba ibisobanuro birambuye ku mpamvu zokudatangira raporo ku gihe.
4. Ingingo ya kane: utuntu n’utundi
Mu tuntu n’utundi, umuyobozi w’Akarere wungirije ushinzwe imibereho
y’abaturage yagejeje ku bari mu nama ikibazo cy’abayobozi b’utugari
bakoresheje nabi amafaranga y’ubudehe batagishije inama abaturage ngo
bumvikane ku cyo bakoresha amafaranga y’ubudehe. Nyuma yo kungurana
ibitekerezo kuri icyo kibazo abari mu nama bafashe umwanzuro wo gutumiza
abo bayobozi bakagirwa inama bazakomeza kuyobora nabi bagahagarikwa kubuyobozi.
Inama yashojwe saa kenda n’igice uyoboye inama yongera gushimiraabayitabiriye.
Umwanditsi w’inama Umuyobozi w’inama
Umwanditsi w’inama Umuyoboziw’inama
UWISANZE Diane MUGISHA Arnauld
6.5.1. Inshoza y’inyandiko mvugo
Inyandiko mvugo ni umwandiko uvuga ibyakozwe, ibyabaye cyangwa ugasubira
mu byo uwandika yabonye cyangwa se yanagizemo uruhare mu nama. Iyourebye abo inyandiko mvugo igenewe, usanga hari uburyo bubiri ikorwamo:
Inyandiko mvugo ishobora kuba igenewe umuntu wari uhari igihe ibikorwaho
inyandiko mvugo byabaga, kugira ngo atibagirwa ibyabaye abone uko abyigaho
neza cyangwa ashyire mu bikorwa ibyumvikanweho. Inyandikomvugo igenewe
umuntu utari uhari kugira ngo amenye ibyavugiwe cyangwa ibyakorewe ahoatari ari.
6.5.2. Ibice bigize inyandikomvugo n’uko ikorwa
Inyandiko mvugo y’inama igaragaza ibice bine by’ingezi: umutwe, abari munama, ibyari ku murongo w’ibyigwa n’uko inama yagenze muri make.
a) UmutweUgaragaramo iyo nama iyo ari yo n’igihe yabereye mu magambo make.
b) Abari mu nama
Muri iki gice inyandiko mvugo igaragaramo urutonde rw’abitabiriye inama bose.
Iyo atari benshi cyane bagaragazwa mu ntagiriro y’inyandiko mvugo. Ariko iyo
abitabiriye inama ari benshi cyane bashyirwa ku mugereka w’inyandikomvugo
y’iyo nama. Muri iki gice kandi hashobora no gushyirwamo abatarayitabiriyebafite impamvi cyangwa batayifite.
c) Ibyari ku murongo w’ibyigwa
Muri iki gice, ukora inyandiko mvugo arondora ibyo inama yagombaga
kwigaho byose nk’uko biba byavuzwe n’umuyobozi w’inama ndetse n’ibindi
byifujwe n’abari mu namma ko byajya mu tuntu n’utundi; ibitari byateganijwen’umuyobozi w’inama.
d) Uko inama yagenze
Muri iki gice ukora inyandiko mvugo yandika muri make icyo bumvikanye
kuri buri ngingo. Ntiyandika ibyo buri muntu yavuze, ahubwo yandika gusa
umwanzuro wafashwe kuri buri ngingo yari ku murongo w’ibyigwa kandibikandikwa ku buryo bwumvikana neza adashyiramo ibitekerezo bye.
Ikitonderwa
Ibindi bigomba kugaragara mu nyandiko mvugo ni aho inama yabereye, urwego
inama yateranyemo, impamvu y’inama, igihe yatangiriye n’igihe yarangiriye.
Inyandikomvugo ntajyamo ibitekerezo bwite by’uyikora. Ni umwandiko uvugaibyabaye utagize icyo uhindura.
UMWITOZO
Mwishyire mukigwi cy’abarimu maze mwitoremo umuyobozi w’ishuriabategurire inama ayiyobore abandi mukore inyandiko mvugo yayo.
VI.6. Umwitozo w’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
Ishyire mu mwanya w’umuyobozi w’ikigo k’ishuri maze utegura gahunda
y’inama y’abarimu kandi uyiyobore. Iyo nama iraba ifite insanganyamatsiko yo
kwirinda ruswa n’akarengane. Kora inyandiko mvugo y’iyo nama.
- Gusesengura umwandiko ku kurwanya ruswa n’akarengane ngatahura
ingingo z’ingenzi ziwukubiyemo.
- Gutegura no gukora inyandiko mvugo y’inama.
- Gusesengura amazina gakondo n’amatirano ngagaragaza uturemajambon’amategeko y’igenamajwi.
Ubu ndangwa:
- N’indangagaciro z’umuco nyarwanda: gukunda igihugu, kugira ubutwari,
kugira ikinyabupfura, kwitabira no gukunda umurimo, kuvugisha
ukuri, kutavangura no kutiremamo ibice, kurwanya ruswa no gukumira
ihohoterwa…- No gushishikariza bagenzi bange kurwanya no gukukumira ruswa n’akarengane.
VI.7. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa gatandatu
Umwandiko : Gukunda Igihugu
Gukunda Igihugu ni ugukunda benecyo n’abagituye nta kurobanura, gukunda
ibikigize byose nk’ubutaka, ururimi n’umuco no kumenya amateka yacyo,
kugikorera no kugira ishyaka ryacyo, kubumbatira umutekano n’ubusugire
bwacyo, kukirwanirira harimo ishyaka ryinshi, kwitanga ukaba wanagipfira
bibaye ngombwa byo bigihesha agaciro.
Gukunda Igihugu bigaragara ku munyagihugu watojwe neza uburere
mboneragihugu, akagira uruhare mu gusigasira uburere n’umuco w’Igihugu
ke, akakitangira mu buryo bwose bushoboka, akacyubaka, akanagiteza imbere
yicungira umutekano, akaba mu ijisho ryawo aho ari mu bufatanye n’inzego
zose z’ubuyobozi n’iz’umutekano.
Buri gihugu kiba gifite intego yo kugira umunyagihugu watojwe neza uburere
mboneragihugu, usigasira uburere n’umuco w’Igihugu ke, wakitangira mu
buryo bwose bushoboka, witabira ibikorwa bicyubaka bikanagiteza imbere
ndetse akanagira uruhare mu kwicungira umutekano.
Ijambo uburere mboneragihugu rituruka ku gikorwa cyo kurerera Igihugu
bishaka kuvuga : gutanga uburere bubereye Igihugu, bugihesha ishema, butuma
gikundwa, cyubahwa, kikanagendwa. Bugamije kandi kubaka, gushimangira,
gukomeza ubumenyi bw’abanyagihugu ku bireba Igihugu cyabo. Hari izindi
ndangagaciro ziba zigamijwe zirimo ubwitange, gucunga neza ibya rubanda,
kubungabunga umutekano, kugira ishyaka, ubutwari, kwirinda amacakubiri,
kugira urukundo, kwemera inshingano no kuzisohoza, kugira ishyaka,
kubungabunga ibidukikije, ubufatanye mu iterambere.
Hari inkingi zubakirwaho uburere mboneragihugu ari zo amateka y’Igihugu,
umuco w’Igihugu, indangagaciro z’Igihugu, ikerekezo k’Igihugu, ikirangantego
k’Igihugu
(Ubumwe, Umurimo, Gukunda Igihugu), gahunda ya guverinoma. Mu Rwanda
Uburere mboneragihugu tubukomora kuri ibi bikurikira birimo uruhererekane
nyemvugo : Ingero (Wima amaraso Igihugu, imbwa zikayanywera ubusa,
u Rwanda ruratera ntiruterwa, ese ko abandi bahunga bagana u Rwanda,
ndaruhunga nge he? (Bisangwa).
Iyo uburere mboneragihugu bwigishijwe neza kandi bufite intego, bituma ha
baho ubumwe bw’abanyagihugu, ishema ry’Igihugu, umutekano n’iterambere
ry’Igihigu kandi Igihugu gikomeza ubusugire bwacyo.
Umuntu ukunda Igihugu arangwa n’indangagaciro zinyuranye. Harimo
guhorana ingamba zo guhindura abandi, abaganisha ku mikorere ya
kirwanashyaka kandi adahuga, kubahiriza uburenganzira bw’abandi nk’uko
yifuza ko ubwe bwubahirizwa, kuzirikana ko abantu bose bareshya imbere
y’amategeko. Uwo muntu ahora arangwa no kuzirikana ko hari byinshi byiza
byasizwe n’Abakurambere bityo akumva ko agomba kwishyura iryo deni na
we akagira icyo asiga akoze abazavuka nyuma bakazabiheraho ; kuzirikana ko
umutungo kamere w’Igihugu (ubutaka, amabuye y’agaciro, amazi n’ibidukikije)
ari uw’abariho n’abazabakurikira bityo ukaba ukwiye gucungwa hazigamirwa
abazakomoka ku bariho mu gihe runaka. Umuntu watoye inyigisho z’uburere
mboneragihugu ahora ashishikajwe no kugikorera nta kwiganda, gushaka
ibisubizo by’ibibazo biriho, kutagambanira Igihugu, kwitangira Igihugu akaba
yanagipfira bibaye ngombwa, kwishimira kuba umuvugizi w’Igihugu ke aho
ari hose, kutarangwa n’ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose, gushyira inyungu z’Igihugu
imbere kurusha ize ku giti ke.
Uburere mboneragihugu ni ngombwa kandi ni ingenzi mu kubanisha
umunyagihugu n’Igihugu ke. Uburere mboneragihugu bukwiye gukomeza
kwigishwa ingeri zose z’abanyarwanda. Muri iki gihe, bukwiye kudufasha
kugira uruhare rugaragara mu iterambere, kubaka ishema, ikizere cya none
n’ik’ejo hazaza ku Banyarwanda bose.
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Ni akahe kamaro k’uburere mboneragihugu?
2. Ni ibihe bintu bitanu byibuze biranga umwenegihugu ugikunda?
3. Erekana inkingi uburere mboneragihugu bwubakirwaho.
4. Muri uyu mwandiko ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko nkuru irimo?
5. Ni izihe ngingo z’ingenzi ziri muri uyu mwandiko?
6. Ni irihe somo ukuye muri uyu mwandiko ?
II. Inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura aya magambo uhereye ku mwandiko:
a) Uburere mboneragihugu
b) Igihugu
c) Guhuga
d) Uruhererekane
e) Amacakubiri
2. Koresha buri jambo mu nteruro, ugendeye ku nyito yaryo mu mwandiko:
a) Guhuga
b) Gusohoza,
c) Guhunga.
3. Tanga ingwizayito byibura eshatu z’ijambo agaciro kandi uzisobanure.
III. Ibibazo by’ikibonezamvugo
1. Subiza ukoresheje “ni byo” cyangwa “si byo”
a) Kuvuga uvanga indimi byerekana ko uzi gutira bisanzwe.
b) Utira ijambo iyo irivuga icyo ushaka rikunanira kuvuga neza bityo
bigatuma udashobora kwisobanura uko bikwiye.
c) Utira ijambo iyo irivuga icyo ushaka ari rirerire cyane mu rurimi
rwawe.
d) Utira ijambo iyo irivuga icyo ushaka, riri mu rurimi rwawe.
e) Utira ijambo ry’icyo ushaka, ariko kidasanzwe mu muco no mu rurimi
rwawe.
2. Tahura amazina Gakondo mu nteruro zikurikira, ugaragaze intego
yayo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi yubahirijwe.
a) Umwami Kigeri IV Rwabugili ni umwe mu ntwari z’u Rwanda.
b) Mu mutungo kamere w’Igihugu cyacu harimo ubutaka, amabuye
y’agaciro, amazi n’ibidukikije.
c) Abaturarwanda bagomba kurangwa n’ishyaka ryo gukunda Igihugu.
IV. Ibibazo ku nyandiko mvugo n’inama
1. Rondora ibiranga inyandiko mvugo.
2. Hari uburyo bwo kuyobora inama, ese ni ubuhe ?3. Ni ryari imyanzuro y’inama ifatwa kandi ni bande bayigiramo uruhare ?
UNIT 7: GUKUNDA UMURIMO
UBUSHOBOZI BW’INGENZI BUGAMIJWE
-Gusesengura indirimbo ivuga ku gukunda umurimo hagaragazwa
uturango tw’indirimbo n’ikeshamvugo rigaragaramo.
-Guhanga indirimbo zitandukanye zivuga ku gukunda umurimo.
-Gusoma no kwandika mu nyandiko nyejwi na nyemvugo amagambon’interuro.
IGIKORWA CY’UMWINJIZO
Ushingiye ku mwandiko ukurikira, sobanura impamvu gukunda umurimoari ingirakamaro mu mibereho y’abantu muri rusange.
VII.1. Umwandiko: Umurunga w’iminsi
1. Burya gusaza ni ugusahurwa
Kuko iyo tujya ni habi
Nariye iminsi ndayiyongeza
Nsigara nyitera inyoni ziguruka
None iranze iranyigabije
Iranyiganzuye yo gapfusha
Cyo rero Kibondo cyange
Igira hino nkurage intwaro
Nitwaje iki gihe cyose
Ibihe bibi byose nkabyirenza
Uyitwaje azira kuneshwa
Utayitunze azira kuramba
Iyo ntwaro ishumika iminsi
Nta yindi shahu ni umurimo
2. Iyo isi imaze kukurambirwa
Kuko ntacyo uba ukiyimariye
Imikaka y’iminsi irarindwa aaaa.
Mbese ye, wakwizera ute ubuzima bw’ejo
Udakoze ngo wiyuhe akuya
Kura ishati witege iminsi
Aho wenda, aho wenda,
Aho wenda kibondo cyange
Aho wenda ntuzibuka y’uko
Umurunga w’iminsi ari umurimo.
Aho wenda, aho wenda,
Aho wenda bibondo cyange
Aho wenda buto bwange
Aho wenda ntuzabyibuka
Niyo mpamvu itumye
Mbikubwiye nkwihanangirije.
3. Ntugahaburwe n’ibyo hanze aha
Ibi bizanwa n’abagenzi
Ngo bigutware umutima wawe
Bikwibagize umurimo
Burya ga ni uko utabizi
Guteka umutwe ni umwanda
Ntibitinda, nta n’ubwo byizerwa
Ubundi kandi bihira bake.
Aho wenda aho wenda
Aho wenda Kibondo cyange
Aho wenda ntuzibuka yuko
Umurunga w’iminsi ari umurimo.
Aho wenda, aho wenda
Aho wenda kibondo cyange,
Aho wenda buto bwange
Aho wenda ntuzabyibuka
Niyo mpamvu itumye
Mbikubwiye nkwihanangirije.
4. Uramenye, uramenye, uramenye,
Utazazira iyo mikaka
Irindwa abagifite ubukaka
Cyane abo mu kigero cyawe.(x2)
Aho wenda, aho wenda
Aho wenda kibondo cyange,
Aho wenda ntuzibuka yuko
Umurunga w’iminsi ari umurimo.
Aho wenda, aho wenda,
Aho wenda kibondo cyange
Aho wenda buto bwange
Aho wenda ntuzabyibuka
Niyo mpamvu itumye
Mbikubwiye nkwihanangirije.
Niyo mpamvu itumye
Mbikubwiye nkwihanangirije
(Indirimbo ya Alegisi Kagame)
7. 1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Soma umwandiko “Umurunga w’iminsi”, ushakemo amagambo
udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije inyito afite mu
mwandiko wifashije inkoranyamagambo.
1. Kora interuro wifashishije amagambo akurikira:
a) Umurunga
b) Ikibondo
c) Gusahurwa
d) Kwiyuha akuya
e) Intwaro
2. Tahura muri iki kinyatuzu amagambo yakoreshejwe mumwandiko.
7.1.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko “Umurunga w’iminsi”, hanyuma usubize
ibibazo byawubajijweho.
1. Ni nde uvuga muri uyu mwandiko? Erekana imikarago isobannura
igisubizzzo cyawe.
2. Ni nde ubwirwa muri uyu mwandiko? Erekana imikarago
isobanura igisubizo cyawe.
3. Muri uyu mwandiko, hari aho umuhanzi atukana? Ni iki atuka?
Sobanura impamvu atukana?
4. Umuhanzi aradushishikariza iki mu mwandiko we?
5. Mu mwandiko umuhanzi arasobanura ko ikibeshaho umuntu ari iki?6. Umusaza arigisha iki umwana mugika cya gatatu?
7.1.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko “Umurunga w’iminsi”, hanyuma usubize
ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Ni izihe ngingo z’ingenzi dusanga mu mwandiko?
2. Ni iyihe mpamvu ituma uyu musaza agira inama umwana we?
3. Izina ikibondo rihagarariye nde uburirwa mu mwandiko?4. Uyu mwandiko urakwigisha iki?
VII.2. Indirimbo
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko“Umurunga w’iminsi” witegereza imiterere
yawo. Uhereye ku miterere yawo kora ubushakashatsi utahure inshozan’uturango by’indirimbo.
7.2.1. Inshoza y’indirimbo
Indirimbo ni imwe mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo bwo muri rubanda. Ni amajwi afite
injyana yungikana n’amagambo. Indirimbo zivuga ku ngingo zitandukanye
zigusha ku buzima bwa buri munsi; hari indirimbo z’urukundo, indirimbozisingiza umuntu cyangwa ikintu, hari izigisha, izibara inkuru n’izindi.
7.2.2. Uturango tw’indirimbo
Indirimbo irangwa n’imiterere yayo ndetse n’ikeshamvugo.
a) Imiterere y’indirimbo
Ahanini indirimbo irangwa n’ibice bibiri by’ingenzi: ibitero n’inyikirizo. Uko
igitero kirangiye, umuririmbyi ashyiraho inyikirizo ariko hari indirimbo
zitagira inyikirizo.
Urugero rw’indirimbo ifite inyikirizo:
Umurunga w’iminsi.
Urugero rw’indirimbo itagira inyikirizo:
Indirimbo yubahiriza Igihugu.
Uburyo ibi bice bihimbwa usanga ari nk’umuvugo ariko byo bigashyirwa mu
majwi aryoheye amatwi no mu njyana runaka yatoranyijwe. Indirimbo ishoborakuba iy’amajwi y’umuntu cyangwa urusobe rw’amajwi y’abantu.
b) Ikeshamvugo mu ndirimbo
Ikeshamvugo rikoreshwa mu ndirimbo ni rimwe n’iryo mu mivugo: uzasangamo
isubirajwi, isubirajambo, imizimizo y’ubwoko bunyuranye bitewe n’urwegorw’ihanikarurimi umuhanzi yashatse gushyiramo indirimbo ye.
7.2.3. Akamaro k’indirimbo
Indirimbo zifite uruhare rukomeye mu mibereho y’umuntu muri rusange.
Ubushakashatsi bunyuranye bwemeza ko indirimbo zongerera ubushobozi
ubwonko bwo gutekereza neza mu buryo bwiza kandi bworoshye.
Indirimbo zorohereza abana bakiri bato bafite ikibazo cyo kuvuga no kwandika.
Birumvikana ko bituma umwana agerageza gusubiramo ibyo yagiye yumva
ndetse no kubisobanukirwa mu buryo bworoshye . ( Bifatiye ku nkuru
yatangajwe n’imirasire ku rubuga rwa: www.imirasire.com)
Bitewe n’ikivugwa mu ndirimbo , uzasanga indirimbo zigira uruhare rukomeye
mu guhindura imyumvire y’abantu ndetse no kubakangurira gukora ibikorwarunaka.
Ingero:
- Indirimbo zivuga kuri Sida ndetse n’ibindi byorezo, uburyo byandura
n’uko byakwirindwa, zituma abantu birinda kwandura virusi itera Sida.
- Indirimbo zivuga ku butwari zituma abazumva bagira ubutwari bakagira
ishyaka n’umurava wo gukunda Igihugu...- Indirimbo zivuga ku murimo zituma abazumva bitabira umurimo.
IMYITOZO
1. Indirinbo irangwa n’utuhe turango? Twerekane.
2. Sesengura indirimbo imirunga y’iminsi ugaragaza uturango
twayo.
3. Ririmba indirimbo “Umurunga w’iminsi” wubahiriza injyana yayo.
VII.3. Inyandiko nyejwi
7. 3.1. Imyandikire y’amajwi y’ibihekane mu nyandiko nyejwi
IGIKORWA
Mwitegereze ibihekane biri mu mwandiko “Umurunga w’ iminsi” maze
mwandike amajwi yose mwumva yabonetse habayeho gusobekeranya
ingombajwi. Mukore ubushakashatsi mutahure inshoza y’igihekane,
uburyo amajwi y’Ikinyarwanda ahekana n’uburyo amajwi y’ibihekaneyandikwa mu nyandiko nyejwi.
1. Inshoza y’igihekane
Igihekane ni ijwi ry’inyunge ryandikishwa ingombajwi zirenze imwe: ingombajwi
n’ingombajwi cyangwa ingombajwi n’inyerera. Niba G ari ingombajwi na N
ikaba inyerera, mu Kinyarwanda amajwi y’ibihekane ashobora guhekana muri
ubu buryo:
G: ingombajwi imwe ariko igizwe n’amajwi abiri mu nyandiko nyejwi
G+G: ingombajwi + ingombajwi
G+N: ingombajwi + inyerera
G+G+N: ingombajwi + ingombajwi + inyerera
G+N+N: ingombajwi + inyerera + inyerera
G+G+N+N: ingombajwi + ingombajwi + inyerera + inyerera
G+G+G+N+N: ingombajwi + ingombajwi + ingombajwi + inyerera + inyerera
2. Ibihekane by’Ikinyarwanda n’uburyo byandikwa mu nyandiko
nyejwi
Mu Kinyarwanda, igihekane kigizwe n’ingombajwi ihindurirwa urwego
rw’imivugire igafata urundi bitewe n’ikiciro irimo (Ingombajwi ihindurirwa
urwego bitewe n’inyerera cyangwa inyamazuru bihekanye). Ihekana ry’amajwi
y’ingombajwi n’inyerera rikubiye mu byiciro bikurikira bitewe n’aho zivugirwa:
-Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu rusenge rw’imbere;
-Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu rusenge rw’inyuma;
-Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru;
- Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru no mu rusenge rw’imbere;
- Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru no mu rusenge rw’inyuma;
-Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu rusenge rw’imbere n’urw’inyuma;
- Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru, mu rusenge rw’imbere no mu rusenge
rw’inyuma; Ikiciro kihariye.
a) Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu rusenge rw’imbere
Iki kiciro dusangamo ingombajwi zose zishobora kujyana n’inyerera y’imbere
[j/y]. Ibyo bihekane ni: inturike z’inyaminwa [pkj] [bgj], inturike y’inyamenyo
[tkj], inturike y’inyenkanka [kj]. Harimo kandi inkubyi y’inyamwinyo
[vgj], inkubyi y’inyesongashinya [skj], inkubyi z’inyarusenge [gj], inkarage
y’inyamenyo [rgj], inturike nkubyi y’inyamwinyo [pfkj], inyamazuruy’inyaminwa [mɲ], inyamazuru y’inyamenyo [nɲ]
Ingero z’amagambo:- [rgj]: [àràrgjààrgjà]
Iki kiciro dusangamo ingombajwi zose zishobora kujyana n’inyerera y’inyuma
[w]. Ibyo bihekane ni: inturike z’inyaminwa [pk][bg], inturike z’inyamenyo
[tkw][dgw], inturike z’inyenkanka [kw][gw], inkubyi z’inyamwinyo [fk][vg],
inkubyi z’inyesongashinya [skw][zgw], inkubyi z’inyarusenge [∫kw][ Ʒgw],
inkubyi y’inyenkanka [hw], inkarage y’inyamenyo [rgw], inturike nkubyi
y’inyamwinyo [pfkh] inturike nkubyi y’inyesongashinya [tskw], inturike
nkubyi y’inyarusenge [t∫kw], inyamazuru y’inyaminwa [mŋ], inyamazuruy’inyamenyo [nŋw], inyamazuru y’inyenkanka [ŋw]/ ɲŋw.
c) Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru
Iki kiciro dusangamo ingombajwi zose zishobora kubanzirizwa n’inyamazuru
[n/m]. Ibyo bihekane ni: inturike z’inyaminwa [mph][mb], inturike z’inyamenyo
[nth][nd], inturike z’inyenkanka [ŋkh][ ŋg], inkubyi z’inyamwinyo [mf][mv],inkubyi z’inyesongashinya [ns] [nz], inkubyi z’inyarusenge [n∫] [nƷ].
d) Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru no mu rusenge rw’imbere
Iki kiciro dusangamo ingombajwi zishobora kubanzirizwa n’inyamazuru [n/m],
zikajyana icyarimwe n’inyerera y’imbere [j/y]. Ibyo bihekane ni: inturikez’inyaminwa [mp∫<] [mbgj], inturike z’inyamenyo [nthŋkhj] [nrgj], inturike
y’inyenkanka [ŋkhj], inkubyi y’inyamwinyo [mvgj], inkubyi y’inyesongashinya[nskj], inkubyi z’inyarusenge [n∫<] [ngj].
e) Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru no mu rusenge rw’inyuma
Iki kiciro dusangamo ingombajwi zishobora kubanzirizwa n’inyamazuru
[n/m], zikajyana icyarimwe n’inyerera y’inyuma [w]. Ibyo bihekane ni: inturike
z’inyaminwa [mphŋkhw] [mbg], inturike z’inyamenyo [nthŋkhw][ndgw],
inturike z’inyenkanka [ŋkhw] [ŋgw], inkubyi z’inyamwinyo [mfk] [mvg],
inkubyi z’inyesongashonya [nskw] [nzgw], inkubyi z’inyarusenge [n∫kw][nƷgw].
- [mphŋkhw]: [ìmphŋkhwèèmphŋkhwè]- [mvg]: [àzùùmvgà] - [mfk]: [ìmfkààtì]
f) Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu rusenge rw’imbere n’urw’inyuma
Iki kiciro dusangamo ingombajwi zishobora kujyana icyarimwe n’inyerera
y’imbere n’iy’inyuma [j/y na w]. Ibyo bihekane ni: inturike y’inyaminwa [bgjgw],
inkubyi y’inyamwinyo [vgjgw], inkubyi z’inyarusenge [∫<kw] [gjgw], inkaragey’inyamenyo [rgjgw], inyamazuru y’inyamunwa [mɲŋw].
Ingero z’amagambo:
- [∫<kw]: [kùrù∫<kwà]
- [kubgjgw]: [gùtùùbgjgwà].
- [vgjgw]: [bwàâhôòvgjgwè]
- [gjgw]: [kùgjòògjgwà]
- [rgjgw]: [àràrgjààrgjgwà]- [mɲŋw]: [kùràmɲŋwà] g) Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru, mu rusenge rw’imbere no mu
rusenge rw’inyuma
Iki kiciro dusangamo ingombajwi zishobora kubanzirizwa n’inyamazuru [n/m]
kujyana icyarimwe n’inyerera y’imbere n’iy’inyuma [j/y na w]. Ibyo bihekane
ni: inturike y’inyaminwa [mbgjgw], inkubyi y’inyamwinyo [mvgjgw], inkubyiz’inyarusenge [n∫<kw]
[ ngjgw].
Ingero z’amagambo:
- [mvgjw]: [ùrâhôòmvòò mvgjwà] n’îîk î?
- [mbgjgw]: [gùhòòmbgjgwà]
- [n∫<kw]: [ în∫<kwâ]- [ngjgw]: [kûgjôòngjgwà]h) Ikiciro kihariye
Muri iki kiciro habonekamo ibihekane bituruka ku ihura ry’indagi y’inyamunwa [p]
ihura n’indagi y’inyamwinyo [f] bigatanga igihekane [pf], indagi y’inyamenyo [t]
ihura n’indagi y’inyesongashinya [s] bikabyara igihekane [ts], indagi y’inyamenyo
[t] ihura n’indagi y’inyarusenge [∫] bikabyara igihekane [t∫].Ingero z’amagambo:
- [pf]: [ùmûpfâàkàzì].
- [ts] : [umûtsîma],- [t∫] : [ùmùt∫àât∫à]
Ibisobanuro ku misomere y’imbonerahamwe
1. Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu rusenge rw’imbere.
2. Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu rusenge rw’inyuma.
3. Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru.
4. Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru no mu rusenge rw’imbere.
5. Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru no mu rusenge rw’inyuma.
6. Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu rusenge rw’imbere n’urw’inyuma.
7. Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru, mu rusenge rw’imbere no mu
rusenge rw’inyuma.8. Ikiciro kihariye.
IMYITOZO
Andika amagambo akurikira mu nyandiko nyejwi:
a) Winshwaratura
b) Impyisi
c) Intwaro
d) Inshushyu
e) Inkorif) Nshwekure
7. 3. 2. Imyandikire y’interuro mu nyandiko nyejwi
IGIKORWA
Kora umwitozo wo gusoma amagambo agize interuro zinyuranye
ziri mu mwandiko “Umurunga w’iminsi” n’andi magambo cyangwa
interuro bigaragaramo ibihekane byose by’Ikinyarwanda maze ukoreubushakashatsi ugaragaze uko interuro zandikwa mu nyandiko nyejwi.
Kwandika interuro mu nyandiko nyejwi.
Iyo bandika interuro mu nyandiko nyejwi ntibapfa kubikora uko babonye. Hari
ibyitabwaho mu kwandika interuro mu nyandiko nyejwi. Ni byiza gukurikiza
uburyo bukurikira kugira ngo ubashe kwandika interuro mu nyandiko nyejwi.
Bisaba ko umuntu yandika ijwi ryose ryumvikana iyo avuga ijambo cyangwa
interuro runaka. Ni ngombwa ko umuntu yandika agaragaza ibimenyetso byose
byumvikana. Bityo rero, amasaku yose agomba kugaragazwa ni ukuvuga ko
yaba amasaku y’integuza, amasaku nyejuru n’amasaku nyesi yose arandikwa.
Ni ngombwa kwita ku migemo igize amagambo kuko umugemo waba utinda
cyangwa ubanguka yandikwa yose. Ni ngombwa kwandika ibimenyetso
byose byihariye nk’uko byagiye bigaragazwa mu myandikire y’amagambo mu
nyandiko nyejwi.
Burya iyo umuntu avuga, amajwi asohoka mu kamwa afatanye ni yo mpamvu iyo
bandika interuro mu nyandiko nyejwi bafatanya amagambo yose uko yakabaye.Interuro yose ishyirwa hagati y’udusodeko [ ].
Urugero:
Uko amajyambere agenda yiyongera ni ko ikitwa umutungo kamere twasigiwe
n’abakurambere bacu ugenda ukoreshwa rimwe na rimwe neza cyangwa nabi
hirengagijwe abavuka uko bwije n’uko bukeye.
[ûkwȃmàgjààmbèràgjèêndȃjȋìjòŋgjèèrànȋkwȋkjìȋtkwùmûtûùŋgòkhàmêrê tk
wàȃsigjìwênȃßȃkûrààmbèrèßat∫ùgjèèndûkȏrèè∫kwàrȋmŋênȃrȋmŋènêêzȃkyȃȃŋgwȃnàȃßȋhȋìrèèŋgàgyìƷgwàßȃvûùkwûkwȏbgìȋƷênûûkwôßùkyèêyè] IMYITOZO
1. Vuga muri make icyo wagenderaho wandika interuro mu
nyandiko nyejwi.
2. Iyo witegereje usanga imyandikire y’amagambo arimo ibihekane
mu nyandiko nyejwi ihuriye he n’imyandikire y’interuro mu
nyandiko nyejwi? Sobanura igisubizo cyawe.
3. Andika izi nteruro mu nyandiko nyejwi:
a) Voma vuba uze tuzamuke burije, ejo iwacu batazabura amazi yo
b) Umunyeshuri usoma ibitabo ajijuka vuba.
c) Yewe waranasaze!kubobeza imigozi kuko bafite abakozi bazabubakira urugo.
VII.4. Inyandiko nyemvugo
IGIKORWA
Itegereze amagambo akurikira yanditswe mu mpushya ebyiri maze
witegereze amajwi yanditse atsindagiye. Kora ubushakashatsi utahure
inshoza y’inyandiko nyemvugo n’ uko bandika ibihekane mu nyandiko
nyemvugo kandi utandukaye uko bandika ibihekane mu nyandiko nyejwino mu nyandiko nyemvugo.
a) Inshoza y’inyandiko nyemvugo
Inyandiko nyemvugo ni inyandiko ishyira mu bikorwa amategeko yo kugabanya
ibimenyetso byandika ibihekane mu nyandiko nyejwi. Ibimenyetso bisigaye
biba byihagije ku buryo bidatera kwitiranya amagambo no kujijinganya ku
bisobanuro by’ijambo ryanditse. Ibimenyetso bisigaye bibarirwa mu rwego
rw’iyigamvugo, bibarirwa gutyo mu nyandiko nyemvugo.
Iyo umaze kugabanya utyo ibimenyetso by’inyandiko nyejwi uba uvuye mu
rwego rw’iyigamajwi ugiye mu rwego rw’iyigamvugo, Icyo gihe, ibimenyetso
bisigaye bikurwa mu dusodeko bigashyirwa mu hagati mu dukoni tubirituberamye, ari na two turanga inyandiko nyemvugo.
b) Imbonerahamwe rusange y’ibihekane byose mu nyandiko nyemvugo
Ibisobanuro ku misomere y’imbonerahamwe
1. Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu rusenge rw’imbere.
2. Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu rusenge rw’inyuma.
3. Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru.
4. Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru no mu rusenge rw’imbere.
5. Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru no mu rusenge rw’inyuma.
6. Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu rusenge rw’imbere n’urw’inyuma.
7. Ingombajwi zishyirwa mu mazuru, mu rusenge rw’imbere no mu
rusenge rw’inyuma.8. Ikiciro kihariye.
c) Gutandukanya inyandiko nyejwi n’inyandiko nyemvugo
Inyandiko nyejwi
- Mu nyandiko nyejwi bandika amajwi yose yumvikana batagabanya
ibimenyetso.
- Ibyo banditse bishyirwa mu dusodeko [ ]
- Mu nyandiko nyejwi iyo bandika interuro bandika bafatanije amagambo
yose ayigize.
- Bandika bashyiraho amasaku nyesi n’amasaku nyejuru ndetse n’amasaku
y’integuza.
Inyandiko nyemvugo----
- Bandika bagabanya ibimenyetso ntibandika amajwi yose yumvikana.
- Ibyo bandika bishyirwa hagati y’uturongo tubiri tuberamye / /.
- No mu nyandiko nyemvugo bandika bafatanije interuro.- Amasaku y’integuza ntiyandikwa n’amasaku nyesi ntiyandikwa.
Ikitonderwa:
Iyo ugenzuye neza usanga inyandiko nyemvugo y’ibihekane by’Ikinyarwanda
ijyagusa n’inyandiko isanzwe ariko inyandiko isanzwe yo ikoresha ibimenyetso
bike cyane kugira ngo bidatera urujijo.
Mu rwego rwo kuvanaho urujijo abantu bashobora kugira kuri izi nyandiko zose,
ni ngombwa kugaragaza n’ inyandiko isanzwe y’ibihekane by’Ikinyarwanda.Kugereranyaamajwiy’ibihekane mu nyandikoisanzwe, nyejwinanyemvugo
IMYITOZO
1. Vuga muri make icyo wagenderaho wandika amagambo cyangwa
interuro mu nyandiko nyemvugo.
2. Andika amagambo akurikira mu nyandiko nyemvugo:
a) Ubwato
b) Ukwaha
c) Igihwagari
d) Guhovwa
e) Umwana
3. Andika interuro zikurikira mu nyandiko yemvugo.
a) Umunyeshuri usoma ibitabo ajijuka vuba.
b) Yewe waranasaze!
4. Interuro ikurikira iri mu nyandiko nyejwi. Yandike mu nyandiko
nyemvugo.
[VòòmàvûβûzêthùzàâmûùkhèβûrîìƷeƷîwàâtʃùβàthàzààβûrâmâàzîjôkùβòβèèzìmìgôzîkûkôβàfî thàβâkôzìβâzââβûùβàkjìrùrûgô]
VII.5.Umwitozo w’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
Hanga indirimbo ku nsanganyamatsiko wihitiyemo wubahiriza uturango
tw’indirimbo, uzayiririmbire bagenzi bawe.
Ubu nshobora:
- Gusesengura indirimbo zivuga ku ngingo zitandukanye ngaragaza
ibiranga indirimbo.
- Guhanga indirimbo zitandukanye ku nsanganyamatsiko runaka.
- Gusoma no kwandika amajwi y’ibihekane mu nyandiko nyejwi no mu
nyandiko nyemvugo.
-Gusoma no kwandika interuro mu nyandiko nyejwi no mu nyandiko
nyemvugo.
Ubu ndangwa no:
- Guhanga indirimbo nubahiriza ibiranga indirimbo no kuyiririmba
nubahiriza injyana yayo.- Kwitabira umurimo no gushishikariza abandi kuwukora.
VII.6. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa karindwi
Soma umwandiko ukurikira usubize ibibazo byawubajijweho.
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Ushingiye ku mwandiko sobanura uburyo gukoresha neza igihe bigira
uruhare mu iterambere.
2. Aho umuhanzi avuga ngo nzaritahe mpundwa impundu yashakaga kuvuga
iki? Ni iriki azataha? Kubera iki?
3. Rondora ibyiciro by’abantu umuhanzi yavuze werekane uburyo ibyo
bakora babikorera ku gihe no ku iterambere muri rusange.
4. Uyu mwandiko uri mu yihe ngeri? Kora isesengura ry’uyu mwandiko
wasomye kandi unagaragaze tumwe mu turango tw’imyandiko nk’iyi.
II. Ibibazo by’inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura amagambo akurikira dusanga mu mwandiko “Mu gihe cyange
ngihumeka”.
a) Kuganda
b) Gukorera ijisho
c) Kwirozonga
d) Ubworo
2. Koresha mu nteruro ayo magambo umaze gusobanura.
III. Ibibazo ku nyandiko nyejwi no ku nyandiko nyemvugo
1. Tanga inshoza y’igihekane kandi utange n’ingero ebyiri.
2. Wifashishije ingero ebyiri, sobanura uko amajwi shingiro y’Ikinyarwanda
ahekana.
3. Tandukanya inyandiko nyejwi n’inyandiko nyemvugo.
4. Andika interuro zikurikira mu nyandiko nyejwi:
a) Amakimbirane ni imvano y’intambara.
b) Nta mpamvu yo gupyonda iyo mashini.
IV. Ihangamwandiko
Hitamo umwuga wishakiye maze uwuhimbeho indirimbo ngufi itarengeje ibitero
bitatu n’inyikirizo yabyo. Ntiwibagirwe gushyiramo ikeshamvugo rigomba
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Ushingiye ku mwandiko sobanura uburyo gukoresha neza igihe bigira
uruhare mu iterambere.
2. Aho umuhanzi avuga ngo nzaritahe mpundwa impundu yashakaga
kuvuga iki? Ni iriki azataha? Kubera iki?
3. Rondora ibyiciro by’abantu umuhanzi yavuze werekane uburyo ibyo
bakora babikorera ku gihe no ku iterambere muri rusange.
4. Uyu mwandiko uri mu yihe ngeri? Kora isesengura ry’uyu mwandiko
wasomye kandi unagaragaze tumwe mu turango tw’imyandiko nk’iyi.
II. Ibibazo by’inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura amagambo akurikira dusanga mu mwandiko “Mu gihe cyange
ngihumeka”.
a) Kuganda
b) Gukorera ijisho
c) Kwirozonga
d) Ubworo
2. Koresha mu nteruro ayo magambo umaze gusobanura.
III. Ibibazo ku nyandiko nyejwi no ku nyandiko nyemvugo
1. Tanga inshoza y’ igihekane kandi utange n’ingero ebyiri.
2. Wifashishije ingero ebyiri, sobanura uko amajwi shingiro y’Ikinyarwanda
ahekana.
3. Tandukanya inyandiko nyejwi n’ inyandiko nyemvugo
4. Andika interuro zikurikira mu nyandiko nyejwi:
a) Amakimbirane ni imvano y’intambara.
b) Nta mpamvu yo gupyonda iyo mashini.
IV. Ihangamwandiko
Hitamo umwuga wishakiye maze uwuhimbeho indirimbo ngufi itarengeje
ibitero bitatu n’inyikirizo yabyo. Ntiwibagirwe gushyiramo ikeshamvugorigomba kuboneka mu ndirimbo.
UNIT 8: UMUCO WO KUZIGAMA
UBUSHOBOZI BW’INGENZI BUGAMIJWE
–Gusesengura umwandiko ku muco wo kuzigama, agaragaza ingingo
z’ingenzi ziwukubiyemo.
–Gusesengura raporo no kuyikora.–Kuzuza neza impapuro zabugenewe.
IGIKORWA CY’UMWINJIZO
Uhereye ku bumenyi usanzwe ufite ku kuzigama, ubona umuco wo
kuzigama uteye ute aho utuye n’aho ugenda? Kora ubushakashatsi mazewerekane akamaro ko kuzigama mu iteranbere ry’Igihugu.
VIII.1. Umwandiko: Barayasesa yiha umugambi wo kuzigama
Iyi si dutuye iteye ukwayo, wicaye ntiwatamira, udatembereye ntiwamenya.
Mitima yatangiye kugira inzozi zo gutera imbere se akimara kwitaba Imana.
Yagize ayo makuba yo kubura ababyeyi yiga mu mashuri y’inshuke. Nubwo
yari ikibondo, yumvaga abantu benshi bamusabira kuko se yabasize bakiri
bato. Umunsi umwe ahuye n’umuturanyi we w’urungano bagirana iki kigan
iro:
Mitima: Barayasesa nkubwire, burya ngo so ukwanga akwita nabi kandi ngo
izina ni ryo muntu. Ugira ngo se nkawe ntiwokamwe n’umuruho kuva
bakwita Barayasesa!
Barayasesa: Winkura umutima, Habarugira ni mwene Nzahirwa! Komeza
uyage yenda ndageraho nkuremo ijambo. Komeza sha!
Mitima: Mwasigaye muri bato, kubaho neza birabagora kandi mufite
umuryango mugari ukize ibya Mirenge!
Barayasesa: Ariko sha ko numva ushaka kwigira umujyanama w’isi yose,
uravugira kuki? ubona undusha kubaho neza?
Mitima: Ahaaa! Ngo na Nyokorome akuruma akurora! Icyashobotse ni kimwe,
Bajyinama mwene Mirimo wari waranywanye na data, nubwo yari
ageze mu za bukuru, yatwitayeho araturera, adutoza umuco wo
kuzigama tukiri bato. Hashize amezi atatu nyuma yo kwera, twituwe
ineza n’uwo munywanyi w’umuryango wacu kugira ngo tuzibesheho
atakiriho. Yadutoje umuco wo kuzigama, uwo muco uragenda
uratwokama none tugeze ahashimishije. Burya ngo ugira neza ineza
ukayisanga imbere! Data na we yabaye nka Nyamutegerikizaza wari
utuye i Gihinga na Gihindamuyaga.
Barayasesa: Yabahaye amafaranga se? Yabahaye ubuhe bwoko bw’imari
mwazigamye? Ese ubu ibyo mwabaga mwifuza cyangwa mukenera
mwarabibonye? Mu yandi magambo mwarangije kugera iyo mujya?
Mitima: Icyo yaduhaye cyose, gusa nyine icyo nkubwiye yadutoje kuzigama.
Mwe se ababyeyi banyu nta cyo babahaye?
Barayasesa: Baduhaye amafaranga ndetse n’indi mitungo. Nyamara se
ntibyadushiriyeho? Umenya baraturoze inyatsi!
Mitima: Nta na rimwe se mwigeze mutekereza kuzigama uwo mutungo
mwahawe kugira ngo muteganyirize iminsi?
Barayasesa: Ubwo se umuntu w’umusore ukiri muto nkange akeneye
kuzigama? Umuntu atangira gutekereza kuzigama ari uko yashinze
urugo.
Mitima: Barayasesa ntukitiranye ibintu, kukubwira ntyo ni uko nabonye
akamaro ko kuzigama. Iyo witeganyirije ukiri muto, ugakomeza
ukabigira umuco, biraguhira ku buryo igihe kigera ibigo by’imari
n’amabanki acuruza amafaranga bikakwizera ugakorana na byo mu
buryo bunyuranye. Iyo ugwije ubwizigame ushobora gukuraho igice
k’imari ukagishora mu bikorwa bibyara inyungu. Si uko Kanyamibwa
yakize kugeza ubwo basigaye bamwita Mirenge!
Barayasesa: Uramponda sinoga. Ushaka kuvuga se ko ubu nkoze nkawe
nabyutsa umutwe? Ntabaronkera rimwe nk’abava guca imisigati,
kandi wikanira umugisha w’undi ukannya ibuye!
Mitima: Burya sogokuru yari ahugutse pe! Yaraduhanuraga iyo twabaga twicaye
ku mashyiga dutaramye yageraho ati: “Muge muzigama izi nama
mba mbaha zizabagirira akamaro”. Tukumvisha amatwi n’umutima,
tukazirikana ibyo atubwiye tukabibika, kugeza n’ubu impanuro ze
nziza ziradutunze. Mu bukungu nk’uko nabihuguwe, igisobanuro
cyo kuzigama ni ukubika amafaranga kugeza igihe ugwirije umubare
w’amafaranga akwiye kugira ngo ugure icyo ukeneye cyangwa wifuza.
Amafaranga udakoresheje uyu munsi ashobora kugufasha kugera ku
ntego zawe ejo cyangwa mu gihe kizaza.Ubyumve neza ubizirikane.
Mu gihe barimo baganira Maharane yakurikiranaga ibiganiro byabo ari
iruhande mu gahuru bugufi y’aho bari bahagaze. Ageze aho araza yinjira mu
kiganiro. Bakomeza baganira muri aya magambo:
Maharane: Eeee! Ba sha, muri mu biki?
Barayasesa: Banza udusuhuze wa gahungu we!
Maharane: Mukomere cyane! Nahoze mbumviriza numva mufite imigambi
myiza, ifite ikerekezo kizima. Benshi mu rubyiruko bashaka guhindura
amateka. Kuzigama mwariho mukomozaho biba byiza iyo bitangiye
kare. Abakuru bagira bati: “Iteme umugabo azambuka yakennye
aritinda agitunze”. Twe tugifite imbaraga, iki ni cyo gihe cyo kwizigama
nubwo twatinze. Twese tuzi ko Mitima yagize umutima wo gutangira
kwizigama akimara kuba imfubyi; urabona ataradusize Barayase?
Cyakora wowe ngo uri Gakundabakobwa uyasesera inkumi! Umunsi
wasesewe n’umuze uzaba utizize?
Mitima: Kuri ngewe Mitima, kuzigama hakiri kare ukabikora kenshi, kabone
n’iyo waba ugenda uzigama igiceri kimwe, ukirinda ibirangaza,
ibisindisha n’utundi ducogocogo twose tudafite agaciro ni intwaro
ikomeye igufasha kuzagera ku cyo ukeneye wiyemeje. Ese wari uzi
ko buri wese ashobora kuzigama hatitawe ku myaka umuntu afite
cyangwa ku mafaranga yinjiza? Ndamutse mfite agahinja, nahita
nkayobora ibigo by’imari nkagafunguriza konti, nkajya nkashyiriraho
udufaranga uko natubonye kose. Ariko sha, nimubarire uruhinja
kuva ruvutse kugera yenda rukuze rukinjira mu mashuri yisumbuye!
Tekereza buri cyumweru waragiye uzigamira uwo mwana kandi na we
yarigiye hejuru akajya agira icyo yinagira kuri konti wamufungurije!
Uwo mushinga ntiwaba ari mwiza cyane?
Maharane: Ni byiza mwa bavandimwe mwe kwiha intego no gushyiraho
gahunda yo kuzigama. Igihe bifata kugira ngo ugere ku ntego giterwa
n’ikiguzi k’icyo ushaka kugeraho, icyo winjiza, ibyo uzigama utangaho
amafaranga ndetse n’ibyo umenyereye kugura. Barayasesa aho
ntiwacikanwe?
Barayasesa: Ku bwange Barayasesa numva twacutsa ibiganiro; sha ndumva
ubu munshinga ibikwasi.
Nyuma y’icyo kiganiro basezeranaho, buri wese aca ukwe n’undi ukwe.
Barayasesa agenda yivugisha ati: “Ririya ryori ryo kwa Ntezirizaza
ngo ni Mitima, riteye imbere. Naritanze kubona izuba, niha gucudi
ka nkiri muto, ndinezeza niha amayoga niha amuki, mfata ingendo
zidafite umumaro, noneee! Mfite n’impungenge ko naba naragen
derewe na wa mwanzi ugenda amunga ubuzima bw’abimitse inge
so y’ubusambanyi. Ngiye gufata ingamba, ntawuvuma iritararenga.
Imyaka makumyabiri mfite, ngiye gufunguza konti muri banki nge
nzigama udufaranga mbonye. Kubera ko mfite ingwate itubutse
nahawe na sogokuru, nyuma y’igihe runaka nzaba naranogeje
umushinga w’ubucuruzi nigane Mitima mwene Ntezirizaza. Nzagi
sha inama naho ubundi ngumye muri mama wararaye nazapfana
agahinda mbonye abo twabyirukanye bibeshejeho neza bitewe no
kuzigama. Inyungu zakwa ku nguzanyo si igitero. Ibigo by’imari
kandi hari n’inyungu ngo bigenera uwazigamye. Ntiwatera imbere
utizigama, ntiwatera imbere utagana ibigo by’imari n’amabanki.
Kuva ubu nisubiyeho.”
8. 1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Soma umwandiko ya “Barayasesa yiha umugambi wo kuzigama”,
ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije
inyito afite mu mwandiko wifashije inkoranyamagambo.
IMYITOZO
1. Uzuza interuro zikurikira ukoresheje aya magambo yo mu
mwandiko, usanishe uko bishoboka: kubyutsa umutwe,
kugendererwa.
a) Mfite impungenge ko naba……………..na wa mwanzi utera
abimitse ubusambanyi.
b) Nyuma yo guhomba igihe kirekire nongeye ..........maze
kubona igishoro nkuye muri banki.
2. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro zumvikanisha neza
icyo ashaka kuvuga: kuyaga, kokamwa n’umuruho, kwera,
umunywanyi, umuze.
8. 1.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko “Barayasesa yiha umugambi wo kuzigama”,
hanyuma usubize ibibazo byawubajijweho.
1. Kuki tugomba kuzigama?
2. Ni iyihe nyungu Mitima abona mu kwizigamira?
3. Ni ba nde bashobora kwizigamira ?
4. Mu mwandiko baravuga ko kuzigama bigomba gutangira ryari ?
5. Ni iki kibabaza Barayasesa?
6. Ni uwuhe mugambi Barayasesa yafashe nyuma yo kumva inama za
Mitima?
8.1.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko “Barayasesa yiha umugambi wo kuzigama”,
hanyuma usubize ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko.
1. Ni izihe ngingo z’ingenzi zigize uyu mwandiko?
2. Gereranya ibivugwa mu mwandiko n’ubuzima bw’aho utuye? Hari abantu
uzi bizigamiye bagatera imbere nka Mitima? Hari abo se uzi basesaguye
ibyabo bigatuma basigara inyuma?
3. Gutoza abakiri bato kuzigama bifite kamaro ki kuri bo no ku gihugu muri
rusange?
4. Umaze kumva ibyiza byo kuzigama, ni iyihe nama wagira abanyeshuri
bagenzi bawe n’abandi bantu muri rusange?
8.1.4. Kungurana ibitekerezo
IGIKORWA
Ungurana ibitekerezo na bagenzi bawe ku nsanganyamatsiko ikurikira:
“Kuzigama ni umusingi w’iterambere rirambye”.
VIII.2. Raporo
IGIKORWA
Iyo umuntu agiye mu butumwa ahantu runaka agamije kwereka
uwamutumye ko icyo yagiye gukora yagikoze, amukorera raporo.
Nimukore ubushakashatsi, mutahure raporo icyo ari cyo, uko ikorwa,
imiterere yayo n’ibyitabwaho mu kuyikora.
1. Inshoza ya raporo
Raporo ikorwa n’umuntu wahawe ubutumwa ubu n’ubu. Iba ifite intego igamije,
ikajyamo ibitekerezo bwite bya nyiri ukuyikora, kandi ikarangira atanga
ibitekerezo ku myanzuro igomba gufatwa. Raporo iba igenewe umuyobozi
ugomba gufata ibyemezo ku bitekerezo byamugejejweho.
2. Imbata ya raporo
Raporo, igira imbata nk’iy’umwandiko usanzwe. Ni ukuvuga umutwe,
intangiriro, igihimba n’umusozo.
Umutwe : Umutwe wa raporo ni insanganyamatsiko raporo nyirizina
yerekeyeho. Umutwe wa raporo witarura intangiriro, ukagaragazwa
cyane cyangwa ugacibwaho umurongo.
Intangiriro: Muri iki gice, ukora raporo yandikamo icyo agiye gukorera raporo
n’impamvu ayikora ndetse n’agaciro iyo raporo ifite.
Igihimba: Muri iki gice, ukora raporo agaragaza ku buryo burambuye uko
abona ibyo akorera raporo; abivuga abitondekanya nk’ugambiriye
kubisobanura mu buryo bw’inyurabwenge. Ukora raporo agomba
gutanga ibisobanuro biza gutuma uwo aha raporo adashidikanya
ku myanzuro aza kumugezaho. Ibyo kandi ukora raporo abikora
atabogamye.
Umusozo: Muri iki gice, ukora raporo atangamo ibitekerezo by’uburyo ikibazo
k’ ibyo yakoreye raporo abona cyakemuka. Mbere yo gutangira
kwandika raporo, uba wabanje gutekereza ku byo uvuga mu myanzuro.
Raporo nziza igomba gutuma uwo yandikiwe yemera ibitekerezo biyikubiyemo,
agafata ibyemezo ku myanzuro yagejejweho, ariko ntigomba kubogama.
3. Uburyo raporo ikorwa
Ukora raporo agomba kwita kuri ibi bikurikira:
– Gukoresha imvugo itunganye kandi yumvikana.
– Kugaragaza ibyerekeye icyo uvuga muri raporo yawe: itariki, isaha,
igihe, abari bahari n’abo ari bo, ingingo zizweho cyangwa ikindi
gikorwa cyari cyajyanye ukora raporo, ibyemezo byafashwe…
– Kugaragaza ibitekerezo by’ingenzi kugira ngo uyisoma abone vuba
ibyo uwakoze raporo aha agaciro kanini.
– Gushyiraho amazina n’umukono by’uwakoze raporo.
Urugero rwa raporo:
KAMANA Aloyizi Mirenge, ku wa 12 Ugushyingo 2001
Umuyobozi w’Umurenge wa Bwiza
Akarere ka Mirenge
Agasanduku k’iposita 50 Mirenge
Raporo ku mikoreshereze y’amafaranga y’ubudehe
Nk’uko byakozwe mu mirenge yose, hari amafaranga Leta y’u Rwnda yageneye
buri murenge kugira ngo afashe abaturage kwiteza imbere mu bikorwa
remezo. Kubera ko byagaragaye ko hari aho yakoreshejwe nabi, Nyakubahwa
Muyobozi w’Akarere ka Mirenge, mboherereje iyi raporo mbamenyesha
ikibazo cyagaragaye mu Kagari ka Mugarura kugira ngo mugire umwanzuro
mwabitangaho bityo iterambere ry’abaturage ntirikomeze kudindira.
Muri buri kagari, hatanzwe miriyoni makumyabiri zagombaga gukoreshwa mu
bikorwa remezo binyuranye. Nyuma y’igenzura nakoze, nasanze mu tugari two
mu Murenge nyobora, abayobozi batwo barakoresheje inama abaturage, bigira
hamwe icyo ayo mafaranga azakora. Mu igenzura nakoze nasanze byaragenze
neza usibye mu kagari kamwe. Mu Kagari ka Muguramo, bari bahisemo kubaka
amavomero abiri, bashaka rwiyemezamirimo, bamuha isoko arayubaka.
Byatwaye amafaranga miriyoni cumi n’eshanu. Asigaye miriyoni eshanu,
bumvikanye ko bayaguriramo inka za kijyambere abana b’imfubyi birera batatu
n’abapfakazi barindwi, ibyo babyemeranywaho batyo. Mu bugenzuzi nakoze,
nasanze amavomero ahari, rwiyemezamirimo yarayakoze uko byasabwaga,
aranishyurwa. Amatungo yagombaga kugurirwa abaturage, yaraguzwe ariko
yaguzwe mu buryo butari bwo. Umuyobozi w’akagari yagiye kuyagura ubwe
ku giti ke, nta soko ritanzwe. Amatungo yaguze ntabwo afite agaciro gakwiye.
Inka ya kijyambere yagombaga kugurwa, ni ifite agaciro k’ibihumbi magana
atanu. Nyamara inka zaguzwe si iza kijyambere, ni inka zisanzwe, ubona
zifite agaciro k’ibihumbi magana abiri kuri buri nka. Uburyo zaguzwe na
bwo ntibwumvikana, kuko ari nta soko ryatanzwe ngo ba rwiyemezamirimo
baripiganirwe. Ikigaragara ni uko amafaranga y’ubudehe yatanzwe mu Kagari
ka Muguramo atakoreshejwe neza.
Nk’Umuyobozi w’Umurenge wa Bwiza, Akagari ka Muguramo kabarizwamo,
mbahaye iyi raporo kugira ngo muyigane ubushishozi, mugire umwanzuro
mufatira Umuyobozi w’ako kagari. Ashyikirizwe inkiko, aryozwe amafaranga
yakoresheje nabi, kandi afatirwe ibindi bihano bijyanye no kutuzuza neza
inshingano ze.
KAMANA Aloyizi,
Umuyobozi w’Umurenge wa Bwiza
IMYITOZO
1. Gereranya raporo n’inyandiko mvugo.
2. Umucungamutungo wa Koperative Twitezimbere yoherejwe
gukurikirana amahugurwa yo gucunga neza imikoreshereze
y’umutungo w’abanyamuryango b’iyo koperative. Ishyire mu
kigwi cy’uwo mucunga mutungo maze ukore raporo washyikiriza
umuyobozi wa koperative wakohereje kuyakurikirana.
VIII.3. Impapuro zagenewe kuzuzwa
IGIKORWA
Soma iki gika maze ukore ubushakashatsi, usubize ibibazo bizikurikira:
Ikoranabuhanga ryoroheje byinshi. Zimwe mu mpapuro z’ubutegetsi
zo kuzuza zisigaye zuzurizwa kuri murandasi hakoreshejewe terefoni
cyangwa mudasobwa. Muri banki, iyo utujuje urupapuro rwo kubikuza,
ushobora no kubikuza amafaranga ku cyuma cyabugenewe cyangwa
ukabikuza ukoresheje terefoni.
Ibibazo:
1. Ni izihe mpapuro z’ubuyobozi zuzuzwa?
2. Impapuro zabugenewe kuzuzwa, zuzuzwa hakoreshejwe iki?
3. Urupapuro rwo kubikuza rwuzuzwaho iki?
1. Impapuro zo mu nzego z’uyobozi bwite bwa Leta
Mu nzego z’ubuyobozi bwite bwa Leta, hari impapuro zabugenewe zo kuzuzwa
zituma nyirazo ahabwa serivisi runaka. Zimwe muri izo mpapuro ni izi
zikurikira:
- Ikemezo cy’amavuko
- Ikemezo gisimbura ikarita ndangamuntu by’agateganyo
- Icyangombwa cyo gushyingirwa
- Icyangombwa cy’ubupfakazi,
(…)
Mu buryo bwo gutanga serivisi inoze impapuro zimwe na zimwe zuzuzwa
hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga. Ni muri urwo rwego, zimwe muri izi impapuro
zisabwa hifashishijwe urubuga “Irembo: www.irembo.gov.rw”
a) Imikorere y’urubuga Irembo
Mu muco wacu, irembo ni ijambo rifite agaciro, haba gufata irembo, haba
gutanga irembo, igihe cyose rivuga guhabwa ikaze mu muryango.
Uru rubuga kandi rukora nk’uburyo bw’ikoranabuhanga, butunganya ibikorwa
bigamije gutanga serivisi hagati y’Ibigo bya Leta n’abaturage. Imikoreshereze
n’imitunganyirize y’urwo rubuga, ikaba igengwa n’Ihuriro ry’Imirongo
Nyarwanda (Rwanda Online Platform Ltd).
Mu gihe umuturage akoresha urubuga irembo, agomba kubanza gusoma neza
amabwiriza n’inshingano ze mu byerekeranye no gukoresha uru rubuga.
Ku bijyanye n’impapuro akeneye zuzuzwa, umuturage agomba kubanza
kwishyura. Kwishyura serivisi ku rubuga Irembo, bishobora gukorwa
hifashishijwe uburyo butatu aribwo: terefoni ngendanwa, ikarita yo kubitsa no
kubikuza n’andi makarita akoreshwa mu ma banki bakorana.
Hari kandi umuyoboro wo kwishyura ukoresheje murandasi, washyizweho
kugira ngo kwishyura bikorwe mu buryo bworoshye.
Uwasabye serivisi, agomba kandi kumenya ko umwirondoro we winjijwe neza,
ko yishyuye kandi ko yahawe serivisi.
Kugira ngo usubizwe amafaranga wishyuye bitewe n’uko utahawe serivisi
wasabye, ugomba kugeza ikibazo cyawe ku Ihuriro ry’Imirongo Nyarwanda
(Rwanda Online Platform Ltd).
b) Gusaba ikemezo ukoresheje Irembo
Kugira ngo ubone ikemezo, bisaba kuba ufite mudasobwa cyangwa terefoni
irimo murandasi. Wifashisha inshakisho (browser) hanyuma ukandikaahabugenewe www.irembo.gov.rw , hagahita haza ibi bikurikira:
Iyo umaze kubona iyi mbonerahamwe, ushakisha ahanditse “inzego z’ibanze”,
ugahitamo ikemezo ushaka, hanyuma ukanyura mu ntambwe zikurikira:
Intambwe ya mbere: Gusaba
Gukoresha Irembo: Niba utariyandikishije ku rubuga Irembo, kanda
ahanditse “Kwiyandikisha” hejuru iburyo maze wiyandikishe ukoresheje
indangamuntu yawe na nomero ya terefoni igendanwa yanditse ku
ndangamuntu yawe.
– Gusaba ukoresheje terefoni igendanwa (USSD): Kanda *909# ,ukurikize
amabwiriza, cyangwa ushobora no kwegera uhagarariye Irembo.
– Nyuma yo kohereza dosiye isaba, wohererezwa ubutumwa bugufi kuri
terefoni cyangwa imeri (Email) yawe, bwemeza ko dosiye yoherejwe,
kandi ugahabwa kode yo kwishyuriraho.
Intambwe ya kabiri: Kwishyura
– Ushobora guhita wishyura unyuze ku rubuga Irembo ugakoresha
amakarita (VISA cyangwa MasterCard), cyangwa se ugahitamo
kwishyura ukoresheje terefoni (MTN Mobile Money *182#, Airtel*182#,
Tigo *310#), mobikashi (Mobicash), cyangwa ukajya ku ishami rya
Banki ya Kigali cyangwa uyihagarariye ukorera hafi yawe.
– Nyuma yo kwishyura, wohererezwa ubutumwa bugufi kuri terefoni
cyangwa kuri imeri (Email) bwemeza ko wishyuye. Nutabona
ubutumwa bugufi kuri terefoni cyangwa imeri mu gihe k’iminota 30,
wahamagara kuri 9099 umukozi w’Irembo akagufasha.
Intambwe ya gatatu: Igihe cyo kujya gufata ikemezo
Iyo umukozi ushinzwe irangamimerere abonye dosiye yawe, arayisuzuma,
akayemeza cyangwa akayihakana, hanyuma ukohererezwa ubutumwa bugufi
kuri terefoni cyangwa imeri (Email) bukumenyesha ko dosiye yawe yemewe
cyangwa yanzwe. Iyo utabonye ubutumwa bugufi nyuma y’iminsi itatu
y’akazi wohereje dosiye isaba, uhamagara ku biro by’umurenge wahisemo,
cyangwa ukajyayo kugira ngo bagusobanurire.
Intambwe ya kane: Kujya gufata icyangombwa
Jya kureba Umukozi Ushinzwe Irangamimerere ku murenge wahisemo, witwaje
impapuro zerekana ko wishyuye (ubutumwa bugufi bwoherejwe n’Irembo
cyangwa inyemezabwishyu ya banki), kandi ujyane n’imigereka isabwa kuri iyi
serivisi (niba isabwa).
Iki kemezo gishobora gukoreshwa nk’imwe mu nyandiko ziherekeza dosiye
isaba serivisi, nko kwiyandikisha mu ishuri, kurera umwana utari uwawe, gusaba
ikemezo cy’umwirondoro wuzuye, kwiyandikisha kugira ngo ushyingirwe,n’ibindi...
2. Sheki
Sheki ni urupapuro rwuzuzwa muri banki kugira ngo nyirayo cyangwa uwo
ihawe abikuze amafaranga kuri konti ye cyangwa y’uyimuhaye. Biragoye kubona
sheki yo mu Kinyarwanda gusa kubera ko banki ziganwa n’Abanyarwanda
ndetse n’abanyamahanga. Iby’ingenzi byuzuzwa kuri sheki ni ibi bikurikira:
– Umazina y’uri bubikuze akoresheje iyo sheki.
– Umubare w’amafaranga abikuzwa.
– Uhawe sheki.
– Itariki sheki itangiweho.
– Umukono wa nyiri konti.Urugero rwa sheki
IMYITOZO
a) Shushanya sheki ugaragaze neza amakuru yose uyuzuza akenera,
maze uyuzuze.
b) Ishyire mu kigwi cy’uwataye irangamuntu wo Murenge wa Ngoma
maze umwandikire amakuru yose akenewe kugira ngo yuzuzweku kemezo gisimbura ikarita y’irangamuntu by’agateganyo.
VIII.4. Umwitozo w’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
Umaze kwiga inyandiko zuzuzwa, ifashishe mudasobwa maze uge ku rubuga
www.irembo.gov. rw, uhitemo ahanditse inzego z’ibanze, urebe ibyemezo
bihari, muri byo uhitemo bitanu, usobanure inzira wacamo ubyuzuza. Herakuri ibyo byemezo ugaragaze uko amakuru akenewe yuzuzwa kuri byo.
Ubu nshobora:
– Gusesengura umwandiko ku muco wo kuzigama ngatahura ingingo
z’ingenzi ziwukubiyemo.
– Gusesengura raporo no kuyikora.– Kuzuza impapuro zagenewe kuzuzwa.
Ubu ndangwa no:
• Gushishikarira no gushishikariza bagenzi bange kugira umuco wo
kuzigama no kwigira.
• Kwitabira gukoresha ikoranabuhanga mu gusaba ibyemezobitandukanye.
VIII.5. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa munani
Umwandiko: Yahaboneye isomo
Kamana na Gasana bari batuye mu mudugudu umwe. Imiryango yabo yari ifite
imikorere inyuranye, bityo n’iterambere rya buri muryango ryari ritandukanye,
bitewe n’imikorere yabo. Umuryango wa Kamana wari wariteje imbere;
warangwaga no gukunda umurimo, ugakoresha neza ibyo utunze kandi
ukamenya kuzigama. Naho umuryango wa Gasana wo warangwaga n’ubunebweno gusesagura.
Umunsi umwe, mu gihe cy’urugaryi, Gasana n’abana be barihoreye bizera
iminsi myiza, imyaka yari yeze, nta kibazo k’inzara kirangwa mu muryango
wabo. Abo kwa Gasana babyukaga barya, barangiza bakoga, nuko bagatangira
kuzerera hirya no hino baririmbira abahisi n’abagenzi mu gihe kwa Kamana bo
babaga bashishikariye umurimo. Abana ba Gasana nta kintu na kimwe bari bazi
gukora, uretse kuririmba no kubyina. Umuryango wa Kamana wo, ntiwasibaga
gukorana umurava no gutoza abana umurimo. Buri mwana yari afite inshinganoashinzwe kurangiza.
Nta mwanya wo gupfusha ubusa bagiraga. Kamana n’umugore we bazindukaga
kare bitabiraga umurimo.
Abana bo kwa Kamana, iyo bavaga ku ishuri bakoraga imirimo inyuranye yo mu
rugo barangiza bagasubiramo amasomo yabo. Haba mu gihe kiza, haba mu gihe
kibi, abo kwa Kamana ntibaruhukaga gukora. Iyo umusaruro wabaga mwinshi,
barahunikaga, bateganyiriza iminsi mibi. Ntibinubiraga akazi, bahoraga
bakora cyane bakiyuha akuya. Iyo bwagorobaga, bariyuhagiraga, bakarya nuko
bakaruhuka. Bwacya abana bakajya kwiga; ababyeyi bakarimbanya imirimo yabo.
Umuryango wo kwa Gasana kubera gusesagura waje guhura n’iminsi mibi
y’inzara. Ibyo bejeje byari byashize, kubera ko igihe kinini bakimaraga
bidamarariye birata mu ndirimbo n’imbyino sinakubwira. Inzara ibamereye
nabi, Gasana arahaguruka, araboneza no ku muturanyi we Kamana ngo ba!
Agezeyo, asanga bari kuvana imyaka mu kigega. Aravunyisha nuko bamuha
ikaze. Ntiwareba uko yasaga, yari ananutse kubera inzara. Kamana amuha
umwanya wo kuvuga ikimugenza! Nuko Gasana araterura ati: “Muvandimwe
wange kandi nshuti, nje hano ngo umfashe, umpe ku byo kurya wahunitse,
ndebe ko iminsi mibi y’inzara yarangira. Abana bange inzara irabugarije,
bamerewe nabi cyane. Rwose ntumpakanire, ni wowe nagira.”
Kamana ariyumvira yibuka ukuntu yahuraga n’abo kwa Gasana bazerera gusa
badakora mu gihe abe babaga biyushye akuya bakorera urugo rwabo, yibuka
kandi ukuntu kwa Gasana basesaguraga utwo bejeje badashobora kuzigamira
iminsi mibi. Kamana amureba asa n’umurenza ingohe aricecekera amwima
amatwi. Gasana arongera avuga mu ijwi riranguruye, agira ati: “Muvandimwe,
gerageza kunyumva, umfashe.” Kamana aramusubiza ati: “Ko nzi ko mwari
mwarejeje byabagendekeye bite? Gasana ati: “Twarabigurishije ibindi turabirya
turabimara.” Nuko Kamana yongera kumubaza ati: “Ntimwibuka ko habaho
iminsi mibi ngo mwizigamire!” Gasana aratakamba cyane ati: “Wokagira Imana
we, ngirira impuhwe umfungurire umpe n’imbuto, isomo nararibonye.”
Gasana arakomeza aramwinginga nuko amusezeranya ko mu minsi mike azaba
yejeje ko atazongera gusesagura kandi ko azamwishyura ibyo amugurije.
Kamana agera aho agira impuhwe aca inkoni izamba amuha ibyo guteka.
Amugira n’inama yo kuza mu rugo akamuha akazi we n’abe. Ageze mu
rugo, abwira abana be ko Kamana yamugiriye impuhwe akamuha ibiribwa
akanamwemerera kubaha akazi kugira ngo babone ibyo bazajya barya. Abo
kwa Gasana batangira ubwo guca inshuro. Buri munsi Kamana akabaha ibyo
guteka bakoreye. Ibyo birabasindagiza kugeza iminsi mibi irangiye.
Mu gihe babaga bari mu kazi kwa Kamana, yarabaganirizaga akabagira inama yo
gukorana umurava no kurwanya ubunebwe, akanabatoza umuco wo kuzigama.
Abana ba Gasana babona isomo ryiza, biga gukora imirimo yo mu rugo ihwanye
n’ubushobozi bwabo.
Hashize iminsi Kamana aganiriza umuhungu wa Gasana witwaga Kamari
amubaza impamvu yacikije amashuri kandi akiri muto. Kamari amusubiza
ko iwabo babuze ubushobozi bwo kumurihira amafaranga y’ishuri. Kamana
amubwira amateka y’umwana wari imfubyi akaza guhabwa inkoko imwe
na nyirarume akayorora akajya agurisha amagi yayo udufaranga akuyemo
akatuzigama twagwira akaguramo izindi nkoko akarushaho kubona umusaruro
w’amagi utubutse. Amusobanurira ko byatinze uwo mwana akagura inka mu
mafaranga yakuraga mu magi.
Amafaranga yavaga mu mukamo w’inka, ni yo yagiye azigama buhorobuhoro,
akabasha kwirihira amashuri yisumbuye, ndetse na kaminuza. Kamana
yasobanuriye Kamari ukuntu uwo mwana yiteje imbere abikesha umuco
mwiza yagiraga wo kumenya kuzigama. Akimara kumva iyo nkuru, amusaba
ko amafaranga yari kuzamuhemba, yayamuguriramo urukwavu akagenda
akarworora, kugira ngo na we azage yizigamira atangiye kugurisha inkwavu ze.
Kamana yigishije Gasana n’umuryango we gukunda umurimo no kwizigamira,
maze nyuma yaho barakora beza imyaka, barahunika, urugo rwabo rukira
inzara rutyo. Kamari na we, yoroye inkwavu atangira kuzigama amafaranga
akuyemo, nyuma y’umwaka asubira mu ishuri afatanya n’ababyeyi be kwishyura
amafaranga y’ishuri. Ubu umuryango wa Gasana witeje imbere, umeze neza
kubera isomo uwo muryango wakuye kwa Kamana.
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
Soma umwandiko, usubize ibibazo bikurikira.
1. Muri uyu mwandiko baratubwiramo imiryango ibiri. Tandukanya
imiterere yayo.
2. Iterambere ryo mu muryango wa Kamana rikomoka ku ki?
3. Ni iyihe ndangagaciro dusanga muri uyu mwandiko, iranga
Abanyarwanda?
4. Ni ikihe gihe k’ihinga kivugwa mu mwandiko? Garagaza nibura ibindi
bihe bibiri by’ihinga bitavuzwe mu mwandiko.
5. Sobanura ibyiza byo kuzigama bivugwa mu mwandiko.
6. Vuga ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka ziri mu mwandiko.
7. Gereranya imyitwarire y’abanyarubuga n’ubuzima busanzwe bw’aho
utuye.
II. Ibibazo by’inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura amagambo akurikira, ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko.
a) Urugaryi
b) Kwiyuha akuya
c) Kugarizwa (n’inzara)
d) Kuboneza
2. Shaka amagambo yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko avuga kimwe n’amagambo
atsindagiye muri izi nteruro:
a) Agezeyo, arakomanga nuko bamuha ikaze.
b) Bwacya bagakomeza imirimo yabo.3. Huza ijambo n’igisobanuro cyaryo ukurikije inyito rifite mu mwandiko .
III. Ikibazo ku mpapuro zuzuzwa, sheki na raporo
1. Ni ubuhe buryo bukoreshwa mu kubikura amafaranga kuri banki?
2. Sheki umuntu ayitanga uko yakabaye cyangwa hari ibyo yuzuzaho?
3. Usibye sheki, nta zindi mpapuro muzi buzuza?
4. Kubera iki umuntu yandika raporo?5. Sobanura ibyakwitabwaho mu kujora raporo yakozwe.
UNIT 9: UBUKORONI
UBUSHOBOZI BW’INGENZI BUGAMIJWE
-Gusesengura ikinamico, ivuga ku ngaruka z’ubukoroni agaragaza
ingingo ziwukubiyemo n’uturango twayo.-Guhanga no gukina ikinamico.
IGIKORWA CY’UMWINJIZO
Ushingiye ku bumenyi ufite, sobanura mu magambo yawe bwite ubukoroni
icyo ari cyo, unavuge ibibi n’ibyiza ubukoroni bwagize ku Banyarwandano ku Banyafurika muri rusange.
IX.1. Umwandiko: Abatanye badatata barasubiranye
Umugabo Gamariyeri, yabyirutse yitwa Ruhakana. Koko ngo: “Izina ni ryo
muntu”, Ruhakana ntiyajyaga imbizi n’umukoroni. Yarafunzwe amara igihe
kirekire mu buroko, avuyemo akomeza igitekerezo cyo kwanga ubukoroni. Ageze
iwe, ntiyahamaze iminsi, yahise ajya gushaka umusaza Rumashana ngo wenda
yamugira inama, akamenya neza uko yarwanya abakoronije Abanyarwanda
noneho bakaba mu bwigenge. Kurikirana uko byamugendekeye amaze kugera
kwa Rumashana, akongera gufatwa n’abasirikari b’abakoroni. Iteka Ruhakana
yahoranaga ishyaka ryo kurwanya ingoma y’ubukoroni, ariko aza kubona ari
wenyine ati: “Abatanye badatata barasubiranye”.
Abakinnyi:
Ruhakana Gamariyeri: Umugabo w’igikwerere, utumvikana n’umuntu wese
ushyigikiye ubukoroni.
Rumashana: Umusaza w’iminkanyari mu ruhanga warwanye intambara
y’Abamayimayi muri Tanzaniya n’iy’Abamawumawu muri Kenya. Ubu
asigaye ari inararibonye mu mateka y’abakoroni, ariko agira inama
abato kunga ubumwe no guharanira kwigira.
Nyirashiku: Umugore wa Ruhakana ugaragara nk’umukecuru washajishijwe
n’imirimo ya gikoroni yakoranaga imbaraga nyinshi.
Umusirikare mukuru w’umuzungu: Ucunga umutekano atavuga menshi.
Padiri Dipo: Umupadiri w’umukoroni waturutse mu Budage ushaka kunga
abasirikare n’abaturage no kubiba amahoro abinyujije mu myemerere
ya gikirisitu.
Kabirigi/ Mwene Kabirigi: Izina bitaga umuzungu uwo ari we wese bavuga
ko ari Umubirigi.
Kanyarufunzo: Umwana wa Rumashana wahimbwe izina ry’Umurundi,
wabaga mu rufunzo na we utarakozwaga iby’abakoroni.
Natanayeri: Wemeye akayoboka idini rya gikirisitu, akaba yumvikana na
Padiri Dipo.
Turikubwigenge: Umusore ukunda iby’amateka. Atanga ingero nyinshi,
afatiye kubahanga mu mateka.
Abasore n’abakobwa b’abaririmbyi: Basusurutsa abaje mu gitaramo.
Abagabo n’abagore: Indorerezi.
Umuseruko wa mbere
Ruhakana, Nyirashiku
(Uyu museruko uratangirira mu rugo rwa Ruhakana).
Ruhakana: Nyirashi, ubona koko ntari nzize amaherere. Harya ngo: “Itegeko
rirusha ibuye kuremera?” Bareke ariko, bage nge!
Nyirashiku: Ndekandeka undorere mugabo nkunda. Ese ubundi mwaramutse
neza?
Ruhakana: Ugira ngo namenye ko bwakeye se rubavu rwange! Iminsi maze
mu buroko yanyibagije ubuzima busanzwe.
Nyirashiku: Ariko koko, ubu bizashoboka kubaho mu bwigenge?
Ruhakana: Yewe! Irekere izo ni inzozi zo ku ngoma ya Rutuku. Ariko rwose
bage nge!
Nyirashiku: Ubu se kandi wibagiwe ibiboko wakubiswe ngo wanze kwikorera
imitwaro ya Rukara wa Kabirigi (Ubwo batsindaga umuzungu
w’Umubirigi)?
Ruhakana: Nyirashi!
Nyirashiku: Karame mutware wange!
Ruhakana: Uzi n’ikindi, ubu ngiye guhagurukira kurwana inkundura, ndebe
ko nagera ku burenganzira bwacu. Ndabyiyemeje kandi nzashyirwa
mbigezeho mba ndoga Musinga.
Nyirashiku: Oya rwose mugabo nkunda! Ntiwabonye uko bamugize yanze
kumva abakoroni b’Ababirigi?
Ruhakana: Ni byo rwose, iby’iyi ntwari ndabyibuka nk’ibyabaye ejo.
Yarabarwanyije, nyuma baza kumunyaga ubutegetsi n’abatware,
bamucira i Kamembe. Abo Banyaburayi babonye Abanyarwanda
bagikunze umwami wabo, bamucira ishyanga ahitwa Moba muri
Katanga ho muri Repubulika Iharanira Demukarasi ya Kongo, ari na
ho yatangiye.
Nyirashiku: Ibuka neza ko kandi muri icyo gihe, ari bwo Rukara rwa Bishingwe
abazungu bamunyongeye mu Gahunga k’Abarashi.
Ruhakana: Erega ayo mateka turayasangiye! Gusa icyo ntifuza, ni uko ubuzima
twabayemo ari bwo n’abana bacu bazabamo. Umugambi wange
ndawukomeje rero. Sinzazungurwa na mwene Kabirigi.
Nyirashiku: Ni byo koko mpora nshengurwa na shiku, umujishi n’uburyo
nashikuranaga n’imishike mbuze uko ngira kubera ba gashakabuhake.
Nubwo ari uguhebera urwaje, sinifuza ko abana bange bazashikurana
n’irya mishike nasize. Ariko kandi aho gupfa none wapfa ejo!
Ruhakana: Uramponda sinoga. Ruhakana sinzemera ubukoroni.
Nyirashiku: Nyamara ngo: “inyamanswa idakenga yishwe n’umututizi.”
Nawe se, reba uburyo abo bene Kabirigi bamaze kutwigarurira.
Inganda zacu barazisenye, urushingo n’urushingati twarusimbuje
ingirwamyambi y’ikibiriti, ubu ntawukikoza impuzu ngo ni ukwemera
bakadukuburira.
Ruhakana: Nyirashi, ibyo twakora byose, nta cyo duteze kuzageraho,
tudasobetse amaboko nk’Abanyarwanda ngo twikure ku ngoyi nako
ingoma ya Rugigana.
Nyirashiku: Ngaho jya mbere nguteze yombi!
Ruhakana: Ibyo Rugigana adushukisha ni byo bitwibagiza umuco wacu.
Nyirashiku: None se twakora iki ko amazi yarenze inkombe?
Ruhakana: Reka nge kureba umusaza Rumashana, nubwo ashaje akaba
yuzuye iminkanyari mu gahanga, umusatsi wose ukaba ari uruyenzi,
ndibuka ko yarwanye intambara y’Abamayimayi muri Tanzaniya
n’iy’Abamawumawu muri Kenya, aharanira ko abakoroni badakomeza
kudutsikamira no kudupyinagaza, wenda yagira icyo anyungura muri
aya majune.
Nyirashiku: Ngaho nimugire urugendo rwiza.
Umuseruko wa kabiri
(Rumashana, Ruhakana, Kanyarufunzo)
Rumashana: Uwo ni nde ukomanga ? Niyinjire (Ruhakana yinjire).
Ruhakana: Mwaramutse sogoku?
Rumashana: Waramutse mwana wa. Ugenzwa n’amahoro se da?( baramukanya)
Ko mbona uburoko bwari bukuntwaye mwana wa! Yooo! Nubwo
ntagisimbuka akatsi, ndabona naguha intego rwose!
Ruhakana: (Akubite agatwenge buhoro)Nubundi nkeneye inda ya bukuru
sogoku. Sinakwigezaho rwose! Uracyari intarumikwa! Wansuhuje
ndasusumira pe!
Rumashana: Ngaho icara umbwire amajyo yawe. (amwereke agatebe maze
yicare)
Ruhakana: Sogoku, sintinda nje kukubwira ko bamponze nkanga kunoga.
N’ubu umugambi wange wo kwanga ubukoroni urakomeje. Gusa
ndareba inzira, ngasanga izitiwe hose n’imitego mitindi ya bene
Kabirigi.
Rumashana: Uti: “Iki mwana wa?” Ugira ngo nongere nkuganirire ibyo muri
Tanzaniya na Kenya, ahari imitwe yari ikaze y’abakoroni. Bankijijwe
n’Iyakare maze kubazahaza pe! Abantu bapfuye ari benshi cyane
ariko nge Rumashana, si uko byagenze.
Ruhakana: Ariko sogoku, numva ngo mwarasahuraga rigatumuka, mukibasira
abakozi b’abakoroni, ariko ngo wowe wumvaga utateshuka ku muco
wacu gakondo wamagana idini rya gikirisitu! Nge narumiwe ariko
ndanabishyigikiye pe!
Rumashana: Mwana wa, reka dusubire mu y’inzuki wenda ubuki ntibuzaribwe
rwose. Abakoroni badukozeho, ubutegetsi bwabo bukandamiza
Abanyarwanda kimwe n’abandi Banyafurika. Gusa hari ababyumvaga
neza, bakanga gutanga imisoro, gukora uburetwa, kwikorera imizigo,
gutanga amakoro, gukubitwa, gutukwa n’ibindi, byatumaga abantu
banga bidasubirwaho abo ba Rugigana.
Ruhakana: (Avuge amuciye mu ijambo), Si icyo nazize se sogoku, imyaka
nakoze uburoko yose, ngo si uko nanze gutwara amagi y’umuzungu,
nkanga nkanatunga urutoki inka z’umugogoro!
Rumashana: Erega mwana wange, wabaye nka Kanyarufunzo ngo iby’abazungu
ntiyabikozwaga, yatangaga amategeko yo kwigomeka kuri Kazungu
yibereye mu rufunzo.
Ruhakana: Naho se ba Mwarimu Nyerere muri Tanzaniya, ba Jomo Kenyata
muri Kenya, ugira ngo hari uko batari bagize?
Rumashana: Niba ugikomeje kurwana rero, ndagira ngo nkibyibuka, uvuye
hano, uge kureba umusaza Kirongo. Uyu azakubwira ibijyanye
n’intambara z’abakoroni n’uko zarwanywe. Barazitsinze, bageraho
bamera nk’abakina ikinamico.
Ruhakana: Nibutse iby’aba Bongereza bari bigabije ubutaka bw’Abanyafurika,
abaturage
bakarubira
babubakuyemo.
bakarwana
umuhenerezo kugeza
Rumashana: Yooo! Mwana wa, uzi ko nakwicishije inyota. (Umusaza ahamagare
umwuzukuru we yitaga Kanyarufunzo). Mbe Kanyarufu, ese
ntiwamenye ko twabonye umushyitsi? Cyono musuhuze, umuzanire
n’umukuzo yice akanyota.
Ruhakana: Erega bwanije, tuge mu gitaramo! Simbona ari mu mataha y’inka!
Kanayarufunzo: (Kanyarufunzo aze yivugisha). Erega aho izina ryarampamye!
Uyu munsi ndamenya imvano y’izina ryange, ubwo wongeye
kurimpamagara sogoku. (Asuhuze Ruhakana).
Rumashana: Ahubwo nimuhamagare abahungu bange, baze bose hamwe
n’iyonka, turare inkera y’imihigo y’uko twazarwanya ubukoroni
tukabutsinda.
Ruhakana: Ni byo rwose sogoku, wenda nakuramo n’igitekerezo k’inzozi
zange zo kurwanya ubukoroni.
Rumashana: Ngaho Ruhaka, herekeza Kanyarufunzo munyure imicyamo yose,
mubwire abana bange baze dutaramane.
Umuseruko wa gatatu
(Ruhakana, Rumashana, Kanyarufunzo, Natanayeri, Abagabo n’abagore bakuze,
abasore n’inkumi b’abaririmbyi, abasirikare b’abazungu, umuzungu Padiri Dipo
w’Umudage).
(Uyu museruko uratangirana n’indirimbo zishoza igitaramo: komeze imihigo
Sibo y’intore)
Abaririmbyi: Urakomeze imihigo Sibo y’intore…
Rumashana: Bana bange rero, uyu mugoroba ndagira ngo muze dutarame
twishimane. Insanganyamatsiko yacu tuyijyanishe n’ijambo rigenza
umuhungu wange Ruhakana. Mutarame, murye, munywe, mwishime
ariko mwibuke ko dufite urugamba tugomba kurwana kandi
tukarutsinda. Ngaho nimwidagadure.
(Kanyarufunzo yivuge iki kivugo cyahimbwe na Sebaganji ba Sebukwekwe):
Kanyarufunzo:
Uwo Indamutsa irata wa Ruberanziza
Umuheto ubuza abakinzi kwitaza
Impangazamurego yawuturiye i Mbuye
Abonye ko ari imbangikanyababiri
Ahamagara Rugina
Ati: “ Izo ngabo ntiwazibonamo impunzi!
Ariko Ncyahabaganizi ntaremya urugamba
Ahora atabaruka yambaye ibinyita.”
Ruhakana: Gumagumaguma! (Akome mu mashyi cyane yishimye.)
Rumashana: Ese ko mbona utangiye kumera amababa, ukabyinira ku rukoma,
aho ugurukira uragera he mwana wa?
Ruhakana: Ndeka sogoku! Uyu mugabo akoze hasi anyibutsa ibuye. Ati:
“Izo ngabo ntiwazibonamo impunzi.” Nange sinzahunga urugamba
rwo kurwanya ubukoroni. (Akivuga ibyo, haba hinjiye abasirikare
b’abazungu)
Umusirikare w’umuzungu: (Avuge agoreka ururimi) Muri gukora iki? Ko
musakuza?
Rumashana: Abana bange bantaramiye.
Umusirikare mukuru w’umuzungu: We! Murasakuza mwebwe? Muceceke.
Mugende!
Ruhakana: Mwidutunga imyuko yanyu isohora amashaza! Ariko ubu koko
tuzakomeza dusuzugurwe dutya! (Abadukane umujinya, asange
umusirikare)
Umusirikare mukuru w’umuzungu: Nimumufate! (Abandi basirikare
bataramufata abari aho bose bateze isahinda, hahita hinjira Padiri
Dipo).
Padiri Dipo: Nyagasani nabane namwe! (Avuge agoreka ururimi, abari aho
bose baceceke.)
Padiri: Abakirisitu bari hano ni ba nde?
Natanayeri: Ni nge!
Ruhakana: Ariko koko Natanayeri ni we uri kutugambanira? Niba waratatiye
umuco wa ba sogokuruza, turaguca bidasubirwaho.
Padiri Dipo: Natanayeri n’abandi bemera kubatizwa bazanyitabe ejo.
Basirikare, namwe mugende, mureke abaturage.
Umuseruko wa kane
(Ruhakana, Padiri Dipo, Natanayeri)
Natanayeri: Ruhakana rero, dore n’ubwo ukomeje umugambi wo kurwanya
abakaroni, ukwiye kwitonda kuko baturusha intwaro. Niba atari ibyo
urongera ufungwe!
Ruhakana: Erega mwana wa mama nange igihe ba basirikare bansumiraga,
numvise uruhu runyorosotseho. Nabonaga nsubiye mu buroko pe!
Natanayeri: None rero Ruhakana, reka twemere twitabe Padiri Dipo atugire
inama. Mbona uru rugamba tutarutsinda turwana nkawe.
Ruhakana: Ni byo rwose. (Bagende bagere kwa Padiri)
Natanayeri: Mwaramutse padi.
Padiri Dipo: Mwaramutse bana bange.
Natanayeri: Twari tubitabye, tunashaka ko mutugira inama.
Padiri Dipo: Bana bange, mureke twamamaze inkuru nziza y’amahoro!
Natanayeri: Ni byo rwose Padi.
Padiri Dipo: Ruhakana nawe emera ubatizwe, maze ugire amahoro n’ubugingo.
Ruhakana: None se si amahoro nshaka Padi? Iyo nanga ko mutubuza
umutekano si amahoro mba nshaka?
Padiri Dipo: Mugomba gutekereza ko iwacu ari mu ijuru, kuko twaremewe
kuzajya mu ijuru.
Ruhakana: Oya rwose ndabyanze Padi!
Padiri Dipo: Niba ubyanga rero, uri umwana wa Sekibi. Nupfa uzamusanga.
Ruhakana: Rumashana ampa inka! Ubwo se uwo Sekibi ntazi muri ba
sogokuruza, nzamusanga nte? Ese ubundi ubu bari he ko batabatijwe?
Padiri Dipo: Bari ahantu habi nk’aho, kuko bapfuye tutaraza ngo tubakize
ibyaha.
Ruhakana: Nge rero ndashaka kuzajya aho ba sogokuruza bari. Sinshaka
kuzajya kwigunga ngenyine, aho umbwira batari.
Padiri Dipo: Erega n’izina ryawe ni ribi, ukwiye kwitwa Gamariyeri, ukareka
kwitwa Ruhakana.
Natanayeri: Ahaaa! Si ngaho Padiri arakubatije. Erega Padiri nushaka urekere
aho agahu kahuye n’umunyutsi. Ruhakana abaye Gamariyeri kuva
ubu ntazongera kwitwa Ruhakana.
Ruhakana: Yampaye inka Rumashana! Murashaka kunshyira mu byo ntazi
ngo n’amadini noneho. Mugumane ingirwamazina yanyu. Ubona
ngo murantuka! (Ruhakana agende arakaye, Natanayeri amukurikire
ashaka kumugarura, Padiri asigare yumiwe).
Umuseruko wa gatanu
Ruhakana, Rumashana, Padiri Dipo, Abasirikare, Nataniyeri, Turikubwigenge
(Rumashana arasanga Nataniyeri na Ruhakana bananiwe kumvikana)
Rumashana: Ese bana bange ko mukururana mwukana inabi, aho ni amahoro?
Erega nabonye muje mwerekeje kwa Padiri ndavuga ngo nange
ngereyo, numve ibyo murimo. Nimucyo dusubireyo, mumbwire ibyo
mwavugaga.
Padiri Dipo: Urakaza neza Rumasha.
Rumashana: Padiri rero, nari nje ngo numve inama zawe n’abana bange.
Murabibona mwese ndi mu marembera, ejo cyangwa ejobundi,
sinifuza kugusigira abana baryana. Nubwo nabanje guhakana
nkanabarwanya, ariko hari ibyo nahaye agaciro kuruta ibindi.
Padiri Dipo: Ibihe se Rumasha?
Rumashana: Nubwo tugaya ingoma yanyu, uko mwaje mukigabiza ubutaka
bwacu, mukadushora isoko nk’amatungo ku Kivumu cya Mpushi,
Rukira mu Burasirazuba, mu
Rwanza rwa Save muri Gisagara na Mubuga ho mu Bukonya mu majyaruguru
n’ahandi, mukatumarira mu Ntambara ya Mbere n’iya Kabiri y’Isi, mukatubibamo
amacakubiri, mukaducamo icyuho ku buryo budasubirwaho; maze kubona ko
muri mwe harimo abamaganye icuruzwa ry’abantu ndabagarukiyeho hato.
Padiri Dipo: Noneho twakwicara tukumva neza impanuro z’umusaza!
(Abari aho bose bicare)
Rumashana: Reka noneho twumve igitekerezo cya buri wese, kituganisha ku
bwiyunge.
Turikubwigenge: (Amanike ukuboko) nge rwose nkunda gukurikirana
amateka y’ubukoroni, nubwo ntarabona igufwa ry’umuyaga.
Natanayeri: Turakuzi rwose ko uri Kanyamakuru.
Turikubwigenge: Namenye ko ibihingwa byinshi twabizaniwe n’abakoroni.
Abanyaburayi batuzaniye ibigori, inanasi, imyumbati, ubunyobwa
bivuye muri Amerika. Insina n’imyembe byo ngo byaba byaravuye
muri Aziya. Abitwa Abarabu batwigishije uburyo bwo guhinga
umuceri no kubaka amazu afite imfuruka za kizungu.
Ruhakana: Erega ibyo muvuga byose simbyumva. Abazungu bakoronije
Afurika, ku mpamvu zo kwisahurira amabuye y’agaciro no kugurisha
imyenda yakorwaga n’inganda zabo. Ibikoresho fatizo bari kubikura
hehe, hatari muri Afurika?
Rumashana: Ruhakana nushaka ube Gamariyeri nk’uko numvise bakwita.
Abakoroni baduhenze ubwenge koko, baraturwanya turabayoboka,
ariko hari agakeregeshwa k’amajyambere n’iterambere bapfuye
kutugezaho.
Ruhakana: Impamvu ya mpatsibihugu ihesha ishema Abanyaburayi ndetse
bakigwizaho amaboko. Mu butegetsi bwa kiboko ntawuzamura
akarimi. Ubwo butegetsi bwapfunyengeje, bunapyinagaza Abirabura
benshi. Ubutegetsi bukuru barabwihariye. Sinzajya imbizi na bo
rwose.
Natanayeri: Iyo urebye ukuntu batwigishije guhinga ibireti mu Rwanda,
ipamba mu Misiri, kakawo (cacao) muri Kotedivuwari (Côte d’ivoire)
n’imikindo y’amamesa muri Kongo Mbirigi, usanga ari agashya
twavanga n’amarira. Erega abahanga mu by’amateka, bavuga ko
abazungu barwanyije inzara, barwanya indwara zatwibasiraga
harimo marariya, ubushita, indwara y’ibitotsi, ibibembe n’izindi. Ibi
byose rero byari kutumara, iyo bataza muri Afurika.
Turikubwigenge: Ahaaa! Erega bubatse n’amashuri ajijura Abanyafurika,
gusa ikibazo ni uko wasangaga ayo mashuri yaratozaga Abanyafurika
imico y’i Burayi.
Ruhakana: Ariko ayo mashuri mundatira, si atesha agaciro imico karande yo
muri Afurika. Ururimi rwacu gakondo ntirwitabweho? Ntusanga mu
mashuri bigisha cyanecyane mu ndimi z’i Bwotamasimbi, ku buryo
ubu ngubu usanga ari zo zihuza Abanyafurika aho guhuzwa n’izabo?
Rumashana: Erega mwa bana mwe hari n’imigi yashinzwe n’abakoroni, izo
za Kongo Burazavile (Congo Brazaville) zashinzwe na Savorunya do
Buraza (Savorgnan De Brazza), Kigali yo mu Rwanda ishingwa na
Rishari Kanti (Richard Kandt), Abanyarwanda bitaga Kanayoge.
Turikubwigenge: Ni byo koko data na we yambwiye ko ugeze Dodoma, i
Mwanza muri Tanzaniya, ukagera iyo za Kinshasa, za Bujumbura, za
Kampala, wahasanga ibirango by’abakoroni, harimo inyubako zitava
ku gihe.
Rumashana: Yewe, si aho gusa, uzagere n’ahandi abakoroni banyuze wihere
ijisho! Ngo: “Ubusa buruta buriburi bana ba!”
Ruhakana: Mureke ducutse amateka, ducumbikire aha. Ubwira uwumva
ntavunika. Ubu maze kumenya ko ubukoroni bwagize inkurikizi zitari
nke ku Banyafurika ndetse n’u Rwanda muri rusange. Nubwo twe nta
matunda y’ubukoroni tubona neza, abana n’abuzukuru bacu, ubuvivi
n’ubuvivure baziga bamenye imibare, ubugenge n’ubutabire, bivuze
mu mavuriro akomeye kandi agwiriyemo abahanga; kudidibuza
Icyongereza, Igifaransa, Igiswayiri n’izindi, batuvuganira, babibemo
intyoza, niducyura ibyo, Imana y’i Rwanda izakomeze itwihere
impagarike n’ubugingo.
(Abari aho bose bishime bakome amashyi, baririmbe ngo: “urukundo nirwogere.”
Ruhakana we amarira atembe ku matama nubwo ngo: “Amarira y’umugabo
atemba ajya mu nda.”)
Rumashana: Ruhakana, ihangane nubwo abakoroni bakoze nabi, twe
ntitwabona uko twiyishyurira kandi ikituraje ishinga si icyo, ahubwo
dushikame, dukore tuzibe icyuho twatejwe n’abakoroni. Murakoze
kandi murakarama.
Ruhakana: Ni byo koko ngo: “Abatanye badatata barasubiranye.” Nimureke
dushyire hamwe wenda tuzunamuka, tugere ku bwigenge busesuye.
Bifatiye ku mwandiko “Rugigana n’ingoma ye” uvuga ku mabi ubukoroni
bwagiriye Abanyarwanda n’Abanyafurika muri rusange.
9. 1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Soma umwandiko “Abatanye badatata barasubiranye”, ushakemo
amagambo udasobanukiwe, hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije inyito afite
mu mwandiko wifashishije inkoranyamagambo.
1. Simbuza ijambo ryanditse ritsindagiye irindi bivuga kimwe usanga
mu mwandiko.
a) Rutuku yaratuzengereje duta umutwe kugeza ku bwigenge, ubu
turahumeka umwuka w’abazima.
b) Ku mugabane w’i Burayi haturutseyo abakoroni b’ingeri zose.
c) Bantu mukinisha imbunda z’amasasu, muge mwitonda,
mutazatumaraho urubyaro.
d) Abantu b’inararibonye, bazi byinshi ku mateka y’abakoroni
bigabagabanyije Afurika.
e) Kugera ku bwigenge byaraharaniwe ku buryo budasubirwaho.
f) Ikinyarwanda ntikigeze kitabwaho mu mashuri, ku ngoma ya
gashakabuhake w’umukoroni.
2. Ubaka interuro ukoresheje amagambo cyangwa itsinda ry’amagambo
akurikira ku buryo wumvikanisha icyo asobanura.
a) Amajune
b) Kubyinira ku rukoma
c) Intyoza
d) Ubukoroni
IMYITOZO
9.1.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko “Abatanye badatata barasubiranye”, maze
usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Vuga abakinnyi bose bavugwa muri uyu mwandiko?
2. Mu mwandiko baratubwiramo umusaza ukuze cyane. Uwo ni nde,
umubwirwa n’iki?
3. Abakoroni bafite ibintu bibiri by’ingenzi bitwaje bakoroniza Afurika.
Ibyo bintu ni ibihe?
4. Ingaruka mbi kurusha izindi za gikoroni yashegeshe Igihugu cyacu cy’u
Rwanda, ni iyihe?
5. Vuga imitwe ibiri y’abarwanyi yari yarazengereje abakoroni mu bihugu
by’iburasirazuba bw’u Rwanda.
6. Tanga amazina y’imigi yashinzwe n’abakoroni n’abo yitiriwe.
9.1.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko “Abatanye badatata barasubiranye”, maze
usubize ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko ivugwa mu mwandiko?
2. Tanga ingingo z’ingenzi zibanzweho mu mwandiko wasomye.
3. “Abakoroni badusigiye ibikomere n’agashashi katumurikira kujya
mbere.” Sobanura iyo mvugo.
4. Ingamba ababyiruka bagomba gufata kugira ngo bakomeze gusigasira
ibyagezweho nyuma yo kwiyuha akuya ni izihe?
9.1.4. Kungurana ibitekerezo
IGIKORWA
Mwongere musome umwandiko “Abatanye badatata barasubiranye”,
hanyuma mwungurane ibitekerezo ku nsanganyamatsiko ikurikira:
Gereranye ibivugwa mu ikinamico n’ubuzima urimo muri iki gihe.
IX.2. Ikinamico
9.2.1. Inshoza, uturango, imyubakire n’ibice by’ikinamico
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko “Abatanye badatata barasubiranye”
witegereza imiterere yawo, uko abakinankuru bateye n’uko basimburana
bavuga maze ukore ubushakashatsi, utahure inshoza n’uturango
by’ikinamico, imyubakire n’ibice by’ikinamico.
1. Inshoza y’ikinamico
Ikinamico ni umukino ushingiye ku gikorwa abantu berekanira imbere y’abandi,
abantu bihindura ukundi, bagerageza gusa na bo cyangwa ibyo bakina haba mu
mvugo, mu mico no mu migirire, kandi bagamije gushimisha abababona, rimwe
na rimwe bagaherwamo inyigisho zishobora kuba intandaro yo gukira bimwe
mu bikomere by’umutima umuntu agendana buri munsi cyangwa gukemura
bimwe mu bibazo bihora biziritse bagenzi bacu mu miryango natwe ubwacu
tutiretse. Ikinamico ishobora kukunywesha umuti urura, ukakubera urukingo
ruzima rwo guca ukubiri n’ikitwa ingeso mbi zose zoreka imbaga y’abantu
mu migirire no mu bikorwa by’urukozasoni. Ikinamico ni ikigega k’ikoraniro
ry’ingeri z’ubuvanganzo zitandukanye, kuko ikinamico ubwayo atari ingeri
y’ubuvanganzo.
Mu ikinamico, abakinnyi bashobora gutebya, gusakuza, guca imigani, kuririmba,
guhoza abageni n’abana, kuvugira inka, yewe n’abahigi bashobora kuzitura
intozo zabo nyuma amahigi bakayaroha. Ikinamico ni akayobera. Usibye
akamaro ko gushimisha abayireba, irigisha abantu bakanyurwa. Ikinamico
iravura; ikuramo abantu ububabare baba bafite, ikagerageza na none gukemura
bimwe mu bibazo baba bafite ku mutima. Hashingiwe ku nsanganyamatsiko
z’ikinamico twavuga ko ikinamico ari ikinabuzima.
2. Uturango tw’ ikinamico
Ikinamico ihimbye neza, igomba kuba igaragaramo uturango dukurikira:
Umutwe w’ikinamico: umutwe w’ikinamico ugomba kuba ari mugufi kandi
uteye amatsiko.Insanganyamatsiko rusange igomba kuba ifitanye isano
n’umutwe. Biba byiza iyo usomye umutwe adahita yumva neza ibikubiye
mu ikinamico.
Umwinjizo: ni amagambo atangira umukino, aba asa n’akebura abagiye
gukurikira ikinamico, ndetse abakururira gukurikira neza umukino.
Abanyarubuga: ni abakinnyi bakina umukino, bagaragaza imyifatire
itandukanye, bagenda bumvikana, ndetse bakagaragara mu mukino.
Mu ikinamico, cyanecyane mu ikinamico nyarwanda, usanga amazina
y’abakinnyi ashushanya imico yabo, uko bateye n’uko bitwara.
Ibice by’umukino: ni umukino wose uba ugabanyijemo ibice bitandukanye,
bitewe n’uko umuhanzi yabigennye.
Agakino: igice cy’umukino, gishobora kugira imiseruko itandukanye, bitewe
n’igitekerezo gikubiye mu gice cy’umukino.
Urukiniro/akabugankuru: ni aho agakino cyangwa igice cy’umukino kiba kiri
bukinirwe. Urukiniro baruha umuteguro, bakarutaka cyangwa bakaruha
imirimbishirize, bitewe n’ibyifuzo by’umuhanzi cyangwa umutoza.
Umuseruko: tuvuga umuseruko, iyo hari umukinnyi mushya winjiye mu
rukiniro cyangwa igihe hari usohotse mu rukiniro.
Mu makinamico avugirwa kuri tereviziyo cyangwa kuri radiyo, si ngombwa
ko urukiniro rurangiriraho igice cyose cy’umukino kuko ho biba byoroshye
kubikora. Mu mikino yerekanwa, ntabwo washobora kwerekana abantu bari
mu Kiriziya, ngo mu kanya wongere uberekane baryamye imbere y’imbaga
ibarebera kandi ari mu gice kimwe. Aha ngaha byagusaba kubanza gufunga
umwenda, ugategura akandi kabugankuru. Amategeko y’ikinamico avuga ko
bafunga umwenda gusa iyo igice cy’umukino kirangiye.
Inyobozi: ni ibisobanuro bigaragara mu ikinamico, biyobora abanyarubuga
uko bari bwitware mu mukino. Bikunze gushyirwa mu dukubo.
Imvugo nkana: ni amagambo umunyarubuga ashobora kuvuga mu gihe ari
kugirana ikiganiro na mugenzi we, ariko mugenzi we akigiza nkana ko
atayumvise.
Imvugano: ni ikiganiro kiba hagati y’abanyarubuga igihe bahererekanya
amagambo.
Inyishyu: ni amagambo umunyarubuga runaka asubiza mugenzi we mu
ikinamico.
Umwivugisho: ni amagambo avugwa n’umunyarubuga igihe ari wenyine
yivugisha.
Ururondogoro: ni imvugo itinze y’umunyarubuga runaka.
Iherezo: ikinamico igira iherezo. Iherezo ry’ikinamico rishobora kumara
amatsiko abayikurikiye, cyangwa rigasiga abayikurikiye mu gihirahiro
bibaza uko byagenze cyangwa uko bizagenda.
3. Imyubakire y’ikinamico
Ikinamico nk’inkuru ikinnye, igira imyubakire iteye itya:
Intango: muri iki gice, hagaragaramo uko ubuzima buba busanzwe muri
rusange, abantu babanye neza nta kibazo bafitanye.
Kidobya: nko mu nkuru, kidobya ni akantu kaza, kakaba imbarutso, kagahindura
ibintu uko byari bimeze. Icyo gihe uko ibintu byari bisanzwe birahinduka,
niba ari nk’ikibazo kivutse, kigashakirwa igisubizo.
Inkubiri y’ibikorwa: muri iki gice, ni ho dusobanukirwa inkuru koko.
Abanyarubuga bakagaragaza ya myifatire cyangwa imico itandukanye
baba bakina.
Umwanzuro: muri iki gice, ni ho tubona uko inkuru irangiye. Mu mwanzuro
ikinamico ishobora kurangira imaze amatsiko cyangwa igasiga mu rujijo
abayiteze amatwi cyangwa abayireba.
Amaherezo: muri iki gice, hagaragaramo uko byagenze nyuma y’ikemuka
ry’ikibazo runaka cyangwa se nyuma y’uko ikibazo gikomeza kuba
insobe. Aha ni na ho hagaragara abagiriye inyungu muri kwa gukemuka
cyangwa kudakemuka kw’ikibazo.
Imyubakire y’ikinamico ishingira ku banyarubuga. Ibikorwa bigaragara mu
ikinamico bishingira ku banyarubuga cyanecyane ku banyarubuga b’imena.
Abanyarubuga b’imena bafatanyije n’abungirije bayobora imigendekere
y’ibikorwa mu ikinamico kugeza ku ndunduro y’ikinamico. Nko mu nkuru ngufi
cyangwa ndende, umusesenguzi w’ikinamico ashobora gushushanya ibikorwayifashishije igishushanyo giteye gitya:
Nyiri ubwite: ni bo ikinamico iba ishingiyeho. Aba bashobora kugera ku ntego
bagamije cyangwa ntibayigereho.
Ugenerwa: ni umuntu wese waba afite inyungu, ukurikije ikivugwa muikinamico.
Abafasha: ni abakinamico cyangwa ibindi bintu bishobora gutuma nyir’ubwite
cyangwa ba nyir’ubwite mu ikinamico bagera ku kigamijwe cyangwantibakigereho, ariko byagaragaye ko ba nyiri ubwite bari bashyigikiwe.
Ugenera: ni umuntu cyangwa ikintu gituma nyiri ubwite agira intego runakamu ikinamico.
Ikigamijwe: ni intego abakinamico b’ingenzi baba bahawe n’umuhimbyiw’ikinamico.
Imbogamizi: ni abakinamico cyangwa ibintu bishobora kubangamiraumukinnyi cyangwa abakinnyi b‘imena kugera ku ntego cyangwa ku kigamijwe.
Ikitonderwa:
Mu ikinamico, ibikorwa bishobora gukurikirana nk’uko byagiye biba mu
njyabihe yabyo. Cyokora ibyo si ihame, kuko hari ubwo usanga ibikorwa
bidakurikiranye uko byagiye biba mu mateka yabyo, bitewe n’ubuhangabw’umuhanzi w’ikinamico.
4. Ibice by’ikinamico
Ikinamico nyinshi zizwi, zigira ibice bitatu. Mu gice cya mbere, usanga ari
nk’igice cy’umwirondoro no kugaragaza muri rusange imiterere y’abakinnyi
n’inshamake y’ibikorwa bizagaragara mu ikinamico yose. Mu gice cya kabiri ni
ipfundo ry’ikinamico. Muri iki gice, ibintu biba bitangiye gusobanuka, abakinnyi
bakuru bigaragaje kimwe n’abungirije. Igice cya gatatu, habonekamo ikemuka
ry’ikibazo cyari kiraje ishinga umukinnyi mukuru. Muri iki gice, ikibazo
gishobora gukemuka cyangwa kikaburirwa umuti, abasomyi, abatega amatwi
kimwe n’ababa babirebera ku byuma bigaragaza amashusho, bakaguma mu
rungabangabo bibaza ikizakurikiraho. Iyo bigenze bitya, umukino urangira
ugiteye amatsiko. Ku birebana n’ibice bigize ikinamico, ntawashidikanya ko
hari ikinamico yagira ibice bibiri cyangwa bine, bitewe n’umuhanzi uwo ari wen’icyo agamije.
IMYITOZO
1. Sobanura ishushanyabikorwa ry’ikinamico “Abatanye badatata
barasubiranye”?
2. Sobanura ukuntu ikinamico ari ikigega k’ingeri zimwe na zimwe
z’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda.
3. Ikinamico ifite akahe kamaro mu buzima bw’Abanyarwanda?
4. Sobanura muri make uturango dutanu tw’ikinamico.
5. Tandukanya inkubiri y’ibikorwa na kidobya.6. Tahura ibice by’ikiamico “Abatanye badatata barasubiranye”.
9.2.2. Amoko n’amateka by’ikinamico
IGIKORWA
Kora ubushakashatsi maze utahure amoko y’ikinamico n’amateka yayo.
1. Amoko y’ikinamico
Amoko y’ikinamico agenwa hakurikije ibyiciro bine: ahantu ikinamico ibera
n’inzira ikinamico inyuzwamo kugira ngo igere ku bantu, ibikorwa njyamutima
ikina, imiterere n’insanganyamatsiko ivugaho.
- Dukurikije ahantu ikinamico ibera n’inzira cyangwa umuyoboro
ikinamico inyuzwamo kugira ngo igere ku bantu, ikinamico ibamo amoko
abiri: ikinamico yo ku kabugankuru n’ikinamico inyuzwa mu bikoresho
by’itumanaho n’ikoranabuhanga, kuri radiyo cyangwa tereviziyo.
- Dukurikije ibikorwa njyamutima ikina, ikinamico igira amoko atatu:
ikinamico nterabitwenge, ikinamico nteragahinda n’ikinamico
mberabyombi.
- Dukurikije imiterere, ikinamico tuyisangamo amoko abiri: ikinamico
isanzwe n’ikinamico y’uruhererekane (Ururnana, Museke weya,... )
-Dukurikije insanganyamatsiko, ikinamico tuzisangamo amoko menshi:
ikinamico y’amateka, ikinamico nyobokamana, ikinamico ya poritiki,Ikinamico gakondo,, ikinamico y’urukundo, ikinamico y’imibereho…
2. Amateka y’ikinamico
Ikinamico yatangiranye n’ukubaho kwa muntu, guhera mu gihe cya kera kitazwi
neza no mu gihe k’indigiti. Habagaho imikino nterabitwenge na nteragahinda
(zamwibasire). Hakomeje kubaho imihango yo gutamba ibitambo n’indi minsi
mikuru yo gusenga ibigirwamana ku buryo byagereranywa n’ikinabuzima.
Ahayinga mu wa 1950, ni bwo hatangiye ikinamico nshya. Kimwe n’ahandi
hose, mu Rwanda ikinamico yatangiranye n’imibereho y’Umunyarwanda, aho
yiganaga iby’ubuzima bwa buri munsi, nk’imyemerere gakondo, iyobokamana
mvamahanga, imico, imyifatire, ubukoroni,…
Aho Abanyarwanda bamenyeye iby’impinduramatwara, batangiye kwandika
imikino yuzuyemo imbamutima zabo, dore ko bari baramenye no kwandika.
Ikinamico ya mbere mu Gihugu cyose yanditswe mu mwaka wa 1954.
Ubwo bugeni bwatangiranye n’uwitwa Nayigiziki Saveriyo mu mukino yise
“L’optimiste”, aho yatangaga ikizere ko ibintu byose bishoboka. Hashize imyaka
cumi n’itanu(15),ikinamico yanditse mu rurimi rw’Ikinyarwanda yagaragaye
mu Rwanda ni iy’uwitwa Mubashankwaya I. yitwa“Diyosezi y’i Mvejuru
izigondera Seminari”n’abandi bakurikiraho. Mu ntangiriro Insanganyamatsiko
zibanzweho mu Rwanda ni umwami n’ubwami, iyobokamana, umuryango,
intambara, inka, isuka, imihigo n’izindi.
Uretse mu mashuri, hirya no hino mu Rwanda no kuri Radiyo Rwanda
ntiyahatanzwe, ubwo mu mwaka wa 1982 hatangizwaga teyatere (théatre) yaje
guhindura izina ikitwa “ Ikinamico”. Ijambo ikinamico ryadutse mu Rwanda
ahagana mu mwaka wa 1983. Umukino wa mbere ukaba warahitishijwe
ku wa 21 Gashyantare 1983. Mu itangazamakuru, habonetse inkomarume
n’ibimenyabose nka Nyabyenda Narcisse watoje abakinnyi, nka Sebanani
Andereye, Mukeshabatware Dismas, Mukandego Athanasie, n’abandi.
Uretse Nayigiziki na Mubashankwaya wamugwaga mu ntege, hakurikiyeho
Kabeja, T. na Ndasingwa, L. bajyaga mu irushanwa ryategurwaga n’Iradiyo
Mpuzamahanga y’Abafaransa (RFI) bakamurika “Hirwa ou un homme seul” na
“L’incompris” ndetse na “Une folie en vaut une autre” yamuritswe n’itsinda
ry’ikinamico mu Rwanda.
Ikinamico zabiciye bigacika kuri Radiyo Rwanda ni Icyanzu cy’ Imana (Iya
Uwera), Inseko ya Kiberinka, Mazi ya Teke n’izindi. Nk’uko byamye ikinamico
inyura kuri Radiyo Rwanda, akenshi itegurwa kandi igakinwa n’ItoreroIndamutsa.
Uko ibihe byagiye bisimburana, ikinamico ndende yagiye ibangikanwa
n’ikinamico y’uruhererekane cyangwa yo mu byiciro, ikinwa buhorobuhoro
mu duce duto. Ikinamico y’uruhererekane yatangiye mu 1999 itangijwe
n’umuryango utari uwa Leta w’Abongereza witwa “Health Unlimited” mu
ikinamico Urunana. Hari na Museke Weya ya “La Benevolençija,” n’Umurage
urukwiye, hari n’izanyuze kuri tereviziyo nka Nta we umenya aho bwiraageze…
Ikitonderwa:
Mu rwego rw’ururimi n’umuco, ikinamico ni uruganda ruteza imbere burimuntu wese urugiramo uruhare.
9.2.3. Uko ikinamico yandikwa n’uko ikinwa
IGIKORWA
Kora ubushakashatsi, utahure uko wahanga ikinamico n’uko wayikina.
1. Uko ikinamico yandikwa
–Umuhanzi w’ikinamico agomba kubanza guhitamo insanganyamatsiko
agiye kwandikaho, kuko imico y’abantu aba agiye gushyira mu mukino,
igomba kuba ifite intego runaka yo kwigisha, gucyaha, kunenga, kugira
inama n’ibindi.
–Iyo amaze guhitamo insanganyamatsiko, ahitamo abanyarubuga,
akabatwerera imyifatire n’imiterere igaragaza neza ibyo agiye gukina.
–Mu kwandika ikinamico, umuhanzi agomba kuzirikana uko atangira
umukino we n’uko aza kuwusoza, atanze igisubizo k’ikibazo cyari
ingutu cyangwa asigiye abawukurikiye umukoro wo gukomeza
kwibaza uko bizagenda.
– Ikinamico igomba kwandikwa mu buryo bw’ikiganiro, aho usanga
abakinnyi bahererekanya amagambo, ndetse hakagenda hagaragazwa
izina ry’ugiye kuvuga. Gusa aho biri ngombwa usanga umukinnyi
ashobora gukina yivugisha we ubwe.
– Umuhanzi w’ikinamico kandi, bitewe n’ibyifuzo by’uko ashaka ko
umukino we ukinwa, agenda agaragaza inyobozi zandikwa mu dukubo,
zigaragaza uko abakinnyi bagomba kwitwara, aho umukino runaka
ubera n’imirimbo ihatatse. Inyobozi kandi zituma umutoza w’abakinnyi
abafasha kwitwara uko umuhanzi w’ikinamico yabyifuje.
Ibyitabwaho mu kwandika ikinamico
– Umuhanzi agomba kwita cyane ku nsanganyamatsiko agiye kwandikaho
bityo akayishakira umutwe bifitanye isano. Umutwe w’ikinamico
ugomba kuba uteye amatsiko abagiye kuyikurikira cyangwa abasomyi.
– Umuhanzi agomba kwita cyane ku bo ageneye umukino we, mu rwego
rwo kugena imvugo (iy’ubusabane, isanzwe, ihanitse, iya gisizi...) aza
gukoresha. Agomba kumenya kandi ikigero barimo, imico yabo n’uko
babayeho kugira ngo agene uburyo aza gukoresha ababwira, bityo
umukino ugire icyo ubamarira, bitewe n’icyo agamije kugeraho.
– Umuhanzi agomba kuzirikana igihe ikinamico igomba kumara,
bitewe n’aho igomba kunyuzwa n’icyo igamije. Hari amakinamico
ashobora kugira uduce dutoduto tugenda dutangazwa mu gihe runaka,
ikaba yamara igihe kirekire, nk’Urunana, Museke weya...Umuhanzi
anazirikana ko igihe ikinamico ikinwa itagomba kurambirana cyane.
– Umuhanzi w’ikinamico agomba kwita ku buryo agena abanyarubugamu ikinamico ye.
Mu ikinamico abanyarubuga barimo ibice bibiri by’ingenzi. Habamo
umunyarubuga mukuru. Umunyarubuga mukuru ashobora kuba ari umwe
cyangwa ari benshi. Habamo kandi abanyarubuga bungirije bashobora
kuba bunganira umunyarubuga mukuru kugira ngo agere ku ntego yiyemeje
(abunganizi) cyangwa se bakaba bamubangamira ngo atagera ku ntego yiyemeje
(imbogamizi). Ni ukuvuga ko mu ikinamico, dusangamo umunyarubuga mukuru
n’abanyarubuga bungirije. Ariko hashobora no kubamo abanyarubuga batari
ngombwa. Abo banyarubuga mu by’ukuri nta gikorwa gifatika bakora, ndetse
bashobora no kuva mu ikinamico cyangwa mu nkuru ntibigire icyo bitwara
(nk’igihe umukino ubera mu isoko, abaremye isoko bose si ko bagira uruharemu mukino).
Umuhanzi w’ikinamico agomba kugena uko abanyarubuga bitwara, cyane
ko baba bagomba kugaragaza imico y’abantu basanzwe mu buzima bwa
buri munsi. Rimwe na rimwe usanga abanyarubuga bahabwa amazina ahita
aranga imyitwarire yabo, nk’abo bita ba Rubundakumazi, Nzavugankize,
Rusisibiranya, Kajarajara, Kirikumaso n’andi. Gusa abacengeye neza iyi nganzo
y’ikinamico, bemeza ko atari byiza kwita bene aya mazina kuko biba bisa no
kumara amatsiko abakurikiye ikinamico. Bavuga ko byaba byiza abanyarubuga
bagiye bahabwa amazina asanzwe atagaragaza imyitwarire yabo, noneho uko
bakina, ababakurikiye akaba ari bo batahura imyitwarire y’abakinnyi. Ni yo
mpamvu mu guhitamo abakinnyi, hagomba kurebwa umuntu uri bwigane nezaumunyarubuga runaka.
2. Uko ikinamico ikinwa
Ikinamico iba igabanyijemo ibice. Iyo ari ikinamico yo ku rubuga aho ikinirwa
(urukiniro) hagenda hahinduka uko buri gice kirangiye. Buri gice na cyo kiba
kigabanyijemo uduce (imiseruko) tugenda duhindagurika, buri gihe uko hinjiye
umukinnyi mushya cyangwa se hagize usohoka ku kabugankuru. Abakinnyi
b’ikinamico ku rukiniro baba bagomba gusa neza nk’uko abanyarubuga
bagaragajwe mu myifatire yabo. Mu gukina ikinamico kandi, inyobozi ni
ngombwa cyane, zigomba kubahirizwa kugira ngo umukino ugende nezank’uko umuhanzi wayo yabyifuje.
Abakinnyi bagomba kwisanisha neza n’ibyo bakina haba mu mvugo ndetse nomu ngiro.
IMYITOZO
1. Kuki atari byiza guha abanyarubuga amazina ahita agaragaza
imyifatire yabo?
2. Ukurikije ikinamico n’izindi ngeri z’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda
wize, ni uwuhe mwihariko ikinamico ifite ku mikorere
y’abanyarubuga n’imyandikire yayo?
3. Garagaza ibyo umwanditsi w’ikinamico yibandaho igihe ayandika.
4. Wifashishije ingero ebyiri z’abanyarubuga bari mu ikinamico
“Abatanye badatata barasubiranye”, jora uburyo umuhanzi w’iyo
kinamico yubatse abanyarubuga.
5. Tahura ibice by’ikinamico “Abatanye badatata barasubiranye”.badatata barasubiranye”.
IX.3. Umwitozo w’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
Hanga ikinamico ku byiza n’ibibi by’ubukoroni mu Rwanda kandi uyifate
mu mutwe, uyikinire imbere ya bagenzi bawe uhuza imvugo n’ingiro, ndetseugaragaze n’isesekaza.
Ubu nshobora:
– Gusesesengura ikinamico
– Gukina ikinamico, mpuza imvugo n’ingiro ndetse nkanagaragaza
isesekaza.
– Kuvuga ibice, ubwoko, uturango by’ikinamico.
– Kugaragaza amateka y’ikinamico n’ingingo z’ingenzi z’umuco n’amateka.
Ubu ndangwa no:
– Gushishikariza bagenzi bange kwirinda kubuza abandi uburenganzira
bwabo.
– Kwitabira gukina neza ikinamico mpuza imvugo n’ingiro.– Kubarira abandi ikinamico numvise cyangwa nasomye.
IX.4. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa kenda
Umwandiko: Rukara rwa Bishingwe na Rugigana
Yuhi V Musinga yimye ingoma mu 1897, afite imyaka 17 gusa. Mu 1912,
ubutegetsi bwe bwari bubangamiwe na Ndungutse, witwaga mu by’ukuri
Birasisenge, yifatanyije na Rukara rwa Bishingwe wari ukuriye abarashi bo
mu Gahunga, hafi ya Muhabura, bakaba mu mutwe w’Abakemba ; na Basebya
na Nyirantwari wiberaga mu Rugezi n’Ibijabura bye. Padiri Lupiya (Loupias),
witwaga Rugigana wari mu Misiyoni ya Rwaza mu Bugarura, yatumwe n’ibwami
gukemura urubanza Bitahurugamba wari uhatswe na Sebuyange, umukuru
w’Abarashi ba Kabaya hafi ya Ruhondo yari afitanye na Rukara. Bahuriye i
Nyabugogo, ku itariki ya 1 Mata 1910. Rugigana amaze gupfa, Umudage Liyetena
Guvedoyusi (Guvedoyus) ari we Bwana Lazima, yayoboye igitero, kiyogoza ako
karere kugeza ubwo Ndungutse yishwe ku wa 15/5/1912, Rukara na Basebya
barafatwa.
( …) Cyo se Rukara rwa Bishingwe, tanga inka za Bitahurugamba. Rukara
ati : « Cyo se muzungu we, ko waje uri umupadiri uje kwigisha, ubucamanza
wabugiyemo ute ? (...) Umuzungu aramusumira rero, amukubita ikirato,
yamukubise n’ingofero.Abakemba barirutse, Uruyenzi rurirutse. Arerembuzwa
amaso Rukara. Ati: « Bakemba, Ruyenzi, Bemeranzigwe, nababwiye ngo iki
se ba nyabusa? Sinababwiye ngo ubwo nzagera i Burayi, ntimuzanterekere
mba ndoga Bishingwe!”Arahindukira Manuka, amukubise icondo ry’ingabo,
amuhirika kuri Rukara, aramuteye Rukurira, amukubise iryizihiye abagabo
iry’abantu bise Nyirabuhuri. Maze arimugeneye mu gihumbi, igihururu gitakara
mu nzira, inkweto zitakara i Bugarura, inkuru mbi itaha i Burayi. Inkuru nziza
itaha i Kabiranyama, kwa Kavumbi nyina w’Ivubi.
Aramwishe Ingangurarugo ya Ruhuta, nyiri uruge ruvuga nk’indamutsa.
Arahagurutse urw’igikundiro, ati: “Ndakwishe ndi se wa Nyirinkwaya.”Arapfuye
umuzungu. Rukara aba arahunze. Abakemba barahunze, Abemeranzigwe
barahunze, Urukandagira rurahunga, bahungira mu Bufumbira. Bimaze iminsi
ga rero, umugaragu wa Rukara bagenzi, amutura inzoga mu kabindi. Amusanga
kwa Nyirahire wa Mpimuye. Ati “Waraye ga Rukara?” Ati: “Nta maramuko ga
nyabusa, kuba iw’abandi birananiye rero.” Undi ati: “Humura umwami yimye”.
“Yimye yitwa nde se Nyabusa?” Undi ati:« Yimye kuri Rutangira. » Maze haza
Rukara rero, yeguye imyambi yujuje umutana n’amacumu yuzuye intagara,
akorera Nyirinkwaya na Bigaruka, baragenda no kwa Ndungutse. Ati: « Data
yahatswe n’umwami, sogokuru yahatswe n’umwami, none urandinde abazungu,
nanganye n’abazungu mba nkuroga. » Ati:« Narabimenye ga Rukara, humura
ndabakurinda mba ndoga Kalinda. » Amuhaye inka y’umweru, ikonsa ikimasa
cy’urusengo.
Hasigaye Nyirinkwaya na Bigaruka na Cyaruhinda na Nyiringabo, basigara
bahatswe kuri uwo mwami. Pawuro azanye urwandiko ruvuye ku muzungu
witwa Bwana Lazima rero, barutuma kuri Ndungutse ngo azafate Rukara. Mu
gitondo, Rukara n’umuhungu we Nyirinkwaya ati : « Garuka Rukara, bakuguze,
bakuguze cyane ibi bikomeye, ugiye gupfa mba nkuroga! » Undi ati : « Humura
mwana wange, sinjya kugwa mu gihuru, ahubwo nzapfe neza. »
Araje Rukara, ageze kwa Ndungutse, ati : « Waraye ga Ndungutse ? » Undi
ati : « Nawe uraho se Rukara, ngwino tubuguze Rukara. » Rukara yagiye
ku gisoro, arabuguza na Ndungutse. Abona Pawuro uwo rero, aturutse mu
bikingi by’amarembo. Aramukebutse Rukara. « Yampaye inka Bishingwe! Cyo
Ndungutse nawe ngibiriya ibyo nanganye na byo biraje.” Undi ati : « Humura
ndabikurinda. » Undi ati : « Ihi....ntabwo ukibindinze, ahubwo wantanze mba
ndoga umwami!»
Araje Pawuro se bwangu, ati : « Yambu Rukara. » Undi ati : « Yambu nayanganiye
na shobuja. » Aranze aramukomeza Pawuro, abasirikare baramukomeje,
baramujyanye Rukara. Arapfukama rwose ahenera Ndungutse, ati : « Ntukime
i Rwanda ndi Umucyaba. Ndagiye urw’igikundiro, urwa Semukanya, ngiye
kwishyura icyo nakoze, ariko wowe uzishyura icyo utakoze.” Ageze mu
Ruhengeri rero, ari ho kwa Bwana Lazima ati : « Yambu Rukara ». Undi
ati :« Yambu nayanganiye na mwene wanyu, sinshaka kwamburwa abana kandi
mbarora ndabafite : mfite Nyirinkwaya na Bigaruka, Cyaruhinda na Nyiringabo,
Nyamuromba na Ruhigirakurinda, mfite songa ry’Abarashi na Kalimijabo
Nyirinkwaya. »
« Ni nde wishe umuzungu se Rukara ? » Undi ati : « Nawe banza umwibwire, ko
numva ngo muzi kwandika, kandi ibyo ubimbariza iki ? » Ati : « Ihi... mbwira
uwishe umuzungu. » Abajije Ruganda, ga bagenzi, ati « Uwishe umuzungu ni
Rukara » Arongera abaza Ruhanga ati : « Uwishe umuzungu ni Rukara » Yabajije
Ruzirampuhwe ati : « Uwishe umuzungu ni Rukara. » Undi ati : « Ntubyumva se
Rukara ? » Undi ati : « Ndabyumva ga rwose, nubwo wambarizaga ubusa, ni nge
wamwishe rwose, ntabwo mbyigoragoraho.»
« Ngwino unyongwe se Rukara ! » Ati : « Harya kunyongwa ni uguki ? Barakumanika
mu giti, maze bakurase urufaya.Yampaga inka Bishingwe ! Mbese ngiye kugwa mu
kimaniko nk’imbwa!
Cyo se wa muzungu we, umpe inzoga nziza, maze nkunde nyinywe nge
kunyongwa.” Yabwiye Rubashabadihe ati: “Mumumpere inzoga yewe”. Rubasha
se yaraje, amuha inzoga y’urwagwa, ati: “Aho nabereye mwene Bishingwe,
sinzi kunywa kigombe.” Amuhaye inzoga y’amarwa, ati: “Aho nabereye
mwene Bishingwe guheregeta ibivuzo. Se Nyirinkwaya, mwana wange,
munzanire Nyiragitare, bagenzi maze nyinywe nge kunyongwa.” Bamuzaniye
Nyiragitare arayinyoye Rukara, ayisangiye ga n’Abakemba, atereka Abakemba
n’Abemeranzigwe, ateretse Urukandagira se bagenzi.
“Bakemba mbasezeyeho, Rukandagira mbasezeyeho, Bemeranzigwe
mbasezeyeho, bana bange murabeho. Ndagiye kunyongwa bagenzi, ngiye
kwishyura Rugigana nishe.” Ati: “Cyo wa muzungu we, maze rero ntunkorere
ku bana, umuntu yapfuye ari umwe, none kandi ahubwo ngiye kwishyura
rero, nange napfuye ndi undi, abana bange bazahame aho ngaho.” Ati:
“Ndabikwemereye Rukara, genda uge kunyongwa.”
Aratambutse Rukara rero, umusirikare yagiye imbere, undi yagiye inyuma,
se bagenzi. Bakemba murabeho. Arahaguruka Manuka rero, cyo se Rukara
Nkezamiheto, iyi Rugina, nyiruruge ruvuga nk’indamutsa, ngeze mu Nkomane za
Nyakarengo, ni bwo nazaga kuvuga imyato. Ese akibuko wagashyira he? Ese ku
itako ntiwakebuka? Arakebutse urw’igikundiro, arakebutse urwa Semukanya,
ashinze amenyo abiri rero, ashikuza igeneti ku itako, ry’umusirikare ga bagenzi,
arimukubitira mu rwano, risohokana mu mutima imbere. (…)
Ngo amaze kwisasira uwo musirikare witwaga Birambo, yashatse guhunga,
araswa urufaya, bamumanika agisimbagurika ataraca.
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Uyu mwandiko ni bwoko ki? Kubera iki?
2. Rugigana na Lazima bavugwa mu mwandiko ni bantu ki? Bari bashinzwe
iki?
3. Ni ikihe gisingizo cya Rukara twafata nk’ikivugo ke kigufi.
4. Uhereye ku mwandiko, amatorero ane yari agize abarashi bo mu Gahunga
hafi ya Muhabura bitaga Abakemba ni ayahe ?
5. Kubera iki Rukara yanyonzwe kandi atari we wishe umuzungu?
6. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi zivugwa mu mwandiko.7. Ni iki washima Rukara, ni iki wamugaya?
II. Ikibazo k’inyunguramagambo
1. Shaka mu mwandiko ijambo rihuje igisobanuro n’interuro zikurikira:
a) Igikoresho batwaramo amacumu.
b) Kwicwa umanitswe ku giti hanyuma ukanyongwa.
c) Iromba riba mu bitugu by’ingabo hagati.
d) Igikoresho kimeze nk’agafuka ingabo zatwaragamo imyambi
2. Sobanura amagambo akurikira, ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko
a) Kuvuga imyato
b) Indamutsa
c) Guhegeta ibivuzo
d) Kuraswa urufaya
III. Ibibazo ku ikinamico
1. Tandukanya ikinamico nterabitwenge n’ikinamico y’amateka.
2. Ni izihe kinamico z’uruhererekane eshatu uzi zabimburiye izindi mu
Rwanda?
3. Garagaza igishushanyo k’ ishushanyabikorwa mu ikinamico.
4. Garagaza izina ry’umwanditsi kuri buri kinamico ikurikira:
a) Impumuro y’isano
b) Ni jye mwiza
b) Rugari rwa Gasabo
c) Amazi si ya yandi
5. Ikinamico ifite akahe kamaro mu buzima bw’Abanyarwanda?
6. Sobanura muri make uturango dutanu tw’ikinamico.7. Tandukanya inkubiri y’ibikorwa na kidobya.
IV. Ihangamwandiko
Ufatiye ku nsanganyamatsiko wize, hanga ikinamico ukurikije uturago twayon’amawiriza yo guhanga ikinamico.
IBITABO N’INYANDIKO BYIFASHISHIJWE
1. IKIGÔ CY’ÛBUSHAAKASHAATSI MU BY’ÛBUHAÂNGA
N’ÎIKÔRANABÛHAÂNGA (n.d), Inkoranya y’Îkinyarwaanda mu
Kinyarwaanda, IRST Butare, Igitabo cya 1
2. IKIGO K’IGIHUGU GISHINZWE INTEGANYANYIGISHO NCDC (2008).
Imyandiko mfashanyigisho, Umwaka wa gatanu w’amashuri yisumbuye.
3. IKIGO K’IGIHUGU GISHINZWE INTEGANYANYIGISHO NCDC (2008),
Imyandiko mfashanyigisho, Umwaka wa gatandatu w’amashuri
yisumbuye.
4. INTEKO NYARWANDA Y’URURIMI N’UMUCO (2014). Amabwiriza ya
Minisitiri no 001/2014 yo ku wa 08/10/2014 agenga imyandikire
yemewe y’Ikinyarwanda, Kigali.
5. NSANZABERA, J.D. (2013) Ikeshamvugo mu Kinyarwanda: imvugo
isukuye, ikeshamvugo ry’amagambo akwiye n’inshoberamahanga
zisobanuye. Kigali.
6. JACOB I. (1983). Dictionnaire Rwandais-Français en 3 volumes, Tome
premier, Kigali.
7. JACOB I. (1985). Dictionnaire Rwandais-Français en 3 volumes, Tome
troisième, I.N.R.S,Butare.
8. Mgr BIGIRUMWAMI, A. (1984). Imihango n’Imigenzo n’Imiziririzo mu
Rwanda, Nyundo, Troisième édition.
9. MINISTRY OF EDUCTION-RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD (2019),
Ikinyarwanda, Amashuri y’isumbuye, umwaka wa 4, Amashami yiga
Ikinyarwanda nk’isomo rusange.
10. MINISTRY OF EDUCTION-RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD (2019),
Ikinyarwanda, Amashuri y’isumbuye, umwaka wa 5, Amashami yiga
Ikinyarwanda nk’isomo rusange.
11. RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD (2015) Integanyanyigisho y’Ikinyarwanda
mu mashuri nderabarezi (TTC) umwaka 1, amashami ya siyansi
n’imbonezamubano.
12. COUPEZ, A. 1980. Abrégé de Grammaire Rwanda, Tome 1,2. Butare :
INRS.
13. BIZIMANA, S., 1998, Imiteêrere y’Ȋkinyarwaanda I, IRST, Butare.
14. BIZIMANA, S., 2002, Imiteêrere y’Ȋkinyarwaanda II, IRST, Butare.
15. MINISITERI Y’AMASHURI ABANZA N’AYISUMBUYE: Ikinyarwanda:
umwaka wa munani Gashyantare 1988.
16. RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD . (2019). Iteganyanyigisho y’Ikinyarwanda
mu mashuri nderabarezi (TTC) uwamaka wa 1,2&3 Ishami ry’indimi.
Kigali, REB.
17. RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD . (2017). Ikinyarwanda-Amashuri
yisumbuye, umwaka wa 6, Igitabo cy’umunyeshuri. Kigali-Rwanda.
18. 18. RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD . (2017). Ikinyarwanda - Amashuri
yisumbuye, umwaka wa gatatu, igitabo cy’umunyeshuri. Kigali-Rwanda.
19. RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD, 2017. Ikinyarwanda - Amashuri
yisumbuye, umwaka wa gatanu, Twumve Tuvuge Dusome, Igitabo
cy’umunyeshuri. Kigali-Rwanda.
20. MUTAKE, T., 1990, Ikibonezamvugo k’ Ikinyarwanda: Iyigamajwi
n’iyigamvugo les Editions de la Regie de l’Imprimerie scolaire.
21. RUGAMBA, C., 1985. Chansons Rwandaises ; INRS/BUTARE
22. RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD, 2018. Ikinyarwanda-Amashuri
yisumbuye umwaka wa kane, igitabo cy’umunyeshuri. Kigali- Rwanda.
23. MBONIMANA G. na NKEJABAHIZI J.C, 2011. Amateka y’ubuvanganzo
nyarwanda, kuva mu kinyejana cya XVII kugeza magingo aya, Editions
de l’Université Nationnale du Rwanda.
Imbuga nkoranyambaga zifashishijwe
24. www.irembo.gov.rw
25. www.imirasire.com
IMIGEREKA
Twiyungure amagambo
Ab’i Nawe: abashumba b’i Nawe (umurambi wo muri Rwamagana, hamwe n’i
Rubona na Mabare). Hari urwuri rwa Niboye.
Abaririmba impanzi: abarata intwari baziririmba; abasingiza intwari.
Abatasi: abantu bahabwa ubutumwa bwo kujya gutara amakuru rwihishwa.
Abayavugutira: abavuguta umuvuba kugira ngo umuriro wo mu ruganda wake
cyane, ibyuma bacura bidapfuba.
Abazereka Intamati: abazimurikira Intamati (Ni Muhamyangabo wa
Byabagabo wari umutware w’ingabo z’Abashakamba; akaba ubwo n’Umutware
w’Umuhozi). Intamati ni interuro y’ikivugo cya Muhamyangabo.
Abura iyo asesa: iyo asubiza inyuma, iyo avana ku murongo.
Agaciro: akamaro.
Aho ni mu igisha ryazo: ubwo ni mu gihe zigisha (zigiye aho ubwatsi busigaye
baziteganyirije mu gihe k’impeshyi).
Akaba impogazi: akaba manini
Akangaratete: akaga; ibibazo bikomeye..
Amacakubiri: urwangano cyangwa ubwumvikane buke buvuka hagati y’abantu
bari basanzwe bumvikanye; inzira zibyaye amahari.
Amacumu y’impangare: amacumu akomeye cyane.
Amagi y’umuzungu: amagi abaturage bagemuriraga Ababirigi baraye ku
gasozi runaka.
Amajune: ibyago, ibibazo, akaga.
Amakenke: amacumu akwikiye mu nti zihuhuye, batera zigahemba, zikavunika
kuko nta buremere.
Amakoro: amaturo bahaga umwami, agizwe n’ibikomoka ku buhinzi, ubworozin’ibindi.
Amaramu: amazi batera icyuma kugira ngo gihore iyo bari mu ruganda. Hano
ni uguhoza icumu ryashyushye cyane kubera imirwano.
Amarebe: ni ijambo rifite inyito eshatu:
-Ibicu by’urwererane mu ijuru ry’urubogobogo.
-Ibimera byo mu mazi usanga bishishe.
-Ibintu bikeye, bibengerana ubwiza. Iyi nyito ya gatatu ni yo umwisi yakoresheje.
Amaribori: umubiri mwiza ushishe ufite utuntu tujya kumera nk’udusitari. Ni
akarangabwiza.
Amariza y’i Ntora: inka zibyaye uburiza z’i Ntora (muri Gasabo). Gisozi yitwa
Ntora. Ntora yiswe Gisozi kuva aho Cyirima II Rujugira ahatangiye (ahapfiriye).
Hakoze ishyano hitwa Gisozi ubwo. Iryo zina ni nk’irituka uwo musozi.
Amariza y’Impeta: impeta zibyaye ubwa kabiri. Impeta ni umutwe w’inyambo
wahozeho, hanyuma ukavugwa n’Umuhozi. Aho bavuga Umuhozi wumva
Impeta, aho bavuze impeta ukumva Umuhozi.
Amashyo y’i Rukara: ayo mashyo ni ay’Uruyenzi n’Inyangamitsindo; zikaba
izo mu Bihogo.
Amavugabandi: ukuvuga ingeso z’abandi.
Amazimano: amafunguro bakiriza umushyitsi.
Arukatire icyuma: arucurire icyuma.
Atahije izamamaje: aragiye ituma ziba ibyamamare zose.
Ateretsemo: atunzemo. Ubundi bavuga ko umuntu ateretse imfizi. Aha ni
ukuvuga ko atunze inyambo y’indatwa, yitarura izindi nkuko mu bushyo imfizi
usanga yitaruye inka zose.
Ayo makombe ntayashishwe: muri izo ntwari zose nta n’imwe yajijinganyije
ngo ite gahunda, ite umurongo kubera ubwoba.
Badatata: Bataneka ngo bamenye amakuru anyuranye ava mu bo barwana.
Bagakuka mu muhigo: bakareka ibyo guhiga.
Bakubuye imanzi: batatse imanzi, kera abagabo bicishaga imanzi mu gituza
no ku maboko, byari imitako. Gukubura imanzi ni uguca imanzi.
Bamaze kuyandura: bamaze kumena ubugi bwayo (kubutyaza neza).
Basanze zigaramye: basanze ari ibigarama; atari inyambo; atari n’inkuku;
ibigwari.
Bayigimba umurishyo: bayikubita umurishyo: bayiha umurishyo
Bayisenga: bayihendahenda.
Bazegamire: bazisunge.
Baziguruka amahembe yabageza i Nyarubuye: basanga nta mahembe
atunganye yatuma bajya mu myiyerekano i Nyarubuye (mu mpiga ya Kigali,
ahari umurwa wa Kigeri wa IV Rwabugiri).
Cyareretsemo inyamibwa: cyahagazwemo n’indatwa zizira amakemwa.
Guha undi urwuya: Kuryamana na we mukaba mwakorana imibonano
mpuzabitsina.
Guhangura imbizi: kugororera Imbizi, kuziha ingororano.
Guhata imberera: gutsindagira akuma gafatanya uruti n’ikigembe kugira ngo
ridakuka igihe batera icumu. Gukwikira cyane.
Guhuga: kwibagirwa by’umwana muto; kuba wibanze ku murimo by’akanya
gato ntihagire ikikurangaza; kumenyera ikintu wakibura ukamererwa nabi;
kutagira ishya ( amahirwe) .
Guhumanya: gutera indwara, kwanduza indwara.
Guhunga: kuva ahantu ukajya ahandi ushaka kuzibukira umuntu cyangwa
ikintu; kuva ahantu ukajya ahandi ari ugukiza amagara yawe; kwirinda ko
ibintu byakurangwaho cyangwa ngo bikuvugweho; gutinya gutabara ikintu
cyangwa umuntu, biri mu byago; gusubirisha amagambo y’inkeramucyamo
ikibazo ubajijwe.
Gukaguka: ni uguhaguruka vuba na vuba.
Gukemba: gutemagura ikintu uko cyakabaye
Gukubanga: kwigarurira.
Gupfa nta kibariro: gupfa ukenyutse.
Gusatira: kuba hafi y’uwo ushaka.
Gushyira mu gaciro: gukora/ gukora ibintu bitunganye.
Gusugira: kujya kera k’umuntu cyangwa ikintu cyangwa inyamaswa.
Gutera ingamba: kujya ku mirongo by’intore.
Gutesha agaciro: gupfobya, gusuzuguza, gutesha icyubahiro.
I Bwishaza: Ni Akarere ko muri Karongi.
I Murambi: umusozi wo mu magepfo ya Muhazi ho mu Buganza.
I Mwima: hafi y’I Nyanza, ahari umurwa w’umwami.
I Nyamagana ya Mutakara: ni mu Ruhango.
I Rubengera: ni muri Karongi hubatswe ubungubu itorero
ry’Abaperesibiteriyeni Hahoze hubatswe umurwa wa Kigeli Rwabugilfi.
Ibatunge: ibategeke.
Ibishishi: ibiheri byo mu maso
Icondo: Iromba ry’ingabo
Icyamamare k’inyambo: inyamibwa, indatwa yo mu nyambo.
Igihugu: kirangwa n’ubutaka bufite imbibi zizwi, amateka n’ubutegetsi
buhuriweho n’abagituye, ibirango bose bibonamo, umuco, ururimi n’imyemerere
bitandukanye n’iby’abandi, umutungo kamere usangiwe ariko kandi cyane,
igihugu kikarangwa n’abagituye.
Igishondabagabo: ubwoko bw’igisiga cy’umweru kiba mu mubade giteye nka
nyirabarazana.
Ikimaneza: ukugira neza.
Ikina n’ingoma y’indamutsa: ijya mu bicu (isimbuka) ikina n’umurishyo
w’ingoma iramutsa.
Ikiramo: ireme cyangwa ubukomere bw’icyuma. Icumu, umuhoro bidafite
ikiramo bicika ubusa. Iyo bavuga ko umuntu afite ikiramo aba afite imbaraga.
Guha umuntu ikiramo ni ukumuha ibintu bimutera imbaraga. Ikibindi gifite
ikiramo ni ikibindi gikomeye kubera ko bashyizemo insibo ikomeye.
Ikirezi: ubundi ni umutako w’akantu kera bambaraga mu ijosi. Aha bivuga
ikintu kiza cyane, (urwererane); ni inka iziruta ubwiza. Ni isumba izo mu
Muhozi zose.
Ikiryakare: umuntu ukunda kuzinduka arya.
Ikitwa nyirazo: ikaba umutware wazo.
Ikivanzu: umugore wahukanye akiri ikirongore.
Imana zicyuye: ubuhoro; amahirwe; ishya zizanye.
Imbera byombi: ikintu gishobora gukoreshwa mu bintu binyuranye.
Imbibi: Inka nziza, zifite umubiri ukeye.
Imbizi: ni impakanizi y’ubushyo bw’Ingeri. Imbizi n’Ingeri bihuje inyito
isobanura kugusha mu mazi rwagati.
Imfanakayo: umuntu utirengeza icyo atunze.
Imirase: imyambi y’izuba; amaraso yipfundika mu biranga by’inyamaswa
baragura, uruguma rwasamye, umususirane w’ijuru ukunda kuza izuba rirenze.
Impamakwica: umutwe w’ingabo za kera.
Imparuzo: ubwiza buvanze n’ubushongore bw’ikirenga.
Impeberagushahurwa: umuntu utagira ubwoba.
Impombo ntirushye ihaca: iy’intege nke ntigerageze kuhanyura.
Impumbu: Umugore cyangwa umukobwa utazi gucunda.
Impundazo: umwenge w’imbuga ugenewe gusesekamo uruti (gukwikiramo
uruti) cyangwa igice cy’uruti gisongoye binjiza mu mbuga. Hano ni icyo gice
cy’uruti.
Indiragukinduka: ikirondwe kinini
Indirakarame: umuntu urya adakora
Indwanabyinshi: umuntu udatezuka ku rugamba.
Ingabo zidahomboka: ingabo zidahunga
–Ingabo zihombotse ni iziruka
kubera ubwoba, zigahunga zitazi iyo zijya.
Ingamba: ibyemezo bifatika kandi bihamye.
Ingirabibiri: umuntu utagenzwa na kamwe.
Ingondo yakebwe mu rwirungu: utubara twera tuvanze n’utundi tw’umukara.
Inka ya Rumonyi: ni iyo mu bushyo bw’Ingeri zo mu mutwe “Umuhozi”
(Amagaju).
Inka z’umugogoro: ni inka zakamirwaga umuzungu waraye ku gasozi
kariho abatunzi, bashoboraga gukama zahumuza bakazicyura, bitashoboka
bakiyemeza kujya bagemura.
Inkerarubanza: ihora yiteguye imirwano. Urubanza ni intambara.
Inkindi y’Abashakamba: umutware w’Abashyakamba.
Inkirirahato: ishaka riri mu mutsima.
Inkoni ikirirwa isabira: inkoni ikirirwa yivuza, bazesereza.
Inkora: Inzira yaremwe n’ikintu cyahaciye.
Inkotanyi cyane: cyari igisingizo kindi cya Rwabugiri
Inkundarubyino: umuntu ukunda gusamara.
Insengamihigo: ni ubundi bushyo bw’Umuhozi bwabyawe n’Ingeri.
Inshamake: amagambo avuzwe ku buryo buhinnye.
Intumwa ihangara amanywa: intumwa igenda umunsi wose nta guhagarara.
Inumbiri: Igisabo kinini cyane.
Inyamibwa baririkiye hose: indatwa baririmba hose.
Inyamibwa rwema: intwari y’ikirangirire (ni interuro y’ikivugo cy Mutara wa
II Rwogera)-isa n’umwami Rwogera.
Inyangabirama: umuntu utishakira ineza ntayishakire abandi (ikihebe)
Inyundo ntiyayakiranya: inyundo iyateranya neza ntiyayasigamo utuntu
tw’imitutu, yarayanogeje.
Ipfunwe: isoni umuntu aterwa n’uko agize nabi, ikimwaro
Isanganizwa ingoma: isanganizwa imirishyo y’ingoma, bayirata kubera
gutsinda.
Isanishantego: isanisha rishingiye ku turemajambo.
Isibe: inyabwoba.
Itiro: ni umutwe wundi w’inyambo.
Iy’ingoga: izirusha guhagurukana imbaraga ijya ku rugamba.
Iy’ingondo: inziza cyane kubera ko ikebye imanzi.
Iz’ i Mbuye: ni Ingeyo. Umutware w’Ingeyo wari n’Umutware w’ingabo zitwaga
uruyange; yari atuye i Mbuye ho muri Muhanga.
Izamuje: ni ubushyo bwo mu mutwe w’Ingeyo(Ibihogo)
Iziba ziteretse inyamibwa: kuko zimitse intwari itagira aho igayitse.
Izimura mu biraro: izivana mu biraro (aho zabaga).
Ku kirwa: ni ku kirwa kitwa Murwa kiri mu Kivu hakurya ya Nyamasheke, cyari
urwuri rw’Umuhozi.
Ku mbuga: si ukuvuga aho banika, ni imbuga y’ icumu
Ku mpitira: ku nti z’amacumu zikomeye cyane kubera ko zimaze igihe,
zitadigadiga.
Ku Munini wa Gishari: ni muri Rwamagana.
Ku y’ imberera: ku macumu akwikiye cyane .
Kubuganiza amata: Gusuka amata mu gisabo.
Kubura agaciro: kubura uburyo, kwipfusha ubusa; kwigira imburamumaro.
Kubura agashweshwe: kubura agakuru
Kubyinira ku rukoma: kwishima cyane, kwizihirwa, kumva utuje.
Kugira amakenga: kugira ubwoba umuntu abutewe n’icyo akeka ko kitamugwa
neza cyangwa se ko kitamutunganira
Kugishisha inka: kujyana inka ahandi hantu hari ubwatsi mu gihe k’izuba
ryinshi.
Kujundika ubumara: kujundika ni kuba ufite ikintu mu kanwa; ubumara ni
uburozi basiga ku kintu ntibuhagarike. Uburozi buba muri kamere y’ibisimba
bimwe na bimwe bwica cyangwa bigwangaza uwo birumye.
Kunyaga: gutwara imitungo y’undi ku mbaraga.
Kuramvura ingoma: kuyibaza.
Kurekera: kureka umwambi ukagenda, kurasa.
Kurembera imuroha: gukubita icumu rirerire.
Kurumanza amacibiri: kwiriza inka zitanyoye.
Kuvogera umugezi: kuwunyuramo n’amaguru uwambuka.
Kuvuna impuruza: kwitaba ingoma ihuruza ingabo ku rugamba.
Kuvunyisha: gusaba uburenganzira bwo kwinjira ahantu ubagendereye.
Kuvuza uruhindu: Kuboha ibyibo ukoresheje uruhindu.
Kuzesereza: iyo umushumba yiyereka imbere y’inka azivuga amazina, akora
kimwe n’uwiyereka imbere y’intore. Iyo asimbutse agakubita agakoni hasi,1
bavugako yeshe uruti. Ni uburyo bwo guhimbaza.
Kuzira inka: Kujya mu mihango y’ukwezi ku gitsina gore.
Kwambara inkoba: kwambara imitako yo gutungukana mu myiyereko.
Bayambikaga Inyambo zigiye kumurikwa mu birori. Inkoba ni imikoba babaga
baraharazeho amasaro.
Kwikorana umuheto: gutangira kugenda ufite umuheto
Mbonye urugori rugoga: ndabona urugori rubengerana (ikimenyetso ko zose
zabyaye ubuheta)
Mpabuka: ntibivuga ikintu gihabuka kubera gukuka umutima, ahubwo ni
igihagurukana ingoga, imbaraga.
Mparara: ni umucuzi wabayeho ku ngoma ya Kigeli wa IV Rwabugili. Yari atuye
muri Gicumbi mu kibaya cya Rutagara, munsi y’umusozi wa Remera ya Humure.
Gukaza ni ugutyaza.
Mu cyoko: ahantu kure nk’aho imvura ituruka.
Mu gihumbi: mu bitugu
Mu ntagara: aho babika amacumu.
N’iyo ibagiriye isoni: n’iyo ibapfuye agasoni, n’iyo ibababariye.
Nakivogeye: nakigezemo hagati nkigabije
Ndimbira zirataha: ndimbira ziza kwiyereka. Ndimbira bwari ubundi bushyo
bw’Umuhozi.
Ni bwo bazitanze: ni bwo bazeguye berekana ko baretse imihigo.
Ni iz’iruguru zose: zose ziramenyereye.
Nkubito: umuntu cyangwa ikintu bigira inkubito, biba bifite ibakwe, bihaguruka
ntakuzarira.
Ntagisimbuka akatsi: nta cyo ngishoboye, ntagishoboye kugenda, nshaje.
Ntayirasohorerwa inda: nta n’imwe irata umwanya wayo ngo isubizwe
inyuma.
Nyakotsi: ubwoko bw’icyogajuru cyajyaga kiboneka inshuro imwe mu myaka
ijana.
Nyirigira: umwami.
Nywuhimbaje intanage: nawushizemo imyambi nishimye
Reka aratire Ibihogo: reka abwire Ibihogo.
Rubahina umurumango: rubatera kwiriranwa inyota bakayirarana.
Rugemanduru amacumu: iyitaba induru ihagurukanye amacumu.
Rugombangogo: uwica ubukombe (umuntu ukomeye w’ingogo)
Rugomwa: indwanyi itagira ibambe .
Rukabura imigereka: itera intwaro igeretse ku ntwaro z’ ingenzi.
Rukaka: ni interuro y’ikivugo cya Rwakageyo, se wa Rwabigwi, wari umutware
w’Izamuje.
Rukaza: gukaza icyuma, icumu ni ukuryongeramo ubugi.
Rukomera bigembe: ikubitisha ibigembe
Rutagwabiza iminega: itajya ipfusha ubusa na rimwe amacumu yayo: ntihusha
na rimwe.
Rwa mugabo nyirigira: ikomoka ku ntwari izisumba, yigize (itagendera ku
zindi).
Rwesa: bifatiye ku inshinga “kwesa” isobanura gutura hasi, gucura inkumbi,
kwica icyo wishe ntigisambe.
Rwimirankuku: ni inka ya Rumonyi yigizayo inkuku.
Rwiyamwa: Umuntu abandi biyama, bagendera kure kubera urugomo cyangwa
amarere yo gushoza intambara.
Singanirwa: sinsubira inyuma
Ubujyahabi: kugana mu bukene cyangwa mu byago.
Uburere mboneragihugu: uburere bubereye Igihugu, bugihesha ishema,
butuma gikundwa, cyubahwa, kikanagendwa. Uburere mboneragihugu
bugamije kubaka, gushimangira, gukomeza ubumenyi bw’abanyagihugu ku
bireba Igihugu cyabo.
Ubutegetsi bwa kiboko: ubutegetsi bukandamiza, ubutegetsi bukoresha
igitugu.
Ubuvivi n’ubuvivure: abana bakomoka ku gisekuru k’inyuma cyane, uhereye
ku mwana w’umwuzukuruza wawe.
Umugiraneza: umuntu utabara abandi.
Umuhinza: umwami w’agahugu gato abantu bubahaga nk’ikimana, bakamutura
amakoro na we akabaha imvura, akabahahiriza (guhashya) ibyonnyi
akabatsirikira ibiza.
Umunywande: ubwoko bw’igiti.
Umurego wera: umuheto mwiza
Umurishyo uhumuriza: umurishyo ukurikiyeho; uherekeza.
Umurwanashyaka: umunyamuryango w’ishyaka runaka.
Umutagara w’ibihubi: urusobe rw’imirishyo.
Umutana w’inkoni: ni igitembo batwaramo udukoni two kwiyereka mu birori
by’inyambo.
Umutungo kamere: iteraniro ry’ibintu umuntu atunze, bituruka mu byo
abantu basanze ku isi kandi bakenera buri munsi. Urugero: amazi, amabuye
y’agaciro, ibimera, umwuka,…
Umwami utabangira: utajijiganya mu bikorwa.
Umwana Sentama: Rutishereka rwa Rwanyonga wari umutware w’Uruhimbaza,
rwaremwe ku bwa Yuhi wa IV Gahindiro.
Umwangavu: umukobwa umaze kumera amabere
Umwigaguhuma: icyana k’impyisi.
Umwimirizi: ugenda imbere y’inka, akazihagarika cyangwa akazibuza kugenga
zirukanka.
Uribagizwa: ushimishwa. Ikintu k’iribagizwa ni ikintu kiza, cy’urunyenyeri
rubengerana, rutera ibishashi.
Uruganda: inzu cyangwa ahantu umucuzi akorera umwuga we, ahantu
bakorera ibintu byagenewe gucuruzwa.
Uruhehemure: ikintu kiza cyane gifite isuku n’umucyo.
Uruhererekane: Ikintu cyabaye karande, kiva ku muntu kijya ku wundi, kiva
ku kintu kijya ku kindi ntigicike, inyigisho abakera bagiye basigira abandi ho
umurage.
Uruhimbi: Agatanda gatunganije neza baterekaho amata.
Urushingati: agati k’umuko bakubagamo urushingo kugira ngo haboneke
umuriro.
Urushingo: agati k’umuko bakoreshaga bashaka umuriro.
Uruvunganzoka: abantu cyangwa ibintu byinshi, bigendera hamwe kandi
bidahana umwanya wo gutambuka
Urw’intwari rukarema: intwari zikarema ingamba (zikajya ku mirongo).
Urwano: umwanya wo hagati y’ijosi n’urutugu uremetse neza.
Ushinge icumu mu ngeri: wicare witegereze ubushyo bw’ Ingeri.
Uw’inkokora nke: umuntu udafite ibizigira, udafite imbaraga mu maboko.
Yabakuye imirambi: yabambuye ku mbaraga imyanya yabo yo kuhira.
Umurambi ni umwanya buri muntu ushoye inka aba yafashe. Uwatanze undi
umurambi (umwanya) ni we ubanza, ariko urushije undi imbaraga ashobora
kumucaho. Ubwo aba akomase (arwanye inkomati, asagaye).
Yarukubitiye umucuzi: yaruhaye umucuzi.
Zabumbuje: kubumbuza ni ukugenda wihuta kandi ugendera ku ntambwe zisa
n’izibaze.
Zaciwe urubanza: zakiranuwe.
Zaheje: zimiriye, zabujije kugaragara.
Zaje ziyatendeje: zaje ziyahese (ikimenyetso cy’uko zayicishije).
Zanyuriye Rubanda: zashimishije Rubanda.
Zayaharaze urugina: zayasize amaraso ku rugamba, zarayicishije cyane.
Zibamo rugombangogo: Itegekwa n’intwari yishe ingogo nyinshi ku rugamba.
Rugombangogo ni interuro y’ikivugo cy’Umutware w’Ingeri.
Ziga ingoga: izindi nka zigiraho imbaduko, umwete.
Zigahimbaza isibo: zikishima umuvuduko.
Zigahindukirana ishya: zikava kuri icyo kirwa zimeze neza, zikeye.
Zigashengera zose nta yo bashize amarora: zigatarama (zikiyereka)zose
nthagire n’imwe bumva barambiwe kuyitegereza.
Zigashingana Kigese: zigaterera Kigese.
Zigashingira indamutsa imyato zayigiriye: zigatangira kwibwira ingoma
y’indamutsa ibikorwa by’agatangaza yayikoreye. Indamutsa yari ingoma
y’ibwami, iyo yavugaga yabaga imenyesheje rubanda ko umwami atangiye
kubonana na rubanda, iyo yabaga itaravuga, ntawashoboraga kugira icyo abaza
umwami n’iyo yabaga amubona.
Zigataha ishakaka: zikahitangirana imbaraga.
Zikabyukurutsa Ingabe: zigahagurutsa ingoma y’ingabe ikazirangaza imbere.
Zikamurikanwa n’ingoma: bakazerekana ari ko n’ingoma zivuga.
Zikavogera imbizi: zikambuka uruzi (uruzi ruvugwa ni Nyabarongo). Inyambo
ziturutse i Murambi mu burasirazuba, zigiye kwiyereka umwami kuko yari mu
burengerazuba bwa Nyabarongo.
Zisesuyeho: zendeyeho, zifatiyeho ari ku butwari ari no ku bwiza.
Imyadiko y’inyongera
1. Igitero cy’umunsi w’inyana
Igitero cy’umunsi w’inyana cyabaye ku ngoma ya Yuhi IV Gahindiro. Impamvu
yatumye kiba twayendeyeho kumenya uko uwo mwami yari yarahimbye
itegeko yihaye ubwe rikwiye kudutangaza. Abo twabajije, badutekerereje ko
uwo mwami yari yarahimbye iminsi umunani yagombaga kurangizamo imirimo
ye. Ya minsi umunani yarangira, akongera akayisubiramo bityobityo. Dore uko
yakurikiranyaga iminsi ye muri ibyo bihe:
Uwa mbere n’uwa kabiri: Kuraguza inkoko, intama , inka, inzuzi, n’ibindi
biraguzwa. Muri iyo minsi, abashaka kumuhakwaho bakaba bari bazi kuragura,
utabizi akarindira ikigoroba mu mataha y’inka kuko ari bwo yahugukiraga
ibindi; umushaka akaba ari bwo amubwira ibindi biterekeranye n’indagu.
Uwa gatatu n’uwa kane: Guca imanza, umushaka butaragoroba akagomba
kwicarana na we ku karubanda, yumva imanza cyangwa aburana ubwe.
Uwa gatanu: Kwirirwa barasa intego, uwo munsi abashaka kumuhakwaho
bakazana imiheto n’impiru ngo barase intego. Ni bwo twumvise igihano
cy’uwamuzanagamo andi magambo butaragoroba ko yamurasaga impiru.
Uwa gatandatu: Bwacyaga yicaye ku karubanda ngo ushaka wese kugira icyo
amubwira cyangwa amubaza akahamusanga uwo ari we wese. Uwo munsi
witwaga “uwa rubanda.”
Uwa karindwi: Akiriranwa n’abagore be ntihagire uhamusanga, kereka
uwamutekereraga itabi.
Uwa munani: Wari umunsi w’inka. Yirirwaga areba inka ze z’inyarurembo,
abashaka kumuhakwaho bakazana inkoni n’inkuyo. Nanone bikaza kurangira
mu mataha y’inka. Iminsi igahora igaruka ityo.
Iki gitero rero kije gituruka ku munsi wa munani (uw’inka) ni cyo cyatumye
bakita “igitero cy’umunsi w’inyana.” Icyo gihe Yuhi IV Gahindiro yari iwe i
Mulinja ho mu Mayaga (mu Ntara y’Amajyepfo). Yari yiriwe akenura inka ze,
arangiriza ku z’inyarurembo zatahaga iwe, zitwaga Urukomera.Uwo munsi
rero Sayinzoga ya Mukenga wo mu ntore z’Abashakamba amenya inkuru
ibabaje atumweho n’iwabo, bamusaba kubimenyesha umwami. Aribwira ati:
“Nindindira igihe cy’amatarama ngasaba icyanzu, biraza kurakaza abandi kuko
na bo bifuza kuganira n’umwami.” Ati: “Reka nihare, mbimubwire nanone ubwo
ari umunsi w’inka arankubita inkoni, ariko nta cyo bintwaye.”
Ahengera rero igihe umwami ategetse inka mu rugo aratanguranwa
amubwira ya nkuru. Umwami ntiyamukubita, ariko ntiyagira icyo amusubiza.
Abashakamba bandi babibonye baribwira bati: “Sayinzoga araduhize, kandi
abitwiratira ko yanyuze mu iteka ry’umwami ntibigire icyo bimutwara.” Bose
rero bakurikirana basuhuza umwami, bamubwira amagambo atagira aho
ahuriye n’iby’uwo munsi. Inka zimaze kugera mu rugo, Yuhi IV Gahindiro
yicaza ba bandi bose mu nkike ya ruguru. Binikiza inka. Zihumuje, azana amata
yazo arayabaha ngo bayanywere aho ku mugaragaro, imbere y’abashumba
n’abandi bari bagitegereje ko inka zihumuza. We akibwira ati: “Ni bakuru
ntibemera kunywera amata ku mugaragaro, nibanga kuyanywa ndabakubita.”
Nyamara bo baremera barayanywa kuko byari bibateye ubwoba kubona
atinyutse kuyabahera aho rubanda bose bareba. Nanone byari bikubitiyeho
ko kwanga amata bahawe n’umwami byari umuziro mu Banyarwanda, ubwo
abamuhakwagaho bose byitwaga ko bamushakaho amata.
Barangije rero kuyanywa, umwami atangira igitaramo gisanzwe. Arababwira
rero mu gitaramo ati: “Ubwo ga munyoye amata yazo munywanye na zo
ntimushobora kuzigambanira!” Bati: “Ubundi se tutarayanywa, twashobora
kuzigambanira.?” Arabihorera, bikomereza ibiganiro bisanzwe byo mu gitaramo.
Ngo buke, umwami abwira abashumba b’Urukomera ati: “Nimuzijyane mumere
nk’abazigishishije zige mu Mutara ku nkiko y’i Ndorwa byo kwiyenza kugira
ngo Abahima bazinyage.” Abashumba bazijyana uko babitegetswe. Koko rero
zigeze hafi y’i Ndorwa, Abahima barazitera barazinyaga. Abashumba bagaruka
i Mulinja kubimenyesha Gahindiro. Babimubwirira mu gitaramo. Arabasubiza
ati: “Abahima nibijyanire, ibitagira kirengera ni ko bimera!” Abashakamba bari
aho barabyumva, barasohoka bajya inama. Bati: “Izi nka ntizanyazwe bisanzwe,
zazize wa munsi twanywaga amata yazo.” Baraza babwira Gahindiro bati:
“Twanywanye n’izo nka turatabaye, tugiye kuzigarura kandi tukumenyesheje
ko nta n’imwe muri zo izabura, keretse izaba yarapfuye.”
Bahana umunsi wo guhaguruka. Gahindiro arababwira ati: “Tuzahurira aha
n’aha kugira ngo nzabaherekeze, mbageze kuri Nyabarongo ku cyambu cya
Nyaruteja. Koko rero, umunsi bahanye ho umugambi usohoye, arabaherekeza
bambuka Nyabarongo ahari, ariko Sayinzoga arabura; ntiyaba mu bambukaga.
Bageze hakurya, Gahindiro na we arahindukira. Ageze mu nzira ahura na
Sayinzoga atabara. Gahindiro ati: “Ni iki cyatumye udatabara mu b’imbere?”
Sayinzoga ati: “Natindijwe n’uko namaraga urubanza. Naho abatabaye mbere,
niwumva ko ntabafatiye aho barara none, uzanyice!”
Gahindiro rero amutuma ku Bashakamba bose ngo amubatahirize. Uko avuze
izina ry’umuntu akamukubita uruti ku rutugu. Akomeza atyo abavuga mu
byivugo byabo, kandi ari na ko amukubita rwa ruti kugeza abahetuye. Aho
bigeze, Sayinzoga aramubwira ati: “Erega ugiye kunshengura urutugu!” Undi
ati: “Ni byo koko nyabusa! Na we amuvuga mu kivugo ke anamukubita uruti ku
rutugu, agira ati: “Urabeho, nawe dutahe.” Sayinzoga aragenda afatira igitero mu
Bwanacyambwe. Arabatashya uko yabitumwe, arangije ababwira uko Gahindiro
yabimutumye amukubita ku rutugu kugera aho yagombye kumwisaba, kuko
yamubabazaga. Abashakamba bati: “Byihorere, ntituzabyibagirwa!”
Igitero kigeze ku nkiko y’i Ndorwa, gisanga abatasi bararangije kuyigenda
no kumenya akarere katurutsemo abanyaze Urukomera. Ubwo kandi
igitero cy’Abashakamba cyari kumwe n’abashumba barwo. Ako gahugu k’i
Ndorwa karaterwa, hanyagwa inka nyinshi, maze abashumba b’Urukomera
batoranyamo izabo, ariko bagasanga hasigaye izindi. Byari byaratewe n’uko
Abahima bamaze kuzinyaga bakazigabanya. Uko rero Abashakamba basanze
Urukomera zituzuye, bagatera ahandi hahegereye bakanyaga, bityobityo, bigeza
aho baheba inka zimwe z’Urukomera. Amaherezo umutasi umwe araza abwira
Nkusi ya Gahindiro ati : “Inka nyinshi z’abahima zahungiye mu kirwa kiri mu
rufunzo, zimaze kugeramo banyereza iteme ngo hatazagira ababakurikirayo.”
Abashakamba babyumvise batera mu rufunzo. Nyamara Abahima barabananira
kuko bari babyiteze. Ingabo zari zihageze mu gitondo cya kare, maze Munanira
wa Nyangezi atuma abagaragu be kumushakira udukwi ngo bacane yote,
kuko yari arwaye inzoka zamuryaga mu gihe k’imbeho. Abashakamba bamaze
guheba uburyo bwo kunesha Abahima aho bashegeye bati : “Munanira naze
tubigerageze.” Nkusi ya Gahindiro ategeka Munanira guhaguruka ngo bongere
batere iteme. Munanira ati: “Mube mworoheje sindasusuruka.” Aho bigeze
Nkusi aramutota, maze Munanira arahaguruka yibindira mu ngabo ye, yiroha
ku iteme. Abahima bashwashwanyije kumusubiza inyuma biba iby’ubusa,
arabatwaza. N’abandi Bashakamba babuririraho baterura Abahima, babasuka
muri cya kirwa, bakibasangamo, babashwaza mu rufunzo. Inka zose zari
zarahungishirijwemo ziranyagwa. Abashumba b’Urukomera bazivanguramo
izabo ubushyo buruzura.
Ariko ikirwa kimaze gutsindwa, Munanira yanga kukivamo. Nkusi aramwinginga,
biba iby’ubusa. Umuvuzi w’amacumu aza i Mulinja kumenyesha Gahindiro uko
igitero cyagenze, amumenyesha n’uko Urukomera zose zabonetse ubushyo
bwe bukaba bwaruzuye, amubwira n’uko Munanira yanze kuva muri cya kirwa
akaba ari cyo bagombye kugandikamo. Gahindiro yohereza intumwa kubwira
Nkusi ko iminyago yose itari Urukomera izaba umuheto wa Munanira, kandi
ko bazamugarura ahetswe. Iyo ntumwa imaze kubimenyesha Nkusi, noneho
Munanira yemera kuva mu kirwa igitero kiratabaruka.
Ubwo rero hakaba umugabo witwaga Kanyaruguru wo mu mutwe w’Abakemba
wari umuririmbyi w’ikirangirire, akaba ari we wazaga kuririmbira ingabo izo
ari zo zose zitabaruka, kuko yari yarabihawe na Gahindiro. Abashakamba
baramutumiza, bamugambanaho ngo na bo bazahime ibwami bishyurire
inkoni Sayinzoga yakubiswe, na we arabyemera. Nuko babigenza batya.
Batuma kuri Gahindiro ko begereje kuza ngo abitegure mu minsi iyi n’iyi.
Ya minsi igeze, Kanyaruguru aza nijoro ahateganye n’i Mulinja aririmba
mu ijwi riranguruye, bigeza ko ibwami bamwumva. Barahuririza, bati: “Ni
Kanyaruguru, umva araririmba Abashakamba; nta kabuza bazahinguka ejo, aje
kubateguriza.” Umunsi ukurikiyeho barategereza baraheba. Na Kanyaruguru
akimara kuririmba ararigita. Ajya kwihisha ku byitso by’Abashakamba. Abikora
atyo amajoro yakurikiyeho, maze bitera Gahindiro impagarara. Gahindiro uko
atumye abantu ngo bamutege ibico bamufate, Kanyaruguru akabimenyeshwa
n’ibyitso by’Abashakamba akajya aho batamutegeye.
Abashakamba bamaze kubumvisha barashyira baraza, bariyereka,
bamurikira Gahindiro inka ze z’Urukomera, bamumurikira n’iminyago maze
ayibagororeramo uko bisanzwe. Munanira ahabwa inka y’ubumanzi, agabana
n’umuheto wose w’igitero nk’uko Gahindiro yari yaravuze. Gahindiro asobanuje
ibya Kanyaruguru, noneho bamubwira ko kwari uguhorera Sayinzoga imigiti
yakubiswe batabara. Igitero cy’umunsi w’inyana kirangira gityo.
Bifatiye ku byavuye mu gitabo cya Bigirumwami, A., (1964) Imihango yo mu
Rwanda, igice cya 1,Nyundo,
2. Igitero k’Imigogo
Iki gitero cyasakiranyije by’umwihariko Abanyarwanda n’Abanyankore,
icyakora kivugwamo n’ayandi mahanga.
Inkuru y’iki gitero yabarwa mu bice bibiri: Inzira y’Abanyankore n’inzira
y’Abanyarwanda.
Iki gitero kandi cyabayeho mu gihe umwami Kigeri IV Rwabugiri yari mu
Bunyabungo n’ingabo ze hafi ya zose. Nyuma ariko yaje kubimenya agaruka mu
Rwanda kurwanya Abanyankore.
“Ehururu ya Rwanda”: Abanyankore batera u Rwanda
Dore uko Ntare V Rugingiza rwa Migereka, umwami wo mu Nkore yateguye
gutera u Rwanda.Yatumije ingabo n’abatware agira ati: “Ejo muzohereze
abantu bakwiriye ingerero, banzanire abatware b’ingabo, baze mbabwire,
bazahigire gutera u Rwanda, bahigire gutera Rwabugiri.” Ati: “Rwabugiri ni we
njya numva bavuga; Rwabugiri bajya bamunshimira cyane; ni we njya numva
bavuga ngo agira Igihugu kiza kandi kinini, ngo agira inka nziza nyinshi, ngo
na we aratora nkange; ngo na we afite intore.” Ati: “Maze muzahigire gutera
Rwabugiri. Nimumara kumunesha nzizera ko mfite ingabo. Ikindi cya Rwabugiri
kimbabaza ni uko bangereranya na we ngo ni we duhwanye.” Abatware bose
bakura ubwatsi bati: “Wabera niho ukiduhaka, umuntu uduhaye gutera u
Rwanda, umuntu uduhaye gutera Rwabugiri!”
Arahaguruka Igumira rya Bacwa, Ruharabwoba, aravuga ati: “Gahorane Imana!
Mpigiye gutera Rwabugiri! Nzamutera bikumare agahinda. Iki gitero ni icyange.
Nzatura mu Gihugu cya Rwabugiri, nzatunga inka za Rwabugiri. Rwabugiri
nankundira tukarwana, ntampunge, nzamufata mpiri mukuzanire!”
Maze arahaguruka Matsiko mu Nyana ati: “Mpigiye gutera Rwabugiri. Niyumva
natungutse n’umutwe w’Inyana, akankundira tukarwana, ntampunge, nange
nzamufata mukuzanire aha!”
Arahaguruka Itiri rya Gicobwa, Rugambwishayija, umutware w’Ubwuma
n’Abarwanyi. Ati: “Nange mpigiye gutera Rwabugiri niwumva yatungutse mu
mutwe w’Ubwuma n’Abarwanyi, akankundira tukarwana, nzamufata muzane
hano!”
Arahaguruka Kijoma cya Kayisinga, Rugatwankurayijo, umutware w’Ingangura
ati: “Mpigiye gutera Rwabugiri. Niwumva atungutse mu mutwe w’Ingangura,
akankundira tukarwana, nzamufata muzane aha!”
Arahaguruka Rugumayo rwa Kanagayiga Rusheshangabo Rutacwekera,
umutware w’Abanganshuro. Ati: “Mpigiye gutera Rwabugiri natunguka mu
Banganshuro nzamufata mukuzanire.”
Arahaguruka Rwirangira Rutakirwa, umutware w’Ibirehe, arahiga, ararangiza.
Arahaguruka Rwishumba rwa Mwendo, arahiga mu Batenganduru, ararangiza.
Arahiga Bwijire mu Badahunga. Na we ararangiza.
Abatware bamaze guhiga, abahungu na bo barakenyera barahiga.
Arahaguruka Nkoko ya Gahunga, Rutakomwa. Arahaguruka Irabiro rya Gahuta,
Rutarindimuka. Arahaguruka Bayija ba Kambiri, Rugomwa. Arahaguruka
Bangonera ba Ndondoza Ihigiro. Arahaguruka Kamurase ka Bwisheke,
Rutakangarana. Arahaguruka Kakuba ka Kangonya, Rutagengwa Ruhuzabiri.
Arahaguruka Cyanyangutura cya Manunga, Ruteranyangabo.
Bamaze guhiga umutware w’igitero, Igumiro, asaba iminsi, ati: “Iminsi yacu ni
itandatu, uwa karindwi tugatabara i Rwanda.” Baragenda bamara gatandatu,
ku munsi wa karindwi bataha ibwami, barara mu mihigo; buracya birirwa
bahabwa intwaro: abahabwa imbunda barazihabwa, abahabwa amacumu
n’imiheto barabihabwa. Uwo munsi bigaba Rugando, baza Kazinga, baza Mwizi
na Kankaranka, banyura Rujebe rwa Kabuganda, i Gorora rya bene Rukari,
bananyura i Rukoni rwa Cyabukemwa, bagera Rwampara. Amashyo ya Nshenyi
arikanga, arahunga, amwe yambukira mu byambu bya Rina n’Ibanda, andi
yambukira mu byambu bya Butsinda na Bugomora, andi ahunga aza i Rwanda
[…]
Muri icyo gihe Umunyankore witwaga Bwafamba aza gukorera ishyano Ntare
wahungaga. Yaka abagaragu be imyambaro yabo ishaje ayizanira Ntare ati: “Dore
imicuzo y’Abanyarwanda nazaniwe n’abatasi bange! Wowe ntiwatangazwa
n’ukuntu bavuye iwabo iyo gihera bakagera ino bataricwa n’inzara? Reka
tuge kubahuhura!” Ntare ati: “Umva rero, numvise ko Abanyarwanda bakora
impamba cyane, nimukorane mubanze muhige!”
Bwafamba amaze gushuka Ntare, barara mu mihigo ngo bagiye guhuhura
Abanyarwanda. Ntare agabanyamo ingabo ze imitwe. Abanza kohereza Abanga,
Abatenganduru n’Inyana. Barara baza ijoro ryose kugira ngo bazasakirane
n’Abanyarwanda hakiri kare ubwo kandi ni bwo Ntare yatabaje Mwanga
umwami w’u Buganda amutumyeho Rutarurwa. Mwanga aramuhakanira kuko
igihugu cyari cyarabaye icy’abazungu atagifite ububasha bwo kohereza ingabo
aho yishakiye. Intore zimwe za Ntare zari zifite imbunda za Cyarabu (bitaga
makoba).3. Ibyiruka rya Mahero