General
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UNIT 2: UMUCO NYARWANDA
UBUSHOBOZI BW’INGENZI BUGAMIJWE
-Gusesengura igitekerezo k’ingabo agaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi
-Gusoma no gusesengura zimwe mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo nyabami
zigikubiyemo.
agaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi zizikubiyemo.-Kuvuga no kwandika interuro yubahiriza ibihe by’inshinga.
IGIKORWA CY’UMWINJIZO
Tekereza kandi urondore ibyarangaga ibitaramo by’ibwami mu Rwanda
rwo hambere, imihango y’igitero yakorwaga, icyo intwari zivugaga
n’amashimwe zagenerwaga zivuye ku rugamba, ugaragaze muri make
ibyaranze inganzo y’amazina y’inka n’akamaro ko kuyiga muri iki gihe.
Sobanura uruhare rwa buri ngingo yagaragajwe hejuru mu gusigasira
umuco nyarwanda
II.1. Umwandiko: Igitero k’i Butembo
Igitero k’i Butembo cyabaye mu mwaka wa 1874. Ikimenyetso cy’uwo mwaka
cyabaye Nyakotsi yitwa Rwakabyaza yagaragaye mu Rwanda mu kwezi kwa
Nyakanga 1874. Impamvu y’icyo gitero yabaye iyi ngiyi: hariho Shabikobe bya
Sebitoryi, agatunga inka z’inyambo zitwaga Imisakura. Izo nka bazigishishiriza i
Kamuronsi, agahugu kari ku mutwe w’ikiyaga cya Kivu ku mupaka w’u Buhunde.
Umuhinza wo mu Buhunde witwaga Muvunyi wa Karinda arazitera arazinyaga.
Iyo nkuru igeze kuri Kigeri IV Rwabugiri, ari i Rwamaraba, asanga bibaye
ngombwa kujya guhorera izo nyambo ze zanyazwe n’uwo muhinza. Nyamara
ubundi uwo Muvunyi yayobokaga u Rwanda, akajya yohereza amakoro ibwami.
Igihe ari mu byo guhaguruka, haza intumwa za Mwezi IV Gisabo, umwami
w’u Burundi. Izo ntumwa zari Abaganwa batatu, baherekejwe n’intore ijana.
Batumye ibwami kuvunyisha, Rwabugiri abatumaho ko ari mu rugendo, ko
abaheje kugeza igihe azahindukirira. Abasigira umutware we Mugabwambere
wa Nyamutera, akajya abacumbikira i Kanyinya na Rubingo rwa Shyorongi.
Ategeka ingo ze zose ko zizajya ziboherereza amazimano. Bakazibagira inka
eshatu buri munsi, bakaziha n’amazimano yandi y’ibiribwa n’amayoga.
Rwabugiri amaze guhaguruka iwe i Rwamaraba, atuma abantu ku bagore be
ngo barushanwe kwitegura intumwa za Mwezi, anababwira ko uzarusha abandi
umwiteguro ari we uzatahirwa n’ibirori by’imyiyereko, bikazakirirwamo
intumwa za Mwezi. Abwira izo ntumwa ati:
“Ungire Cyivugiza ya Gatsibo, […]
Umbwirire Muhundwangeyo wa Ngarambe,
Umukobwa uteye abahungu imbabazi,
Uti: ‘Witegure intumwa za Mwezi.’
Ningushima ingabo zizagutaramira,
Inyambo zitahe iwawe.”
(Uwo yari Kangeyo ka Kanyabujinja ka Nyiracumu, wagengaga urugo rw’i
Gatsibo)[…]
Rwabugiri yahagurutse i Rwamaraba ataha […] i Rubengera, ahategerereza
abatasi yari yarohereje kumutatira u Buhunde […] Abo batasi bamaze
kurondorera umwami ibyo kwa Muvunyi wa Karinda, umuhinza w’u Buhunde,
n’abatware bakomeye muri icyo gihugu, intore zo mu Ngangurarugo zihimbiraho
indirimbo yitwa Rwahama […]
Igitero kigeze mu Buhunde, cyaje kurwanya Muvunyi wa Karinda, araneshwa
ariko arabikinga ntibashobora kumushyikira. Ubwo ingando ya Kigeri IV
Rwabugiri yari i Runyana. Amaze gutsinda Muvunyi n’abategeka bandi bo mu
Buhunde, Murego wa Bigiri we ndetse yatewe mbere ya Muvunyi. Shabiganza
we ngo yaba yarahunze ariko ntibizwi neza. Abandi batewe bagatsindwa ni
Murengezi wa Nyarubwa na Karenge na Rwankuba rwa Gahinda.
Twabonye mbere ko umwami yari aganditse i Runyana. Yari yaratatishije Nkingo
iri hafi y’u Runyana, kuko mu bwiru bari bazi ko ari ho Abarenge baramvuye
ingoma y’ingabe yitwaga Mpatsibihugu.
Ategeka abiru be kuharamvura ingoma y’ingabe nshya yari yageneye iryo zina
rya Mpatsibihugu, kugira ngo ayungukiremo ububasha bw’Abarenge ba kera,
bategekaga ibihugu bigari u Rwanda rwari rutarigarurira byose. Aho Rwabugiri
amariye gukubanga u Buhunde bwose, abaza abatasi be ati: “Inyuma y’ishyamba
turuzi rihetuye u Buhunde, hari ibihugu nyabaki?” Abatasi bamubwira ko
batabizi, ko ari ntawigeze arenga iryo shyamba. Ariko bamumenyesha ibyo
bumvanye abandi, ngo uryinjiyemo amaherezo inzira yinjira mu mugezi wa
Nyabarongo, akaba ari yo bagenda bavogera, ikikijwe n’inzitiro z’imigano.
Rukaba urugendo rurerure kuzageza aho inzira izakukira bakabona kugenda
ahatari mu mazi. Rwabugiri ati: “Nimuhogi tugende tuge kureba ibihugu byaba
inyuma y’ishyamba, ubwo hatataswe tuzagenda tuhitatira ubwacu.”
Ingabo zose zinjira mu ishyamba, amaherezo koko binjira muri wa mugezi
barawuvogera, Rwabugiri n’abagore be bahetswe. Ngo urwo rugendo
baruhereye mu gitondo bakuka uwo mugezi ikigoroba. Aho bakukiye uwo
mugezi wa Nyabarongo rero, bagandika mu ishyamba. Bukeye barakomeza
bahinguka ahantu hatamurutse, hatuwe n’abantu bameze nk’Abahunde,
ariko batazi ibi byuma bicurwa. Barwanishaga ibisongo by’imigano kandi
bagahingisha inkonzo z’ibiti. Babonye abo bantu bapfupfunutse mu ishyamba,
bagerageza kubarwanya, ariko Abanyarwanda barabatsinda. Ingabo zikomeza
zikurikiye inzira yo mu ishyamba, zibona indi midugudu imeze nk’iyo bari
bahingukiyeho mbere.
Ariko muri iyo midugudu bahasanga ibintu abo baturage babo bahingaga, byari
bibatunze. Kuko rero impamba zari zagabanutse, umwami abwira rubanda ati:
“Nimurye biriya bintu, ubwo byari bitunze abandi bantu namwe byabatunga,
nitugera i Rwanda muzanywe imiti yo kubahumanura.” Ibyo bintu bavuga byari
amashaza. Hanyuma bajya guhaguruka ngo bagaruke mu Rwanda, umwami
ategeka ko bazagarukana imbuto zayo.
Aho azagerera i Rubengera ngo ahingisha mu gikari utuyogi two kororeramo
ayo mashaza. Izina bayitaga acyaduka, agikwirakwiza mu Rwanda bwa mbere,
ryari amashaza kuko yabanje guhingwa mu Bwishaza. Ntabwo Abanyarwanda
batangaga amakoro y’amashaza kuko atari umwaka wa karande mu Rwanda;
kandi n’uwaryaga amashaza ntiyashoboraga kunywa amata ngo amashaza yica
inka. Ngicyo rero ikintu k’ingirakamaro igitero k’i Butembo cyagiriye u Rwanda:
kururonkera imbuto nshya.
Aho izina ry’igitero k’i Butembo ryaturutse ni muri iryo shyamba riri inyuma
y’i Buhunde n’u Buhavu. Aka karere kose kari inyuma y’ishyamba mu
burengerazuba bw’ibyo bihugu byitwa Butembo. Igitero cyari cyarahagurukiye
u Buhunde, hanyuma kirenze ishyamba kivanayo izina ry’u Butembo […]
Bamaze kugera mu Rwanda ingabo zitabaruka ukwazo zerekeje mu Buriza n’u
Bwanacyambwe ngo zizahahurire n’umwami zikore imihango y’imyiyereko,
ari wo munsi w’ibirori byasezeraga ibitero. Naho Rwabugiri aherekezwa
n’abatware bamwe anyura iyo mu Murera ahinguka ku Rusumo kwa Magara
(ku Rusumo rwa Kabona ku ngezi ya Burera) anyura iy’u Buberuka, agana
iwe i Gatsibo ngo arebe uko umwamikazi Kangeyo ka Kanyabujinja yari
yarakoze imyiteguro. Twibuke ko atabara yari yaratumye ku bamikazi bose
ngo bazamwitegure, uzarusha abandi akazaba ari we utaramirwa n’ingabo
zitabarutse. Ageze i Gatsibo, areba imyiteguro y’urwo rugo […] Umwami atanga
umunsi wo kubyukurutsa. Birangiye arahaguruka.
Ageze i Gasabo iw’umwamikazi Bayundo ba Rwigenza […] asanga umwiteguro
waho uruta uw’i Gatsibo. Nanone barabyukurutsa, hanyuma umwami
arahaguruka ajya i Kabuye ka Jabana iw’umwamikazi Kanjogera.
I Kabuye bari barakoze umwiteguro urushijeho guhimba […] Basanga ari
ibwami koko. Kuko rero Kanjogera yari inkundwakazi, Rwabugiri atumiza ba
Barundi bo kwa Mwezi bamusanga i Kabuye. Ingabo ziyereka ari ishyano ryose,
hatumiwe n’izitari zaratabaye ari ugushaka umurato wo kwereka Abarundi.
[…] Umwami rero yamaze iminsi i Kabuye, hanyuma arahaguruka ajya i Kigali
ari kumwe na ba Barundi. Bageze kwa Nyirandabaruta ya Sendirima, basanga
umutako […] uruta ahandi hose ku buryo bitari bigifite n’igereranyirizo […]
Mu birori by’imyiyereko, ingabo zitabarutse, nibwo Biraro bya Nyamushanja
wa Rugira yahimbiye Rwabugiri ikivugo “Inkatazakurekera” arakimutura.
2. 1.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Soma umwandiko “Igitero k’i Butembo”, ushakemo amagambo udasobanukiwe
hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko wifashishije
inkoranyamagambo.
1.Koresha amagambo akurikira dusanga mu mwandiko mu nteruro
a) Kugishisha inka
wihimbiye:
b) Amakoro
c) Abatasi
d) Ingando
2. Shaka imbusane z’aya magambo ukurikije inyito afite mu
mwandiko wasomye.
a) Azahindukirira
b) Guhunga
c) Gukuka umugezi
d) Guhinguka3. Uzuza interuro zikurikira ukoresheje amagambo avuye mu
a) Mu gitero k’i .............. Abanyarwanda bahakuye imbuto
mwandiko
y’.....................
b) Igitero k’i Butembo cyabaye mu wa ................... cyagabwe
kiyobowe n’umwami .........................
c) Igitero cyahagurukiye i ....................... gisozerezwa inyuma
y’ishyamba i .............
IMYITOZO
II.1.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
6. Shaka ibintu cyangwa ibikorwa byavuzwe mu mwandiko bibangamiye
Ongera usome umwandiko “Igitero k’i Butembo” hanyuma usubize ibibazo
byawubajijweho:
1. Sobanura intandaro y’igitero k’i Butembo.
2. Ni nde wafashe iya mbere mu gushoza urwo rugamba?
3. Ni uwuhe mwamikazi warushije abandi imyiteguro myiza
4. Ni ikihe gihembo cyari giteganyirijwe umugore uzarusha abandi
kwitegura umwami?
5. Ikivugo “Inkataza kurekera” cyahimbwe nande? ryari?
ibidukikije unasobanure uko ubibona.
II.1.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
b) Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka zigaragara muri uyu mwandiko.
Ongera usome umwandiko “Igitero k’i butembo” hanyuma usubize ibibazo
bikurikira:
a) Amakoro yatangwaga ibwami wayagereranya n’iki muri iki gihe? Sobanura
igisubizo utanze uhereye ku kamaro kayo.c) Vuga muri make ibikubiye muri uyu mwandiko mu magambo yawe bwite.
II.2. Ubuvanganzo nyabami
Ongera usome umwandiko “Igitero k’i Butembo” ugereranye ibivugwamo
IGIKORWA
n’ibyavugwaga mu yindi myandiko wize, maze ukore ubushakashatsi
utahure inshoza y’ubuvanganzo nyabami, urondore zimwe mu ngeriz’ubwo buvanganzo n’ uturango twazo.
2.2.1. Inshoza y’ubuvanganzo nyabami
Ubuvanganzo nyabami burimo ibihangano byose byerekeranye n’abami, ingoma
Nk’uko byizwe mu myaka yabanje, ubuvanganzo ni imvugo cyangwa inyandiko
ifite icyo ivuga kandi yifitemo ubwiza n’ubuhanga bw’imikoreshereze y’ururimi.
Imvugo cyangwa inyandiko y’ubuvanganzo irangwa akenshi n’ikeshamvugo.
Ubuvanganzo nyarwanda babugabanyamo ibice bibiri: ubuvanganzo nyemvugo
n’ubuvanganzo nyandiko. Ubuvanganzo nyemvugo ni ibyahanzwe n’abantu ba
kera batazwi neza bahangaga batandika, bakabifata mu mutwe. Ibyo bahangaga
babishyikirizaga ab’igihe cyabo bikabizihira mu bitaramo, bakagenda babiraga
abo basize, bityobityo bigahinduka uruhererekane.
zabo, ibitero byabo, abakurambere, abatware n’imihango by’ibwami. Ni ingeri
y’ubuvanganzo itari igenewe buri wese nk’uko ubuvanganzo bwo muri rubanda
bwari bumeze. Bityo igihangano cy’ubuvanganzo nyabami ntawashoboraga
kugira icyo agihinduraho atabyemerewe.
II.2.2. Zimwe mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo nyabami
z’ibwami ni indirimbo zicurangwa ku nanga y’amano. Mu buvanganzo nyabami,
Mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda nyemvugo nyabami twavuga ibitekerezo
nyabami (ibitekerezo by’ingabo), amazina y’inka, ibisigo nyabami, ubwiru,
ubucurabwenge, ibyivugo, inanga zivuga iby’ibwami, indirimbo z’ingabo.
Muri rusange ingeri z’ubuvanganzo nyabami zirangwa no kuba ari imyandiko
ivuga abami, imiryango yabo n’ingoma zabo.
a) Ibitekerezo by’ingabo
Ibitekerezo by’ingabo byavugaga imitegurire n’imigendekere y’ibitero ingabo
z’umwami zagabye mu bindi bihugu bakongeraho amakabyankuru.
b) Amazina y’inka
Amazina y’inka ni imivugo irata inyambo n’umwami. Ni ingeri y’ubuvanganzo
nyabami irangwa n’itondeke ripimye (umubare w’utubangutso ungana),
ikeshamvugo n’amagambo yabugenewe. Yagiraga imiterere yihariye.
c) Ibisigo nyabami
Ibisigo nyabami ni imivugo yasingizaga abami n’ingoma zabo ikoresheje
amagambo y’indobanure. Ibisigo nyabami birangwa n’ikeshamvugo, amagambo
y’indobanure kandi ntibyahindagurikaga mu miterere yabyo.
d) Ubwiru
Ijambo “ubwiru” risobanura ibanga rikomeye cyane iryo ari ryo ryose. Mu
buvanganzo nyabami ubwiru ni imihango yakorwaga n’umwami n’abiru. Iyo
mihango yakorwaga mu ibanga kandi ikagira amagambo yihariye agendana na
yo. Iyo mihango bayitaga inzira z’ubwiru.
Ubwiru bwari bukubiyemo amategeko yagengaga imihango y’ibwami,
bwakoreshaga ikeshamvugo n’andi magambo yabugenewe kandi
ntibwahindagurikaga.
e) Ubucurabwenge
Ni umuvugo muremure wavugaga ibisekuru by’abami n’abagabekazi.
Abawufataga mu mutwe bitwaga abacurabwenge. Ubucurabwenge burangwa
n’uko buvuga ibisekuru by’abami n’abamikazi mu buryo buryoheye amatwi.
Ubucurabwenge bwakorwaga n’abiru.
f) Ibyivugo
Kwivuga: ni ukuranga icyo uri cyo, uwo uri we mu rwego rw’intambara, rimwe
na rimwe umenyesha abakumva uwo ukomokaho byo guhimba, ukavuga
ibyakuranze ku rugamba.
Ibyivugo ni imwe mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda bisingiza intwari
n’ubutwari bwazo ndetse n’intwaro zifashishwaga. Muri iyo ngeri, uwivuga
yirataga ibigwi n’ibirindiro yagiriye ku rugamba. Tuyisangamo amoko abiri
y’ingenzi ari yo: Ibyivugo by’iningwa n’ibyivugo by’imyato.
g) Inanga zivuga iby’ibwami
Gucuranga inanga ni ubuhimbyi bujyana no gucuranga inanga bayibwira. Inanga
inanga zaherekezwaga n’indirimbo z’ingabo zigahishura uko abakurambere
batekerezaga, akari kabari ku mutima n’uko bari bameranye mu mibanire yabo.
Inanga tuzisangamo iturango tw’ubusizi nyarwanda(isubirajwi, imibangikanyo,
injyana...) Zahimbirwaga
kurata no gusingiza abami. Zacurangirwaga mu bitaramo binyuranye.
h) Indirimbo z’ingabo
Ni indirimbo zaririmbwaga mu bitaramo byo kwizihiza insinzi y’ingabo
zabaga zivuye ku rugamba. Izo ndirimbo zafatiraga ku bantu babayeho
(abami, ab’ibwami n’abatware cyangwa ibikorwa byabayeho bizwi nk’ibigwi,
ibirindiro...).
IMYITOZO
Ungurana ibitekerezo na bagenzi bawe ku kamaro ko kwiga ubuvanganzo
nyabami.
II.3. Ibitekerezo by’ingabo
IGIKORWA
Ongera usome umwandiko “Igitero k’i Butembo” maze ukore
ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza y’ibitekerezo by’ingabo n’uturango twabyo.2.3.1. Inshoza y’ibitekerezo by’ingabo
Ibitekerezo by’ingabo ni ibihangano byabaga bikubiyemo uko urugamba
bagakoresha imvugo nziza kandi batajijinganya. Mu bitekerezo by’ingabo
rwagenze. Byahimbwaga n’abatekereza b’ibwami bafatiye ku byavuzwe
n’abavuzi b’amacumu babaga bakubutse ku rugamba. Abo bavuzi b’amacumu
bari abantu bazwiho ubuhanga mu kuvuga neza no gufata mu mutwe
havugwamo inkuru y’igitero n’abakigizemo uruhare cyanecyane ab’intwari.
2.3.2. Uturango tw’igitekerezo k’ingabo
Igitekerezo k’ingabo kirangwa n’ibi bikurikira: kivugwamo inkuru y’igitero
cyagabwe n’uko igitero cyagenze, kigaragaramo abakigizemo uruhare
n’abakibayemo intwari, gishingira ku makuru mpamo y’ibyabaye, kirangwa
ndetse n’uturingushyo tw’abatekereza b’ibwami abandi bita amakabyankuru.
IMYITOZO
b) Kwiga ibitekerezo by’ingabo bidufitiye akamaro muri iki gihe
a) Ku bwawe urabona akamaro k’ibitekerezo by’ingabo kari akahe?
ndetse n’ikizaza?
ndetse n’ikizaza?
II.4. 1. Imitegurire n’imihango y’igitero
II.4. 1. Imitegurire n’imihango y’igitero
IGIKORWA
Wifashishije ubumenyi ufite ku muco n’amateka, kora ubushakashatsi
maze utahure imihango yakorwaga kugira ngo u Rwanda rutere ikindi
gihugu, abagiraga uruhare mu migendekere y’igitero, n’inyungu Igihugu
cyakuraga mu gitero.
Umurage ukomeye Abanyarwanda basigiwe n’abasokuruza ni Igihugu. Ibi
byatumye u Rwanda rugenda rwagurwa binyuze mu bitero rwagabaga kandi
rugomba kubitsinda. Mbere yo gutera habanzaga gukorwa imihango inyuranye
harimo inzira y’inkiko yabyaye umugaru hagiye kwagurwa imipaka n’inziray’urugomo hagiye kugabwa ibitero.
Si iyo mihango yakorwaga gusa kuko habagaho n’igitaramo njyarugamba
Umugaba ugaba ntiyashoboraga kugira umusozi asibiraho: ariko yararaga
cyabanzirizaga urugamba umwami yabaga agiye gushoza mu mahanga. Abantu
bahuriraga hamwe maze bakarebera hamwe ingamba z’urugamba. Buri wese
mu babaga bateraniye aho yagiraga icyo yiyemeza gukora kugira ngo Igihugu
kizatsinde urugamba.
1. Umugaba w’ingabo n’umugaba w’igitero
Ingabo z’u Rwanda zari imitwe itegekwa n’abatware aba n’aba. Aha ngaha
turebe iki ngiki: abo batware b’izo ngabo, bitwaga abatware mu butegetsi
bw’Igihugu bwa kera ntibigire aho bahuriye n’abatware bategekaga mu Rwanda
mu bihe bya kizungu. Umutware kera, mbere y’umwaduko w’abazungu,
ntabwo yari ameze nk’umushefu. Abatware rero bitwaga batyo mu butegetsi
bw’Igihugu, naho mu butegetsi bw’abarwanyi (igihe ingabo zabo zabaga
zihagurukiye igitero) bakitwa abagaba b’ingabo. Igihe k’intambara, umugaba
wese w’umutwe uyu n’uyu, ni bwo we yambaraga ikamba ry’ingabo, kikaba
ikimenyetso cy’ubutegetsi bw’abarwanyi. Iryo kamba ryari uruhu rw’icyondi
batamirizaga mu ruhanga bakarusesurira mu bitugu. Umugaba w’igitero we
ntibyari ngombwa ko aba ari umutware uyu n’uyu; yashoboraga no kuba ari
umunyacyubahiro uhatswe.
Mbere yo kugaba igitero, ibwami babanzaga kuraguza ngo barebe niba gutera
igihugu iki n’iki bizahira u Rwanda. Indagu yaba ibibemereye, bakaraguriza
ubwoko buzatorwamo umugaba; ubwoko bufashwe bukaraguriza imiryango
yabwo; umuryango ufashwe n’indagu bakaraguriza abo muri bo ngo barebe
uzaba umugaba. Ntiyagombaga kuba ari intwari ubwe cyangwa ngo agombe
kuba ari umuntu ufite ubuhanga bwo kurwanisha ingabo neza yabaga ari
nk’impigi ubwe, izatuma ingabo z’u Rwanda zitsinda kandi ntiyagombaga no
kurwanisha ingabo ubwe zarwanishwaga n’abagaba bazo bonyine.
Umugaba yamaraga gutorwa, umwami akamuha ububasha nk’ubwe. Izina rye
ry’ubwami rikaba iry’umwami wa kera wigeze gutsinda icyo gihugu bateye. Umugaba
yamaraga kwimikwa, umwami akamwambika ikamba ry’ingabo (rwa ruhu
rw’icyondi) akamutamiriza ishyira, (umurizo w’urukwavu rwafashwe ari ruzima),
akamutamiriza n’intuku (inyoni yo mu ishyamba ry’i Buyenzi itukura, imeze
nka gasuku); akamuhereza, agasohoka, akivuga, agahaguruka ubwo, ingoma
zikamuherekeza, abatware bose bahurujwe, atuma ku ngabo zabo ngo zihaguruke.
indaro ngufi ,kugira ngo ahe ingabo z’Igihugu cyose umwanya wo gukorana. Aho
yararaga, yazimanirwaga nk’umwami, yagira uwo anyaga bigahama ntaburane.
Ubwo yabaga afite abatasi bazi ibyo muri icyo gihugu gitewe, barakigenze bitwaje
gutunda, cyangwa barakigiyemo bashukana ngo baragicikiye. Umugaba yajyaga
kugera ku nkiko y’u Rwanda, ingabo zikaba zarakoranye, akajya inama
n’abagaba bazo, akabaha amayira (guha umugaba kanaka inzira azanyura),
kandi buri murari w’ingabo ukaba uhawe n’umutasi uyobora ingabo,
uzimenyesha akarere karimo abarwanyi bakaze, cyangwa uzibuza kunyura
aha n’aha, kuko hari nk’uruzi rukomeye batashobora kwambuka n’ibindi.
Icyo gihe cyo gutanga amayira, ingabo zitaratabara, umugaba akohereza
intumwa yo kubwira ibwami umunsi imirwano izatangira. Iyo ntumwa, babaga
ari abantu benshi, kugira ngo nihagira umwe urwara cyangwa unanirwa,
abandi bazakomeze urugendo barare indaro bategetswe. Bati: “Muzataha
ibunaka, bityobityo, maze ku munsi wa kangahe muzatahe ibwami, mubabwira
muti: ‘Imirwano izatangira ejo mu museke’.”
2. Umwami n’umugabekazi mu mihango y’inteko
Kuri wa munsi watanzweho umugambi, ibwami baramukaga batangira
imihango y’inteko. Iyo mihango yakorwaga n’umwami, yaba adahari (yagiye
muri iyo ntambara, nk’uko byari bimeze mu gitero i Butembo) iyo mihango
igakorwa n’umugabekazi. Bwacyaga yicara ku ntebe y’inteko ibaje mu giti
cy’umuko), akicara yegamye ku nkingi, ngo hatagira umuvugisha aturutse
inyuma akamutera gukebuka. Gukebuka inyuma, byabaga ari ugutera ingabo
z’u Rwanda gusubiza inyuma(guhunga); ntiyinyagamburaga (ngo ingabo
zidahungabana). Akirirwa ameze atyo bikageza igihe inyenyeri ziza kugaragara
mu ijuru, ijoro riguye. Hahozeho itegeko ry’akamenyero rivuga ngo ijoro
ribanguza abami n’abandi; ari byo kuvuga ko nta rugamba rushobora kubaho
nijoro; ntibibariye mu ngamba z’igitero.”
Icyo gihe, umwiru wo mu Bazinanshuro (bakomoka kuri Kazinanshuro) yabaga
yacaniye igicaniro ibwami, ntikizazime igihe cyose k’intambara kigahoraho
ijoro n’amanywa. Abagore n’abakobwa bo muri ako karere birirwaga baha
impumbya ari byo kuvuga: kwahira ibyatsi babishyiramo ibishangari byo
kugumya gucanisha icyo gicaniro. Ubwo bahaga impumbya, bakabyina
imbyino yitwa “tubarusha umwami”, amabango yayo akabanza ibihugu
byose bikikije u Rwanda, irya nyuma rikaba irya cya gihugu cyatewe.
lcyo gihe, imfizi y’ubwami (yimikishijwe imihango y’ubwiru ikaba iri
iruhande rwa cya gicaniro, n’abantu benshi bayizinga, ngo hatagira isazi
iyikoraho, bigatuma iyiyama cyangwa izunguza umurizo; byajyaga gutuma
ingabo zihindagana ku rugamba.
Ubwo kandi mu Rwanda rwose abagore n’abakobwa bahaga impumbya,
igicaniro cyo kuri buri musozi kikaba mu rugo rw’umunyacyubahiro
uwutuyeho, yaba umutware, yaba se undi udatwara ariko w’umutunzi. Kandi
igihe k’intambara, byari umuziro gucyuza ubukwe, kuburana no kugira icyo
umuntu agaragaza cy’urwango. Ababaga bafitanye inzangano barabirekaga,
bakagenzanya neza, bakarindira ko igitero kizatabaruka.
Iyo mihango yagirirwaga igitero; habagaho n’agatero shuma. Ni ukuvuga
Umwami ntiyashoboraga kuba umugaba w’igitero, cyangwa uw’ingabo ze bwite,
igitero kigabwe n’umutware uyu n’uyu wo ku nkiko, kitaragurijwe n’ibwami.
Agatero shuma kamaraga umunsi umwe mu mahanga. Niba agatero shuma
kaneshejwe, si u Rwanda rwabaga runeshejwe; niba kanesheje, si u Rwanda
rwabaga runesheje. Igihe katabarukaga, ingabo ziyerekeraga uwazigabye,
ntizigombe kujya ibwami. Na Rwabugiri ubwe yateje udutero shuma kenshi,
ntitubarirwe mu bitero by’u Rwanda.
kabone n’iyo yabaga yajyanye na zo. lze bwite zabaga zigabwe n’umutware w’urugo
rw’umwami, nk’uko igihe k’Ingangurarugo zabaga zigabwe na Nyantaba ya
Nyarwaya cyangwa Bisangwa bya Rugombituri, uko basimburanye kuri uwo
murimo. lcyahindukaga gusa, ni uko igihe umwami yabaga ahari, umugaba
w’igitero yarekaga kuvugirwa n’ingoma, igihe cyose babaga bari ku musozi
umwe bombi.
3. Ibitsimbanyi n’abanyamihango b’ibwami
Abatekereza rero b’ibwami, bafite uwo mwuga w’ibitekerezo, bakakira
lmitwe y’ingabo yakomatanyaga abaturagihugu bose, ubariyemo na rubanda
rwo ku musozi, ndetse n’abantu babaga mu ishyamba. Igihe rero igitero
cyahuruzwaga, umugaba yahuruzaga n’imiryango y’abaturage basanzwe,
maze umutware w’umuryango agategeka umwe wo muri bene wabo
utahiwe n’itabaro akagenda akajya gucungura abavandimwe be basangiye
na we isambu batuyemo. Igihe cyose igitero cyabaga kikiri mu Rwanda. Noneho
abo baturage akaba ari bo bajya gusahura ibitunga ingabo. Buri mutwe wabaga
ufite ibitsimbanyi byawo. Igihe bajya gusahura no kwaya (kurandura ibikiri
mu murima), ibitsimbanyi byagendaga bihagarikiwe n’abarasanyi, kugira
ngo bitaza guhura n’ababisha bakabirwanya, kandi byo bitagenewe
kurwana. Ibitsimbanyi ni byo rero byatungaga ingabo mu mahanga.
Uretse ibyo bitsimbanyi kandi, igitero cyajyanaga n’abanyamihango b’ibwami
bahetse mu ngobyi intwaro z’amoko yose: imiheto, amacumu, imitana, inkota.
Abo bagendaga bari kumwe n’umugaba w’igitero. Igihe umugaba kanaka
yabaga akeneye intwaro, yazaga ku mugaba kugabuza ibyo ingabo ze zidafite.
Muri iyo mitana bahekaga, harimo uwitwa Nyakiyabo wa Kigeri III Ndabarasa,
wahunikwagamo imyambi amagana. Abandi kandi, ari abo b’ibwami
b’abanyamihango, ari n’ibitsimbanyi, babaga bikoreye imboho z’amasaka,
amakoma n’amamera, abandi bikoreye amafu, abandi bikoreye insyo, abandi
bikoreye imiganda n’imihotora. Ibi ngibi byabaga ari ibyo kurema ingando ari
ryo cumbi ry’ingabo, iyo babaga bageze ahantu zigiye kugandika, ako kanya
bagashinga imiganda, bakubaka amazu mu gihe kigufiya, bakayasakara. Abasya
bagasya, abasanganywe amafu bagashigisha ibikoma cyangwa imisururu.
Ingando yaba izahatinda bagasabika, bagasembura, bagahisha amarwa. Bajya
guhaguruka bakaremura ibyo bubakishije, bakabihambira bakabijyana.
Ku ngoma ya Kigeri IV Rwabugiri, igihe umwami yabaga ajyanye n’igitero, byari
byarategetswe ukundi. Yari yarategetse ko umutware wese uzajya atabarana
na we azajyana n’umugore n’abana, kugira ngo he kuzagira utekereza ibyo
guhunga. Ati: “Nuhunga ugatererana umugore n’abana, uzahunga ujya hehe,
ukwirwe hehe?” Na we rero ni ko yabigiraga. Na none ntiyajyanaga abato,
badashobokanye na bene izo ngendo.
4. Abakoni n’iminyago
Ibitero byagabwaga bijya kunyaga ngo bigwize inka mu Rwanda kabone
n’iyo byabaga bigeretsweho kugarura ibihugu. Twabanje kureba iby’abarasanyi,
tumenye rero ko umugaba w’umutwe yagenaga bamwe muri izo ngabo ze,
bagenewe kunyaga, bakaba ikiciro cya kabiri, kitwa abakoni; bakitwaza
umuheto n’inkoni yo kuyobora inka banyaze.
Iminyago ntiyabaga iy’uwafashe izo nka, cyangwa ngo ibe iy’umutwe uyu n’uyu
uzinyaze, iminyago yose yari iy’umwami. Yabaye umuntu wese yarinyagiraga,
byajyaga gutuma abarwanyi batatanywa n’inyungu y’ikiryango, maze ingabo
zikabura epfo na ruguru. Noneho rero, bamwe bagenerwaga kunyaga ibitari
ibyabo bwite, abandi bakagenerwa kurasana, bose bazi neza ko nibarangiza
umurimo bagenewe ari bwo bazahabwa ingororano z’iyo minyago.
Iminyago yose y’igitero yitwaga umuheto (umuheto w’igitero k’ibunaka).
Iminyago yamaraga gufatwa, bakayimurikira umugaba w’umutware ikabarwa,
ntihagire uwiba ngo uwo mubare upfe. Umugaba w’umutwe na we atabarutse,
imirasano irangiye yamurikiraga iyo minyago umugaba w’igitero. N’ubwo umubare
wagombaga kugumaho, mu itabaruka bageze mu Rwanda, bashoboraga kugenda
bazigurana, niba ufite inka y’ingumba cyangwa ikimasa, ukabigurana inziza zo mu
minyago, umubare ntupfe.
5. Imirwanishirize y’abagaba
Igihe ingabo zatabaraga ngo zige kurwana, umugaba w’igitero yasigaraga mu
nteko: ha handi yabaga aganditse. Hasigaraga imitwe iringaniye yo kwitega
ko inteko y’umugaba yaterwa. Umugaba w’igitero na we bwacyaga yicaye kuri
bene ya ntebe ibajwe mu giti cy’umuko agakikira igisabo cyabaga kirimo ya
mana yerejwe icyo gitero. Na we yagenzaga nk’iby’ibwami: kutanyeganyega,
kutareba iruhande;kubigira bibwiraga ko byajyaga gutuma ingabo zihungabana,
cyangwa zihunga. Naho icyo gihe abagaba b’imitwe, urugamba rwajyaga
gutangira
bakarema inteko na bo: bakicara ku ntebe ibajwe mu muko,
bakarwanisha. Boherezaga ku rugamba itorero rimwe, andi agasigara mu
nteko, akikije umugaba. Umurasano wamara igihe kiringaniye, umugaba
agahagurutsa itorero rindi, rikajya ku rugamba gukura abarubanjeho, kugira
ngo bagaruke mu nteko baruhuke. Inteko y’urugamba yaremerwaga ahantu
hiherereye, bakareba impande zose ngo ababisha bataza guca ruhinga nyuma
bakagota ingabo zitabizi.
Igihe tubwirwa ngo itorero iri n’iri rishotse urugamba, hariho bamwe
bakibwira ko ryabaga riremwe gusa n’abantu bajyanye mu itorero, ngo
niwumva ijuru bo mu mutwe wa Nyaruguru, ubone ko ari abantu nka mirongo
inani cyangwa ijana b’igikogote. Mu by’ukuri babaga barutaho ubwinshi, kuko
buri murwanyi ukomeye yabaga ari kumwe n’abagaragu be babiri cyangwa
batanu, b’intwari bamuherekeje. Bene abo bagaragu babaga ari intwari zizwi
bajyanaga ku rugamba na ba shebuja kandi n’umugaba w’umutwe yabaga
abazi, kuko babagamo abantu b’imbere. Abo ngabo ni bo bahekaga abapfuye
n’abakomeretse, abo ari bo bose, ari muri bo, ari no muri ba shebuja. Intumbi
bazijyaniraga kugira ngo bazihambe ahantu hiherereye, zidashahurwa
n’ababisha.
Umuntu yagwaga ku rugamba bakarwana ku ntumbi ye birengeje uko
barwanaga ku buzima, kuko byabaga ari agaterasoni gushahuranwa uwo
mwatabaranye. Uwamaraga kwica umubisha, yaramushahuraga, ngo yerekane
ikimenyetso cy’uko yishe koko; yaba atashoboye gushahura, akaba afite abagabo
babihamya. Icyo gihe uwo yahabwaga uruhushya rwo guheta ikigembe k’icumu
rye, agahabwa irindi ryo kurwanisha.
Niba uwo yishe yaguye mu itsimbiro (aho ngaho ku rugamba), ni byo
byabarirwaga kuzahabwa impeta. Igihe abarasanyi babaga basakiranye
n’ababisha, habaga ubwo Abanyarwanda basanga abo babisha bakomeye,
cyangwa bazanye impirita. Ubwo Abanyarwanda bararaganaga, bakirukira
icyarimwe: ni byo gukubitwa inshuro. lcyo gihe ababisha bibwiraga
ko babanesheje, bakabahomerera; muri iryo homerera, abarusha abandi
imbaraga bakagenda babasiga inyuma. Ubwo umwe mu Banyarwanda akavuga
ikivugo akigaranzura akarangamira ababahomereye: ni byo bitaga kugaruka.
Bagenzi be bumva avuze ikivugo bakigaranzura nka we. Ab’inkwakuzi bari
babahomereye bakayabazwa: abapfa bagapfa, abakomereka bagakomereka.
Ababo b’imbaraga nke bajya kuhagera bagasanga ab’inkwakuzi babo batakiri
abarwanyi. Kenshi ndetse baremaga igico abarwanyi bamwe bagiraga aho
bikinga bagasigara inyuma, abashotse urugamba bagahunga ari yo bagana;
bamara kurenga cya gico bakabona guhagarara. Abari babahomereye
bakamarwa na cya gico batari babonye mbere.
Kugarukirwa byari ukubiri: uwavuze ikivugo wa mbere, abandi bagahindukira
nka we, yashoboraga kuvuga mu birindiro bye ati: “Zarangarukiye
ikanaka.” Haba se n’igihe Abanyarwanda baneshwaga, bitari ugukubitwa
inshuro bisanzwe: uwaguye impumu akananirwa kwiruka, akaba rero agiye
gufatirwa n’ababisha, abihaze bakamurwanaho bakazavuga mu birindiro
byabo, ngo “nagarukiye kanaka cyangwa nimanye kanaka.”
6. Abavuzi b’amacumu
Abavuzi b’amacumu ni bo bari ishingiro ry’igitekerezo. Igihe imirwano yabaga
irangiye, ingabo zose zitabarukaga zisanga umugaba w’igitero mu nteko ye.
Ubwo akarekeraho ya mihango y’inteko. Akohereza intumwa ibwami kuvuga
gusa iti: “Imirwano yararangiye, twaratsinze!” Iyo ntumwa yitwaga uwo
kwahura imfizi. Nta rindi jambo yashobraga kuvuga ryerekeye iby’intambara.
Umurimo we wari uwo gutuma ibwami barangiza ya mihango y’inteko: ya mfizi
yari ku gicaniro ibwami ikahuka; igasubira aho yari isanzwe iragirirwa.
Naho mu nteko y’umugaba w’igitero, bagatoranya umuntu muri buri
mutwe.Uwo muntu akaba azi kuvuga neza, atari umusinzi, kandi yarishe
umubisha nibura umwe muri icyo gitero. Uwo muntu agashyirwa mu ruhame
rw’abagaba, bakamubaza imitabarire y’umutwe we. Agahera kuva batanze
umugaba, akarondora ibyo yibuka byose, bakamwibutsa ibindi agakurikizaho
imirwanire y’uwo mutwe, kugeza igihe batabarukiye. Buri mutwe bikamera
bityo. Abo bantu bakabyitoza, bakavugira kenshi imbere y’abagaba, kugeza
igihe bose babona ko babitoye neza. Noneho rero bakabohereza ibwami ngo
bage kubitekerereza umwami batyo.
Abo bantu bakitwa abavuzi b’amacumu. Bagahabwa abanyacyubahiro
babaherekeje, ngo bagende babarinda kunywa inzoga. Ku nzira bakagenda
babaha amata, ngo batagira inyota y’inzoga, kandi bakagendera hamwe
babarinze ubutabakuraho ijisho. Aho bazagerera ibwami bakavunyisha
(kuvunyisha ni ugusaba icyanzu, kubonana n’umutegetsi): bakakiranwa ibirori
by’abakwe, n’abatware bahari bakabitumirwamo. Buri muntu agahaguruka
akavuga ibyivugo bye, yabihetura akarondora rya somo yatoye.
Bose bagahetura. Muri iryo somo ryabo bakavuga abishwe, abakomeretse, abishe,
ariko bikaba umuziro kuvuga abahunze, abagize ubwoba.
ayo masomo, bagashimikira kuyitoza, bakayahimbura ngo bayashyiremo
uturingushyo two kuyaryoshya: bakarema igitekerezo batyo. Ni abatekereza
rero bahangaga ibitekerezo, ariko ishingiro benderagaho ryari ibyavuzwe
n’abavuzi b’amacumu muri raporo y’igitero babaga barazaniye umwami. Ingabo
zatabarukaga zikurikiye abavuzi b’amacumu. Zamara kugera hafi y’ibwami
zikagandika. lcyo gihe, abazirimo bashatse bashoboraga
kujya ibwami, ariko ntibageyo nk’abavuye mu ngando: bakigirayo, bagahakwa,
bakavuga ibindi, ariko ntihagire ijambo ryerekeye ingabo bahingutsa. Hagize urenga
iryo tegeko, imyiyereko yabaga ipfuye, ingabo zigasezererwa zidakoze ibirori,
uwo biturutseho akavugwa ko yishe amacumu y’ingabo. Byaririndwaga rero,
uruhushya rwo kugenda wiyoberanyije utyo rugahabwa bake cyane biringiwe.
IMYITOZO
1. Sobanura amagambo cyangwa itsinda ry’amagambo bikurikira:
a) Agatero shuma
b) Ingando
c) uwo kwahura imfizi
d) Gukubitwa inshuro
e) Abavuzi b’amacumu2. Mu gitero cyo hambere, vuga inshingano z’aba bakurikira:
3. Ni uwuhe mumaro w’abagore mu gitero?
a) Umugaba w’igitero:
b) Umugaba w’ingabo
c) Ibitsimbanyi
d) Abanyamihango
e) Abakoni
4. Iminyago yari iya nde?5. Kuki buri wese atatwaraga icyo yanyaze?
2.4.2. Impeta z’ubutwari mu Rwanda rwo hambere
IGIKORWA
Wifashishije ubumenyi ufite ku muco n’amateka, kora ubushakashatsi
maze ugaragaze impeta z’ubutwari zo mu Rwanda rwo hambere.
Mu muco nyarwanda birasanzwe ko uwakoze neza abishimirwa. Ni nako
byagendaga iyo urugamba rwarangiraga. Kuva ku ngoma ya Ruganzu Ndoli
kugeza ku ya Kigeli Rwabugiri hagiye hatangwa amashimwe cyangwa
ingororano ku wagaragaje ubudashyikirwa ku rugamba. Impeta zari zifite
amazina yazo bwite; ariko ntizari zifite ijambo rusange nk’uko ubu tuvuga
impeta. Iri jambo nanone ryabagaho mu Kinyarwanda cya kera, ariko ubwo
ngubwo rikavuga na none ingororano z’uwahese icumu (umuntu w’intwari
wabaga wishe umunyamahanga mu gitero, umugaba we yamuhaga uruhushya
rwo guheta ikigembe k’icumu rye, kugira ngo mu myiyereko batabarutse
bizamubere ikimenyetso cy’uko yishe). Impeta za kera zari eshatu: umudende,
impotore no gucana uruti.
a) Umudende
Umudende wahabwaga umuntu wishe abanyamahanga barindwi mu bitero
kandi yarabagushije mu itsimbiro. Kugusha mu itsimbiro bivuga ko babaga
baraguye mu irasaniro aho ngaho, atabakomerekeje gusa ngo bage kugwa
ahandi. Si ngombwa ko babaga barishwe mu gitero kimwe: yashoboraga kuba
yarabakurikiranyije, mu myaka myinshi wenda.
Umudende watangwaga n’umwami. Wari ukozwe utya: wari icyuma kimeze
nk’umuringa munini, cyangwa nk’inkingi y’umutaka, bakagiheta ngo gishobore
kwambarwa mu ijosi; icyo cyuma kitwaga uruti rw’umudende. Kuri urwo
ruti rw’umudende batungagaho amashinjo. Ishinjo ryari icyuma gicuzwe
nk’umuhunda ariko ucuritse kugira ngo isonga ryawo barihete ku buryo butuma
rigira inda izatungwamo uruti rw’umudende. Kandi mu ishinjo bashyiragamo
umurebe nk’uwo mu nzogera.
Uwabaga yishe abanyamahanga barindwi ntiyahawaga umudende gusa.
Yagabirwaga n’inka nyinshi z’ingororano.
b) Impotore
Impeta ya kabiri ni impotore ikaba yarambikwaga ku kuboko umuntu w’intwari
wishe abanyamahanga cumi na bane baguye mu itsimbiro mu bitero bigabwe
n’ibwami.
Impotore yo nta mihango yagiraga kandi uyihawe yabaga avuye ku mudende
ntiyabaga agishoboye kuwambara. Izo mpeta zombi zambarwaga mu birori no
mu bitaramo byazagamo imihigo.
c) Gucana uruti
Gucana uruti byari ibirori byagirirwaga intwari yishe umubisha wo mu
mahanga wa makumyari n’umwe uguye mu itsimbiro. Ntibyagiraga
ikimenyetso cyambarwa, yari imihango y’ibirori by’iminsi itatu cyangwa
ine. Intwari yajyaga gukorerwa ibyo birori igakoranya abo bafitanye isano
bose n’abagaragu bose ndetse n’inka zabo zose hamwe n’ize. Bakoraniraga
hejuru y’umusozi muremure wo mu karere iyo ntwari ituyemo. Umuntu wese
waburaga mu birori ntiyongeraga kuzabonana n’iyo ntwari ukundi, bagombaga
kuzajya batumanaho gusa ntibazahure ngo umwe arabukwe undi. Ni kimwe
n’inka ze cyangwa iz’abagaragu be. Mu baraye kuri uwo musozi ntawasinziraga
iryo joro kugeza mu gitondo (kimwe n’inka n’abana bato). Bacanaga umuriro
bakazana umwungu w’ibamba bakawotsa ya ntwari ikajya yenyegeza uruti
rw’icumu ryayo mu muriro ngo rukongoke maze bakamushunisha kuri
wa mwungu, akenyegeza uruti mu ziko, ati: “nishe kanaka”. Iryo joro ryose
bigakomeza bityo maze babona umuseke ukitse akarunduriramo agasigazwa
k’uruti n’umuhunda, akavuga izina ry’uwo yishe bwa nyuma. Ubwo impundu
zikavuga, ingoma zigasuka bakajya gukomereza ibirori mu rugo rwa ya ntwari.
Igihe intwari ivuga abo yishe yashyiragamo n’abo yaba yariciye mu Rwanda
batabarirwa muri ba 21 b’ibitero. Kuva ubwo, ntiyasubiraga ku rugamba ukundi.
Yabaga intwari yogezwa mu Rwanda byonyine. Icyakora uwabaga yahawe
ingororano zo gucana uruti yari afite amabwiriza akomeye agomba kubahiriza,
kuko iyo yagororerwaga bene kariya kageni, ntabwo yongeraga guhura
n’umwami yacaniyeho uruti ngo barebane amaso ku maso kugeza atanze, kuko
nta bihanga bibiri bitekwa mu nkono imwe, nta bihangange bibiri mu gihugu
kimwe. N’imisozi yahabwaga gutwara akenshi yabaga iri kure y’ibwami nko ku
mbibi z’u Rwanda n’ibindi bihugu.
Kubera izo ngororano zose, zaba izahawe impotore, uwahawe umudende,
uwacanye uruti, uwahawe inka y’umuheto n’uwahawe inka y’imirindi zatumaga
uwagize ubutwari abiratira abandi mu kivugo cyabimburiga kandi kikanasoza
ikintu cyose avuze. Ibyo byatumaga Umunyarwanda wese aharanira kuba
intwari bityo agashira ubwoba ku rugamba.
Usibye no kubaha impeta z’ubutwari, Ingabo zose zatsinze urugamba,
zagabanaga iminyago, ugasanga urugo rufite Ingabo y’igihugu, ari rwo
rukomeye. Byatumye u Rwanda rubona abana benshi bagana mu itorero kugira
ngo bigiremo ibyo kuba Intwari n’imyitozo njyarugamba. Nuko abitabira kuba
Ingabo z’Igihugu baba benshi u Rwanda rugira imitwe y’Ingabo myinshi, ku
buryo byakangaranyije amahanga aruzengurutse.
IMYITOZO
a) Impotore
Hitamo igisubizo cy’ukuri.
1. Impeta yarutaga izindi ni:
b) Umudende
c) Gucana uruti
d) Zose zaranganaga
2. Gucana uruti byakorerwaga
a) Intwari yishe umubisha wo mu gihugu cyayo wa makumyabiri
n’umwe.
b) Intwari yishe abantu benshi kurusha izindi.
c) Intwari yishe umubisha wo mu mahanga wa makumyabiri n’umwe.
d) Intwari yishe abanyamahanga barindwi.
3. Ikivugo k’intwari yo hambere cyarangwaga:
a) N’ibigwi, ibirindiro n’ibindi bikorwa by’ubutwari.
b) No kwivuga ibyo itakoze kugira ngo ishimwe.
c) No gusingiza inyamaswa n’akamaro kazo.
d) No kuratira abandi akamaro k’umwami n’abatware.
4. Subiza yego cyangwa oya
a) Umudende wajishwaga mu nzu umugore n’umugabo bararagamo.
b) Kugusha mu itsimbiro bivuga kugusha mu irasaniro.
c) Intwari icana uruti yavugaga abantu yiciye mu Rwanda gusa.
d) Uwaburaga umwanya wo kuza mu birori by’uwacanye uruti,
yaramusuraga bakaganira.
e) Umwungu w’ibamba wabaga uryohereye.
5. Simbuza ijambo riri mu mukara tsiri irindi bivuga kimwe
riri mu mwandiko.
a) Kutubahiriza imihango y’umudende byari gutuma uwambaye apfa
imburagihe.
b) Mu ijoro ryo gucana uruti ntawagohekaga.
c) Umudende wahoraga umanitse ku nkingi mu nzu.
d) Kugwa mu irasaniro cyabaga ari ikimenyetso cyo gutsindwa.
e) Uwaba yarahize abandi ku rugamba bamuhaga igihembo
k’ishimwe.
II.5. Ibyivugo by’ingabo
Soma umwandiko ukurikira witegereze imiterere yawo ukore
IGIKORWA
ubushakashatsi usubize ibibazo byawubajijweho hanyuma ugaragaze
inshoza n’amoko y’ibyivugo by’ingabo.
Inkatazakurekera
Inkatazakurekera ya Rugombangogo
Ndi intwari yabyirukiye gutsinda,
Nsiganirwa nshaka kurwana
Ubwo duteye Abahunde,
Nikoranye umuheto wange
Nywuhimbajemo intanage
Intambara nyirema
Igihugu cy’umuhinza nakivogereye.
Umukinzi ampingutse imbere n’isuri,
Umurego wera nywuforana ishema
Nywushinzemo ukuboko ntiwananira,
Nongeye kurega inkokora
Nkanga umurindi hasi, ndarekera
Inkuba zesereza hejuru y’icondo,
Ikibatsi kiyica hejuru mu rubega
Intoki zifashe igifunga zirashya
Imisakura imucamo inkora,
Inkongi iravuga mu gihengeri.
Mu gihumbi ke inkurazo zihacana inkekwe
Inkuku yari afite ihinduka umuyonga!
Agera hasi yakongotse
Umubiri we uhinduka amakara,
N’aho aguye arakobana
Nk’ukubiswe n’iyo hejuru.
Ababo batinya kumukora,
Bati : “Ubwo yanyagiwe n’Inkotanyi cyane,
Nimumureke mwe kumukurura
Ibisiga bimukembere aho”
Na byo bimurara inkera,
Bimaze gusinda inkaba,
Byirirwa bisingiza uwantanagiye
Imbungiramihigo sinahagararwa hagati nk’abatagira ishyaka,
Ishyamba ry’umwimirizi ndiremamo inkora.
Ibibazo:
a) Sobanura amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko: kurekera,
Rugombangogo, insinganirwa, kwikorana umuheto, nywuhimbaje
intanage, nakivogereye, umurego wera, icondo, inkora, mu gihumbi,
inkotanyi cyane, gukemba.b) Ukurikije imiterere y’uyu mwandiko, wavuga ko uyu mwandiko ari iyihe
ngeri y’ubuvanganzo?Tanga inshoza ya bene iyo ngeri y’ubuvanganzo.
c) Iyo ngeri y’ubuvanganzo ibamo amoko angahe? Yavuge kandi uyasobanure.
II.5.1. Inshoza y’ibyivugo by’ingabo
Ibyivugo ni ubuvanganzo nyarwanda bwahimbirwaga kurata ubutwari
bw’ingabo. Nyiri ukwivuga yashakaga kugaragaza ubutwari yagize ku rugamba
cyangwa umugambi yiyumvamo wo kuzaba intwari mu bihe bizaza, akihimbira
ikivugo cyangwa agashaka ukimuhimbira, akagitora kikagaragaramo ubutwari
bwe. Ibyo bishaka kuvuga ko abagabo bose batari abahanga mu guhimba
ibyivugo. Hariho intiti kabuhariwe zahimbiraga n’abandi ibyivugo. Mu Rwanda
rwo hambere, umugabo nyamugabo, yarangwaga no kugira ikivugo ke.
Ibyivugo birangwa n’uko uwivuga yirata ubutwari yagize ku rugamba kandi
agasingiza n’intwaro ze. Mu byivugo, uwabaga yarambitswe impeta z’ubutwari
na we yarabyirataga mu gihe yivuga. Ibyivugo birangwa n’ibigwi n’ibirindiro
Ibigwi: Ni umubare cyangwa se amazina y’abanzi nyiri ukwivuga yatsinze ku
rugamba ndetse n’aho yabatsinze. Ubusanzwe ikigwi ni aho umuntu yiciye
umwanzi.
Ibirindiro: Ni ibikorwa by’akataraboneka uwivuga yagaragarije ku rugamba
nko kwimana no kugarukira ingabo bagenzi be (kuzirengera) gutahana
iminyago, kwibasira abanzi…
Uwivuga ashobora kubanza kuvuga izina rye agakurikizaho irya se hagati
y’umukarago wa mbere n’uwa gatatu. Ayo mazina ashobora kuba nyayo ariko
akenshi aba ari ibisingizo bya nyiri ikivugo cyangwa igisingizo ke gikurikiwe
n’icya se. Mu kivugo hagati umuntu ashobora kugenda arobekamo ibindi:
Izina risingiza(igisingizo)
Ngenera (ya, wa, rwa, wa…)
Icyuzuzo (izina rya so cyangwa ry’ikitiriro)
Ndi (inshinga)
Ruhamwa (icyo ufitiye ubuhanga)
Ibikorwa wagize
II.5.2. Ubwoko bw’ibyivugo by’ingabo
Ibyivugo by’ingabo birimo amoko abiri: Ibyivugo by’iningwa n’ibyivugo
by’imyato.
a) Ibyivugo by’iningwa
Ibyivugo by’iningwa ni ibyivugo bigufi bishyirwa mu mikarago akenshi itarenze
icumi iba ibumbiye mu ibango rimwe kandi biba bivuga ku ngingo imwe.
Ibyivugo by’iningwa ni ibya kera cyane kuko byamamaye ku ngoma ya Ruganzu
Ndoli.
Ingero z’ibyivugo by’iningwa:
Rutajabukwa n’imitima
Rutajabukwa n’imitima,
Ingamba zimisha imituku, rwa Nyirimbirima;
Ndi intwari Inkotanyi yamenye.
Yanshinze urugamba rukora amaraso,
Ati: “Rwampingane!”
Nti: “Ndi Rukaragandekwe,
Nangana n’ababisha
Iyo duhuye ndarakara.”
(Kampayana ka Nyantaba
Itorero: Ibisumizi
Umutwe: Ingangurarugo.)
Inshyikanya ku mubiri ya rugema ahica
Inshyikanya ku mubiri ya Rugema ahica,
Icumu ryera ikigembe nariteye umuhima kuri gakirage,
Akirangamiye ubwiza ndarimugabiza riramugusha nk’ubukombe bw’ intare;
Mbonye uko rimubaga ndamushinyagurira,
Nti: « Aho si wowe wenyine, n’uw’ i Bunyabungo ni uko namugize. »
b) Ibyivugo by’imyato
Imyato ni aho wagiye ugirira akamaro. Ni ibyivugo biciyemo ibice ku buryo
bugaragara. Ubu bwoko ni bwo bwiganje kuva ku ngoma ya Yuhi Gahindiro
kugeza kuri Kigeli Rwabugiri.
Mu gihe k’ibitaramo by’imihigo, ibyivugo by’imyato cyanecyane bisozwa
n’umusibo (agace ko gusoza kareshya n’iningwa, kakavugwa nyiri ukwivuga
ari bugufi y’ikibindi kirimo inzoga y’abahizi). Ibyivugo by’imyato birangwa
no kuba ari: birebire gusumba ibindi byose, bigiye bigabanyijemo amabango
bita “imyato”, bigaragaramo ibigwi n’ibirindiro, bivuga ku ngingo nyinshi kandi
bigaragaramo uturango nyabusizi n’imvugo ikoresha amagambo yihariye mu
byivugo (ihitamo ry’amagambo akoreshwa ku rugamba).
Uwivuga yitakuma afite icumu, asukiranya amagambo vubavuba. Biba byiza
iyo afite n’ingabo mu ntoki maze akivuga asa n’uwizibukira imyambi cyangwa
amacumu y’umwanzi.
Uwadukanye guhimba ibyivugo by’imyato ni Muvubyi wa Mutemura, wo mu
mutwe w’Abakemba mu rugerero rw’i Munyaga rwari rukumiriye inkiko y’i
Gisaka. Iyo witegereje neza usanga hari inzira ebyiri Muvubyi yaba yarahereyeho
yadukana iyo mihimbire:
Ingabo z’i Gisaka barasanaga zitwaga Abatishumba zari zifite ibyivugo byabo
birebire byasumbaga iby’Abanyarwanda.
Mu Rwanda hari amazina y’inka yahanzemo imivugo; Muvubyi rero ashobora
kuba yaribukijwe n’uburebure bw’ibyo byivugo by’Abanyagisaka, agashaka
kubigana ngo ahimbe ibirebire, ndetse akabatebya yiganiramo n’amazina
y’inka.
Nyuma ye, uwabanje kumukurikiza agahimba na we iby’imyato yabaye
Rwabigugu rwa Kanyaruguru wo mu itorero Uburunga II ryo mu mutwe
w’Abakemba. Ibyivugo by’imyato ntibyahimbwaga n’ubonetse wese, byari
umurimo w’abahimbyi b’intiti. Barihimbiraga ubwabo, bagahimbira n’abandi
babisabye cyangwa bakabihimbira kubitura umwami n’abatware babo.
Ikitonderwa
Ibyivugo bya kera byibandaga cyane ku rugamba. Aho insanganyamatsiko
y’urugamba imariye gutakaza igihe cyayo, havutse kandi n’ibyo twita
amayingabyivugo (ibyivugo ku nzara, ku nyamaswa, kuri ruswa, ku mbeba,…)
nyuma y’ibyo, Abanyarwanda batangiye guhanga ibihangano bijya kugirana
isano n’ibyivugo ariko atari byo icyakora ibyivugo by’ubu, hari ingingo
zitandukanye bishingiraho nk’uburezi, siporo, ibikorwa byo kwicungira
umutekano no kuwucungira abandi, ikoranabuhanga, iterambere n’ibindi.
Urugero rw’ikivugo cyo muri iki gihe:
Mugabo ukunda abandi
Mugabo ukunda abandi wa Rudacogora
Ndi umusore uhorana ishema
N’ubushake bwo kuba ingenzi.
Nahuye n’umushonji murusha impamba
Arampagarika, arantabaza,
Ati: “Wa mwana we ko nkureba
Nkabona usa n’uwarezwe neza
Ugaragaraho n’imico myiza
Utakwirengagiza ubabaye,
Ntabwo wareba icyo umarira?
Ko ubona ibyange bimeze nabi,
Nkaba nta ntege zo kugenda
Kubera intindi y’inzara nshonje
Kandi iwacu ari kure cyane!”
Mugirira impuhwe muha ku byange,
Abona guhembuka aragenda
Musezeraho ndikomereza.
Cyahimbwe na Rusakara, (UNICEF, Dukunde amahoro, 1996)
IMYITOZO
1. Ibyivugo by’iningwa n’ibyivugo by’imyato bihuriye ku ki?
Bitandukaniye he?
2. Tandukanya ibyivugo byo hambere n’ibyo muri iki gihe.
3. Hanga ikivugo wirata ibyiza wakoze cyangwa ibikorwa wagezeho,
maze ukivuge imbere ya bagenzi bawe ugaragaza isesekaza.
Ikivugo cyawe ntikirenze imikarago makumyabiri.
II.6. Umwandiko: Inka ya Rumonyi
2. 6.1. Gusoma no gusobanura umwandiko
IGIKORWA
Soma umwandiko “Inka ya Rumonyi”, ushakemo amagambo
udasobanukiwe hanyuma uyasobanure ukurikije inyito afite mu
mwandiko wifashishije inkoranyamagambo.
IMYITOZO
1. Shaka mu mwandiko amagambo afite ibisobanuro bikurikira:
a) Itajya ipfusha ubusa na rimwe amacumu yayo; ntihusha na rimwe.
b) Kugusha mu mazi rwagati.
c) Urusobe rw’imirishyo.
d) Imitako yo gutungukana mu myiyereko
e) Zikishima umuvuduko.
2. Huza amagambo yo mu ruhushya A n’ibisobanuro byayo biri mu
ruhushya B
2.6.2. Gusoma no kumva umwandiko
Ongera usome umwandiko“ Inka ya Rumonyi” hanyuma usubize ibibazo
a) Ubwiza bw’inka ya Rumonyi bugaragazwa n’iki?
byawubajijweho:
b) Ubudahangarwa bwayo ni ubuhe ?
c) Ni iki kimenyekanisha ko inkuba z’i Murambi zihagurutse?
d) Inka zidahonoka inka ya Rumonyi ni izihe?
e) Ibirori byo kumurika inka byaberehe hehe?
2.6.3. Gusoma no gusesengura umwandiko
a) Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi zigaragara muri uyu mwandiko
Ongera usome umwandiko“ Inka ya Rumonyi” hanyuma usubize ibibazo
bikurikira:
b) Garagaza ingingo z’umuco n’iz’amateka ziri muri uyu mwandiko.
c) Garagaza ingingo z’amateka muri uyu mwandiko.
d) Muri rusange, ni iyihe nyigisho mukuye ku nka ya Rumonyi?
II.7. Amazina y’inka
Ongera usome umwadiko “Inka ya Rumonyi”, witegereza imiterere
2.7.1. Inshoza n’imiterere by’inganzo y’amazina y’inka
IGIKORWA
yawo. Uhereye ku miterere yawo, kora ubushakashatsi utahure ishoza
n’imiterere by’inganzo y’amazina y’inka.1. Inshoza y’inganzo y’amazina y’inka
Amazina y’inka yagereranywa n’ibyivugo by’inka. Inka z’inyambo batangiye
kuzirata cyane mu mivugo kuva kera, ariko imihimbire y’amazina y’inka yaje
kwamamara ku ngoma ya Yuhi Gahindiro ahagana mu mwaka wa 1800. Kuva
icyo gihe ni bwo abahanga mu byo kwita inka: abisi batangiye kurebera inka mu
bwenge, bakaziremesha ingamba. Inka baziremyemo imitwe bakayirwanisha.
Buri mutwe wari ubangikanye n’umutwe w’ingabo nk’uko bigaragarira kuri iyi
mbonerahamwe.
Buri mutwe wabaga ufite ibyiciro bitatu by’inka:
– Amashyo y’inka yaremwe n’umutware w’ingabo, amwe ari ay’inkuku
andi ari ay’inyambo.
– Amashyo y’abakomeye bari abatunzi bo mu mutwe w’ingabo.
– Inka z’imbata. Izo zari inka za rubanda bo mu muri uwo mutwe w’ingabo.
Inka ntizari ingabane, ni izo umuntu yabaga yarihahiye ku giti ke. Izi nka
bazitaga kandi inka z’ibiti.
Muri izi nka zose izo umwisi yitaga ni inyambo. Abisi barwanishaga Ibihogo
(ubushyo bwaremwe butowe mu Rwanda) n’Amagaju (ubushyo bwaremwe
butowe mu minyago ivuye mu mahanga nko mu Ndorwa cyangwa Ankole).
Umwisi yabaga agiye kwita nk’ubushyo bwo mu mutwe w’Ibihogo akabuteza
umutware w’inyambo, akabuteza umutahira n’abarenzamase bo mu bushyo
bw’amagaju. Umwami n’umutware w’ingabo, umwisi yirindaga kubateza
inyambo cyangwa kubitirira kuko ibyo byari ukubapfobya no kubahinyura.
Umutware w’inyambo nubwo umwisi yashoboraga kumwitirira yari umutegetsi
ukomeye. Yashyirwagaho ngo agenge inyambo zose zo mu mutwe w’inka uyu
n’uyu. Ubwo butegetsi yaburagaga umwana we, bakagenda basimburana mu
bisekuruza byabo. Umutware w’ingabo na we yashoboraga kunyagwa ingabo,
akaba anyagiweko n’umutwe w’inka bibangikanye. Umutware w’inyambo we
ntiyanyagwaga; yari ashinzwe guhora yorora inyambo, akagenda azongera
mu ibangurira ry’inkuku ku mfizi z’inyambo. Bwari ubumenyi umuryango we
ushinzwe ku ngoma zose.
2. Imiterere y’amazina y’inka
Amazina y’inka yarangwaga n’imiterere yayo. Agira injyana ipimye
n’iminozanganzo itandukanye.
Injyana
Mu mazina y’inka, abisi bavumbuye inganzo ishingiye ku ipima rigendera ku
kabangutso.
Bitewe n’ubuhanga bwabo, Nkibiki, Ndangamira na Bikungero bafite injyana
bihariye zikaba zitwa hakurikijwe amazina yabo.
Injyana Bi: igizwe n’utubeshuro 12 —u—u—u—u = 12
Injyana Nki: igizwe n’utubeshuro 10 u—u—u—u—u = 10
Injyana Nda: igizwe n’utubeshuro 9 —u—u—u = 9
Bene izi njyana ni zo bita fatizo naho injyana yungirije iba ipanzwe uko bashatse
ku buryo yuzuza utubeshuro twa ngombwa ariko tudatondetswe dutyo.
Ni ukuvuga imikoreshereze y’ubutinde bw’inyajwi. Wakwibaza uti: “Bapimye
bate amagambo?” Reka tugendere kuri uru rugero kugira ngo dushobore
kubyumva.
Rutiimiirwa ziri mu mihigo
Iyo witegereje ubona muri uyu mukarago ko umugemo wa mbere ubangutse,
uwa kabiri n’uwa gatatu ikagira ubutinde bunimbitse, ikurikiyeho yose ntigire
ubutinde. Akabangutso kakaba gahwanye n’inyajwi ibangutse, naho inyajwi
inimbitse ikagira utubangutso tubiri. Uru rugero tumaze kubona rubara
utubangutso 12.
Ikitonderwa:
Mu ibara ry’utubangutso, iyo inyajwi ebyiri zikurikiranye, iya mbere iburizwamo
kandi inyajwi itangira umugemo ntibarwa nk’uko bigaragara ku majwi yagiye
ashyirwa mu dukubo.
Ubwiza bw’amazina y’inka bushingira ku buhanga bwo gukurikiranya
ibitekerezo no ku isubirajwi, ku isubirajambo, ku mibangikanyo, ku buryo
bwo kugenekereza, ndetse no kureshyeshya intondeke. Mu mazina y’inka
bahagikamo ijambo cyangwa injyano z’amagambo zigize ibisingizo. Igisingizo
muri ubu bwoko bw’ubuvanganzo bw’ amazina y’inka kitwa ingaruzo, mu
bisigo igisingizo bakakita indezi.
IMYITOZO
1. Amazina y’inka ni iki?
2. Hanga izina ry’inka wigana “ Inka ya Rumonyi”, urifate mu mutwe
maze useruke imbere ya bagenzi bawe uvuga iryo zina ry’inka
wahanze.
II.7.2. Imvano y’amazina n’imyitire y’inyambo
Igikorwa
Jya mu isomero ukore ubushakashatsi utahure imvano y’inganzo
y’amazina y’inka n’uko byagendaga kugira ngo umwisi yite inka.
1. Imvano y’inganzo y’amazina y’inka.
Mu Rwanda rwa kera inka yari ifite agaciro gakomeye cyane. Inka yari
ikimenyetso cy’ubukire, ni yo yari ifaranga ry’ubu, ni yo yari ipfundo ry’ubuhake.
Iyo wahakwaga ugacyura igihe bakakugororera, bavugaga ko ucyuye umunyafu
cyangwa se ko ucyuye ubuhange ugabanye bwa mbere kwa shobuja. Tuzi neza
ko ubuhake bwarambye mu Rwanda nta handi bwari bushingiye usibye ku nka.
Ubuhake rero bwahambiraga umugaragu kuri shebuja ugasanga baribereye
nk’akaremo n’umuse, umugaragu akitwa umuntu wa shebuja, akamwirahira
igihe cyose amushima kumuhaka. Ubuhake bwavunnye benshi kugeza
babuvugiyeho. Bamwe bati: “Ubuhake burica; ubuhake bujya kukwica buguca
iwanyu; ubuhake bwananiranye bukukisha umugabo ikijyaruguru”. Ariko na
none hari abo bwatoneshaga bakagashira nka Gashamura bati: “ubuhake bwa
cyane bukunyaza mu ngoro”. Ubuhake kandi bwateraga ubwibombarike, bati:
“Iyo ubuhake bwateye hejuru uratendera”. Ariko kandi ngo uwafataga nabi
abagaragu yarabigayirwaga; umugaragu wahemukiraga shebuja yaragayikaga.
Uwabaga ahatse abagaragu yagombaga kubagoboka bari mu byago. Umugaragu
na shebuja babaga bafitanye ubumwe bwafatiye ku nka, ari magara ntunsige.
Iyo ubwo bumwe bwazagamo agatotsi ku mugaragu, shebuja yaramunyagaga,
naho byaba biturutse kuri shebuja, umugaragu akamwimura akajya gukeza
ahandi.
Intwari yo ku rugamba yagororerwaga inka ikitwa inka y’ubumanzi. Ubaye
ikigwari na we ku rugamba yatangaga ikiru k’inka, iyo nka ikitwa inka
y’imirindi kuko yahunze urugamba, agatererana bagenzi be. Inka yungaga
inshuti, uwahemukiye undi mu bintu bikomeye akamuha ikiru k’inka. Inka
yahuzaga inshuti n’imiryango kuko abahanaga inka babaga babaye inshuti
magara.
Inka bayikwaga umugeni. Umusore wabaga adafite amikoro yo kubona inka
yashoboraga gutenda, agakora imirimo izahura n’icyakwitwa agaciro k’inka
kugira ngo umukobwa wa naka yakunze amwegukane. Umukwe mukuru ati:
“Turabakwera umunani cyangwa se mudutegeke ikindi”. Umusore wabaga
yaraye arongoye baramubyukurukirizaga inka zikamukamirwa. Mu itwikurura
ry’umugeni bazanaga amata. Inka yari ifite akamaro kanini mu muco
w’Abanyarwanda.
Umubyeyi yarabyaraga bajya kumuhemba bakazana amata. Umwana
iyo yashyinguraga se cyangwa sekuru yahabwaga inka y’inkuracyobo
(inkuramwobo). Umwana washyinguraga nyina cyangwa nyirakuru byitwaga
gukamira nyina cyangwa nyirakuru. Mu mihango yo kwera hazagamo ibyerekeye
kujya ku kibumbiro, hakazamo n’ibyo guha amata abana b’uwatabarutse. Mu
ndamukanyo z’abanyarwanda dusanga abantu bifurizanya gutunga bati:
“Gira inka”, usubiza ati: “amashyo n’amagana” cyangwa bati: “amashyo”,
usubiza ati: “Amashongore!”
Abanyarwanda bagenaga ibihe by’umunsi bihura n’amasaha y’iki gihe bafatiye
ku nka:
Inka zivuye mu rugo: aho ni nko mu masaa moya;
Inka zikamwa: aho ni nko mu masaa moya n’iminota 15, ubwo ziba zikamirwa
ku nama;
Inka zahutse: aho ni nka saa mbiri;
Inyana zahutse: aho ni nka saa mbiri zirengaho duke;
Inyana zitaha: nko mu masaa yine;
Mu mashoka: nko mu masaa saba;
Inka zikuka cyangwa mu makuka: nko mu masaa munani;
Inyana zisubira iswa: nko mu masaa kenda;
Inka zihinduye: nko mu masaa kumi;
inyana zitaha: nka saa kumi n’imwe;
Inka zitaha: nka saa kumi n’ebyiri n’igice;
Inka zikamwa: nko mu masaa moya.
Hari ubuvanganzo bwavutse bufatiye ku nka. Ubwo buvanganzo ni ubu
bukurikira:
Amahamba: indirimbo zaririmbwaga n’abashumba bacyuye inka. Izo ndirimbo
zirazwi mu Rwanda hose.
Amabanga cyangwa amahindura: indirimbo abashumba baririmbaga inka
zirisha, zitaha, batarazikata inkoni ngo ziboneze zitahe.
Inzira: indirimbo zaririmbirwaga inka mu gihe zabaga zigana amabuga
cyangwa ibibumbiro.
Indama: indirimbo baririmbaga mu gihe inka zabaga zibyagiye ahantu,
bazishoye amabuga cyangwa ibibugazi. Izo ndirimbo hari ubwo zaririmbwaga
mu minsi mikuru, bamurika inka. Icyo gihe abagore n’abakobwa bahimbazaga
izo ndirimbo baziha amashyi.
Ibyisigo: indirimbo zo mu gihe cyo kudahira. Basingizaga amazi ahiye hamwe
n’inka zabaga zayashotse.
Imyama (imyoma): indirimbo zaririmbwaga mu gihe k’impeshyi, inka zigisha
(zigana ahari ubwatsi).
2. Imyitire y’inyambo
Iyo ubushyo bw’ inyambo bwamaraga kubyara uburiza, umutahira w’inyambo
yatumiraga umwisi mu bo azi b’abahanga akaza akazitegereza neza, maze
akazita, akaziha inshutso. Umwisi ntiyashoboraga kwanga kwita inyambo
kuko wari umurimo ashinzwe yabazwaga mu Gihugu. Ariko igihe yabonaga
afite impamvu yashoboraga kwanga bakamurega ibukuru, hakaba urubanza
agasobanura impamvu yamubujije. Izo mpamvu zabagaho cyanecyane iyo
yabaga yaraje mbere bakamufata nabi cyangwa bakamugororera inka mbi.
Iyo yabaga aje rero, babaruraga inyambo z’ingegene zo muri ubwo bushyo
bakazimumurikira. Ubwo rero ziba zitarakura ngo zigaragaze izaba nziza, nuko
zose akazita amazina, imwe izina ryayo indi iryayo. Uko ahimba, abarenzamase
bakamuba iruhande bakabitora. Umwisi ntiyagombaga gutora ibyo ahimba
byose, na we ubwe iyo yashakaga kubimenya yagendereraga abarenzamase.
Ayo mazina y’inyambo zivutse ari uburiza akitwa inshutso.
Nubwo inshutso zabaga ari nyinshi, umwisi yerekanaga ko ari ubushyo bumwe
yise, abigaragariza mu mabango ya buri nshutso ashyiramo ijambo rimwe gusa
uzajya usanga mu nshutso zose z’ubwo bushyo. Aho ni ho ubuhanga bw’abisi
bwari bushingiye. Iryo jambo rikitwa “impakanizi y’ubushyo.” Umwisi
yamaraga kuziha inshutso agataha. Ubwo bamuhaga inka y’intizo ikamwa,
yamara kuyitekesha akayisubizayo. Iyo ubushyo bwa za nyambo bwamaraga
kubyara ubuheta, za nshutso zabaga zimaze gukura bazita ibihame. Izirusha
ubwiza zose y’inyamibwa ikaba imaze kugaragara. Ubwo rero bahamagaraga
umwisi wari warazihaye inshutso ngo aze yuzuze umurimo we. Ubwo yitaga
iy’indatwa muri za mpete, akayisingiza, akayiha izina ry’umuzinge, ari byo
kuvuga ibice byinshi. Ya ndatwa yabaga isanganywe ya nshutso yayo, nuko
iyo nshutso igaherukwa n’interuro y’umuzinge kandi igaherukira aho kwitwa
inshutso igasigara yitwa impamagazo.
Izisigaye zo muri ubwo bushyo zigahamana inshutso zazo. Wakumva bavuga
ngo bazacutsa inka ya runaka, ukamenya ko yabaye indatwa y’ubushyo ko
yagize izina ry’umuzinge. Igisingizo (igice) cya kabiri cy’umuzinge ayihaye
kikitwa impakanizi. Ibindi bisingizo (bice) bikitwa imivugo. Igisingizo (igice)
cya nyuma kikitwa umusibo (iyo cyabaga gisingiza ya ndatwa y’isonga yonyine)
cyangwa imivunano (iyo cyabaga gisingiza za ndatwa zose yari yarahaye
inshutso mu ikubitiro). Yamaraga gusoza uwo murimo wose wo kwita inyambo
bakamuha inka y’ingororano akayicyura ikaba iye y’ishimwe.
IMYITOZO
1. Izina ry’inka rigizwe n’iki?
2. Sobanura amagambo cyangwa itsinda ry’amagambo akurikira:
a) Gutenda
b) Inka y’ubumanzi
c) Inka y’inkurarwobo
d) Inka y’imirindi
3. Sobanura imvo n’imvano y’amazina y’inka.
2.7.3. Imyororokere n’imitegekere by’inyambo
IGIKORWA
Jya mu isomero ukore ubushakashatsi utahure uko inyambo zororokaga
n’uko zategekwaga (abari bashinzwe inyambo ni bande?)
1. Imyororokere y’inyambo
Kugira ngo inyambo zigwire mu Gihugu, umutware w’inyambo yagendaga
azongera mu ibangurira ry’inkuku ku mfizi y’inyambo. Ubwo bumenyi bwari
ukubiri:
-Uburyo bwa mbere bwari ubwo kubangurira amashashi y’inka
z’inkuku ku mfizi y’inyambo, izo zibyaye zikitwa ibigarama. Ibyo
bigarama na byo bikazabangurirwa ku mfizi y’inyambo, izivutse
zikitwa inkerakibumbiro. Izo nkerakibumbiro zabangurirwaga ku
mfizi y’inyambo zikabyara imirizo cyangwa ibisumba (iyo ari izo mu
mutwe w’inka utigeze ingegene). Imirizo cyangwa ibisumba zamaraga
kubangurirwa ku mfizi y’inyambo hakavuka noneho inyambo zuzuye
bitaga ingegene.
Uburyo bwa kabiri bwari ubwo kubangurira inyambo z’ingegene ku
mfizi y’inkuku zikabyara ingegene.
Icyababwiraga inyambo ni uko zari zifite umubyimba munini n’amahembe
maremare. Icyo bakundiraga inyambo ni ubwiza bwazo. Bazimurikaga mu
birori, barazitoje uko zigenda no kudakangarana mu birori. Umutware
w’inyambo we yabiragaga abana be kugira ngo imihindagurirwe y’abatware
b’inyambo idatuma ubumenyi bw’imyorokere y’inyambo buhungabana.
Kuzivanga n’inkuku byari ugutuma inyambo zigumana ubwiza bwazo kugira
ngo budacika.
Uko babanguriraga ubushyo bw’inyambo z’ingegene
Amashashi y’inyambo yararindaga ntibahere ko babangurira irinze yose ahubwo
bakayihorera ikarinduka. Aho bazashakira ko zibangurirwa bakazishora ku
iriba rihiye (iriba rifite amazi y’urwunyunyu rukaze).
Bazishoraga kuri iryo riba maze inka iryuhiweho igahodoka (ni ukugira
icyokere mu mubiri kiyitera ubuzinukwe bw’ayo mazi). Igihe zikiyumvamo
ubuhodoke bazishoraga ku mazi ahiye zikayanga zikishakira amazi asanzwe
kugira ngo azigabanyemo icyokere ziyumvagamo.
Ku ngoma ya Yuhi IV Gahindiro, amariba ahiye kurusha andi yari atatu (3):
a) Iriba rya Rushya rwa Nyamirango (mu Bwishya muri Repubulika Iharanira
Demokarasi ya Kongo).
b) Iriba rya Mupfu (mu Bunyambiriri muri Musebeya mu Karere ka
Nyamagabe).
c) Iriba rya Ngugu (mu Mutara).
Bavuga ko iryo riba rihiye rihotora. Ubwo buhodoke bwamaraga iminsi myinshi
ndetse bikageza no ku kwezi cyangwa amezi abiri. Iyo inka yuhiwe mu iriba
rihiye yakamwaga, yagiraga iyayumo (igabanya umukamo), uko ubuhodoke
bwagendaga buyishiramo yaragishiraga (yagaruraga umukamo buhorobuhoro.
Bitewe n’uko amariba yabaga kure, gukora urugendo bajyayo ni byo bitaga
“kurekera.” Abashumba bakoraga urwo rugendo bakitwa“abarekezi.” Iyo
inyana yararaga ukubiri na nyina kubera urwo rugendo babyitaga “kurara
iragwe.” Habaga ubwo inka igenda ijoro ryose ishaka iyayo, ari byo bitaga
“guhomora.” Gusukura iriba bavanamo umuvu, babyitaga “kweza iriba.” Iriba
ryabaga rituje ryitwaga“umugwimo.” Guhabwa umwanya wo kuhira, byitwaga
“guhana umurambi.” Isibo yo kurwanira umurambi, ikitwa “inkomati.”
Iyo rero ubuhodoke bwarangiraga, ubushyo bwose bwuhiwe ya mazi ahiye
bwarindiraga icya rimwe bagahera ko babangurira zikabyarira rimwe. Aha rero
ni ho batumiraga umwisi akaza kwita izina.
2. Imitegekere y’inyambo mu Rwanda rwo hambere
Umwami ni we wari umutware w’inyambo mukuru, hagakurikiraho umutware
w’ingabo, agakurikirwa n’umutware w’inyambo, hakaza umutahira, hagaheruka
umurenzamase.
Umwami: yari nyiri Igihugu bityo akaba yari ku mutwe wa byose.
Umutware w’ingabo: yari umukuru w’umutwe w’ingabo kandi akaba yari
hejuru y’umutware w’inyambo
Umutware w’inyambo: yabaga ari umuntu ujijutse, akaba yarashyirwagaho
ngo agenge inyambo zo mu mitwe iyi n’iyi. Ubwo butegetsi yaburagaga
umwana we bugakomeza kuba uruhererekane. Ntiyashoboraga kunyagwa
kuko yari ashinzwe imyororerere y’inyambo. Nyamara umutware w’ingabo we
yashoboraga kunyagwa ingabo.
Umutahira: we yabaga ari umunyacyubahiro baremeraga ubushyo bw’inyambo
bwo mu mutwe uyu n’uyu w’inka, akawubwiriza akawuragira. Umutahira
yashoboraga guhabwa inkoni y’ubushumba (kumuziturira); bamuhaga inka
(ubushyo). Byakorwaga bazitura inyana mu kiraro bakazimuha bakanamuha
inkoni y’ubushumba. Iyo inka zamaraga kuba amabuguma, umutware
w’inyambo yazeguriraga umutahira zikaba ize bwite. Na we yarazigumanaga
akaziha abo ashaka. Umutahira rero yabaga ari mu rwego rw’abashumba
b’inyambo. Ubushyo yabaga ashinzwe iyo bwasazaga bamuremeraga ubundi
bushyo cyangwa bakaburemera umwana we w’umuhungu.
Abarenzamase: Bo bari nk’abakozi bari bashinzwe kwirirwa inyuma y’inka
(bubakaga ibiraro, bacaga ibyarire) kandi bakaba barashyirwagaho n’umutahira.
IMYITOZO
1. Vuga abantu b’ingenzi bategekaga inyambo maze usobanure
inshingano za buri wese.
2. Sobanura amagambo akurikira: ibigarama, inkerakibumbiro,
imirizo, ingegene.
3. Vuga imyororokere y’inyambo
II.7.4. Akamaro ko kwiga inganzo y’amazina y’inka
IGIKORWA
Nk’umunyeshuri wiga mu ishami ry’inshuke nikiciro cya mbere cy’amashuri
abanza wumva kwiga amazina y’inka bifite uwuhe mumaro.
Birashoboka ko hari umuntu wakwibaza icyo kwiga amazina y’inka byaba
bimaze muri iki kinyejana turimo, aho abantu benshi bahihibikanira kumva
ibirebana n’itumanaho, ndetse n’ikoranabuhanga. Reka twemere ko muri ibi
bihe ndetse n’ibizaza ntawuzongera kujya mu byo kwita inka. Ariko kumenya
ubuhanga bukubiye mu nganzo iyi n’iyi ya kera nta cyo byishe, ndetse ni
byiza rwose kumenya umurimo wa ba sogokuru. Bifite akamaro ku muntu
washobora gucengera neza iyo nganzo, hanyuma yamara kumucengeramo na
we akaba yafatiraho akayikoresha mu bundi buryo. None se Musenyeri Alegisi
Kagame amaze kuryoherwa, gucengera no gucengerwa n’inganzo y’amazina
y’inka, si bwo yayishingiyeho ahimba “Umuririmbyi wa Nyiribiremwa” n’
“Indyoheshabirayi”?
Byongeye kandi uwashaka kumenya ubuhanga bw’abahanzi ba hano mu
Rwanda ntanage akajisho kuri iyi nganzo y’amazina y’inka, ngo arebe ubuhanga
bw’intondeke zipimye indinganire yaba atakaje byinshi. Abashakashatsi bitaye
ku nganzo y’amazina y’inka harimo uwitwa Faransisi Yuwaneti (Francis
Jouannet), asobanura neza ko ubuhanga bw’intondeke zipimye ntaho ryakunze
kuboneka muri Afurika uretse mu Rwanda. Uwashaka kubicukumbura yasoma
igitabo kitwa Prosodologie et phonologie non linéaire, 1985, p.73. Niba tudashatse
kubyitaho ntaho twaba dutaniye na ba bandi bambara ikirezi ntibamenye ko
kera cyangwa wa wundi w’ umutunzi uba umworo w’amata.
Nta gushidikanya mu mazina y’inka harimo ubuhanga bw’inshoberabuvivi.
Uretse ubwo buhanga bw’intondeke zipimye, usangamo injyana n’iminozanganzo
ishingiye ku isubirajambo, no ku isubirajwi ; usangamo gukoresha ijambo
ryabugenewe, usangamo uburyo bwo gukoreshamo imibangikanyo; usangamo
imizimizo myinshi itandukanye n’icyo abisi ubwabo bita ingaruzo. Ni ijambo
risingiza cyangwa se interuro y’amagambo asingiza abami muri rusange
cyangwa ingoma, hakaba n’asingiza umwami uyu n’uyu, ibikorwa bye cyangwa
amatwara ye. Uwashaka rero kumenya imyifatire y’Abanyarwanda bo hambere,
agashaka kumenya ibyo babaga bimirije imbere, nta yindi soko yavomamo
ubwo bumenyi uretse kubusanga mu mazina y’inka. Ubutwari n’umurava
birasingizwa, ubupfura no kwanga umugayo bikamamazwa kandi ibi ni bimwe
mu by’ingenzi biranga indangagaciro y’uwagombye kwitwa Umunyarwanda.
IMYITOZO
Mubona ari uruhe ruhare rw’inganzo y’amazina y’inka mu buvanganzo
nyarwanda?
II.8. Inshinga
2.8.1. Inshoza n’amoko by’ishinga
Igikorwa
Soma interuro zikurikira, witegereze amagambo yanditse atsindagiye,
usobanure imiterere yayo. Uhereye ku miterere y’ayo magambo, kora
ubushakashatsi utahure inshoza n’amoko by’inshinga.
a) Amashashi y’inyambo yavukiye rimwe yimiraga rimwe.
b) Umwisi yabaga agiye kwita nk’ubushyo bwo mu mutwe w’Ibihogo
akabuteza umutware w’inyambo.
c) Umwisi yirindaga guteza inyambo umwami n’umutware w’ingabo.
d) Ingabo z’u Rwanda zari imitwe itegekwa n’abatware.
e) Umugaba w’ingabo yari afite ububasha nk’ubw’umwami mu
gihe k’igitero.
f) Ingegene ni inyambo zuzuye.
1. Inshoza y’inshinga
Inshinga ni ijambo ryumvikanisha igikorwa, imiterere, imico cyangwa
imimerere ya ruhamwa mu nteruro. Muri make, inshinga ni yo itanga ubutumwa
mu nteruro, igaragaramo igikorwa cya ruhamwa.
2. Amoko y’inshinga
Mu moko y’inshinga hagaragaramo inshinga isanzwe n’inshinga idasanzwe.
Inshinga isanzwe ishobora kuba iri mu mbundo cyangwa itondaguye. Ni
ukuvuga ko inshinga ishobora kwigaragaza mu nteruro ari:
a) Inshinga idasanzwe bita nkene cyangwa mburabuzi.
b) Inshinga isanzwe iri mu mbundo.
c) Inshinga isanzwe itondaguye.
a) Inshinga idasanzwe
Inshinga idasanzwe bita nkene cyangwa mburabuzi ni inshinga zidakoreshwa
nk’inshinga zisanzwe kuko usanga hari ibihe bimwe na bimwe by’inshinga
zidatondagurwamo. Ikindi kiziranga ni uko usanga nta zina rishobora gukomoka
kuri bene izo nshinga. Ni inshinga zigizwe n’ibicumbi gusa
(-ni, -ri, -fite, -ruzi, -zi); ntizifite imbundo zizwi ni yo mpamvu ku mikoreshereze y’imisozo yayo,
usanga izo nshinga zidakorana n’imisozo -e, -aga, -ye na a mu buryo busanzwe.
Cyakora iyo zikoreshejweho ingereka zishobora gusesengurwamo imisozo.
b) Inshinga isanzwe iri mu mbundo
Inshinga idatondaguye yitwa kandi inshinga iri mu mbundo. Ni inshinga
itagaragaza ngenga irimo cyangwa uburyo keretse uburyo bw’imbundo.
Inshinda idatondaguye iranga ikidafite uwo kerekezwaho. Inshinga iri mu
mbundo ntigaragaza ukora, igikorwa, igihe igikorwa gikorerwa keretse mu
nzagihe.
c) Inshinga itondaguye
Ni inshinga igaragaza ngenga yayo, ruhamwa ndetse n’igihe itondaguwemo.
Urugero: Nzakora
Ikitonderwa:
Hari bamwe na bamwe bashyira “Ingirwanshinga ; -ti,-tya,-tyo, na -te” mu
moko y‘inshinga zidasanzwe bitwaje ko na zo zijya muri ngenga uko ari eshatu,
nyamara ingirwanshinga ni ubwoko bw’ijambo bwihariye kuko usibye kuba
zigaragaza ngenga nta rindi huriro zifitanye n’inshinga kuko zitagaragaza
igikorwa cyangwa imico n’imimerere ya ruhamwa.
IMYITOZO
Garagaza ubwoko bw’inshinga zagaragajwe mu nteruro zikurikira:
a) Intwari yivugaga ibigwi n’ibirindiro byayo.
b) Amazina y’inka afite akamaro mu muco wacu.
c)Abanyeshuri beza bakunda gusoma.
d) Nduzi mwese mwitabiriye ishuri.
II.8.2. Ibihe by’inshinga
IGIKORWA
Soma interuro zikurikira, witegereze amagambo yanditse atsindagiye,
usobanure imiterere yayo. Uhereye ku miterere y’ayo magambo, kora
ubushakashatsi utahure kandi usobanure ibihe by’inshinga.
a) Mu Ngoro Ndangamuco y’u Rwanda umubare w’inyambo
ukomeza kwiyongera.
b) Kwiga amazina y’inka bidufasha gusobanukirwa n’umuco wacu.
c) Nimukomeza gusoma ibitabo by’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda
muzasobanukirwa n’amateka y’Abanyarwanda.
d) Urubyiruko ruzatozwa kuba intore.
Mu Kinyarwanda inshinga yose itondaguye igomba kugira igihe itondaguyemo
hakurikijwe urwego rw’ibivugwa n’irebero (ko ibivugwa byarangiye cyangwa
bitararangira) ryabyo. Habaho rero ibihe bikuru bitatu mu itondaguranshinga.
Ibyo bihe ni igihe cyahise kivuga ibyamaze kuba kikitwa impitagihe. Hakaba
ikivuga ibiriho ubu kikitwa indagihe. Hakabaho n’ikivuga ibizaba cyangwa
ibizaza kikitwa inzagihe.
1. Indagihe
Indagihe ivuga ibiba muri aka kanya, ibiba ubusanzwe n’ibyabaye kera bivugwa
mu nkuru bityo ikagabanywamo indagihe y’ubu, indagihe y’ubusanzwe,
indagihe y’imbarankuru n’iy’igikomezo.
a) Indagihe y’ubu
Iyi ndagihe yumvikanisha ikirimo gukorwa ubu, aho uvugiye no mu kanya kaza.
Indangagihe yayo ni –ra-
Ingero
Ndahinga mu rutoki.
Ubu ndandika ibaruwa.
b) Indagihe y’ubusanzwe
Indagihe y’ubusanzwe yumvikanisha igikorwa gisanzwe gikorwa. Ntawamenya
intangiriro n’iherezo ryacyo.
Indangagihe yayo ni –ø
Ingero
Izuba rirasa mu gitondo.
Nkunda gusoma ibitabo.
Nigisha ubumenyi bw’isi.
c) Indagihe y’imbarankuru
Indagihe y’imbarankuru umuntu ayikoresha avuga ibyabaye kera nk’aho ari
iby’ubu. Igira intego iteye nk’iy’ indagihe y’ubusanzwe bigatandukanira ku
nshoza. Indangahige yayo ni -ra-
Ingero
Umwarimu arahaguruka abwira abanyeshuri be ati: “Mwigane umwete
bizabafasha”.
d) Indagihe y’igikomezo
Indagihe y’igikomezo yumvisha igikorwa kirimo gukorwa ubu ngubu
ntawamenya igihe cyatangiriye nta n’uwamenya igihe kiri burangirire,
Indangagihe yayo ni -ra-ki-âa cyangwa -ra-ki- iyo igicumbi gitangiwe n’innyajwi.
Ingero
Ndacyasoma igitabo.
Aho aracyakoze wa murimo?
Turacyamutegereje.
Ibikorwa remezo biracyatera imbere.
Ndacyubaha abakuru.
2. Impitagihe
Impitagihe ivuga ibintu byahise kare n’ibyahise kera ikigabanyamo impitakare
n’impitakera.
a) Impitakare
Impitakare yumvisha igikorwa cyarangiye mu gihe cyahise ariko kitarengeje
uyu munsi mu gitondo. Indangagihe yayo ni –aa-.
Ingero
Nateraga urubingo.
Naharuraga umuhanda.
Twahinze ibishyimbo.
b) Impitakera
Impitakera yumvisha igikorwa cyarangiye mu gihe cyahise uhereye ejo hashize
ugana hirya yaho. Indangagihe yayo ni- âa- na a-râ
Ingero
Nabyinaga mu itorero Indangamuco
Natozaga ikipe y’igihugu
Nasomye Bibiliya nkiri muto.
Yarasomye.
3. Inzagihe
Inzagihe ivuga ibiza kuba cyangwa ibizaba nyuma y’igihe cyo kuvuga.
Yigabanyamo inzahato n’inzakera.
a) Inzahato
Inzahato ivuga ibiri bube nyuma yo kuvuga ariko ntibifatire undi munsi.
Indangagihe yayo ni –ra.
Ingero
Ku gicamunsi uratera umupira.
Mu kanya uramperekeza ku isoko.
Araza kukubwira igikenewe.
b) Inzakera
Inzakera ivuga ibizaba ejo hazaza cyangwa mu bihe bizakurikiraho. Indangagihe
yayo ni –zaa-.
Ingero
Tuzaririmba indirimbo z’agakiza.
Muzadusura ryari?
Tuzagera ku iterambere mu bikorwa remezo.
IMYITOZO
1. Garagaza ibihe bikuru by’inshinga n’ibigiye bibishamikiyeho
byose.
2. Tahura inshinga zitondaguye ziri mu nteruro zikurikira maze
ugaragaze ibihe zitondaguyemo.
a) Nabonye imbuto none nateye.
b) Igihe nari mu ishuri wansakurizaga.
c) Leta y’u Rwanda yahisemo gushyira mu bikorwa ikemezo
k’imiturire.
d) Umubare w’abuturage uzakomeza kwiyongera.
e) Hari ibindi bikorwa bitunze Abanyarwanda.
II.9. Umwitozo w’ubushobozi ngiro bw’umunyeshuri
Himba ikivugo cyo mu gihe tugezemo gifite imiterere nkiy’ “Inkatazakurekera”
wirata ibyiza wakoze cyangwa ibikorwa wagezeho maze uzakivuge imbere ya
bagenzi bawe ugaragaza isesekaza rikwiye. Ikivugo cyawe ntikirenze imikarago
makumyabiri.
Ubu ndangwa:
- No kwimakaza umuco nyarwanda, bagenzi bange gushishikariza gusoma
ingeri z’ubuvanganzo nyabami, gusabana no gutarama nifashishijeingeri z’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda,
-No gukoresha neza ibihe by’inshinga.
I.10. Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa kabiri
Umwandiko: Igitero cyo mu Bushubi
Rwabugiri agaba igitero mu Bushubi (ubu ni muri Tanzaniya) yatejeyo imitwe
itanu y’ingabo: Uruyange, Inyaruguru, Abarasa, Abahirika n’Inyange. Umugaba
w’icyo gitero yari Seruzamba rwa Kinani cya Biraboneye wo mu Baryinyonza.
Impamvu yatumye Rwabugiri ahatera si ukugira ngo ahigarurire, ahubwo
kwari ukugira ngo atabare umwami waho mushya wamutabaje. Umwami waho
Kibogora agiye gupfa, yaraze ingoma umwana we Nsoro. Hari undi mwana
wa Kibogora witwaga Rwabigimba, agashaka kurwanya mwene se Nsoro ngo
amukure ku ngoma yabo. Kandi yari amaboko ashoboye kumugeza kuri iyo
ntego. Nsoro abonye ko atamurwanya ngo amushobore yitabaza Rwabugiri. Ni
cyo cyateye Rwabugiri gutera i Bushubi.
Ingabo za Rwabugiri zimaze kugera mu Bushubi, Nsoro yashoje intambara kuko
yari abonye amaboko. Ingamba ziracakirana. Ingabo za Rwabigimba zitwaga
“Urwanana” ziraneshwa zihungana na nyirazo, bajya i Bugufi (na ho ni muri
Tanzaniya). Rwabigimba amaze gutsindwa, Nsoro yakira ingabo z’u Rwanda
zamutabaye, azakirira ahantu hitwa Cyaza. Aho hantu yari yaharimbishije cyane,
hose hateguye ibirago nta muntu n’umwe wo mu ngabo z’u Rwanda wicaye
ku byatsi. Arabazimanira cyane, abereka ukuntu yabashimye ndetse abaha
n’imyenda. Mbese abereka ko abafitiye umutima mwiza na bo baramushima
cyane. Abaha ibyo bashyira Rwabugiri byinshi kandi bishimishije. Cyane cyane
imyenda (ubwo muri Tanzaniya imyenda yari yarahageze).
Ubwo rero Rwabigimba yabonaga ko atagishoboye Nsoro kuko ashyigikiwe na
Rwabugiri. Noneho na we ashaka uburyo yakuzura na Rwabugiri. Amutumaho
ab’aho b’ibikomangoma nka we bageze ku munani amwoherereza n’amaturo
menshi. Abo bantu bamusanga mu rugo rw’ i Sakara mu Gisaka. Batura amaturo
bahawe bavuga n’ubutumwa. Abo bose Rwabugiri Arabica. Ariko bararenganye.
Rwabigimba amaze kumenya ibyo Rwabugiri yamukoreye asanga amuhakaniye
umubano, yigira inama yo kuzatera mu Bushubi mu gihe Rwabugiri azaba
yavuye i Sakara; yaragiye ku nkiko zo hirya zitegeranye n’u Bushubi. Koko
hashize iminsi,
Rwabugiri ava i Sakara ajya mu Kinyaga. Rwabigimba amenye ko Rwabugiri
yagiye, yongera gutera mu Bushubi kurwanya Nsoro mwene se. Nsoro
abonye ko Rwabigimba yongeye kumwuvura na none atuma kuri Rwabugiri.
Rwabugiri na we atuma kuri Kabaka umutware w’Abarasa amutegeka gutabara
Nsoro. Kabaka ahagurukana n’ingabo ze arambuka atabara Nsoro barwanya
Rwabigimba ubwa kabiri baramutsinda. Noneho baguma mu Bushubi kugira
ngo barinde Nsoro, bituma atongera guterwa. Ni ko Rwabugiri yari yabitegetse
Kabaka.
Banze amata y’ingweba biyemeza kubeshya ngo batahe i Rwanda. Ingabo za
Kabaka zirinze Nsoro zaje kumererwa nabi, ziraharwarira, ziranahasonzera,
kuko zanze kunywa amata y’ingweba. Ubwo kwari ugushaka impamvu yo
gutaha bakahava. Babonye ko bene izo mpamvu zo kurwara no gusonza kandi
begereye iwabo mu Gisaka zitakwemerwa na Rwabugiri bongeraho indi
mpamvu kandi mbi cyane, ngo Nsoro ni we ubaroga n’abagaragu be, ngo rimwe
na rimwe babahingisha nijoro batazi icyo bakora bahindutse nk’abasazi, abandi
ngo bagacika intege, bakagira uruhondobero ntibashobore kuba bahaguruka
aho bicaye. Ibyo babyumvikanaho na Kabaka umutware wabo, bamusaba ko
azabibabwirira Rwabugiri bigatuma abakura mu Bushubi bagataha.
Kabaka yemera inama Abarasa bamubwiye, abakorera uko bashaka atuma kuri
Rwabugiri ati: “Abarasa bamerewe nabi cyane kubera uburozi bw’Abashumba
na Nsoro”. Ati: “Hari ubwo bamwe babahingisha nijoro batabizi basa n’abarota,
abandi bagahondobera intege zikabura, umuntu ntabe yakwihagurutsa aho
yicaye”. Ati: “Kandi rero barimo gufatwa nabi, inzara na yo ntiboroheye”!
Rwabugiri ararakara, atuma kuri Kabaka ati: “Niba ari uko bimeze muzafate
Nsoro n’umuryango we mubanzanire”. Koko baramufata, bafata na nyina
n’abagore be bombi: Mukananika na Bihogo, bafata n’abana be babiri:
Muyombo na Kambibi. Ubwo Rubanguka rwa Kabaka asanga Rwabugiri mu
Kinyaga kumubwira amacumu no kumumenyesha ko Nsoro na Nyina n’abagore
be n’abana be bafashwe ari imbohe. Amubaza ko bazabamuzanira cyangwa se
ko bazabicira iyo. Undi ati: “Bazabanzanire ino mu Kinyaga”. Bahabagejeje bose
arabica. Birangiye ajya iwe ku Nzizi, ahageze afatwa n’ubushita bumugwa nabi
gtcyane. Aho akiriye, umusizi witwa Munyangango ahimba igisigo kitwa “Umunsi
mbariwa inkuru.” Icyo gisigo gisingiza umwami kikamurata kikanamushima,
kandi kikogeza amoko n’imiryango yabyaye abagabekazi n’intwari zarwaniye
igihugu n’imiryango zikomokamo.
II. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko
1. Ni irihe zina ry’ubwami rya Rwabugiri uvugwa mu mwandiko?
2. Garagaza imitwe itanu y’ingabo z’u Rwanda yarwanye mu gitero cyo mu
Bushubi.
3. Kabaka yari muntu ki?
4. Uturere dukurikira tuvugwa mu mwandiko turi mu yihe Ntara y’ubu: i
Gisaka, i Kinyaga?
5. Ni iki cyatumye Rwabugiri agaba igitero mu Bushubi?
6. Rwabigimba yabyifashemo ate amaze guhakanirwa ubufasha na
Rwabugiri?
7. Seruzamba yari afite murimo ki mu gitero cyo mu Bushubi?
8. Ni uwuhe muvuzi w’amacumu uvugwa mu mwandiko?
9. Utekereza ko igitero cyo mu Bushubi cyamariye iki u Rwanda?
10. Ni irihe somo ukuye mu gitero cyo mu Bushubi?
II. Ibazo by’inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura amagambo cyangwa imvugo zikurikira dusanga mu mwandikoa) Kuraga ingoma
b) Gushaka amaboko
c) Gushoza intambara
d) Igikomangoma
e) Kuvuga amacumu
f) Uruhondobero
g) Kugaba igitero
h) Ingamba ziracakirana
2. Andika impuzanyito z’aya magambo ziri mu mwandiko
a) Uhimba igisigo cy’umwami
b) Ibyo ugemurira umuntu umushakaho ubufasha cyangwa kumukeza
c) Nyina w’umwami
d) Indwara y’uruhu ifata nk’ubuheri
e) Abantu bakorera umwami3. Andika imbusane z’amagambo akurikira ari mu mwandiko:
a) Kurwanya
b) Intwari
c) Gukura ku ngoma
d) Gushima
e) Kuneshwa
III. Ibibazo by’ubuvanganzo
1. Tanga ingeri z’ubuvanganzo nyabami waba uzi.
2. Ibyivugo by’abantu bakuru birimo amoko angahe? Yavuge kandi
unayatandukanye.
3. Sobanura amoko y’impeta z’ubutwari zo mu Rwanda rwo hambere.
4. Hanga ikivugo cyawe, wivuga uwo uri we, wirata ubutwari bw’ibikorwa byiza yakoze.IV. Ibibazo by’ikibonezamvugo
1. Garagaza ubwoko bw’inshinga zagaragajwe mu nteruro zikurikira:
a) Twese turi abana b’u Rwanda.
b) Abana bifite ubumuga bakunda gukinana n’abandi imikino
ndangamuco.
2. Garagaza ibihe by’inshinga zitondaguye zikurikira:
a) Abanyeshuri bazatsinda neza amasomo yabo kuko biga uko bikwiye.
b) Amazina y’inka ndayumva kuko mu kanya twakoraga imyitozoayerekeyeho.
V. Ihangamwandiko
Ushingiye ku miterere n’amoko y’ibyivugo, hanga ikivugo cyawe, wivuga uwo
uri we, wirata ubutwari bw’ibikorwa byiza wakoze.ukabigeraho.Nturenze imikarago makubyabiri